330:(DEA) agents. The two agents grew suspicious, later stating that she appeared to have the characteristics of a person unlawfully transporting narcotics. The agents approached Mendenhall and identified themselves as federal agents. Following procedure, they began to question Ms. Mendenhall; their questions included, "How long were you in California?" to which she responded by stating that hers was a short, two-day trip. The agents later asked her to present identification and an airline ticket. She presented her driver’s license and the airline ticket to the agents. The name on the driver’s license said “Sylvia Mendenhall”, yet the name on the airline ticket was “Annette Ford”. Upon questioning, she responded, “ just felt like using that name.” "Agent Anderson then specifically identified himself as a federal narcotics agent and, according to his testimony, the respondent "became quite shaken, extremely nervous. She had a hard time speaking." The agents requested that the respondent accompany them to the DEA office at the airport, and she complied. At the office, the agents asked for permission to inspect her handbag and her person and informed her of her right to decline. She responded, "Go ahead," while handing her purse to the agent. A female police officer conducted the search. The officer informed Mendenhall of her right to decline to the search. When asked to remove her clothes, Mendenhall explained that she needed to catch a flight, but she was assured that if no narcotics were found, she could proceed to the flight. Without further comments, she began to disrobe. Two packages were found beneath her undergarments and were handed to the policewoman. One package appeared to contain an illegal substance, and Mendenhall was arrested for possession of heroin. The
468:"The Court today concludes that agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) acted lawfully in stopping a traveler changing planes in an airport terminal and escorting her to a DEA office for a strip-search of her person. This result is particularly curious because a majority of the Members of the Court refuse to reject the conclusion that Ms. Mendenhall was "seized," while a separate majority decline to hold that there were reasonable grounds to justify a seizure. Mr. Justice Stewart concludes that the DEA agents acted lawfully, regardless of whether there were any reasonable grounds for suspecting Ms. Mendenhall of criminal activity, because he finds that Ms. Mendenhall was not "seized" by the DEA agents, even though, throughout the proceedings below, the Government never questioned the fact that a seizure had occurred necessitating a of antecedent reasonable suspicion. Mr. Justice Powell's opinion concludes that, even though Ms. Mendenhall may have been "seized," the seizure was lawful, because her behavior while changing planes in the airport provided reasonable suspicion that she was engaging in criminal activity. The Court then concludes, based on the absence of evidence that Ms. Mendenhall resisted her detention, that she voluntarily consented to being taken to the DEA office, even though she, in fact, had no choice in the matter. This conclusion is inconsistent with our recognition that consent cannot be presumed from a showing of acquiescence to authority, and it cannot be reconciled with our decision last Term in
373:, 428 U.S. 543, 554). The court ruled that as long as person being questioned has the right to disregard questions and to voluntarily terminate the encounter, a search does not impede upon the person's liberty or privacy. The justices characterized police questioning as an effective manner of enforcing criminal law and concluded that the questioning of Mendenhall furthered the compelling interest of the DEA. "Without such investigation, those who were innocent might be falsely accused, those who were guilty might wholly escape prosecution, and many crimes would go unsolved. In short, the security of all would be diminished." (
31:
347:, which was based upon an informally compiled abstract of characteristics believed to be typical of people carrying illicit drugs. These observations included the fact that Mendenhall's flight originated in Los Angeles, a city believed by the agents to be the origin for much of the heroin brought to Detroit. The agents also observed that Mendenhall was the last person to exit the plane and appeared very nervous, visually scanning the area where the agents were positioned, passed the baggage area without claiming any luggage and changed airlines for her next flight.
453:"I join Parts I, II-B, II-C, and III of the Court's opinion. Because neither of the courts below considered the question, I do not reach the Government's contention that the agents did not "seize" the respondent within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. In my view, we may assume for present purposes that the stop did constitute a seizure. I would hold—as did the District Court—that the federal agents had
441:
Based on
Mendenhall case, a law enforcement officer publicly approaching an individual and asking such individual questions is not a violation of the individual's Fourth Amendment rights. As long as the officer does not imply that compliance is mandatory, the officer may question or ask to examine
482:
Mr. Justice White's reason for dissent is based on the contradiction that the majority does not refute that a "seizure" did occur, while at the same time a majority was unable to justify that the "seizure" was necessary. Mr. Justice Powell strongly believes that Ms. Mendenhall was forced into the
334:
denied a motion to suppress the evidence. The court concluded that the agents' actions were permissible in investigating suspicion of criminal activity and that
Mendenhall voluntarily accompanied the agents to the DEA office. Mendenhall was convicted and a court of appeals reversed the decision,
438:, a police officer identified himself and asked a passenger on the bus if the police had consent to perform a drug and illegal weapon search. Another officer stood at the front of the bus but did not block the exit. The court ruled that this did not violate constitutional rights.
389:, the court ruled that a police officer acted lawfully when detaining three men who appeared to be acting suspiciously. The man named in the title of the case, John W. Terry, was unable to walk away and was forced to submit to a search. Based on the precedent provided by
317:, such as by "the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled."
359:
rights were violated. The court failed to construct a majority definition of "seizure". Regardless of
Mendenhall's consent or the amount of coercion involved, there was sufficient evidence that she was provided the option to go on her way. According to
364:, evidence that Mendenhall was not asked to accompany agents to the DEA office was insufficient grounds upon which to deny that she had given consent. The court found that race, although not completely irrelevant, was not viewed as decisive evidence.
325:
On the morning of
February 10, 1976, Sylvia Mendenhall was walking through the concourse of Detroit Metropolitan Airport after disembarking a commercial flight returning from Los Angeles. During her walk through the airport, she was noticed by two
379:, 412 U.S. at 225.) Because Mendenhall was not held by force and could have walked away, she was determined to have not been seized by the DEA agents. The justices in the majority opinion sought to follow the precedent established in
1719:
156:
A person is "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment if a "reasonable person" in the same position "would have believed that he was not free to leave." This test must be viewed under the totality of the
331:
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457:
that the respondent was engaging in criminal activity, and, therefore, that they did not violate the Fourth
Amendment by stopping the respondent for routine questioning."
3130:
367:
The Fourth
Amendment serves "to prevent arbitrary and oppressive interference by enforcement officials with the privacy and personal security of individuals" (
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450:"Mr. Justice Powell, with whom the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Blackmun join, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
299:
heard the appeal of Ms. Sylvia
Mendenhall as pertaining to Ms. Mendenhall's alleged unconstitutional seizure by two DEA agents at
3274:
2588:
413:, defendant was seized when four officers approached and ordered companion, then the defendant, to step out of parked truck."
428:, the court determined that "seizure" occurs when an officer uses physical force or displays authority to detain a person. In
303:. The court ruled against the defendant in a 5–4 majority, though the court's Dissent shows confusion as to the majority vote.
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465:"Mr. Justice White, with whom Mr. Justice Brennan, Mr. Justice Marshall, and Mr. Justice Stevens join, dissenting.
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666:
Airport Drug Stops: Defining
Reasonable Suspicion Based on the Characteristics of the Drug Courier Profile
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case that determined "seizure" occurs when an officer uses displays of authority to detain a person.
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search, even though there is a lack of evidence that she did not have the opportunity to leave.
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1934:
1703:
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1080:
454:
434:, the court determined that the Fourth Amendment does not govern consensual encounters. In
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2003:
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343:
DEA agent Manuel Lopez testified that
Mendenhall's behavior fit the profile of a
241:
Stewart (parts I, II-B, II-C, III), joined by Burger, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist
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83:
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801:
781:"Reformulating Seizures—Airport Drug Stops and the Fourth Amendment"
1505:
558:
731:
338:
332:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
30:
401:
936:
825:—Analyzing Police Intrusions on Less Than Probable Cause".
108:
393:, the search and seizure of Mendenhall was deemed lawful.
335:
stating that she did not properly consent to the search.
503:. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law.
3280:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
1839:
306:
The decision notably set a standard by which a valid
355:
The issue before the court was whether Mendenhall's
297:
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
416:
1614:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
950:
817:Greenberg, P. S. (1981). "Drug Courier Profiles,
3256:
3164:
493:
339:Drug-courier profile as testified by DEA agent
2452:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
922:
501:"United States v. Mendenhall - Oral argument"
310:could be converted into an unconstitutional
2393:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
265:White, joined by Brennan, Marshall, Stevens
3285:Drug Enforcement Administration litigation
2492:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
929:
915:
618:"United States v. Mendenhall - Case Brief"
396:
2444:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
1049:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
816:
734:. Americans for Effective Law Enforcement
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
2899:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
778:
249:Stewart (part II-A), joined by Rehnquist
3270:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2589:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
1665:
662:
544:
542:
445:
3257:
2882:
507:
3163:
2862:
2670:
2511:Property of probationers and parolees
2460:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2364:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
1838:
1664:
1495:
1390:
949:
910:
732:"United States of America v. Drayton"
477:
442:the identification of an individual.
18:1980 United States Supreme Court case
2717:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
687:. Office of the Ohio Public Defender
539:
13:
3105:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1787:Warrants directed at third parties
1391:
772:
460:
257:Powell, joined by Burger, Blackmun
54:United States v. Sylvia Mendenhall
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3301:
3265:United States Supreme Court cases
2632:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2420:Students, employees, and patients
2217:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1841:Exceptions to warrant requirement
1177:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
1057:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
858:544 (1980) is available from:
840:
576:LII / Legal Information Institute
2682:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2348:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2332:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
370:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
29:
3175:Unreasonable search and seizure
2372:United States v. Flores-Montano
1768:Neutral and detached magistrate
1526:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
746:
724:
699:
677:
328:Drug Enforcement Administration
3275:1980 in United States case law
2476:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2401:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1720:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
938:United States Fourth Amendment
779:Gaswirth, Mitchell M. (1981).
656:
644:
632:
610:
589:
564:
1:
2771:Detention during vehicle stop
2640:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2565:Searches in jails and prisons
1477:District of Columbia v. Wesby
951:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
572:"United States v. Mendenhall"
486:
405:, 107 Ohio App. 3d 154 (1995)
320:
288:, 446 U.S. 544 (1980), was a
3290:Detroit Metropolitan Airport
3165:Incorporation against States
2863:
2736:Detention incident to search
2671:
2554:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
828:American Criminal Law Review
301:Detroit Metropolitan Airport
7:
2484:Board of Education v. Earls
2142:United States v. Rabinowitz
2125:Searches incident to arrest
1277:United States v. Mendenhall
848:United States v. Mendenhall
550:United States v. Mendenhall
523:United States v. Mendenhall
426:United States v. Mendenhall
411:United States v. Mendenhall
350:
290:United States Supreme Court
285:United States v. Mendenhall
24:United States v. Mendenhall
10:
3306:
2787:Rodriguez v. United States
2530:Administrative inspections
2257:Birchfield v. North Dakota
1230:Carpenter v. United States
1001:Silverman v. United States
3217:
3174:
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3159:
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3089:
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3016:Wong Sun v. United States
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2546:Camara v. Municipal Court
2529:
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2216:
2190:Thornton v. United States
2166:United States v. Chadwick
2158:United States v. Robinson
2134:Trupiano v. United States
2123:
2030:
1996:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1985:
1943:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1926:
1868:United States v. Chadwick
1851:
1847:
1834:
1805:
1795:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1786:
1776:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1767:
1730:
1674:
1660:
1512:
1491:
1421:Spinelli v. United States
1405:Brinegar v. United States
1399:
1386:
1352:Fourth Amendment standing
1351:
1244:
1195:
1160:
1123:
985:Olmstead v. United States
960:
956:
945:
620:. LawSchoolCaseBriefs.com
376:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
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28:
23:
2949:Herring v. United States
2311:South Dakota v. Opperman
2041:Carroll v. United States
1951:United States v. Matlock
1680:Johnson v. United States
1502:Investigative detentions
1437:Ornelas v. United States
1325:United States v. Drayton
754:"Legally Carrying a Gun"
707:United States v. Drayton
664:
474:, 442 U.S. 200 (1979)."
431:United States v. Drayton
418:United States v. Drayton
43:Argued February 19, 1980
3199:Elkins v. United States
2976:Murray v. United States
2760:Bailey v. United States
2608:United States v. Watson
2500:City of Ontario v. Quon
2356:United States v. Ramsey
2225:Schmerber v. California
1975:Fernandez v. California
1712:United States v. Grubbs
1638:Heien v. North Carolina
1630:Navarette v. California
1606:United States v. Arvizu
1558:United States v. Cortez
1301:California v. Hodari D.
1253:Counselman v. Hitchcock
1214:United States v. Miller
1142:Oliver v. United States
1134:Hester v. United States
1041:California v. Greenwood
1017:United States v. Knotts
597:"Consensual Encounters"
397:Historical significance
2957:Davis v. United States
2891:Weeks v. United States
2706:United States v. Place
2428:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2340:United States v. Ortiz
2020:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1892:Brigham City v. Stuart
1582:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1566:United States v. Place
1445:Whren v. United States
1333:Brendlin v. California
1206:United States v. White
1089:United States v. Jones
1073:Kyllo v. United States
1025:United States v. Place
653:, 446 U.S. at 547 n.1.
181:William J. Brennan Jr.
3075:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2941:United States v. Leon
2911:Impeachment exception
2779:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
2265:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
2089:California v. Acevedo
2065:United States v. Ross
1959:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1852:Exigent circumstances
1741:Boyd v. United States
1368:Byrd v. United States
1317:Soldal v. Cook County
1245:Definition of seizure
1169:California v. Ciraolo
1150:United States v. Dunn
1065:Bond v. United States
1033:United States v. Karo
1009:Katz v. United States
993:Abel v. United States
969:Boyd v. United States
789:California Law Review
276:U.S. Const. amend. IV
3218:Warrant requirements
3191:Rochin v. California
2988:Inevitable discovery
2932:Good-faith exception
2725:Illinois v. McArthur
2519:Samson v. California
2150:Chimel v. California
2073:California v. Carney
2012:Horton v. California
1935:Stoner v. California
1704:Maryland v. Garrison
1498:Reasonable suspicion
1197:Third-party doctrine
1125:Open-fields doctrine
1081:Illinois v. Caballes
977:United States v. Lee
961:Definition of search
685:"Search And Seizure"
555:596 F.2d 706
455:reasonable suspicion
446:Powell's Concurrence
78:100 S. Ct. 1870; 64
45:Decided May 27, 1980
2832:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2808:Tennessee v. Garner
2744:Michigan v. Summers
2690:Dunaway v. New York
2600:Warrantless arrests
2409:Illinois v. Lidster
2241:Missouri v. McNeely
2206:Riley v. California
2113:Collins v. Virginia
2097:Wyoming v. Houghton
2057:Arkansas v. Sanders
2049:Chambers v. Maroney
1967:Georgia v. Randolph
1916:Lange v. California
1590:Illinois v. Wardlow
1461:Devenpeck v. Alford
1453:Maryland v. Pringle
1161:Aerial surveillance
1097:Florida v. Jardines
899:Library of Congress
663:Sharon R. Chardak,
471:Dunaway v. New York
213:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
3043:Hudson v. Michigan
2968:Independent source
2624:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2616:Payton v. New York
2468:Chandler v. Miller
2436:O'Connor v. Ortega
2303:Cady v. Dombrowski
2295:Inventory searches
2174:New York v. Belton
1884:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1876:Payton v. New York
1816:Wilson v. Arkansas
1807:Knock-and-announce
1732:Mere evidence rule
1696:Ybarra v. Illinois
1688:Franks v. Delaware
1622:Arizona v. Johnson
1550:Ybarra v. Illinois
1534:Delaware v. Prouse
1309:Florida v. Bostick
641:, 446 U.S. at 548.
478:Summary of Dissent
177:Associate Justices
138:Rehearing denied,
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3226:Ker v. California
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3085:
3084:
3035:No-knock searches
2920:James v. Illinois
2875:Exclusionary rule
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2648:Virginia v. Moore
2538:Frank v. Maryland
2276:Protective sweeps
2081:Florida v. Jimeno
1908:Caniglia v. Strom
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1656:
1655:
1487:
1486:
1469:Florida v. Harris
1429:Illinois v. Gates
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1360:Rakas v. Illinois
1240:
1239:
1222:Smith v. Maryland
281:
280:
217:William Rehnquist
201:Thurgood Marshall
3297:
3234:Aguilar v. Texas
3183:Wolf v. Colorado
3172:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3131:42 U.S.C. § 1983
3094:
3093:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2840:Mullenix v. Luna
2816:Graham v. Connor
2698:Florida v. Royer
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2581:Hudson v. Palmer
2284:Maryland v. Buie
2249:Maryland v. King
2105:Florida v. White
2032:Vehicle searches
2004:Arizona v. Hicks
1927:Consent searches
1900:Kentucky v. King
1860:Warden v. Hayden
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1757:Warden v. Hayden
1728:
1727:
1662:
1661:
1646:Kansas v. Glover
1598:Florida v. J. L.
1574:Michigan v. Long
1493:
1492:
1413:Aguilar v. Texas
1388:
1387:
1341:Torres v. Madrid
1285:Florida v. Royer
1185:Florida v. Riley
1121:
1120:
1105:Klayman v. Obama
958:
957:
947:
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917:
908:
907:
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888:
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879:
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813:
796:(5): 1486–1512.
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497:
357:Fourth Amendment
173:Warren E. Burger
162:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3240:
3213:
3166:
3143:
3119:
3113:Egbert v. Boule
3081:
3067:Stone v. Powell
3049:
3030:
3024:Utah v. Strieff
3003:
2997:Nix v. Williams
2982:
2963:
2926:
2905:
2865:
2846:
2824:Scott v. Harris
2799:Excessive force
2793:
2766:
2752:Muehler v. Mena
2731:
2712:
2673:
2654:
2595:
2573:Bell v. Wolfish
2560:
2525:
2506:
2415:
2378:
2323:Border searches
2317:
2290:
2271:
2212:
2198:Arizona v. Gant
2182:Knowles v. Iowa
2119:
2026:
1981:
1922:
1843:
1822:
1801:
1782:
1763:
1726:
1670:
1652:
1508:
1483:
1395:
1374:
1347:
1236:
1191:
1156:
1119:
1113:ACLU v. Clapper
952:
941:
935:
901:
895:
892:
886:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
843:
802:10.2307/3480250
783:
775:
773:Further reading
770:
769:
759:
757:
752:
751:
747:
737:
735:
730:
729:
725:
704:
700:
690:
688:
683:
682:
678:
673:693 (1985).
661:
657:
649:
645:
637:
633:
623:
621:
616:
615:
611:
601:
599:
595:
594:
590:
580:
578:
570:
569:
565:
548:
547:
540:
521:
508:
499:
498:
494:
489:
480:
463:
461:White's Dissent
448:
422:
407:
399:
362:Justice Stewart
353:
341:
323:
308:consensual stop
225:John P. Stevens
215:
203:
191:
146:908 (1980).
130:822 (1979).
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:Monroe v. Pape
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2233:Cupp v. Murphy
2229:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1749:Hale v. Henkel
1745:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1542:Brown v. Texas
1538:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:Probable cause
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1293:INS v. Delgado
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1261:Hale v. Henkel
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
964:
962:
954:
953:
943:
942:
934:
933:
926:
919:
911:
905:
904:
881:Google Scholar
842:
841:External links
839:
838:
837:
814:
774:
771:
768:
767:
745:
723:
698:
676:
655:
643:
631:
609:
588:
563:
538:
506:
491:
490:
488:
485:
479:
476:
462:
459:
447:
444:
421:
415:
406:
400:
398:
395:
352:
349:
340:
337:
322:
319:
279:
278:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
230:
229:
228:
227:
205:Harry Blackmun
189:Potter Stewart
178:
175:
170:
164:
163:
159:
158:
157:circumstances.
153:
152:
148:
147:
136:
132:
131:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3302:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:Habeas corpus
3052:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:Terry v. Ohio
1515:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:Terry v. Ohio
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1116:(D.D.C. 2013)
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:(D.D.C. 2013)
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
966:
965:
963:
959:
955:
948:
944:
939:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
872:CourtListener
864:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
834:
830:
829:
824:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
782:
777:
776:
755:
749:
733:
727:
720:
717:
713:
709:
708:
702:
686:
680:
672:
667:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
619:
613:
598:
592:
577:
573:
567:
560:
556:
551:
545:
543:
535:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
502:
496:
492:
484:
475:
473:
472:
466:
458:
456:
451:
443:
439:
437:
433:
432:
427:
419:
414:
412:
404:
403:State v. Cook
394:
392:
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758:. Retrieved
748:
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721: (2002).
705:
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622:. Retrieved
612:
602:September 8,
600:. Retrieved
591:
581:September 8,
579:. Retrieved
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536: (1980).
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99:Case history
71:
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3008:Attenuation
2384:Checkpoints
1669:requirement
835:(1): 49–79.
671:B.C.L. Rev.
561: 1979).
254:Concurrence
246:Concurrence
193:Byron White
122:. granted,
3259:Categories
3090:Civil suit
1987:Plain view
819:Mendenhall
651:Mendenhall
639:Mendenhall
487:References
409:"Applying
321:Background
135:Subsequent
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:497; 1980
756:. Gwps.me
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2864:Remedies
2672:Seizures
940:case law
846:Text of
760:April 4,
738:April 4,
691:April 4,
624:April 4,
559:6th Cir.
351:Conflict
238:Majority
116:6th Cir.
92:Argument
3097:Federal
2883:Origins
1667:Warrant
863:Cornell
810:3480250
436:Drayton
262:Dissent
151:Holding
118:1979);
3237:(1964)
3229:(1963)
3210:(1961)
3202:(1960)
3194:(1952)
3186:(1949)
3140:(1961)
3116:(2022)
3108:(1971)
3078:(1986)
3070:(1976)
3059:review
3046:(2006)
3027:(2016)
3019:(1963)
3000:(1984)
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2763:(2013)
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2747:(1981)
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2709:(1983)
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2693:(1979)
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2619:(1980)
2611:(1976)
2592:(2012)
2584:(1984)
2576:(1979)
2557:(2015)
2549:(1967)
2541:(1959)
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2015:(1990)
2007:(1987)
1999:(1971)
1978:(2014)
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1879:(1980)
1871:(1977)
1863:(1967)
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1577:(1983)
1569:(1983)
1561:(1981)
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1537:(1979)
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1521:(1968)
1506:frisks
1480:(2018)
1472:(2013)
1464:(2004)
1456:(2003)
1448:(1996)
1440:(1996)
1432:(1983)
1424:(1969)
1416:(1964)
1408:(1949)
1371:(2018)
1363:(1978)
1344:(2021)
1336:(2007)
1328:(2002)
1320:(1992)
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1296:(1984)
1288:(1983)
1280:(1980)
1272:(1968)
1264:(1906)
1256:(1892)
1233:(2018)
1225:(1979)
1217:(1976)
1209:(1971)
1188:(1989)
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1153:(1987)
1145:(1984)
1137:(1924)
1100:(2013)
1092:(2012)
1084:(2005)
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1052:(1989)
1044:(1988)
1036:(1984)
1028:(1983)
1020:(1983)
1012:(1967)
1004:(1961)
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988:(1928)
980:(1927)
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902:
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893:
890:Justia
887:
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784:(PDF)
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387:Terry
385:. In
313:Terry
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104:Prior
1504:and
856:U.S.
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821:and
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315:stop
295:The
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128:U.S.
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