343:", arguing that the stop was unduly prolonged prior to his arrest. On appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, a seven-justice majority determined the twenty minute stop in this case was legal. However, the Court declined to adopt a bright line rule, deciding instead that "common sense and ordinary human experience must govern over rigid criteria". The Court announced that the rule for determining whether a detention is too long will depend on whether the police "diligently pursued" an investigation to quickly confirm or dispel their suspicions. The Court clarified that judges should avoid "unrealistic second-guessing" of police and should take into account "swiftly developing situation."
31:
706:, thought that the Defendants status as "fugitives" who attempted to escape law enforcement should be the central analysis of the case. Justice Stevens thought the procedural question about escaped persons was the more important legal issue that needed to be resolved, especially because escapes by persons engaged in smuggling narcotics was not uncommon. Justice Stevens thought the Defendants' attempt to escape should have mooted the appeal, therefore making it unnecessary for the Supreme Court to even decide the constitutional question.
655:. Justice Marshall thought the majority was "so anxious to address an unpresented issue that it blithely hurdle over the jurisdictional and jurisprudential principles that out to stand in its way". Justice Marshall did not explicitly state whether he thought there was reasonable articulable suspicion, but he disagreed with the Court's decision to assume it without the issue being properly presented and briefed.
575:
guard Sharpe while Agent Cooke left to pursue Savage and the pickup truck. Once Agent Cooke reached Savage, the Court concluded he proceeded expeditiously because, within a few minutes, he examined Savage's driver's license, examined the truck bill of sale, requested permission to search the truck, stepped on the rear bumper (confirming his suspicion the truck was overloaded), then smelled the marijuana.
336:, the vehicles split up. The agent stopped the Pontiac while another agent stopped the pickup truck further down the road. The agent kept Sharpe stopped for about 20 minutes while the other officers interrogated Savage. After officers determined Savage had broken the law, the agent arrested Sharpe ten minutes later, 30 minutes after the initial stop.
549:"In assessing whether a detention is too long in duration to be justified as an investigative stop, we consider it appropriate to examine whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant."
372:
Pontiac, but as he did so, Savage - while driving the pickup truck - nearly collided with the state highway patrol officer and continued down the highway with the camper in tow. The highway patrol officer continued pursuing Savage in the pickup truck while Agent Cooke approached Sharpe in the
Pontiac.
558:
evaluation of police conduct who could always imagine some alternative means by which the police could have conducted the investigation in hindsight. But the
Supreme Court clarified that the question is not simply whether some alternative investigation decision was available, but instead "whether the
422:
The key issue the
Supreme Court had to decide was whether the stop was unduly prolonged before the police had probable cause to arrest Savage. Specifically, the Supreme Court had to decide whether the twenty minutes that passed from the time Savage was pulled over until the moment Agent Cooke smelled
371:
Agent Cooke chose to make an investigative stop and radioed the State
Highway Patrol for assistance. Together, the two officers attempted to stop both vehicles. Both vehicles turned onto a campground road, exceeding the speed limit by twenty to twenty-five miles. Agent Cooke pulled over Sharpe in his
647:
stops where the "critical threshold issue is the intrusiveness of the seizure" regardless of how efficient it may be for law enforcement based on the circumstances. Justice
Marshall wrote it was important to divorce the "brevity requirement" from law enforcement needs, concerned that law enforcement
682:
Justice
Brennan also was more willing to question the diligence of the police on the scene. Justice Brennan pointed out that the government provided no explanation why the highway patrolman could not have investigated Savage without needing to wait for Agent Cooke. Justice Brennan also thought that
578:
The Court noted that the
Defendants were not able to provide any evidence the officers were dilatory or unnecessary delayed the investigation. And the Court noted that the delay in the case was attributable "almost entirely to the evasive actions of Savage" when he sought to elude police, resulting
380:
Agent Cooke asked Sharpe for identification then radioed the highway patrolman to determine if he had successfully stopped the pickup truck. However, the patrolman was not in the patrol car, so it took several minutes to confirm. Agent Cooke radioed the local police for assistance, and two officers
405:
Agent Cooke returned to the
Pontiac and arrested Sharpe 30–40 minutes after the initial stop. That evening, other DEA agents took the truck to a federal building in South Carolina. Several days later, Agent Cooke supervised the unloading of 2,629 pounds of marijuana. Sharpe and Savage were charged
367:
and a pickup truck with a camper attached driving in tandem on the highway. Sharpe was driving the
Pontiac, and a man named Savage was driving the pickup truck. Agent Cooke noticed that the truck was riding low in the rear, and the camper did not bounce or sway when the truck maneuvered over bumps
574:
Given the circumstances facing him, the
Supreme Court determined Agent Cooke pursued his investigation in a "diligent and reasonable manner." During most of the 20-minute detention of Savage, Agent Cooke was trying to contact the highway patrol officer and trying to enlist help of local police to
678:
doctrine, because he believed, if the majority's description of Savage's evasive maneuvers was accurate, Savage's evasive maneuvers were enough for probable cause the moment he nearly collided with the patrol car. But, at the same time, Justice Brennan criticized the Court's factual finding that
553:
The Supreme Court stated that courts conducting this analysis "should take care to consider whether the police are acting in a swiftly developing situation" and courts "should not indulge in unrealistic second-guessing." They added this caution out of a concern for creative judges engaging in
764:
stops is unnecessarily confusing and the Court should instead adopt a new category of "non-custodial arrests." This, Moran argues, will lessen the centrality of the ambiguous time during which police only have authority to detain for a petty offense but nonetheless keep suspects detained.
388:
Agent Cooke arrived at the pickup truck about 15 minutes after it had been stopped. Agent Cooke twice asked for permission to search the camper, but Savage declined. Agent Cooke, however confirmed that the camper was overloaded with weight and smelled
679:
Savage actually attempted to elude the police. On his reading of the facts, Justice Brennan noted that other innocent explanations could account for Savage's vehicle maneuvers and ultimately concluded that Savage had not actually attempted to evade.
368:
and around curves. So, Agent Cooke suspected the camper was heavily loaded. Agent Cooke also noticed a quilted material covered the rear and side windows of the camper. With suspicions aroused, Agent Cooke followed the two vehicles for twenty miles.
648:
needs could always justify increasing long stops. Justice Marshall wrote about the difficulty of judging the brevity requirement "by a stopwatch", but was uncomfortable with the Court's open-ended approach, believing that 20 minutes was too long.
467:
were trying to suppress the discovery of the marijuana, but the marijuana was discovered as part of Savage's detention not Sharpe's detention. Therefore, it was only the 20-minute detention of Savage that was legally relevant to the Court.
590:
wrote separately, stating he would have remanded the case back to the Court of Appeals to dismiss the Defendants' argument because the Defendants failed to surrender to state authorities. Thus, as fugitives from justice, the
1998:
509:
was relevant here because the case requires that any police investigatory stop be "reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place." It's from this requirement in
691:"reasonableness" analysis for an officer to lengthen a detention while waiting for the arrival of an officer with more training and experience, believing that the exception could excuse too much misbehavior.
524:
because those were cases where the police, without probable cause for arrest, took suspects to police stations or to small rooms for questioning. The Court decided this vehicle stop was legally distinct. In
562:
The Supreme Court rejected the argument that a 20-minute stop is automatically unreasonable when the police were diligent and when a suspect's actions contribute to the added delay. Quoting
634:
only applied to stops that were "substantially less intrusive than arrests." Justice Marshall worried about "those who rank zealous law enforcement above all other values" abusing the
599:
as support for this reasoning. Yet, because the Court did not follow that path and instead chose to decide the case on the merits, Justice Blackmun joined the majority opinion.
3558:
2824:
397:
in the camper. At this point, Agent Cooke arrested Savage. From the time Agent Cooke initially stopped the vehicles until the arrest of Savage, twenty minutes had passed.
672:
stops and was much more skeptical on the scope and duration allowed by the Court in its recent cases. He also criticized the Court for choosing this case to expand the
3409:
529:, however, a 90-minute seizure of a suspect's luggage was deemed unreasonably long in the absence of probable cause. But the Supreme Court focused on language in the
1958:
1139:
992:
969:
944:
919:
894:
834:
432:
149:
131:
72:
3568:
1216:
306:
284:
385:
PD to maintain the situation, then left to join the highway patrol officer who had successfully stopped the pickup truck one-half mile down the road.
1892:
1571:
3548:
610:
joined only the result of the case. He joined because the evasive actions of Savage turned "what otherwise would have been a permissibly brief
460:. The Court of Appeals had assumed that portion of the analysis, and the Court noted that assumption was "abundantly supported by the record."
2730:
2722:
1327:
545:
but instead would rely on "common sense and ordinary human experience" instead over "rigid criteria." Specifically, the Court stated that:
2671:
3553:
2770:
1038:
687:, local police, and state police should not excuse delays in the investigation. Justice Brennan did not think it should be part of the
3563:
2119:
516:, that a stop can be unreasonably delayed by exceeding the scope that justified the stop in the first place. The Court distinguished
3177:
1207:
1016:
3543:
2867:
347:
has been frequently cited, and is the framework used to challenge unduly prolonged police stops in thousands of criminal cases.
2738:
2642:
1084:
616:
stop into the prolonged encounter now at issue." Justice Marshall, however, wrote separately to emphasize the importance of
431:
On March 20, 1985, the Supreme Court issued a 7–2 decision in favor of the United States that reversed the judgement of the
2403:
463:
Next, the Court set aside the 30 - 40-minute detention of Sharpe as irrelevant to the legal analysis. That was because the
393:
when he put his nose against the rear window. Based on this, Agent Cooke opened the trailer and observed large bales of
3383:
3334:
302:
35:
717:
has been cited by thousands of cases and is part of the legal analysis in almost any investigative stop. However, the
2910:
1455:
1335:
688:
566:, the Court noted that police officers are permitted to "graduate response to the demands of particular situation."
310:
2626:
2610:
423:
the marijuana was an unjustified amount of time for the police to stop someone without probable cause of a crime.
2650:
1804:
684:
356:
340:
329:
305:
clarified how long police are permitted to stop vehicles as part of an investigatory stop before it violates the
3038:
2754:
2679:
2634:
1492:
533:
decision that stated the analysis was partly about "whether the police diligently pursue their investigation."
3235:
2918:
1755:
1367:
2832:
1343:
1200:
1168:
382:
360:
142:
117:
2762:
2420:
1555:
1255:
868:
3065:
2535:
1508:
1279:
1150:
3294:
2468:
2444:
2436:
2412:
2274:
2221:
2146:
2073:
2054:
1699:
1683:
1263:
756:
David Moran has criticized the legal framework of traffic violation stops, the broader analysis that
3227:
2589:
2319:
2229:
1715:
1603:
3477:
3254:
2886:
2778:
2601:
2503:
2310:
2253:
1990:
1916:
1908:
1884:
1836:
1579:
1531:
1420:
1412:
1319:
1295:
1193:
1106:
3169:
2984:
2706:
2618:
2298:
2170:
1860:
1844:
1723:
1611:
1484:
1351:
1303:
964:
663:
491:
225:
181:
381:
from the Myrtle Beach Police Department arrived about 10 minutes later. Agent Cooke asked the
3353:
3219:
3057:
2714:
2543:
2367:
2343:
2237:
2019:
1646:
1595:
1447:
1428:
1311:
1287:
1271:
1247:
1143:
996:
973:
948:
923:
898:
838:
651:
Justice Marshall also did not agree with the Court's decision to decide there was sufficient
153:
135:
64:
3469:
3266:
3210:
3003:
2797:
2428:
2351:
2290:
2213:
1982:
1776:
1475:
1403:
1359:
652:
453:
1185:
406:
with possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute it in violation of 21
8:
3189:
3110:
3086:
3077:
3022:
2968:
2687:
2519:
2484:
2391:
2375:
2335:
2327:
2265:
2245:
2194:
1868:
1739:
1731:
1375:
914:
555:
479:
205:
3321:
2902:
2894:
2746:
2581:
2452:
2162:
2154:
2094:
2085:
2010:
1974:
1966:
1900:
1828:
1812:
1587:
1159:
999:
976:
951:
926:
841:
411:
407:
364:
317:
666:
noted that he had written separately in three of the Court's previous cases involving
3504:
3198:
3153:
2926:
2816:
2662:
2359:
2186:
1747:
1707:
1638:
1500:
1080:
901:
699:
607:
217:
213:
193:
3512:
3461:
3118:
3094:
2976:
2859:
2562:
2527:
2383:
2282:
2178:
2138:
2035:
1924:
1876:
1852:
1691:
1619:
1563:
1463:
1383:
1072:
939:
542:
485:
436:
173:
67:
3391:
3345:
3302:
3275:
3102:
3030:
2851:
2476:
2460:
1391:
394:
390:
1064:
760:
contributes to. He suggests the entire analogy of routine traffic violations to
3415:
2511:
2027:
1820:
1671:
1539:
1076:
703:
587:
201:
3537:
1945:
1796:
1775:
1547:
889:
749:
743:
729:
719:
674:
668:
643:
626:
612:
512:
497:
473:
452:
The Court noted at the onset that it need not decide whether Agent Cooke had
339:
Sharpe accused the agent of violating the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of "
3485:
863:
457:
321:
1177:
854:
189:
93:
471:
The Court primarily discussed four cases as precedent for its decision:
1780:
734:
502:
333:
298:
127:
753:
framework, like use of force and legality of certain "frisk" tactics.
747:
stops, whereas much of the controversy focuses on other parts of the
464:
325:
81:
1784:
559:
police acted unreasonably in failing to recognize or to pursue it.
121:
328:
driven by Donald Savage, arose the suspicion of an agent with the
592:
30:
1107:"NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service"
1039:"NYPD's Infamous Stop-and-Frisk Policy Found Unconstitutional"
242:
Burger, joined by White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, O'Connor
54:
United States v. William Harris Sharpe and Donald Davis Savage
501:
was the foundational case that established the doctrine of "
1215:
737:, the application of which has been controversial to some.
624:
stops. Justice Marshall went on to describe the history of
114:
363:
on the morning of June 9, 1978. At 6:30 AM, he spotted a
332:(DEA). When the agent tried to stop both vehicles for an
733:
stop is the legal justification for police tactics like
3559:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2118:
638:
doctrine and using it to justify intrusive behavior.
435:
and reinstated the convictions of Savage and Sharpe.
1017:"Miranda's Application to the Expanding Terry Stop"
723:doctrine broadly has continued to expand after the
579:in the one-half mile gap between the two vehicles.
1893:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
1229:
141:Original opinion readopted as modified, 712 F.2d
3535:
3443:
620:brevity requirement to the constitutionality of
630:, emphasizing that the underlying rationale of
602:
582:
447:
2731:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
1201:
541:The Supreme Court stated it would not draw a
359:(DEA) agent, patrolling a coastal road near
2672:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
1014:
3569:Drug Enforcement Administration litigation
2771:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
1208:
1194:
694:
658:
375:
2723:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
1328:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
3178:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
1043:The Leadership Conference Education Fund
1010:
1008:
3549:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2868:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
1944:
1062:
442:
3536:
3161:
741:specifically focused on the length of
569:
3442:
3141:
2949:
2790:Property of probationers and parolees
2739:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2643:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
2117:
1943:
1774:
1669:
1228:
1189:
1005:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
641:Justice Marshall proposed a test for
595:should have been dismissed. He cited
18:1985 United States Supreme Court case
2996:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
1069:Encyclopedia of the Fourth Amendment
882:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
727:decision, drawing some criticism. A
709:
683:the "poor coordination" between the
536:
439:delivered the opinion of the Court.
13:
3384:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
2066:Warrants directed at third parties
1670:
303:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3580:
3554:United States Supreme Court cases
2911:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2699:Students, employees, and patients
2496:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
2120:Exceptions to warrant requirement
1456:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
1336:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
1146:675 (1985) is available from:
1128:
775:
3564:Brunswick County, North Carolina
2961:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2627:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2611:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
653:reasonable articulable suspicion
454:reasonable articulable suspicion
29:
3454:Unreasonable search and seizure
2651:United States v. Flores-Montano
2047:Neutral and detached magistrate
1805:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
1099:
1056:
1015:Isaacs, Daniel C. (2009–2010).
433:Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
357:Drug Enforcement Administration
341:unreasonable search and seizure
330:Drug Enforcement Administration
320:driven by William Sharpe and a
3544:1985 in United States case law
2755:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2680:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1999:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
1217:United States Fourth Amendment
1031:
982:
957:
932:
907:
847:
417:
1:
3050:Detention during vehicle stop
2919:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2844:Searches in jails and prisons
1756:District of Columbia v. Wesby
1230:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
768:
350:
316:On June 9, 1978, two cars, a
297:, 470 U.S. 675 (1985), was a
130:. granted, judgment vacated,
3444:Incorporation against States
3142:
3015:Detention incident to search
2950:
2833:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
603:Justice Marshall Concurrence
583:Justice Blackmun Concurrence
400:
361:Sunset Beach, North Carolina
7:
2763:Board of Education v. Earls
2421:United States v. Rabinowitz
2404:Searches incident to arrest
1556:United States v. Mendenhall
869:Chicago-Kent College of Law
448:Precedent and Legal Context
426:
10:
3585:
3066:Rodriguez v. United States
2809:Administrative inspections
2536:Birchfield v. North Dakota
1509:Carpenter v. United States
1280:Silverman v. United States
1178:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1077:10.4135/9781452234243.n198
3496:
3453:
3449:
3438:
3402:
3375:
3368:
3332:
3313:
3295:Wong Sun v. United States
3286:
3265:
3246:
3209:
3188:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3076:
3049:
3014:
2995:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2878:
2843:
2825:Camara v. Municipal Court
2808:
2789:
2698:
2661:
2600:
2573:
2554:
2495:
2469:Thornton v. United States
2445:United States v. Chadwick
2437:United States v. Robinson
2413:Trupiano v. United States
2402:
2309:
2275:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
2264:
2222:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
2205:
2147:United States v. Chadwick
2130:
2126:
2113:
2084:
2074:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
2065:
2055:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
2046:
2009:
1953:
1939:
1791:
1770:
1700:Spinelli v. United States
1684:Brinegar v. United States
1678:
1665:
1631:Fourth Amendment standing
1630:
1523:
1474:
1439:
1402:
1264:Olmstead v. United States
1239:
1235:
1224:
1063:Tennent, Richard (2013),
1021:Journal of Law and Policy
410:Section 841(a)(1) and 18
283:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
233:
167:
162:
104:
99:
89:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
3228:Herring v. United States
2590:South Dakota v. Opperman
2320:Carroll v. United States
2230:United States v. Matlock
1959:Johnson v. United States
1781:Investigative detentions
1716:Ornelas v. United States
1604:United States v. Drayton
43:Argued November 27, 1984
3478:Elkins v. United States
3255:Murray v. United States
3039:Bailey v. United States
2887:United States v. Watson
2779:City of Ontario v. Quon
2635:United States v. Ramsey
2504:Schmerber v. California
2254:Fernandez v. California
1991:United States v. Grubbs
1917:Heien v. North Carolina
1909:Navarette v. California
1885:United States v. Arvizu
1837:United States v. Cortez
1580:California v. Hodari D.
1532:Counselman v. Hitchcock
1493:United States v. Miller
1421:Oliver v. United States
1413:Hester v. United States
1320:California v. Greenwood
1296:United States v. Knotts
1136:United States v. Sharpe
831:United States v. Sharpe
715:United States v. Sharpe
695:Justice Stevens Dissent
659:Justice Brennan Dissent
597:Molinaro v. New Jersey,
376:Actions During the Stop
294:United States v. Sharpe
111:Sharpe v. United States
24:United States v. Sharpe
3236:Davis v. United States
3170:Weeks v. United States
2985:United States v. Place
2707:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2619:United States v. Ortiz
2299:Minnesota v. Dickerson
2171:Brigham City v. Stuart
1861:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1845:United States v. Place
1724:Whren v. United States
1612:Brendlin v. California
1485:United States v. White
1368:United States v. Jones
1352:Kyllo v. United States
1304:United States v. Place
989:Molinaro v. New Jersey
965:United States v. Place
551:
492:United States v. Place
182:William J. Brennan Jr.
45:Decided March 20, 1985
3354:Kimmelman v. Morrison
3220:United States v. Leon
3190:Impeachment exception
3058:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
2544:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
2368:California v. Acevedo
2344:United States v. Ross
2238:Illinois v. Rodriguez
2131:Exigent circumstances
2020:Boyd v. United States
1647:Byrd v. United States
1596:Soldal v. Cook County
1524:Definition of seizure
1448:California v. Ciraolo
1429:United States v. Dunn
1344:Bond v. United States
1312:United States v. Karo
1288:Katz v. United States
1272:Abel v. United States
1248:Boyd v. United States
547:
285:U.S. Const. amend. IV
3497:Warrant requirements
3470:Rochin v. California
3267:Inevitable discovery
3211:Good-faith exception
3004:Illinois v. McArthur
2798:Samson v. California
2429:Chimel v. California
2352:California v. Carney
2291:Horton v. California
2214:Stoner v. California
1983:Maryland v. Garrison
1777:Reasonable suspicion
1476:Third-party doctrine
1404:Open-fields doctrine
1360:Illinois v. Caballes
1256:United States v. Lee
1240:Definition of search
443:Opinion of the Court
437:Chief Justice Burger
3111:Plumhoff v. Rickard
3087:Tennessee v. Garner
3023:Michigan v. Summers
2969:Dunaway v. New York
2879:Warrantless arrests
2688:Illinois v. Lidster
2520:Missouri v. McNeely
2485:Riley v. California
2392:Collins v. Virginia
2376:Wyoming v. Houghton
2336:Arkansas v. Sanders
2328:Chambers v. Maroney
2246:Georgia v. Randolph
2195:Lange v. California
1869:Illinois v. Wardlow
1740:Devenpeck v. Alford
1732:Maryland v. Pringle
1440:Aerial surveillance
1376:Florida v. Jardines
1169:Library of Congress
915:Dunaway v. New York
570:Applied to the Case
480:Dunaway v. New York
226:Sandra Day O'Connor
206:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
3322:Hudson v. Michigan
3247:Independent source
2903:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2895:Payton v. New York
2747:Chandler v. Miller
2715:O'Connor v. Ortega
2582:Cady v. Dombrowski
2574:Inventory searches
2453:New York v. Belton
2163:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2155:Payton v. New York
2095:Wilson v. Arkansas
2086:Knock-and-announce
2011:Mere evidence rule
1975:Ybarra v. Illinois
1967:Franks v. Delaware
1901:Arizona v. Johnson
1829:Ybarra v. Illinois
1813:Delaware v. Prouse
1588:Florida v. Bostick
1065:"Custodial Arrest"
543:"bright line" rule
365:Pontiac Bonneville
355:Agent Cooke was a
334:investigative stop
318:Pontiac Bonneville
178:Associate Justices
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3505:Ker v. California
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3364:
3363:
3314:No-knock searches
3199:James v. Illinois
3154:Exclusionary rule
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2927:Virginia v. Moore
2817:Frank v. Maryland
2555:Protective sweeps
2360:Florida v. Jimeno
2187:Caniglia v. Strom
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
1935:
1934:
1766:
1765:
1748:Florida v. Harris
1708:Illinois v. Gates
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1639:Rakas v. Illinois
1519:
1518:
1501:Smith v. Maryland
1086:978-1-60426-589-7
710:Effect and legacy
537:Rule and Analysis
311:U.S. Constitution
290:
289:
214:William Rehnquist
194:Thurgood Marshall
3576:
3513:Aguilar v. Texas
3462:Wolf v. Colorado
3451:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3410:42 U.S.C. § 1983
3373:
3372:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3119:Mullenix v. Luna
3095:Graham v. Connor
2977:Florida v. Royer
2958:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2860:Hudson v. Palmer
2563:Maryland v. Buie
2528:Maryland v. King
2384:Florida v. White
2311:Vehicle searches
2283:Arizona v. Hicks
2206:Consent searches
2179:Kentucky v. King
2139:Warden v. Hayden
2128:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2036:Warden v. Hayden
2007:
2006:
1941:
1940:
1925:Kansas v. Glover
1877:Florida v. J. L.
1853:Michigan v. Long
1772:
1771:
1692:Aguilar v. Texas
1667:
1666:
1620:Torres v. Madrid
1564:Florida v. Royer
1464:Florida v. Riley
1400:
1399:
1384:Klayman v. Obama
1237:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1012:
1003:
986:
980:
961:
955:
940:Florida v. Royer
936:
930:
911:
905:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
851:
845:
828:
735:"stop and frisk"
704:Justice Blackmun
608:Justice Marshall
588:Justice Blackmun
486:Florida v. Royer
456:to initiate the
307:Fourth Amendment
174:Warren E. Burger
163:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3519:
3492:
3445:
3422:
3398:
3392:Egbert v. Boule
3360:
3346:Stone v. Powell
3328:
3309:
3303:Utah v. Strieff
3282:
3276:Nix v. Williams
3261:
3242:
3205:
3184:
3144:
3125:
3103:Scott v. Harris
3078:Excessive force
3072:
3045:
3031:Muehler v. Mena
3010:
2991:
2952:
2933:
2874:
2852:Bell v. Wolfish
2839:
2804:
2785:
2694:
2657:
2602:Border searches
2596:
2569:
2550:
2491:
2477:Arizona v. Gant
2461:Knowles v. Iowa
2398:
2305:
2260:
2201:
2122:
2101:
2080:
2061:
2042:
2005:
1949:
1931:
1787:
1762:
1674:
1653:
1626:
1515:
1470:
1435:
1398:
1392:ACLU v. Clapper
1231:
1220:
1214:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1013:
1006:
987:
983:
962:
958:
937:
933:
912:
908:
887:
883:
873:
871:
855:"United States
853:
852:
848:
829:
776:
771:
712:
700:Justice Stevens
697:
664:Justice Brennan
661:
605:
585:
572:
539:
450:
445:
429:
420:
403:
378:
353:
218:John P. Stevens
216:
204:
192:
156:1250 (1984)
148:Cert. granted,
145:(4th Cir. 1983)
138:1127 (1982)
85:
79:
78:105 S. Ct. 1568
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:Monroe v. Pape
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2512:Cupp v. Murphy
2508:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2028:Hale v. Henkel
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1821:Brown v. Texas
1817:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:Probable cause
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1572:INS v. Delgado
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1540:Hale v. Henkel
1536:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1130:
1129:External links
1127:
1124:
1123:
1098:
1085:
1055:
1030:
1004:
981:
956:
931:
906:
881:
846:
773:
772:
770:
767:
711:
708:
696:
693:
689:Constitution's
660:
657:
604:
601:
584:
581:
571:
568:
538:
535:
449:
446:
444:
441:
428:
425:
419:
416:
402:
399:
377:
374:
352:
349:
288:
287:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
229:
228:
202:Harry Blackmun
179:
176:
171:
165:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
146:
139:
125:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3581:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:Habeas corpus
3331:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:Terry v. Ohio
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
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1071:, CQ Press,
1068:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1002: (1970).
988:
984:
979: (1983).
963:
959:
954: (1983).
938:
934:
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913:
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862:
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830:
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383:Myrtle Beach
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322:pickup truck
315:
293:
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279:Laws applied
221:
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185:
110:
100:Case history
71:
53:
15:
3287:Attenuation
2663:Checkpoints
1948:requirement
503:Terry Stops
418:Legal Issue
414:Section 2.
255:Concurrence
247:Concurrence
190:Byron White
3538:Categories
3369:Civil suit
2266:Plain view
769:References
465:Defendants
351:Background
299:legal case
401:Aftermath
395:marijuana
391:marijuana
82:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
3143:Remedies
2951:Seizures
1219:case law
1134:Text of
556:post hoc
427:Decision
258:Marshall
250:Blackmun
239:Majority
122:4th Cir.
90:Argument
3376:Federal
3162:Origins
1946:Warrant
1116:May 30,
1092:May 30,
1048:May 30,
874:May 30,
859:Sharpe"
702:, like
618:Terry's
518:Dunaway
324:with a
309:to the
274:Stevens
271:Dissent
266:Brennan
263:Dissent
3516:(1964)
3508:(1963)
3489:(1961)
3481:(1960)
3473:(1952)
3465:(1949)
3419:(1961)
3395:(2022)
3387:(1971)
3357:(1986)
3349:(1976)
3338:review
3325:(2006)
3306:(2016)
3298:(1963)
3279:(1984)
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3239:(2011)
3231:(2009)
3223:(1984)
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3181:(1920)
3173:(1914)
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3098:(1989)
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3042:(2013)
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2855:(1979)
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2547:(2019)
2539:(2016)
2531:(2013)
2523:(2013)
2515:(1973)
2507:(1966)
2488:(2014)
2480:(2009)
2472:(2004)
2464:(1998)
2456:(1981)
2448:(1977)
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2432:(1969)
2424:(1950)
2416:(1948)
2395:(2018)
2387:(1999)
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2371:(1991)
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2323:(1925)
2302:(1993)
2294:(1990)
2286:(1987)
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2257:(2014)
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2241:(1990)
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2002:(2006)
1994:(2006)
1986:(1987)
1978:(1979)
1970:(1978)
1962:(1948)
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1920:(2014)
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1904:(2009)
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1864:(1996)
1856:(1983)
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1840:(1981)
1832:(1979)
1824:(1979)
1816:(1979)
1808:(1975)
1800:(1968)
1785:frisks
1759:(2018)
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1160:Justia
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