1118:"Try the common sense test: When you think of a rape in a college dormitory, do you think about interstate commerce? As the Fourth Circuit noted in Brzonkala, the relationship between sexual violence and interstate commerce is rather attenuated.... Do you want Congress to enjoy unrestricted regulatory power over you? (Do you want your divorce in federal court? Do you want Congress making local zoning decisions for your town?) The Supreme Court in Lopez rightly held that the Commerce Clause is not a grant of general police power.... This standard does not unduly limit congressional power, including the power to prohibit discrimination. It does not invalidate the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Segregation in hotels and restaurants, on transportation systems, and in the workplace involved commercial activities with clear and substantial effects upon interstate commerce."
369:, freshman student, Christy Brzonkala, alleged that she was assaulted and raped repeatedly by students Antonio Morrison and James Crawford. Brzonkala initially stated that she visited Morrison and Crawford in their dormitory and they assaulted her, but later claimed that she was assaulted in her dormitory, and had never met the students until that day. During the school-conducted hearing on her complaint, Morrison admitted having sexual contact with her, but claimed that it was consensual. College proceedings failed to punish Crawford who produced an alibi witness, but initially punished Morrison with a suspension (which was later struck down by the administration). A state
31:
589:
agreed with the government that there was a "voluminous congressional record" supporting the "assertion that there is pervasive bias in various state justice systems against victims of gender-motivated violence." The Court also agreed with the government that "state-sponsored gender discrimination violates equal protection unless it serves important governmental objectives...." However, according to the majority, even if there is unconstitutional state action, Congress is justified in targeting only state actors, rather than private parties.
5249:
539:"insufficient investigation and prosecution of gender-motivated crime, inappropriate focus on the behavior and credibility of the victims of that crime, and unacceptably lenient punishments for those who are actually convicted of gender-motivated violence." That bias, the government argued, deprived women of the equal protection of the laws, and the private civil remedy of VAWA was meant to redress "both the States' bias and deter future instances of gender discrimination in the state courts."
493:, the Court stated, "Were the Federal Government to take over the regulation of entire areas of traditional State concern, areas having nothing to do with the regulation of commercial activities, the boundaries between the spheres of federal and State authority would blur." The majority further stated that "it is difficult to perceive any limitation on federal power, even in areas such as criminal law enforcement or education where States historically have been sovereign."
1193:
677:
and
Ginsburg, argued that it was primarily the responsibility of Congress, not the courts, to put limits on Congress's power under the Commerce Clause. Joined by Justice Stevens, Justice Breyer contended that Congress had been sensitive to concerns of federalism in enacting VAWA, and he expressed doubts about the majority's pronouncements on the Fourteenth Amendment. According to the four dissenting justices, the
1070:
676:
Justice Souter, joined by
Justices Stevens, Ginsburg, and Breyer, argued that enacting VAWA was well within Congress's power under the Commerce Clause and stated that the majority revived an old and discredited interpretation of the Commerce Clause. Justice Breyer, joined by Justices Stevens, Souter,
588:
stated that "assuming that there has been gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities in this case, it would not be enough to save § 13981's civil remedy, which is directed not at a State or state actor but at individuals who have committed criminal acts motivated by gender bias." The Court
330:
held that the
Commerce Clause gave Congress only the power to regulate activities that were directly economic in nature, even if there were indirect economic consequences. Rehnquist also held that the Equal Protection Clause did not authorize the law because the clause applies only to acts by states,
546:
limit the manner in which
Congress may remedy discrimination, and they require a civil remedy to be directed at a state or a state actor, not a private party. The Court stated that such precedents prohibit only action by state governments, not private conduct. In other words, the unequal enforcement
634:
did not allow
Congress to exceed the Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Although it had been widely believed that Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment was a "one-way ratchet" and a minimum standard, the Court's interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause, that interpretation
744:
agreed with the courts that
Congress had overstepped its bounds by invoking the Commerce Clause: "The price of upholding VAWA's civil rights remedy is an unconstitutional grant of unlimited power to Congress, power that will not always be used wisely or with regard to individual rights. We need to
467:
The majority concluded that acts of violence that were meant to be remedied by VAWA had only an "attenuated," not a substantial, effect on interstate commerce. The government, however, argued that "a mountain of evidence" indicated that such acts in the aggregate had a substantial effect. For that
513:
must be considered in the light of our dual system of government and may not be extended so as to embrace effects upon interstate commerce so indirect and remote that to embrace them, in view of our complex society, would effectually obliterate the distinction between what is national and what is
459:
court stated that
Congress may regulate the use of the channels of interstate commerce, the "instrumentalities" (such as vehicles) used in interstate commerce, and activities that substantially affect interstate commerce. Because VAWA's civil remedy concededly did not regulate the first or second
761:
said that the attorneys general of 36 states had endorsed the VAWA, and he argued that the endorsement "exposes one of the more bizarre aspects of the
Supreme Court's recent activism on behalf of state sovereignty: From the states' point of view, this campaign is often pointless and sometimes
538:
The U.S. government argued that VAWA appropriately enforced the Equal
Protection Clause's ban on governmental gender discrimination. Specially, the government argued that pervasive gender stereotypes and assumptions permeated state justice systems and that such forms of state bias led to
648:, 384 U.S. 641 (1966), in which the Court had called that Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment "a positive grant of legislative power authorizing Congress to exercise its discretion in determining the need for and nature of legislation to secure Fourteenth Amendment guarantees." In
756:
for relying on "implicitly patriarchal" legal reasoning. She argued that the decision reflected an attitude, pervasive in the
American judicial system, of violence against women being a "domestic" issue and therefore less serious than "male issues." Professor
608:
struck down: "There were state laws on the books bespeaking equality of treatment, but in the administration of these laws there was discrimination against newly freed slaves." To the majority, that quote indicated that the law deemed unconstitutional in the
2368:
158:
Congress did not regulate an activity that substantially affected interstate commerce. The Commerce Clause thus did not permit the enactment of the Act. The Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable since no state was responsible for causing the alleged
325:
The case arose from a challenge to a provision of the Violence Against Women Act that provided victims of gender-motivated violence the right to sue their attackers in federal court. In a majority opinion joined by four other justices, Chief Justice
3530:
685:"are not rips in the fabric of the Framers' Constitution, inviting judicial repairs," and amendments affecting states' rights like the Seventeenth Amendment "did not convert the judiciary into an alternate shield against the commerce power."
630:(1997), the majority stated, Congress was required to adhere to the Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, including the Court's interpretation of the state-action doctrine. The "congruence and proportionality" requirement of
582:, the Court ruled that the Clause did not apply to a prison lynching since the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to private actors, only state actors. In that case, a sheriff, a state actor, had tried to prevent the lynching.
474:(1942), which held that Congress could regulate an individual act that lacked a substantial effect on interstate commerce if, when aggregated, such acts had the required relation to interstate commerce. Once again, relying on
5218:
1508:
1965:
4936:
1008:'Power' and the Forced Reconsideration of Constitutional Decisions", 53 U. Chi. L. Rev. 819 (1986); William Cohen, "Congressional Power to Interpret Due Process and Equal Protection", 27 Stan L. Rev. 603 (1975).
4227:
3490:
2045:
2013:
3466:
4928:
1475:
3663:
592:
The government's argument was that VAWA had been enacted in response to "gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities." In contrast there was "no indication of such state action" in the
1329:
505:
485:
The Court explained that the need to distinguish between economic activities that directly and those that indirectly affect interstate commerce was caused by "the concern that we expressed in
4920:
4067:
4660:
4580:
1435:
762:
counterproductive." Shane stated the 36 attorneys general had called the Violence Against Women Act "a particularly appropriate remedy for the harm caused by gender-motivated violence."
5860:
4019:
2769:
1057:, May 19, 2000: "Although the case started as a classic 'he said, she said,' by the time it reached the Supreme Court, U.S. v. Morrison was all about federalism, not sexual politics."
5855:
377:
5208:
1386:
4904:
4235:
2440:
1989:
1382:
1333:
4587:
1439:
3400:
4782:
4912:
4379:
4347:
4027:
1654:
600:
held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not allow Congress to target private parties to remedy the unequal enforcement of state laws. To support that interpretation of the
5223:
5027:
4944:
2184:
708:
447:, the Court had stressed "enumerated powers" that limit federal power to maintain "a distinction between what is truly national and what is truly local." Therefore,
1120:
1084:
5845:
5213:
5203:
4535:
4035:
3631:
1738:
5188:
2464:
1746:
682:
5475:
5183:
4872:
4456:
4403:
4107:
3788:
3498:
2699:
2497:
1813:
678:
523:
The Court also held that Congress lacked the power to enact VAWA under the Fourteenth Amendment. It relied on the "state action" doctrine, which originated in
411:
305:
1561:
3751:
3591:
1917:
1208:
781:
664:
had involved federal legislation "directed at New York officials," instead of private parties. The Court also noted that unlike the VAWA, the legislation in
381:
86:
362:
for a federal civil remedy to victims of gender-based violence even if no criminal charges had been filed against the alleged perpetrator of that violence.
5865:
5408:
5238:
4331:
3917:
3458:
2753:
2667:
2392:
2288:
2077:
1106:
791:
451:
limited the scope of the Commerce Clause to exclude activity that was not directly economic in nature, even if there were indirect economic consequences.
1050:
4864:
4243:
3954:
2352:
489:
that Congress might use the Commerce Clause to completely obliterate the Constitution's distinction between national and local authority." Referring to
5805:
3963:
3813:
1973:
547:
of state laws caused by inaction is, by that interpretation, beyond the scope of the federal government's enforcement of the Equal Protection Clause.
5541:
5501:
5288:
4952:
4623:
4267:
4203:
3506:
4639:
4481:
4435:
4003:
3514:
2061:
1621:
5850:
5486:
4179:
3735:
3429:
3144:
3059:
2208:
639:
to prevent what the Court described as "a considerable congressional intrusion into the States' traditional prerogatives and general authority."
566:, the Court had held that the Equal Protection Clause applied only to acts done by states, not to acts done by private individuals. Because the
497:
5674:
4411:
4115:
3901:
3821:
3346:
3205:
3067:
4896:
4307:
3829:
3671:
3338:
2336:
1315:
740:: "The court got it right. If Congress could federalize rape and assault, it's hard to think of anything it couldn't." The lawyer and writer
482:
did not apply because economic effects of crimes against women were indirect and so they could not be addressed through the Commerce Clause.
2604:
4465:
542:
The Court responded that even if there had been gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities in that case, precedents such as the
5471:
3933:
3743:
3615:
3583:
3274:
2649:
2256:
5880:
5626:
5526:
5323:
5278:
5228:
4251:
3655:
3378:
2200:
2053:
2021:
1690:
5596:
5193:
4011:
3909:
3152:
3136:
3128:
786:
373:
did not find sufficient evidence to charge either man with a crime. Brzonkala then filed suit under the Violence Against Women Act.
5521:
5496:
5273:
4323:
4043:
3797:
3189:
3035:
3027:
1949:
5875:
5263:
5143:
4339:
3719:
3330:
2955:
2240:
2085:
2005:
1698:
100:
3422; 68 U.S.L.W. 4351; 82 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (Daily Journal DAR 5061; 2000 Colo. J. C.A.R. 2583; 13 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 287
5516:
5491:
4291:
3941:
3370:
2248:
1829:
402:(VAWA) of 1994 that gave victims of gender-motivated violence the right to sue their attackers in federal court. Chief Justice
5096:
4856:
4427:
4395:
4195:
4187:
3979:
3759:
3727:
3607:
3562:
3482:
3075:
2272:
2168:
1797:
5511:
5328:
5198:
3861:
3775:
3474:
3408:
3197:
3051:
3043:
2416:
2128:
1957:
1909:
1303:
425:
The majority opinion was that VAWA exceeded congressional power under the Commerce Clause and the Equal Protection Clause.
5810:
5318:
5072:
4473:
4419:
3695:
3522:
3229:
3172:
1933:
1124:
5467:
5463:
5358:
5348:
4283:
3767:
3647:
3538:
2376:
2360:
1925:
1877:
1467:
1406:
1353:
1312:
776:
575:
355:
293:
109:
35:
1160:
5566:
5378:
4259:
4131:
3971:
3322:
3306:
3160:
2312:
2264:
2152:
2029:
1147:
Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Disputing Male Sovereignty: On United States v. Morrison", 114 Harv. L. Rev. 135 (2000–2001)
702:
440:
1197:
5388:
5233:
5104:
4299:
4211:
3987:
3837:
1901:
1885:
1861:
1171:(2000-05-21). Also see Mauro, Tony. "States' Rights Triumph in Supreme Court Kimel Decision, Oral VAWA Argument",
864:"VIRGINIA TECH SAYS WOMAN CHANGED STORY SCHOOL ASKS FOR DISMISSAL OF HER CIVIL SUIT AGAINST IT, MORRISON, CRAWFORD"
812:"VIRGINIA TECH SAYS WOMAN CHANGED STORY SCHOOL ASKS FOR DISMISSAL OF HER CIVIL SUIT AGAINST IT, MORRISON, CRAWFORD"
624:
was valid, the VAWA remained unconstitutionally aimed not at state actors but at private criminal conduct. Under
5779:
5383:
4717:
3845:
3703:
3437:
2691:
1853:
1821:
1528:
1017:
Justice Souter’s dissent, which was joined by Justice Stevens, Justice Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer, May 15, 2000
863:
811:
5283:
2894:
2472:
2304:
1837:
1706:
1275:
Yes, Virginia (Tech), Our Government Is One Of Limited Powers: United States v. Morrison, 120 S.Ct. 1740 (2000)
944:
131:
5719:
5649:
5601:
5536:
5531:
5506:
5368:
4832:
3420:
3213:
3119:
2592:
2069:
1581:
535:(1883), and provides that the prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment do not constrain private individuals.
5795:
5398:
5333:
5006:
3679:
2683:
2320:
1869:
1255:
988:
966:
837:
146:
562:(1883), both of which were decided 15 years after the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification in 1868. In the
5136:
4506:
4275:
3599:
3083:
2224:
1997:
1629:
1228:
67:
63:
5669:
5616:
5611:
4559:
4051:
1893:
1805:
1650:
399:
351:
5121:
5438:
5048:
5040:
4551:
3893:
3298:
3245:
2400:
2296:
2232:
1682:
550:
The majority reaffirmed the state action doctrine and specifically reaffirmed the results reached in
5725:
5571:
5298:
5293:
5268:
4840:
4733:
4685:
4443:
4075:
3869:
3639:
3221:
3181:
3099:
1573:
1296:
1237:
626:
567:
496:
Justice Thomas's concurring opinion also expressed the concern that "Congress appropriating State
712:, was one of a series of Rehnquist Court decisions from 1999 through 2001 holding that Congress's
5659:
4147:
3925:
3853:
3266:
3237:
1780:
1714:
1666:
1536:
1504:
552:
525:
309:
5800:
455:
was the first significant limitation on the Commerce Clause powers of Congress in 53 years. The
5870:
5774:
5752:
5591:
5129:
5080:
4363:
4163:
4083:
3362:
3282:
3107:
2947:
2729:
2432:
2408:
435:
347:
338:
argued that the majority revived an old and discredited interpretation of the Commerce Clause.
314:
190:
54:
United States v. Antonio J. Morrison et al. and Christy Brzonkala v. Antonio J. Morrison et al.
5056:
4519:
3574:
3314:
3257:
2963:
2914:
2789:
2629:
2621:
2567:
2529:
2344:
2176:
1941:
1845:
1212:
897:
78:
5581:
5481:
5428:
5418:
5167:
5088:
4985:
4527:
4387:
4123:
4099:
4059:
3019:
2886:
2737:
1730:
1520:
644:
380:
held that Congress lacked authority to enact 42 U.S.C. § 13981. A three-judge panel of the
8:
5303:
4805:
4749:
4725:
3995:
3003:
2987:
2971:
2822:
2721:
2328:
2192:
1398:
1289:
749:
732:
218:
1281:
433:
With regard to the Commerce Clause, the majority said that the result was controlled by
5769:
5664:
5621:
4795:
4709:
4701:
4631:
4219:
3687:
3290:
3091:
2995:
2979:
2862:
2854:
2761:
2745:
2511:
2280:
1722:
1602:
1557:
1246:
613:
was meant to combat the same kind of disparate treatment against which VAWA was aimed.
558:
531:
470:
289:
5248:
1219:
1027:
5747:
4998:
4848:
4607:
4543:
4091:
3885:
3805:
3554:
2923:
2902:
2798:
2675:
2576:
2456:
2216:
2037:
1789:
1361:
1100:
1036:
713:
570:
applied to racial discrimination in private establishments, the Court decided in the
403:
327:
182:
174:
4659:
5742:
5736:
5643:
5551:
4824:
4693:
4599:
4315:
4171:
4139:
3623:
2931:
2814:
2637:
2554:
2160:
2120:
2104:
1674:
1614:
1451:
1274:
359:
406:, writing for the majority, held that Congress lacked authority, under either the
81:
5764:
5654:
5561:
5064:
4778:
4355:
4155:
3711:
2939:
2870:
2846:
2806:
2659:
2384:
2136:
2112:
1981:
1767:
1483:
1414:
1164:
771:
407:
319:
301:
214:
202:
901:
5707:
4960:
4888:
4741:
4677:
4371:
3354:
2838:
2830:
2777:
2584:
2424:
1459:
758:
226:
194:
5839:
5757:
5606:
5556:
5413:
5152:
4880:
4615:
4228:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3877:
3491:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
3390:
3011:
2878:
2711:
2613:
1345:
889:
741:
604:, the Court quoted one of the Congressmen who had supported the law that the
366:
5546:
5458:
5403:
5373:
4757:
3546:
3467:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
2014:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
1175:(2000-01-12); Greenhouse, Linda. "Justices Cool to Law Protecting Women",
1157:
922:
668:"was directed only to the State where the evil found by Congress existed."
335:
206:
5730:
2521:
1476:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
616:
The majority continued that even if the government's distinction between
297:
277:
U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 3; U.S. Const. Amend. XIV; 42 U.S.C. § 13981
2046:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
5308:
5151:
3449:
2144:
1264:
721:
642:
The belief that section five was a "one-way ratchet" had been based on
370:
97:
296:
were unconstitutional because they exceeded the powers granted to the
5453:
5448:
5443:
5343:
5338:
4068:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3664:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
923:
Court to Congress: You can't regulate everything by Stuart Taylor Jr.
720:
was also seen by the press as one of the Rehnquist Court's series of
93:
2369:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
1115:(2000-02-14). Retrieved 2007-02-13. Kaminer's article also stated:
5713:
4020:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2770:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
992:
970:
948:
135:
128:
1192:
5686:
5393:
4579:
1381:
386:
378:
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
322:
cases that limited Congress's powers under the Commerce Clause.
4505:
4236:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
724:
decisions, mainly because of the Court's previous decisions in
509:(1937), stated that the scope of the interstate commerce power
460:
categories, the Court analyzed its validity under the third in
384:
reversed the decision 2–1. The Fourth Circuit reheard the case
30:
3531:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
3401:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
1649:
4028:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
745:
combat sexual violence without making a federal case of it."
4380:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
4348:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
5701:
5696:
5691:
5363:
5353:
5313:
143:
2185:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
5861:
United States Fourteenth Amendment, section five case law
1503:
1311:
478:, the majority replied that the aggregation principle of
5856:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
4036:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
3632:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
417:
However, the Act's program funding remained unaffected.
398:
The Court's 5–4 decision invalidated the section of the
5073:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2465:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1814:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1747:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1034:", Lewis & Clark L. Rev. (Winter 2005) (discussing
3499:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2700:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
390:
and reversed the panel, upholding the district court.
267:
Breyer, joined by Stevens; Souter, Ginsburg (Part I-A)
243:
Rehnquist, joined by O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
4984:
3752:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
3592:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2668:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1918:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
1601:
1556:
782:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 529
514:
local and create a completely centralized government.
4332:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3918:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
3459:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2754:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
2553:
2393:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
2078:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
1328:
984:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
962:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
940:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
792:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
574:, it exceeded congressional enforcement power under
125:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
5154:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
4244:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
4108:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
1766:
1032:
Dead? Assessing a Supreme Court Drug (Law) Overdose
5209:Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute
3964:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3814:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
2496:
1974:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
1434:
5289:Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance
4624:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
4268:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
4204:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
4004:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
3507:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
2509:
2289:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
716:do not permit various federal civil rights laws.
5837:
4777:
4640:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
4482:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
4436:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
3515:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
3060:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
2062:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1966:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
1622:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
1105:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1087:. Archived from the original on November 1, 2005
5846:United States Constitution Article One case law
5219:School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences
5026:
4937:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
4404:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
4180:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3736:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
2209:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
5675:The Educational Media Company at Virginia Tech
4953:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
4412:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
4116:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3902:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3822:International News Service v. Associated Press
3347:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
3339:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
3206:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3068:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
861:
809:
5137:
4466:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
4308:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3830:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3672:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
2337:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1297:
334:In his dissenting opinion, Associate Justice
5224:College of Natural Resources and Environment
3430:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3275:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
3145:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
1278:, 24 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 895 (2001).
5866:Violence against women in the United States
5806:List of Virginia Tech head football coaches
4897:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3934:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3744:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
3616:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
3584:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
3379:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
2257:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
2022:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
259:Souter, joined by Stevens, Ginsburg, Breyer
5279:Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
5214:School of Public and International Affairs
5204:College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences
5144:
5130:
4252:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
2201:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
2054:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
1304:
1290:
518:
5597:Washington-Alexandria Architecture Center
5189:College of Architecture and Urban Studies
4012:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3910:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
3190:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
3153:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
3137:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
3129:Straus v. American Publishers Association
3036:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
787:List of United States Supreme Court cases
500:under the guise of regulating commerce."
5184:College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
4324:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
4044:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3798:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3720:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3028:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
2241:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1950:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1691:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
835:
596:. According to the Court, however, the
506:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
5264:Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center
4929:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
4340:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3656:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
3371:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
3331:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2956:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
2086:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
2006:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1830:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1699:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
1158:In Whose Best Interests? Not the States
838:"Christy Brzonkala v. Antonio Morrison"
382:Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
5851:United States Commerce Clause case law
5838:
4292:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
4188:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3942:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
3608:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
2249:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
1073:, (2000-05-16). Retrieved 2007-02-13.
671:
5592:Virginia Tech National Capital Region
5125:
5097:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
5025:
4983:
4857:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
4776:
4658:
4578:
4504:
4428:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
4396:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
4196:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3980:United States v. General Electric Co.
3760:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3728:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
3563:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
3483:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
2552:
2495:
2273:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
2169:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1798:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1765:
1648:
1600:
1555:
1502:
1433:
1383:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
1380:
1327:
1285:
468:proposition the government relied on
292:decision that held that parts of the
18:2000 United States Supreme Court case
5502:Virginia Tech–Boston College rivalry
5329:Virginia school of political economy
4921:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3862:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3776:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
3475:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
3409:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
3198:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3052:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
3044:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2417:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
2129:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1958:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1910:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
929:(1999-03-13). Retrieved 2007-02-13.
331:not to acts by private individuals.
5482:Virginia Tech–West Virginia rivalry
4474:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
4420:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3696:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
3523:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
3230:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
3173:International Copyright Act of 1891
1934:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
1004:See, e.g., Stephen L. Carter, "The
887:
862:Hayden, Betty; Vertefeuille, Jane.
810:Hayden, Betty; Vertefeuille, Jane.
420:
318:(1995), it was part of a series of
13:
5487:Virginia Tech-Georgia Tech rivalry
5359:Mid Atlantic Terascale Partnership
5349:Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital
4284:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3648:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
3539:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
2377:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
2361:National League of Cities v. Usery
1926:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1878:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
1468:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1407:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1354:Department of Commerce v. New York
777:Congressional power of enforcement
635:had been rejected by the Court in
428:
294:Violence Against Women Act of 1994
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5892:
5881:United States Supreme Court cases
5567:Collegiate Water Polo Association
5379:Virginia School Leaders Institute
4300:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
4260:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
4132:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3972:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
3323:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
3307:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
3161:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
2265:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
2153:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
2030:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
1215:598 (2000) is available from:
1185:
1026:However, see Jonathan H. Adler, "
441:Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990
354:, which contained a provision at
5801:List of Virginia Tech Presidents
5542:Virginia Tech IMG Sports Network
5389:Super Dual Auroral Radar Network
5247:
5105:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
4212:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3988:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3838:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1902:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1886:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1862:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1822:Swift & Co. v. United States
1191:
578:of the Fourteenth Amendment. In
439:(1995), which had held that the
29:
5229:College of Osteopathic Medicine
4718:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3846:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3704:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
3076:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
2305:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1854:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
1150:
1141:
1076:
1060:
1043:
1020:
1011:
5876:2000 in United States case law
5464:Virginia Tech–Virginia rivalry
5284:Virginia Cooperative Extension
5239:College of Veterinary Medicine
2895:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1838:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1707:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
998:
976:
954:
932:
915:
890:"'No winners' in Rape Lawsuit"
881:
855:
829:
803:
1:
5720:Index of Middle English Verse
5650:Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets
5602:Virginia Tech Richmond Center
5369:Blacksburg Electronic Village
4905:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4833:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
3421:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3214:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3120:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2692:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
2593:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2070:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1990:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
1582:United States v. Munoz-Flores
341:
5796:List of Virginia Tech alumni
5399:Head impact telemetry system
5007:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3680:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2684:Schillinger v. United States
2321:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1870:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
688:
443:was unconstitutional. As in
288:, 529 U.S. 598 (2000), is a
7:
5497:Virginia Tech–Miami rivalry
5194:Pamplin College of Business
4507:Necessary and Proper Clause
4276:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
3600:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
3084:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
2225:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1998:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
1630:Clinton v. City of New York
1071:Editorial: States’ Business
765:
503:The majority, quoting from
414:, to enact that provision.
10:
5897:
5670:Virginia Tech Rescue Squad
5617:Preston and Olin Institute
5612:Hillcrest Honors Community
4913:City of El Paso v. Simmons
4560:United States v. Kebodeaux
4052:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
2313:Henderson v. United States
1894:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1806:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1651:Taxing and Spending Clause
1265:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1051:No Winners in Rape Lawsuit
652:, the Court, as it had in
400:Violence Against Women Act
352:Violence Against Women Act
5819:
5788:
5681:United States v. Morrison
5635:
5580:
5492:Virginia Tech-VMI rivalry
5439:Atlantic Coast Conference
5427:
5256:
5245:
5176:
5161:
5049:Virginia v. West Virginia
5035:
5021:
4993:
4979:
4816:
4793:
4789:
4772:
4672:
4661:No Bills of Attainder or
4654:
4594:
4574:
4552:United States v. Comstock
4514:
4500:
4454:
3952:
3894:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3786:
3573:
3448:
3419:
3389:
3299:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
3256:
3246:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
3171:
3118:
2913:
2788:
2710:
2648:
2603:
2566:
2562:
2548:
2505:
2491:
2449:United States v. Morrison
2401:New York v. United States
2297:North American Co. v. SEC
2233:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
2096:
1779:
1775:
1761:
1683:Springer v. United States
1661:
1644:
1610:
1596:
1568:
1551:
1515:
1498:
1446:
1429:
1393:
1376:
1340:
1323:
1205:United States v. Morrison
1198:United States v. Morrison
393:
285:United States v. Morrison
276:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
234:
168:
163:
157:
152:
120:
115:
105:
73:
59:
49:
42:
28:
24:United States v. Morrison
23:
5726:Hahn Horticulture Garden
5269:Virginia Tech Foundation
4841:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4734:Barr v. City of Columbia
4686:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4444:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
4076:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3870:KVOS v. Associated Press
3640:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
3438:Dowling v. United States
3222:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
3182:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
3100:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
1574:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
1529:United States v. Johnson
1163:October 4, 2006, at the
945:935 F. Supp. 779
797:
627:City of Boerne v. Flores
568:Civil Rights Act of 1875
5660:The Marching Virginians
5274:Biocomplexity Institute
4945:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
4148:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3926:Goldstein v. California
3854:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
3267:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3238:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2473:Taylor v. United States
1781:Dormant Commerce Clause
1715:United States v. Butler
1667:Hylton v. United States
1537:Gravel v. United States
1505:Speech or Debate Clause
553:United States v. Harris
526:United States v. Harris
519:Equal Protection Clause
310:Equal Protection Clause
43:Argued January 11, 2000
5753:Virginia Tech shooting
5199:College of Engineering
5081:New Jersey v. New York
4536:Sabri v. United States
4364:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
4164:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
4084:United States v. Adams
3363:De Sylva v. Ballentine
3283:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
3108:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2948:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2730:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
2441:Jones v. United States
2433:United States v. Locke
2409:United States v. Lopez
1739:Sabri v. United States
656:, again distinguished
516:
436:United States v. Lopez
348:United States Congress
315:United States v. Lopez
5811:Commencement speakers
5319:Stability Wind Tunnel
5057:Virginia v. Tennessee
4520:McCulloch v. Maryland
3575:Copyright Act of 1976
3315:Douglas v. Cunningham
3258:Copyright Act of 1909
2964:Thornton v. Schreiber
2915:Copyright Act of 1870
2790:Copyright Act of 1831
2568:Copyright Act of 1790
2530:Juilliard v. Greenman
2345:Katzenbach v. McClung
2177:Hoke v. United States
1942:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1846:Edwards v. California
836:Motz Gribbon, Diane.
736:came out in favor of
683:Seventeenth Amendment
511:
92:120 S. Ct. 1740; 146
5419:Virginia Cyber Range
5169:Blacksburg, Virginia
5089:Virginia v. Maryland
4986:Import-Export Clause
4873:Stone v. Mississippi
4528:Lambert v. Yellowley
4388:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
4124:Gottschalk v. Benson
4100:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
4060:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
3020:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2887:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1731:South Dakota v. Dole
1521:Kilbourn v. Thompson
989:169 F.3d 820
967:132 F.3d 949
679:Fourteenth Amendment
645:Katzenbach v. Morgan
412:Fourteenth Amendment
306:Fourteenth Amendment
45:Decided May 15, 2000
5304:Virginia Smart Road
4806:Hepburn v. Griswold
4750:Kansas v. Hendricks
4726:De Veau v. Braisted
3996:Altvater v. Freeman
3004:Belford v. Scribner
2988:Thompson v. Hubbard
2972:Banks v. Manchester
2823:Stevens v. Gladding
2722:Pennock v. Dialogue
2650:Patent infringement
2329:Boynton v. Virginia
2193:Hammer v. Dagenhart
1399:Powell v. McCormack
1256:Library of Congress
1173:Legal Intelligencer
1127:on November 1, 2005
1067:The Washington Post
1055:The Washington Post
1049:Masters, Brooke. "
888:Masters, Brooke A.
750:Catharine MacKinnon
733:The Washington Post
672:Dissenting opinions
660:on the ground that
219:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
191:Sandra Day O'Connor
5770:Blacksburg Transit
5665:The New Virginians
5622:Reynolds Homestead
5527:Women's basketball
5309:eCorridors Program
5234:College of Science
5041:Florida v. Georgia
4796:Legal Tender Cases
4710:Samuels v. McCurdy
4702:Hawker v. New York
4632:Boumediene v. Bush
4220:Dickinson v. Zurko
3688:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3291:Manners v. Morosco
3092:Scribner v. Straus
2996:Higgins v. Keuffel
2980:Callaghan v. Myers
2863:Higgins v. Keuffel
2855:Callaghan v. Myers
2762:Egbert v. Lippmann
2746:Cochrane v. Deener
2605:Patent Act of 1793
2512:Legal Tender Cases
2281:Wickard v. Filburn
1723:Helvering v. Davis
1603:Presentment Clause
1558:Origination Clause
1330:Enumeration Clause
1313:U.S. Supreme Court
1082:Kaminer, Wendy. "
622:Civil Rights Cases
611:Civil Rights Cases
606:Civil Rights Cases
602:Civil Rights Cases
598:Civil Rights Cases
594:Civil Rights Cases
572:Civil Rights Cases
564:Civil Rights Cases
559:Civil Rights Cases
544:Civil Rights Cases
532:Civil Rights Cases
471:Wickard v. Filburn
290:U.S. Supreme Court
179:Associate Justices
5833:
5832:
5780:Police Department
5444:Fighting Gobblers
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5017:
5016:
4999:Brown v. Maryland
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4865:Bronson v. Kinzie
4849:Ogden v. Saunders
4768:
4767:
4650:
4649:
4608:Ex parte Merryman
4584:Suspension Clause
4570:
4569:
4544:Gonzales v. Raich
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4092:Brenner v. Manson
3886:Buck v. Gallagher
3806:Ferris v. Frohman
3555:Iancu v. Brunetti
2924:Perris v. Hexamer
2903:Mifflin v. Dutton
2799:Wheaton v. Peters
2738:O'Reilly v. Morse
2676:Rowell v. Lindsay
2577:Wheaton v. Peters
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2457:Gonzales v. Raich
2353:Maryland v. Wirtz
2217:Gold Clause Cases
2038:Granholm v. Heald
1790:Brown v. Maryland
1757:
1756:
1640:
1639:
1592:
1591:
1547:
1546:
1494:
1493:
1425:
1424:
1372:
1371:
1362:Trump v. New York
1272:Dimino, Michael.
1196:Works related to
1121:"Sexual Congress"
1113:American Prospect
1085:"Sexual Congress"
1037:Gonzalez v. Raich
921:Taylor, Stuart. "
728:and other cases.
714:enumerated powers
328:William Rehnquist
281:
280:
175:William Rehnquist
5888:
5743:New River Valley
5737:Graduating Peter
5644:Collegiate Times
5584:
5552:Cassell Coliseum
5522:Men's basketball
5476:men's basketball
5431:
5251:
5170:
5155:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5023:
5022:
4981:
4980:
4825:Fletcher v. Peck
4791:
4790:
4774:
4773:
4694:Ex parte Garland
4656:
4655:
4600:Ex parte Bollman
4576:
4575:
4502:
4501:
4316:Bilski v. Kappos
4172:Diamond v. Diehr
4140:Dann v. Johnston
3624:Stewart v. Abend
2932:Trade-Mark Cases
2815:Stephens v. Cady
2638:Evans v. Hettich
2564:
2563:
2555:Copyright Clause
2550:
2549:
2507:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2161:Champion v. Ames
2121:Paul v. Virginia
2105:Gibbons v. Ogden
1777:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1675:Collector v. Day
1646:
1645:
1615:Pocket Veto Case
1598:
1597:
1553:
1552:
1500:
1499:
1452:Ex parte Siebold
1436:Elections Clause
1431:
1430:
1378:
1377:
1325:
1324:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1195:
1180:
1156:Shane, Peter. "
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1123:. Archived from
1110:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
986:
980:
974:
964:
958:
952:
942:
936:
930:
927:National Journal
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
807:
421:Majority opinion
164:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5815:
5784:
5765:Stroubles Creek
5655:Highty-Tighties
5631:
5582:
5576:
5562:Berglund Center
5429:
5423:
5252:
5243:
5172:
5168:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5120:
5111:
5065:Wharton v. Wise
5031:
5013:
4989:
4967:
4812:
4785:
4779:Contract Clause
4764:
4668:
4646:
4590:
4566:
4510:
4509:of Section VIII
4488:
4457:trademark cases
4450:
4356:Kappos v. Hyatt
4156:Parker v. Flook
3948:
3789:copyright cases
3782:
3768:Allen v. Cooper
3712:Golan v. Holder
3569:
3444:
3415:
3385:
3252:
3167:
3114:
2940:Merrell v. Tice
2909:
2871:Holmes v. Hurst
2847:Baker v. Selden
2807:Backus v. Gould
2784:
2706:
2660:Evans v. Jordan
2644:
2599:
2558:
2557:of Section VIII
2536:
2501:
2500:of Section VIII
2479:
2385:EEOC v. Wyoming
2137:Kidd v. Pearson
2113:Passenger Cases
2092:
1982:Maine v. Taylor
1771:
1770:of Section VIII
1768:Commerce Clause
1753:
1657:
1636:
1606:
1588:
1564:
1543:
1511:
1490:
1484:Moore v. Harper
1442:
1421:
1415:Cook v. Gralike
1389:
1368:
1336:
1319:
1310:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1188:
1183:
1169:Washington Post
1165:Wayback Machine
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1048:
1044:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
982:
981:
977:
960:
959:
955:
938:
937:
933:
920:
916:
906:
904:
886:
882:
872:
870:
868:Virginian Pilot
860:
856:
846:
844:
834:
830:
820:
818:
816:Virginian Pilot
808:
804:
800:
772:Rehnquist Court
768:
691:
674:
556:(1883) and the
529:(1883) and the
521:
431:
429:Commerce Clause
423:
408:Commerce Clause
396:
344:
320:Rehnquist Court
302:Commerce Clause
217:
215:Clarence Thomas
205:
203:Anthony Kennedy
193:
183:John P. Stevens
101:
66:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5894:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5716:
5711:
5708:Tech Talk Live
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5572:Thompson Field
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5517:Women's soccer
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5045:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5028:Compact Clause
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5003:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:Sveen v. Melin
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4889:Block v. Hirsh
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4787:
4786:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4742:Teague v. Lane
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4678:Calder v. Bull
4673:
4670:
4669:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4461:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4372:Gunn v. Minton
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3355:Mazer v. Stein
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2839:Paige v. Banks
2835:
2831:Little v. Hall
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:Voss v. Fisher
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2630:Evans v. Eaton
2626:
2622:Evans v. Eaton
2618:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2585:Paige v. Banks
2581:
2572:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2498:Coinage Clause
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2425:Reno v. Condon
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:of Section VII
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1460:Smiley v. Holm
1456:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1238:Google Scholar
1201:
1187:
1186:External links
1184:
1182:
1181:
1179:, (2000-01-12)
1177:New York Times
1149:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1075:
1059:
1042:
1019:
1010:
997:
975:
953:
931:
914:
880:
854:
828:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
767:
764:
759:Peter M. Shane
690:
687:
673:
670:
520:
517:
430:
427:
422:
419:
395:
392:
365:That fall, at
356:42 U.S.C.
343:
340:
279:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
232:
231:
230:
229:
227:Stephen Breyer
195:Antonin Scalia
180:
177:
172:
166:
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:
150:
149:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
91:
75:
71:
70:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5893:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:Virginia Tech
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5758:Seung-Hui Cho
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Hotel Roanoke
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5557:English Field
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:Sugar battery
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:Smyth v. Ames
4878:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4667:of Section IX
4666:
4664:
4663:Ex post facto
4657:
4653:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:Ex parte Endo
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:Habeas corpus
4577:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4508:
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4110:
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4017:
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4009:
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3998:
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3993:
3990:
3989:
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3904:
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3899:
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3891:
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3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:Gibbs v. Buck
3875:
3872:
3871:
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3864:
3863:
3859:
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3424:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:Patent misuse
3388:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
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3360:
3357:
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3110:
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3038:
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3033:
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3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:Brady v. Daly
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
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2905:
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2897:
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2892:
2889:
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2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:Brady v. Daly
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
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2848:
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2739:
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2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:Patentability
2709:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
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2678:
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2673:
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2647:
2640:
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2635:
2632:
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2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:Tyler v. Tuel
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2590:
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2579:
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2250:
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1359:
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1347:
1346:Utah v. Evans
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
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1266:
1257:
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1239:
1230:
1229:CourtListener
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:at Wikisource
1199:
1194:
1190:
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751:
746:
743:
742:Wendy Kaminer
739:
735:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
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695:
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569:
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548:
545:
540:
536:
534:
533:
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527:
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510:
508:
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499:
498:police powers
494:
492:
488:
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477:
473:
472:
465:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
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418:
415:
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401:
391:
389:
388:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
367:Virginia Tech
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:In 1994, the
339:
337:
332:
329:
323:
321:
317:
316:
312:. Along with
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
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235:Case opinions
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:Chief Justice
170:
169:
167:
162:
156:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
114:
111:
110:Oral argument
108:
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99:
95:
89:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
5823:
5775:Valley Metro
5735:
5718:
5706:
5680:
5679:
5642:
5547:Lane Stadium
5512:Men's soccer
5459:Tech Triumph
5404:Metal rubber
5374:Pelikan tail
5163:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5030:of Section X
5005:
4997:
4988:of Section X
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4804:
4794:
4758:Smith v. Doe
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4662:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4581:
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4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4480:
4472:
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4442:
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4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3955:patent cases
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3561:
3553:
3547:Matal v. Tam
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3436:
3428:
3407:
3399:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2528:
2520:
2510:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1655:Section VIII
1628:
1620:
1580:
1572:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1273:
1204:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1152:
1143:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
1112:
1089:. Retrieved
1078:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1000:
983:
978:
961:
956:
939:
934:
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
893:
883:
871:. Retrieved
867:
857:
845:. Retrieved
841:
831:
819:. Retrieved
815:
805:
753:
747:
737:
731:
730:
725:
717:
707:
701:
697:
693:
692:
675:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
643:
641:
636:
631:
625:
621:
617:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
585:
584:
579:
571:
563:
557:
551:
549:
543:
541:
537:
530:
524:
522:
512:
504:
502:
495:
490:
486:
484:
479:
475:
469:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
432:
424:
416:
397:
385:
375:
364:
360:§ 13981
345:
336:David Souter
333:
324:
313:
284:
283:
282:
272:Laws applied
222:
210:
207:David Souter
198:
186:
139:
124:
116:Case history
85:
53:
15:
5731:Hokie Stone
5627:BCB Airport
4665:Laws Clause
2522:Knox v. Lee
1562:Section VII
995: 1999).
973: 1997).
951: 1996).
752:criticized
350:passed the
298:US Congress
248:Concurrence
60:Docket nos.
5840:Categories
5164:Located in
4588:Section IX
3450:Lanham Act
2145:In re Debs
1509:Section VI
1440:Section IV
1334:Section II
748:Professor
722:federalism
371:grand jury
342:Background
300:under the
98:U.S. LEXIS
96:658; 2000
5454:Old Hokie
5449:HokieBird
5430:Athletics
5344:Nanoknife
5339:DARwIn-OP
5177:Academics
4783:Section X
1316:Article I
907:March 18,
902:408640898
873:March 18,
847:March 19,
821:March 18,
689:Reactions
576:section 5
404:Rehnquist
94:L. Ed. 2d
74:Citations
5714:Radio IQ
5537:Softball
5532:Baseball
5507:Football
5472:football
5299:System G
5294:System X
5257:Research
3393:case law
2714:case law
2652:case law
1318:case law
1203:Text of
1161:Archived
1131:July 18,
1101:cite web
1091:July 18,
1030:Morrison
993:4th Cir.
971:4th Cir.
949:W.D. Va.
898:ProQuest
894:ProQuest
766:See also
754:Morrison
738:Morrison
718:Morrison
694:Morrison
681:and the
650:Morrison
620:and the
618:Morrison
586:Morrison
462:Morrison
445:Morrison
304:and the
240:Majority
136:W.D. Va.
129:F. Supp.
106:Argument
5824:Founded
5748:History
5687:WUVT-FM
5468:overall
5394:eTBLAST
1220:Cornell
709:Garrett
696:, like
480:Wickard
410:or the
387:en banc
264:Dissent
256:Dissent
153:Holding
138:1996),
5826:: 1872
5789:People
5583:Campus
5474:, and
5409:NEXTOR
5108:(2018)
5100:(2009)
5092:(2003)
5084:(1998)
5076:(1985)
5068:(1894)
5060:(1893)
5052:(1871)
5044:(1855)
5010:(1951)
5002:(1827)
4964:(2018)
4956:(1987)
4948:(1983)
4940:(1983)
4932:(1978)
4924:(1977)
4916:(1965)
4908:(1935)
4900:(1934)
4892:(1921)
4884:(1898)
4876:(1880)
4868:(1843)
4860:(1837)
4852:(1827)
4844:(1819)
4836:(1819)
4828:(1810)
4817:Others
4809:(1870)
4761:(2003)
4753:(1997)
4745:(1989)
4737:(1964)
4729:(1960)
4721:(1951)
4713:(1925)
4705:(1898)
4697:(1866)
4689:(1819)
4681:(1798)
4643:(2020)
4635:(2008)
4627:(2001)
4619:(1944)
4611:(1861)
4603:(1807)
4563:(2013)
4555:(2010)
4547:(2005)
4539:(2004)
4531:(1926)
4523:(1819)
4485:(2020)
4477:(1938)
4469:(1915)
4455:Other
4447:(2019)
4439:(2017)
4431:(2016)
4423:(2015)
4415:(2015)
4407:(2014)
4399:(2014)
4391:(2013)
4383:(2013)
4375:(2013)
4367:(2013)
4359:(2012)
4351:(2012)
4343:(2011)
4335:(2011)
4327:(2011)
4319:(2010)
4311:(2008)
4303:(2007)
4295:(2007)
4287:(2007)
4279:(2006)
4271:(2006)
4263:(2006)
4255:(2005)
4247:(2002)
4239:(2001)
4231:(1999)
4223:(1999)
4215:(1998)
4207:(1997)
4199:(1996)
4191:(1990)
4183:(1989)
4175:(1981)
4167:(1980)
4159:(1978)
4151:(1976)
4143:(1976)
4135:(1973)
4127:(1972)
4119:(1971)
4111:(1969)
4103:(1969)
4095:(1966)
4087:(1966)
4079:(1966)
4071:(1965)
4063:(1964)
4055:(1964)
4047:(1964)
4039:(1961)
4031:(1950)
4023:(1950)
4015:(1948)
4007:(1945)
3999:(1943)
3991:(1942)
3983:(1926)
3975:(1916)
3967:(1908)
3953:Other
3945:(1975)
3937:(1974)
3929:(1973)
3921:(1968)
3913:(1962)
3905:(1960)
3897:(1949)
3889:(1939)
3881:(1939)
3873:(1936)
3865:(1934)
3857:(1932)
3849:(1931)
3841:(1923)
3833:(1919)
3825:(1918)
3817:(1914)
3809:(1912)
3801:(1911)
3787:Other
3779:(2020)
3771:(2020)
3763:(2019)
3755:(2019)
3747:(2017)
3739:(2014)
3731:(2014)
3723:(2013)
3715:(2012)
3707:(2010)
3699:(2005)
3691:(2003)
3683:(2001)
3675:(1998)
3667:(1998)
3659:(1996)
3651:(1994)
3643:(1994)
3635:(1991)
3627:(1990)
3619:(1989)
3611:(1985)
3603:(1985)
3595:(1984)
3587:(1977)
3566:(2020)
3558:(2019)
3550:(2017)
3542:(2014)
3534:(2014)
3526:(2003)
3518:(2003)
3510:(2001)
3502:(2001)
3494:(1999)
3486:(1995)
3478:(1992)
3470:(1987)
3462:(1982)
3441:(1985)
3433:(1941)
3412:(1942)
3404:(1917)
3382:(1973)
3374:(1964)
3366:(1956)
3358:(1954)
3350:(1952)
3342:(1943)
3334:(1940)
3326:(1939)
3318:(1935)
3310:(1931)
3302:(1923)
3294:(1920)
3286:(1917)
3278:(1914)
3270:(1911)
3249:(1911)
3241:(1911)
3233:(1909)
3225:(1909)
3217:(1908)
3209:(1908)
3201:(1907)
3193:(1903)
3185:(1896)
3164:(1979)
3156:(1948)
3148:(1941)
3140:(1939)
3132:(1913)
3111:(1912)
3103:(1909)
3095:(1908)
3087:(1908)
3079:(1908)
3071:(1908)
3063:(1907)
3055:(1907)
3047:(1907)
3039:(1903)
3031:(1903)
3023:(1899)
3015:(1899)
3007:(1892)
2999:(1891)
2991:(1889)
2983:(1888)
2975:(1888)
2967:(1888)
2959:(1884)
2951:(1884)
2943:(1881)
2935:(1879)
2927:(1879)
2906:(1903)
2898:(1903)
2890:(1899)
2882:(1899)
2874:(1899)
2866:(1891)
2858:(1888)
2850:(1879)
2842:(1872)
2834:(1856)
2826:(1854)
2818:(1853)
2810:(1849)
2802:(1834)
2781:(1885)
2773:(1885)
2765:(1881)
2757:(1878)
2749:(1876)
2741:(1853)
2733:(1851)
2725:(1829)
2703:(1938)
2695:(1913)
2687:(1894)
2679:(1885)
2671:(1885)
2663:(1815)
2641:(1822)
2633:(1822)
2625:(1818)
2617:(1810)
2596:(1908)
2588:(1872)
2580:(1834)
2533:(1884)
2525:(1871)
2476:(2016)
2468:(2012)
2460:(2005)
2452:(2000)
2444:(2000)
2436:(2000)
2428:(2000)
2420:(1996)
2412:(1995)
2404:(1992)
2396:(1985)
2388:(1983)
2380:(1981)
2372:(1981)
2364:(1976)
2356:(1968)
2348:(1964)
2340:(1964)
2332:(1960)
2324:(1951)
2316:(1950)
2308:(1949)
2300:(1946)
2292:(1944)
2284:(1942)
2276:(1942)
2268:(1941)
2260:(1940)
2252:(1938)
2244:(1937)
2236:(1936)
2228:(1935)
2220:(1935)
2212:(1935)
2204:(1923)
2196:(1918)
2188:(1914)
2180:(1913)
2172:(1911)
2164:(1903)
2156:(1895)
2148:(1895)
2140:(1888)
2132:(1885)
2124:(1869)
2116:(1849)
2108:(1824)
2097:Others
2089:(2023)
2081:(2019)
2073:(2018)
2065:(2015)
2057:(2008)
2049:(2007)
2041:(2005)
2033:(1994)
2025:(1994)
2017:(1994)
2009:(1992)
2001:(1992)
1993:(1989)
1985:(1986)
1977:(1984)
1969:(1983)
1961:(1982)
1953:(1981)
1945:(1980)
1937:(1978)
1929:(1978)
1921:(1977)
1913:(1977)
1905:(1976)
1897:(1970)
1889:(1967)
1881:(1959)
1873:(1954)
1865:(1951)
1857:(1945)
1849:(1941)
1841:(1935)
1833:(1925)
1825:(1905)
1817:(1886)
1809:(1852)
1801:(1829)
1793:(1827)
1750:(2012)
1742:(2004)
1734:(1987)
1726:(1937)
1718:(1936)
1710:(1922)
1702:(1916)
1694:(1895)
1686:(1881)
1678:(1871)
1670:(1796)
1633:(1998)
1625:(1983)
1617:(1929)
1585:(1990)
1577:(1911)
1540:(1972)
1532:(1966)
1524:(1881)
1487:(2023)
1479:(2015)
1471:(1995)
1463:(1932)
1455:(1879)
1418:(2001)
1410:(1995)
1402:(1969)
1365:(2020)
1357:(2019)
1349:(2002)
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1247:Justia
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1006:Morgan
991: (
987:,
969: (
965:,
947: (
943:,
900:
842:Justia
706:, and
698:Boerne
666:Morgan
662:Morgan
658:Morgan
654:Boerne
637:Boerne
632:Boerne
580:Harris
394:Ruling
358:
251:Thomas
225:
223:·
221:
213:
211:·
209:
201:
199:·
197:
189:
187:·
185:
142:, 169
127:, 935
1211:
798:Notes
726:Lopez
703:Kimel
491:Lopez
487:Lopez
476:Lopez
457:Lopez
453:Lopez
449:Lopez
159:harm.
140:aff'd
121:Prior
68:99-29
5702:WBRW
5697:HEVT
5692:WVTF
5636:Life
5364:VTLS
5354:LibX
5324:PATH
5314:e-58
1385:and
1213:U.S.
1133:2018
1107:link
1093:2018
909:2022
875:2022
849:2022
823:2022
376:The
144:F.3d
87:more
79:U.S.
77:529
64:99-5
5384:NIA
5334:VLA
4781:of
4586:of
1653:of
1560:of
1507:of
1438:of
1387:III
1332:of
1209:529
1167:",
1111:",
1053:",
1028:Is
925:",
308:'s
147:820
132:779
82:598
5842::
5470:,
5166::
1207:,
1103:}}
1099:{{
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896:.
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866:.
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700:,
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1109:)
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1040:)
911:.
877:.
851:.
825:.
134:(
90:)
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