Whig Party (United States)

5347:. Many Whigs would argue that the Bible was the best of Western civilization. Whigs linked moral progress and material progress—each needed the other. They supported Protestant religiosity and missions while being fearful of Catholics. Whigs believed that a higher stage of morality would be achieved when America brought wealth and opportunity to everyone. Whigs would then promote voluntary associations like churches, temperance societies, schools, among others. With participation in these kinds of societies, the Whigs thought that people would become more virtuous. The Whigs thought that with a focus on voluntary associations that the rapid business expansion was good, not the moral danger Democrats warned about. This optimism for the future (when compared with the Democrat's pessimism, seeing the rising middle class as an affront to the traditional working class man) is what the historian Joseph W. Pearson notes as the starting difference between both the Whigs and the Democrat's economic views. 5146:, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties opposed to the Democratic Party. Though several successful congressional candidates had campaigned only as Whigs, most congressional candidates who were not affiliated with the Democratic Party had campaigned either independently of the Whig Party or in collusion with another party. As cooperation between Northern and Southern Whigs increasingly appeared to be impossible, leaders from both sections continued to abandon the party. Though he did not share the nativist views of the Know-Nothings, in 1855 Fillmore became a member of the Know-Nothing movement and encouraged his Whig followers to join as well. In September 1855, Seward led his faction of Whigs into the Republican Party, effectively marking the end of the Whig Party as an independent and significant political force. Thus, the 5495: 12195: 5392:, which promoted rapid economic and industrial growth in the United States through support for a national bank, high tariffs, a distribution policy, and federal funding for infrastructure projects. After the Second Bank of the United States lost its federal charter in 1836, the Whigs favored the restoration of a national bank that could provide a uniform currency, ensure a consistent supply of credit, and attract private investors. Through high tariffs, Clay and other Whigs hoped to generate revenue and encourage the establishment of domestic manufacturing, thereby freeing the United States from dependence on foreign imports. 5694: 365: 4675: 5374: 4848: 5237:, many former Whigs tried to regroup in the South, calling themselves "conservatives" and hoping to reconnect with ex-Whigs in the North. Thus in Virginia and elsewhere moderate, nationalist, and economically innovative ex-Whigs used the party name “Conservative” in order to avoid identification with the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party ultimately merged into the Democratic Party in the South, but ex-Whigs continued to promote modernization policies such as large-scale railroad construction and the founding of public schools. 5316:" desire to perfect human nature by subordinating animal impulses to reason and self-control. Historian John Burt expands on Howe's argument, noting that Whigs "saw unmediated expressions of popular will in roughly the same way as they saw unmediated compulsions of appetite...s a person driven by appetites is not free but the slave of the body, so a polity driven by popular will is not free but the slave of whatever urgencies drive King Numbers". The Whigs opposed President Jackson because they saw him as a 5506:

Massachusetts in the Senate and served as Secretary of State under three Whig presidents. Clay and Webster each repeatedly sought the Whig presidential nomination, but, excepting Clay's nomination in 1844, the Whigs consistently nominated individuals who had served as generals, specifically William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott. Harrison, Taylor, John Tyler, and Millard Fillmore all served as president, though Tyler was expelled from the Whig Party shortly after taking office in 1841.

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sought to portray Harrison as a man of the people. The Whigs also assailed Van Buren's handling of the economy and argued that traditional Whig policies such as the restoration of a national bank and the implementation of protective tariff rates would help to restore the economy. With the economy still in a downturn, Harrison decisively defeated Van Buren, taking a wide majority of the electoral vote and just under 53 percent of the popular vote.

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ideological: "At the heart of Democratic ideology was a militant egalitarianism , which contrasted sharply with the Whigs' support for equality of opportunity to produce a meritocratic society." Democrats glorified individualism while Whigs said it was a dangerous impulse that must be subordinated to the greater good of an organic society; they called for individuals to restrain themselves and focus on doing their duty.

4560: 4468: 4776: 5202:. The party nominated a ticket consisting of John Bell, a long-time Whig senator, and Edward Everett, who had succeeded Daniel Webster as Fillmore's Secretary of State. With the nomination of two former Whigs, many regarded the Constitutional Union Party as a continuation of the Whig Party; one Southern newspaper called the new party the "ghost of the old Whig Party". 5139:" and the Know-Nothings focused on the supposed danger of mass immigration and a Catholic conspiracy. While the Republican Party almost exclusively appealed to Northerners, the Know-Nothings gathered many adherents in both the North and South; some individuals joined both groups even while they remained part of the Whig Party or the Democratic Party. 4809:

determined to pursue annexation because he believed that the British conspired to abolish slavery in Texas and because he saw the issue as a means to reelection, either through the Democratic Party or through a new party. In April 1844, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun reached a treaty with Texas providing for the annexation of that country.

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tariff rates. Harrison died just one month into his term, thereby elevating Vice President Tyler to the presidency. Tyler had never accepted much of the Whig economic program and he soon clashed with Clay and other congressional Whigs. In August 1841, Tyler vetoed Clay's national bank bill, holding that the bill was unconstitutional.

4863: 4923:, which provided for the cession of Alta California and New Mexico. Despite Whig objections to the acquisition of Mexican territory, the treaty was ratified with the support of a majority of the Democratic and Whig senators; Whigs voted for the treaty largely because ratification brought the war to an immediate end. 5647:

than their Whig counterparts. Northern Whigs divided into two major factions concerning slavery: the anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and the pro-South Cotton Whigs. While the "Consciences" were noted for their moral opposition to slavery–many, like John Quincy Adams, brought over their crusading fervor

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The Whigs suffered greatly from factionalism throughout their existence as well as weak party loyalty that stood in contrast to the strong party discipline that was the hallmark of a tight Democratic Party organization. Forged out of opposition to Jackson's perceived executive tyranny, the early Whig

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of Connecticut, who Holt describes as "the Whigs' closest equivalent to a modern national party chairman" for his efforts to raise money, deliver the Whig message, and build up the party nationwide. In New York, William Seward and Thurlow Weed established an influential organization and competed with

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Although the Whigs and the rival Democratic Party established party structures that were unprecedented in terms of mass membership and continued functionality, both parties were still essentially coalitions of state party organizations and lacked strong cohesion at the national level. The Whigs built

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Whigs drew strength from the economic elites in both Northern cities and Southern plantation regions, but they also attracted support from other classes in most cities. In many states, local rivalries pushed groups into one party or the other, though areas that favored internal improvements tended to

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Despite their differences, both parties sought to portray themselves as the true protectors of an American political tradition of equality and self-government. Though their Democratic rivals cast them as a continuation of the Federalists, the Whig Party's ideology was rooted in the agenda proposed by

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In the final weeks of Tyler's presidency, a small group of Southern Whigs joined with congressional Democrats to pass a joint resolution providing for the annexation of Texas, and Texas subsequently became a state in 1845. Following the annexation of Texas, Polk began preparations for a potential war

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With the election of the first Whig presidential administration in the party's history, Clay and his allies prepared to pass ambitious domestic policies such as the restoration of the national bank, the distribution of federal land sales revenue to the states, a national bankruptcy law, and increased

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Political scientist A. James Reichley writes that the Democrats and Whigs were "political institutions of a kind that had never existed before in history" because they commanded mass membership among voters and continued to function between elections. Both parties drew support from voters of various

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won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and 45 percent of the popular vote; Frémont won most of the remaining electoral votes and took 33 percent of the popular vote, while Fillmore won 22 percent of the popular vote and just eight electoral votes. Fillmore largely retained Taylor and

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The Whig campaign in the North received a boost when Taylor released a public letter in which he stated that he favored Whig principles and would defer to Congress after taking office, thereby reassuring some wavering Whigs. During the campaign, Northern Whig leaders touted traditional Whig policies

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Henry Clay of Kentucky was the congressional leader of the party from the time of its formation in 1833 until his resignation from the Senate in 1842, and he remained an important Whig leader until his death in 1852. His frequent rival for leadership of the party was Daniel Webster, who represented

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the right to purchase land before it came to auction and transfer ownership of western lands to the states. Instead, Whigs favored a "distribution" policy that would distribute revenues from federal land sales to the states; states could then invest that money in education, infrastructure projects,

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of Ohio, and Webster, whose support for the Compromise had outraged his Massachusetts constituents. With the support of Fillmore and an impressing bipartisan and bi-sectional coalition, a Senate bill providing for a final settlement of Texas's borders won passage shortly after Fillmore took office.

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Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore. In contrast to John Tyler, Fillmore's legitimacy and authority as president were widely accepted by members of Congress and the public. Fillmore accepted the resignation of Taylor's entire Cabinet and appointed Whig leaders like

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issued a report calling for an increase in tariff rates, but not to the levels seen under the Tariff of 1842. Even Meredith's moderate policies were not adopted, and, partly due to the strong economic growth of the late 1840s and late 1850s, traditional Whig economic stances would increasingly lose

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Congress passed a second bill based on an earlier proposal made by Treasury Secretary Ewing that was tailored to address Tyler's constitutional concerns, but Tyler vetoed that bill as well. In response, every Cabinet member but Webster resigned, and the Whig congressional caucus expelled Tyler from

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Despite Jackson's decisive victory in the 1828 election, National Republicans initially believed that Jackson's party would collapse once Jackson took office. Vice President Calhoun split from the administration in 1831, but differences over the tariff prevented Calhoun's followers from joining the

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writes that Democrats sought to balance the rising power of industrialization in the United States by following "Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories", while Whigs were content to develop the country within its present borders and feared that expansion would

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In the mid-1840s, a group of Whigs unsuccessfully pushed a bill that would have implemented new paperwork requirements for naturalization and monitored the movements of immigrants in the United States more closely. The unwillingness of Whig leaders to push for more far-reaching changes, such as an

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Despite their decisive loss in the 1852 elections, most Whig leaders believed the party could recover during the Pierce presidency in much the same way that it had recovered under President Polk. However, the strong economy still prevented the Whig economic program from regaining salience, and the

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As the Whig and Democratic national conventions had approved similar platforms, the 1852 election focused largely on the personalities of Scott and Pierce. The 1852 elections proved to be disastrous for the Whig Party, as Scott was defeated by a wide margin and the Whigs lost several congressional

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of Kentucky began to look to General Taylor as a presidential candidate in the hopes that the party could run on Taylor's personal popularity rather than economic issues. Taylor's candidacy faced significant resistance in the Whig Party due to his lack of public commitment to Whig policies and his

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For vice president, the Whigs nominated John Tyler, a former states' rights Democrat selected for the Whig ticket primarily because other Southern supporters of Clay refused to serve as Harrison's running mate. Log cabins and hard cider became the dominant symbols of the Whig campaign as the party

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In doing so, the Whigs were able to shed the elitist image that had persistently hindered the National Republicans. Throughout 1834 and 1835, the Whigs successfully incorporated National Republican and Anti-Masonic state-level organizations and established new state party organizations in Southern

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By early 1838, Clay had emerged as the front-runner due to his support in the South and his spirited opposition to Van Buren's Independent Treasury. A recovering economy convinced other Whigs to support Harrison, who was generally seen as the Whig candidate best able to win over Democrats and new

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argues the Whigs were modernizers, "who attached a great deal of importance to protecting property, maintaining social order, and preserving a distinct cultural heritage, three characteristic conservative concerns". The Whigs themselves adopted the word "conservative", which they associated with

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to the Rio Grande, but only a minority of Whigs voted against the declaration of war as they feared that opposing the war would be politically unpopular. Polk received the declaration of war against Mexico and also pushed through the restoration of the Independent Treasury System and a bill that

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However, Southern voters responded to Polk's calls for annexation, while in the North, Democrats benefited from the growing animosity towards the Whig Party among Catholic and foreign-born voters. Ultimately, Polk won the election, taking 49.5% of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral

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Appealing to voters with a mix of economic and social policies, the Whigs established capable party organizations in Northeastern states like New York and Pennsylvania. Unlike the Federalists and the National Republicans, the Whigs were competitive in the South, building strong state parties in

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Unlike their Democratic rivals, many Whigs held an aversion to party organization that was rooted in a traditional American wariness of political parties. Whig opposition to parties waned after the 1830s, but many leading Whigs, including Webster and John Quincy Adams, never fully gave up their

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his key priority. The annexation of Texas was widely viewed as a pro-slavery initiative as it would add another slave state to the union, and most leaders of both parties opposed opening the question of annexation in 1843 due to the fear of stoking the debate over slavery. Tyler was nonetheless

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in 1826. The Anti-Masonic movement, strongest in the Northeast, gave rise to or expanded the use of many innovations which became accepted practice among other parties, including nominating conventions and party newspapers. Clay rejected overtures from the Anti-Masonic Party, and his attempt to

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The Whig Party faced persistent sectional divisions regarding slavery. Northern Whigs tended to be more anti-slavery than Northern Democrats, but during the 1830s Southern Whigs tended to more pro-slavery than their Democratic counterparts. By the late 1840s, Southern Democrats had become more

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The Whig party had "conservative" and "liberal" principles. Whigs portrayed themselves as being the party of order and stability. They sought to protect property, uphold the status quo, and maintain America's culture. These conservative elements were offset by a progressive streak in Whiggish

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Democrats, by contrast, argued that government action would inevitably favor the privileged few; thus, Democrats held that government should intervene in the economy as little as possible, especially at the federal level. Gregory Bowen notes that the two parties were polar opposite and highly

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Historian John Ashworth writes that the two parties were polarized on important questions of economic development, describing their competition as a "clash of democracy with capitalism". Whigs held that the government had a duty to promote economic prosperity for the people, especially during

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Historian Frank Towers writes that "Democrats stood for the 'sovereignty of the people' as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing, whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and

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Early successes in various states made many Whigs optimistic about victory in 1836, but an improving economy bolstered Van Buren's standing ahead of the election. The Whigs also faced the difficulty of uniting former National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and states' rights Southerners around one

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Though Fillmore's enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act made him unpopular among many in the North, he retained considerable support in the South. Meanwhile, Secretary Webster had long coveted the presidency and, though in poor health, planned a final attempt to gain the White House. A third

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To sidestep the issue of the Wilmot Proviso, the Taylor administration proposed that the lands of the Mexican Cession be admitted as states without first organizing territorial governments; thus, slavery in the area would be left to the discretion of state governments rather than the federal

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south of Kentucky and Maryland. Clay's defeat discredited the National Republican Party, encouraging those opposed to Jackson to seek to create a more effective opposition party. Jackson by 1832 was determined to destroy the bank (the Second Bank of the United States), which Whigs supported.

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economic downturns. The Whigs further believed that individual regions of the country lacked the capital necessary for economic growth, and thus the federal government should subsidize large infrastructure projects and promote policies to facilitate the operations of banks and corporations.

4633:. While Jackson's opponents could not agree on a single presidential candidate, they coordinated in the Senate to oppose Jackson's initiatives. Historian Michael Holt writes that the "birth of the Whig Party" can be dated to Clay and his allies taking control of the Senate in December 1833. 4725:

and some other Democrats who favored a more activist government defected to the Whig Party, while Calhoun and his followers joined the Democratic Party. Whig leaders agreed to hold the party's first national convention in December 1839 in order to select the Whig presidential nominee.

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Nonetheless, clear divisions remained between the two parties on territorial acquisitions, as most Democrats joined Polk in seeking to acquire vast tracts of land from Mexico, but most Whigs opposed territorial growth. In February 1848, Mexican and U.S. negotiators reached the

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states like North Carolina and Georgia. The Anti-Masonic heritage to the Whigs included a distrust of behind-the-scenes political maneuvering by party bosses, instead of encouraging direct appeals to the people through gigantic rallies, parades, and rhetorical rabble-rousing.

4589:. The Nullification Crisis briefly scrambled the partisan divisions that had emerged after 1824, as many within the Jacksonian coalition opposed President Jackson's threats of force against South Carolina, while some opposition leaders like Daniel Webster supported them. 4969:

like support for infrastructure spending and increased tariff rates, but Southern Whigs largely eschewed economic policy, instead emphasizing that Taylor's status as a slaveholder meant that he could be trusted on the issue of slavery more so than Democratic candidate

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Across the Northern states, opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act gave rise to anti-Nebraska coalitions consisting of Democrats focused on this opposition along with Free Soilers and Whigs. In Michigan and Wisconsin, these two coalitions labeled themselves as the

5758:. Critchlow points out that the application of the term by Republicans in the Republican Party of 1974 may have been a misnomer—the old Whig party enjoyed more political support before its demise than the Republican Party in the aftermath of Nixon's resignation. 4915:, which would ban slavery in any newly acquired lands. The Wilmot Proviso passed the House with the support of both Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats, breaking the normal pattern of partisan division in congressional votes, but it was defeated in the Senate. 5169:

and other events that stoked sectional tensions, bolstered Republicans throughout the North. During his campaign, Fillmore minimized the issue of nativism, instead of attempting to use his campaign as a platform for unionism and a revival of the Whig Party.

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of Michigan. Ultimately, Taylor won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote. Taylor improved on Clay's 1844 performance in the South and benefited from the defection of many Democrats to Van Buren in the North.

5810:, a revived Whig Party is one of the two main parties of the rump United States, being the right-wing party whose platform reflects an acceptance of the United States' humbled status following its defeat in the War of Southern Independence. Conversely, in 5627:

Party was divided between former National Republicans who favored federal measures to promote economic development and Southern states' rights advocates who wished to keep federal intervention in the economy to a minimum. By the 1840s, Southern Whigs like

4957:. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, a pro-Clay Northerner. Anti-slavery Northern Whigs disaffected with Taylor joined with Democratic supporters of Martin Van Buren and some members of the Liberty Party to found the new 5127:, but similar groups in other states initially took on different names. Like their Free Soil predecessors, Republican leaders generally did not call for the abolition of slavery but instead sought to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories. 4795:

Beginning in mid-1842, Tyler increasingly began to court Democrats, appointing them to his Cabinet and other positions. At the same time, many Whig state organizations repudiated the Tyler administration and endorsed Clay as the party's candidate in the

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Though he had not previously been affiliated with the National Republicans, Harrison indicated that he shared the party's concerns over Jackson's executive power and favored federal investments in infrastructure. Southern Whigs coalesced around Senator

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movement, which eventually organized itself into the American Party. Both the Republican Party and the Know-Nothings portrayed themselves as the natural Whig heirs in the battle against Democratic executive tyranny, but the Republicans focused on the

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Jackson's decision to remove government deposits from the national bank ended any possibility of a Webster-Jackson alliance and helped to solidify partisan lines. The removal of the deposits drew opposition from both pro-bank National Republicans and

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to request an extension of the national bank's charter, but their strategy backfired when Jackson successfully portrayed his veto of the recharter as a victory for the people against an elitist institution. Jackson won another decisive victory in the

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in 1979. Rather than accepting the traditional understanding of the Whigs as Eastern elitists who sought to exploit the masses, Howe cast the Whigs as "sober, industrious, thrifty people" who sought to promote industrialization and national unity.

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U.S. presidential election results from 1828 to 1852. Darker shades of blue indicate states that generally voted for the Democratic Party, while darker shades of yellow/brown indicate states that generally voted for the Whig or National Republican

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With this high degree of focus on voluntary associations, the Whigs would place high degree of emphasis on public schooling. These public schools and Colleges would promote upward social mobility, discouraging immorality and dissipation. One Whig,

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The party campaigned on preserving the union and took an official non-stance on slavery. The Constitutional Union ticket won a plurality of the vote in three states, but Bell finished in fourth place in the national popular vote behind Republican

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In today's American political discourse, historians and pundits often cite the Whig Party as an example of a political party that lost its followers and reason for being, as in the expression "going the way of the Whigs", a term referred to by

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The Senate quickly moved onto the other major issues, passing bills that provided for the admission of California, the organization of New Mexico Territory, and the establishment of a new fugitive slave law. Passage of what became known as the

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in the 1824 election, but not a majority. The House of Representatives had to decide. Speaker Clay supported Adams, who was elected as president by the House, and Clay was appointed as Secretary of State. Jackson called it a "corrupt bargain".

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Clay and Van Buren, the two front-runners for major-party presidential nominations in the 1844 election, both announced their opposition to annexation, and the Senate blocked the annexation treaty. To the surprise of Clay and other Whigs, the

5076:, Fillmore received 133 of the necessary 147 votes, while Scott won 131 and Webster won 29. Fillmore and Webster's supporters were unable to broker a deal to unite behind either candidate, and Scott won the nomination on the 53rd ballot. The 5461:

overwhelmingly voted Democrat, while Protestants were split between the two parties. Recent Irish and German immigrants generally supported the Democrats, but recent immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales tended to support the Whigs.

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and other priorities. The Whigs supported federally-financed internal improvements on the belief that only the federal government could construct the transportation system necessary for uniting the country commercially and culturally.

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became the central issue of his administration. The Whig Party became badly split between pro-Compromise Whigs like Fillmore and Webster and anti-Compromise Whigs like William Seward, who demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act.

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soon followed in the House of Representatives. Though the future of slavery in New Mexico, Utah, and other territories remained unclear, Fillmore himself described the Compromise of 1850 as a "final settlement" of sectional issues.

4702:, a long-time Jackson ally who opposed Van Buren's candidacy. Ultimately, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral and popular vote in the 1836 election, though the Whigs improved on Clay's 1832 performance in the South and West. 5728:

writes that "no major political movement ... has suffered more sheer dismissal, more impatient contempt at the hands of political historians than the American Whigs". Guelzo traces the start of this "dismissal" to the writings of

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association with the Mexican–American War. In late 1847, Clay emerged as Taylor's main opponent for the Whig nomination, appealing especially to Northern Whigs with his opposition to the war and the acquisition of new territory.

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candidate, and the party suffered an early blow when Calhoun announced that he would refuse to support any candidate opposed to the doctrine of nullification. Northern Whigs cast aside both Clay and Webster in favor of General

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In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $ 2 million (~$ 60.7 million in 2023) in hopes of using that money as a down payment for the purchase of California in a treaty with Mexico. Democratic Congressman

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is "somewhat for those who associate a small role for government rather than a pro-business orientation with conservatism". Others, like the Historian Joseph W. Pearson, note that the Whigs were "essentially middle class."

4289:, but died one month into his term. Harrison's successor, John Tyler, a former Democrat, broke with the Whigs in 1841 after clashing with Clay and other party leaders over economic policies such as the re-establishment of a 4487:

joined to oppose the Adams administration's nationalist agenda, becoming informally known as "Jacksonians". Due in part to the superior organization (by Martin Van Buren) of the Jacksonians, Jackson defeated Adams in the

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and win elections in a state like Ohio and Indiana. The Whigs were generally not as competitive in Democratic strongholds like New Hampshire, Maine, Illinois, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas.

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the party on September 13, 1841. The Whigs later began impeachment proceedings against Tyler, but they ultimately failed to impeach him because they believed that his likely acquittal would devastate the party.

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were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office. In the long run, the United States adopted Whiggish economic policies coupled with a Democratic strong presidency.

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and state elections. Scott amassed more votes than Taylor had in most Northern states, but Democrats benefited from a surge of new voters in the North and the collapse of Whig strength in much of the South.

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of Ohio commanded a following in the party and was a perennial aspirant for the Whig presidential nomination, but he maintained his independence from the party and never ran for office as a Whig candidate.

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The Whig Party vanished after the 1850s, but Whiggism, as a modernizing policy orientation persisted for decades. It played a major role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during

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Fillmore's American Party collapsed after the 1856 election, and many former Whigs who refused to join the Democratic Party or the Republican Party organized themselves into a loose coalition known as the

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of North Carolina, the latter of whom accused Jackson of flouting the Constitution. In late 1833, Clay began to hold a series of dinners with opposition leaders in order to settle on a candidate to oppose

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In the years following the 1824 election, former members of the Democratic-Republican Party split into hostile factions. Supporters of President Adams and Clay joined with many former Federalists such as

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their salience after 1848. When Taylor assumed office, the organization of state and territorial governments and the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession remained the major issue facing Congress.

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A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams.

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Millard Fillmore's faction of the party. John M. Clayton of Delaware and John C. Crittenden of Kentucky were important border state Whigs who were influential in the Taylor administration.

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classes, occupations, religions, and ethnicities. Nonetheless, the Whig Party was based among middle-class conservatives. The central fault line between the parties concerned the emerging

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In the secession crisis that followed Lincoln's election, Southern Democrats generally led secession efforts, while Southern former Whigs generally opposed immediate secession. During the

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candidate emerged in the form of General Winfield Scott, who won the backing of many Northerners but whose association with Senator William Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs.

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The other faction was tied to the cotton-based textile industry, which depended on Southern cotton. They de-emphasized the slavery issue. In Massachusetts, notable Consciences included

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and prevent the flow of currency and credit from the country. Whigs generally opposed Democratic efforts to reduce federal land prices, implement a "preemption" policy that would allow

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did not break down strictly on party lines, but Whigs tended to have less favorable views towards immigration, partly because most recent immigrants aligned with the Democratic Party.

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broke out on the northern side of the Rio Grande, Polk called on Congress to declare war against Mexico, arguing that Mexico had invaded American territory by crossing the Rio Grande.

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independence in favor of a party label. The Whigs were also deeply committed to preventing executive tyranny, which they saw as an existential threat to republican self-government.

4459:, while Clay and Adams favored high tariffs and the national bank; regionalism played a central role, with Jackson strongest in the West. Jackson won a plurality of the popular and 2114: 12080: 5320:

recklessly exploiting the will of the majority, and they supported a strong Congress as a means of restraining that will within the bounds of a stable, constitutional framework.

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convince Calhoun to serve as his running mate failed, leaving the opposition to Jackson split among different leaders when the National Republicans nominated Clay for president.

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The Whigs were an opposition party formed to challenge Jacksonian Democrats, thereby launching the 'second party system' in America, but they were far from a single-issue party.

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never became a purely partisan issue between Whigs and Democrats, but Whigs tended to be more favorable to state prohibition laws than were Democrats. Similarly, opinions on

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Whigs were less in favor of expansionism than their Democratic counterparts, and Whigs tended to oppose the Mexican–American War and the acquisition of new territories like

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of New York City. In South Carolina and other states, those opposed to Jackson began to form small "Whig" parties. The Whig label implicitly compared "King Andrew" to King

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Though Jackson had vetoed a re-charter bill, the bank still retained federal deposits at the start of his second term. The national bank's federal charter expired in 1836.

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Tennessee and Kentucky, and competitive parties in Louisiana, Georgia, and Virginia. By emphasizing their moral conservatism, the Whigs were also able to expand into the

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nominated Fillmore for president, but disagreements over the party platform's stance on slavery caused many Northern Know-Nothings to abandon the party. Meanwhile, the

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Jackson for the removal of the national bank deposits, thereby establishing opposition to Jackson's executive power as the organizing principle of the new party.

12262: 5737:, who labeled the period during which the Whigs were active as the "Age of Jackson". The Whigs' historical reputation began to recover with the publication of 4367:

were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office. It is considered the primary predecessor party of the modern-day

4320:, which helped to defuse sectional tensions in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War for a time. Nonetheless, the Whigs suffered a decisive defeat in the 11006: 5784:

was named in direct emulation of the American Whig Party. The True Whig Party was founded in 1869 and it dominated politics in Liberia from 1878 until 1980.

4416:. After 1815, the Democratic-Republicans emerged as the sole major party at the national level but became increasingly polarized. A nationalist wing, led by 3847: 9297: 12242: 10757: 5542:

of Virginia joined the Whig Party over dissatisfaction with Van Buren's handling of the Independent Treasury, and he became a prominent conservative Whig.

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Guelzo, Allen C. (2001). "Review of The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael Holt".

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Sean Wilentz says, "Jackson's decision to destroy the Second Bank of the United States caught some of his own supporters by surprise." Sean Wilentz,

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all sought the presidency as members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Crawford favored state sovereignty and a strict constructionist view of the

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thought. Whigs wanted a dynamic cosmopolitan society, and they believed commercial expansion represented the denouement of the American Revolution.

12076: 11921: 5466:

on the strength of National Republicans and the Anti-Masonic Party to build up party organizations in Delaware, Maryland, and much of New England.

3973: 615: 449: 254: 5003:

Reflecting the Taylor administration's desire to find a middle ground between traditional Whig and Democratic policies, Secretary of the Treasury

6791: 4497: 4290: 4129: 2226: 12252: 11388: 6796: 324: 4829:

unopposed, Clay and other Whigs were initially confident that they would defeat the divided Democrats and their relatively obscure candidate.

11362: 5538:

of Ohio emerged in the 1840s as a leading opponent of the Mexican–American War, and he later served as Fillmore's Secretary of the Treasury.

4223:, the rule of law, protections against majority rule, and vigilance against executive tyranny. They favored an economic program known as the 2231: 12105: 11569: 10883: 3978: 2253: 11761: 7183:...The Democratic-Republican and Whig parties are considered the predecessors of today's Democratic and Republican parties, respectively. 7174: 6152: 5012:

government. In January 1850, Senator Clay introduced a separate proposal which included the admission of California as a free state, the

3314: 10707: 12272: 11846: 11771: 10803: 5381: 5218:. In the North, most former Whigs, including the vast majority of those who had voted for Fillmore in 1856, voted for Lincoln in 1860. 5199: 4340: 3837: 3410: 2709: 2381: 2267: 693: 344: 182: 4269:, but the Whig Party was not a direct successor to that party and many Whig leaders, including Henry Clay, had aligned with the rival 2273: 11791: 4107: 4585:. Jackson strongly denied the right of South Carolina to nullify federal law, but the crisis was resolved after Congress passed the 12006: 11831: 11766: 11614: 11355: 10896: 10870: 10750: 6852: 6115: 6085: 6051: 6021: 5987: 5882: 5408: 5191: 5147: 5036: 4939: 4797: 4741: 4721:

system, essentially a series of vaults that would hold government deposits. As the debate over the Independent Treasury continued,

4630: 4522: 4489: 4436: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4286: 4274: 3983: 3706: 3636: 2286: 1637: 439: 17: 12205: 11936: 11926: 11896: 11619: 11559: 11554: 11311: 11109: 5600:

became the leading Whig economist in the 1830s. Other prominent Whig-aligned intellectuals and public figures include journalist

5242: 5234: 5024:

territories, a ban on the importation of slaves into the District of Columbia for sale, and a more stringent fugitive slave law.

4539: 3801: 3489: 2575: 1582: 10001:

Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants

11519: 11379: 6801: 5797: 5173:

Seeking to rally support from Whigs who had yet to join another party, Fillmore and his allies organized the sparsely-attended

4133: 3852: 2296: 502: 301: 4516:

Hoping to make the national bank a key issue of the 1832 election, the National Republicans convinced national bank president

12120: 11599: 9894: 9854: 9791: 9772: 9711: 9540: 9423: 7158: 394: 5494: 11911: 11691: 10808: 3527: 3449: 2590: 2354: 2191: 1900: 968: 512: 35: 30:

This article is about the political party in the United States (1833–1856). For the 1678–1859 British political party, see

6876:, who served for the remainder of the term. Tyler had been elected as vice president on the Whig ticket, but he became an 4644:

of Pennsylvania also joined. Several prominent Democrats defected to the Whigs, including Mangum, former Attorney General

12232: 12143: 11851: 11836: 11504: 11484: 11459: 11262: 10743: 10131:

Formisano, Ronald P. (June 1974). "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789–1840".

10042:

Burnham, Walter Dean. "Lessons for 2016 from the smashup of the Second Party System and the War of the Whig succession".

5158: 5077: 4814: 4185: 3346: 958: 828: 203: 10572: 11971: 11806: 11801: 11776: 11751: 11579: 11494: 10562: 10244: 10052:

Carpenter, Daniel, and Benjamin Schneer. "Party formation through petitions: The Whigs and the Bank War of 1832–1834".

10008: 9934: 9831: 9751: 9730: 9644: 9517: 9498: 9442: 9400: 9334: 9253: 9195: 9168: 8989: 8964: 8699: 8507: 5511: 5293: 4018: 3773: 3763: 3517: 2359: 2199: 1860: 1682: 610: 8080: 5820:

a Whig Party emerges as the dominant political party of an independent Confederacy, representing the interests of the

5766:

After the dissolution of the Whig Party, the term Whig remained part of the name of various newspapers, including the

4903:

reduced tariffs; opposition to the passage of these Democratic policies helped to reunify and reinvigorate the Whigs.

4483:

to form a group informally known as the "Adams party". Meanwhile, supporters of Jackson, Crawford, and Vice President

4432:, opposed these policies, instead favoring a strict interpretation of the Constitution and a weak federal government. 12001: 11901: 11861: 11826: 11443: 10825: 10791: 10620: 10538: 10464: 10440: 10404: 10358: 10221: 10181: 10092: 9913: 9873: 9688: 9665: 9563: 9475: 5846: 5675:. During the mid-1850s, several Conscience leaders played an important role in the founding of the Republican Party. 5297: 5154: 4574: 3532: 3329: 2560: 2466: 1517: 1467: 352: 12113: 11976: 11886: 11856: 11821: 11594: 11499: 11412: 11405: 11184: 11060: 11028: 10815: 10255:

Howe, Daniel Walker (March 1991). "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System".

6806: 6655: 6186: 5558: 5412: 5187: 5124: 4953:

With strong backing from slave state delegates, Taylor won the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot of the

4681:, a two-time presidential candidate who became the first Whig president in 1841 but died just one month into office 4636:

The National Republicans, including Clay and Webster, formed the core of the Whig Party, but many Anti-Masons like

4601: 4421: 4368: 4329: 4266: 3995: 3686: 3522: 3378: 2501: 2486: 2386: 2364: 2214: 2209: 2104: 2064: 178: 165: 12194: 9988:

Barkan, Elliott R. "The Emergence of a Whig Persuasion: Conservatism, Democratism, and the New York State Whigs."

4709:

struck the nation. Land prices plummeted, industries laid-off employees, and banks failed. According to historian

11325: 11227: 10835: 10830: 10781: 9301: 5389: 5368: 5329: 5249:, ex-Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Presidents Abraham Lincoln, 4460: 4384: 4278: 4231: 4224: 3867: 3474: 3256: 2511: 529: 224: 31: 10291:

Kruman, Marc W. (Winter 1992). "The Second Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism".

5016:

by Texas of some of its northern and western territorial claims in return for debt relief, the establishment of

4713:, the economic crisis of the late 1830s and early 1840s was the most severe recession in U.S. history until the 11841: 11756: 11464: 11219: 11164: 10850: 10727: 9573:

Green, Don (Summer 2007). "Constitutional Unionists: The Party that Tried to Stop Lincoln and Save the Union".

5644: 4987: 4883:, which still regarded Texas as a part of its republic and contended that Texas's true southern border was the 4669: 3990: 3923: 3711: 3469: 3405: 2944: 2303: 648: 329: 5453:, as Whigs embraced the economic and social changes caused by the market economy and Democrats rejected them. 4312:, but Taylor died in 1850 and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore. Fillmore, Clay, Daniel Webster, and Democrat 2004: 12135: 12086: 11816: 11811: 11514: 10988: 10975: 10962: 10949: 10936: 6856: 5246: 5226: 5174: 5097: 5073: 4954: 4826: 4754: 4348: 4100: 3901: 3599: 2506: 2471: 2186: 1840: 319: 12267: 11931: 11604: 11331: 11051: 10659:

Williams, Max R. "The Foundations of the Whig Party in North Carolina: A Synthesis and a Modest Proposal."

5518:

affiliated with the Whig Party early in their career before joining the Court as members of another party.

5119:

by allowing slavery in territories north of the 36°30′ parallel, shook up traditional partisan alignments.

4983: 4653: 4550: 4247: 3818: 3388: 2806: 482: 211: 12031: 12011: 11991: 11671: 11438: 11423: 11016: 9368: 6686: 6594: 6545: 6496: 6452: 6403: 6359: 6310: 6266: 6217: 5697: 5688: 4920: 4867: 4842: 4509: 4409: 4270: 3911: 3882: 3641: 3631: 3616: 3604: 3454: 3373: 2778: 2248: 10696:, contains the text of the national platforms that were adopted by the national conventions (1844–1856). 10064: 5419:

extension of the five-year naturalization period, encouraged some Whigs to join nativist third parties.

11981: 11951: 11549: 10891: 10608: 6889:

President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by

5660: 5165:

as the party's presidential candidate. The defection of many Northern Know-Nothings, combined with the

5061: 4866:

The United States settled the Texas-Mexico border and acquired portions of seven current states in the

4456: 4204: 3894: 3701: 3589: 3437: 3351: 3171: 3087: 2883: 2670: 2585: 2481: 2349: 429: 379: 10845: 10102:

Formisano, Ronald P. (Winter 1969). "Political Character, Antipartyism, and the Second Party System".

5182:

Scott voters in the South, but most former Whigs in the North voted for Frémont rather than Fillmore.

12046: 11996: 11871: 11741: 11681: 11524: 11474: 10766: 10283:

Husch, Gail E. "George Caleb Bingham's The County Election: Whig Tribute to the Will of the People."

9764:

A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent

7385: 5734: 4962: 4493: 4324:

partly due to sectional divisions within the party. The Whigs collapsed following the passage of the

4258: 3933: 3862: 3842: 3753: 2764: 2736: 2516: 2433: 2204: 2024: 1805: 918: 668: 658: 249: 146: 128: 4833:

vote; the swing of just over one percent of the vote in New York would have given Clay the victory.

12036: 11294: 10983: 10840: 10214:

Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln

9435:

America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union

6095: 5693: 5166: 4855: 4801: 4770: 4605: 4517: 4305: 4208: 4093: 3877: 3554: 3499: 3319: 3296: 3268: 3045: 2964: 2236: 2124: 1994: 1211: 573: 563: 434: 399: 11347: 8689: 7148: 11966: 11509: 11479: 11288: 11034: 10996: 9489:

Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election that Brought on the Civil War

7381: 6125: 5816: 5507: 5112: 4325: 4032: 3968: 3666: 3626: 3484: 3356: 2820: 2705: 2531: 2034: 1354: 683: 487: 467: 10721: 9657:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

4351:, ex-Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Presidents 11781: 11639: 11629: 11584: 11574: 11469: 10957: 10940: 10900: 9953:

Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877".

8956: 6877: 6869: 6031: 5993: 5887: 5344: 4733: 4687: 4678: 4243: 4239: 4141: 3857: 3569: 3537: 3233: 3226: 2743: 2537: 2491: 2396: 2221: 1527: 1462: 1374: 803: 678: 673: 600: 578: 553: 68: 9324: 9158: 4496:, which opposed President Jackson. By the early 1830s, the Jacksonians organized into the new 229: 12209: 11906: 11891: 11736: 11731: 11609: 11208: 11190: 11135: 10671:

Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815–1861

9185: 8497: 6750: 5715:, who began his career as a Whig officeholder, served on the Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911. 5606: 5589: 5546: 5111:

party failed to develop an effective platform on which to campaign. The debate over the 1854

4039: 4004: 3778: 3768: 3564: 3393: 3383: 3341: 2996: 2834: 2785: 2771: 2684: 2625: 2438: 2401: 2344: 2243: 2164: 2134: 2094: 2054: 1845: 730: 625: 409: 404: 9655: 8982:

Separate: The Story of Plessy v. Ferguson, and America's Journey from Slavery to Segregation

8948: 8627:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 213–215. 7029: 4674: 364: 12184: 11544: 11276: 11239: 11196: 10584:

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period".

10019:

Cotton Versus Conscience; Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843–1848

8535: 6778: 5962: 5712: 5636: 5539: 5515: 5332:

leader Alexander Hamilton, but after the War of 1812 they were also supported by President

5215: 5017: 4722: 4718: 4691: 4621: 4582: 4525:, taking 55 percent of the national popular vote and 88 percent of the popular vote in the 4080: 3906: 3743: 3691: 3464: 3059: 2715: 2615: 2610: 2570: 2281: 2074: 2014: 1984: 1955: 1612: 1532: 1018: 848: 492: 472: 285: 244: 239: 234: 219: 10701: 10084:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

4898:

Many Whigs argued that Polk had provoked war with Mexico by sending a force under General

8: 12169: 12159: 12026: 11746: 11726: 11644: 11634: 11624: 11589: 11489: 11147: 11022: 10820: 10684: 10571:

Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's Epideictic Speaking: A Study in Emerging Whig Virtues"

9822:

The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828

6999: 6786: 5793: 5751: 5615: 5597: 5521:

During the time of the party's existence, numerous other Whig leaders emerged, including

5250: 5116: 5004: 4609: 4554: 4444: 4356: 4333: 4137: 4066: 3916: 3723: 3494: 3245: 3178: 3164: 3010: 2969: 2928: 2921: 2813: 2656: 2526: 2521: 2496: 2154: 2044: 1740: 1720: 1587: 1537: 1409: 1261: 863: 773: 541: 384: 10634: 10393: 12179: 12174: 12164: 12154: 11866: 11721: 11270: 11251: 11233: 11202: 11178: 11040: 10798: 10735: 10716: 10528: 10337: 10308: 10272: 10233: 10170: 10156: 10148: 10119: 9970: 9843: 9677: 9633: 9619: 9598: 9590: 9552: 9487: 9464: 9412: 8547:

Frank Towers, "Mobtown's Impact on the Study of Urban Politics in the Early Republic".

5773: 5742: 5733:, who dismissed the Whigs as bereft of ideas, and through to the writings of historian 5684: 5668: 5427: 5377: 5324:

Clay and other nationalist Democratic-Republican Party leaders in the aftermath of the

5288: 5222: 5211: 5195: 5105: 5053: 4946: 4710: 4505: 4405: 4380: 4344: 4317: 4313: 4262: 4219:, and preferred congressional dominance in lawmaking. Members advocated modernization, 4173: 4025: 3832: 3738: 3676: 3661: 3621: 3549: 3324: 3251: 3066: 3052: 2862: 2605: 2600: 2550: 2376: 1715: 1607: 1216: 1131: 878: 873: 818: 798: 735: 663: 568: 546: 519: 150: 132: 10498: 9529: 5824:

and dominating Confederate politics until the rise of the Freedom Party following the

5568:

One strength of the Whigs was a superb network of newspapers—their leading editor was

5407:

Aside from the Whig economic program, various other issues confronted the Whig Party.

5373: 5162: 4847: 4800:. After Webster resigned from the Cabinet in May 1843 following the conclusion of the 4250:, but Northern Whigs tended to be less supportive than their Democratic counterparts. 12041: 11564: 11529: 10909: 10874: 10654: 10616: 10558: 10534: 10460: 10454: 10436: 10354: 10240: 10217: 10177: 10160: 10088: 10082: 10004: 9930: 9909: 9890: 9869: 9850: 9827: 9820: 9806: 9787: 9768: 9747: 9726: 9707: 9700: 9684: 9661: 9640: 9602: 9586: 9559: 9536: 9513: 9494: 9471: 9438: 9419: 9396: 9330: 9249: 9191: 9164: 8985: 8960: 8949: 8695: 8503: 7154: 5912: 5806: 5768: 5258: 5254: 4699: 4637: 4617: 4593: 4448: 4425: 4393: 4364: 4360: 4177: 3696: 3656: 3594: 2914: 2890: 2855: 2416: 2261: 1915: 1830: 1760: 1487: 1404: 1384: 1369: 1309: 1166: 1161: 1136: 1071: 1056: 1023: 993: 978: 923: 903: 888: 703: 605: 534: 419: 10644: 10601: 10473:

Renda, Lex. "The Dysfunctional Party: Collapse of the New Jersey Whigs, 1849–1853",

1790: 12016: 11946: 11941: 11916: 11676: 11539: 10992: 10970: 10927: 10428: 10329: 10300: 10264: 10140: 10111: 9962: 9582: 8593:

Agrarians and Aristocrats: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846

7373: 6890: 6587: 6259: 6120: 6064: 5811: 5585: 5574: 5396: 5343:

Whig thought was typically rooted in evangelical Christianity, as expressed in the

5130:

Another political coalition appeared in the form of the nativist and anti-Catholic

4996: 4871: 4805: 4737: 4714: 4641: 4626: 4413: 4401: 4282: 4196: 4153: 3928: 3889: 3681: 3425: 3262: 3024: 3017: 2876: 2848: 2827: 2750: 2729: 2677: 2555: 2476: 2428: 2411: 2323: 1945: 1925: 1910: 1870: 1785: 1647: 1497: 1452: 1334: 1319: 988: 948: 698: 585: 497: 192: 142: 12091: 11956: 11881: 11876: 11796: 11786: 11716: 11300: 11245: 11086: 10922: 10904: 10552: 10447: 10414: 10401:

The Whigs' America: Middle-Class Political Thought in the Age of Jackson and Clay

9924: 9884: 9762: 9243: 6764: 6728: 6636: 5942: 5892: 5825: 5781: 5725: 5672: 5628: 5611: 5601: 5562: 5554: 5230: 5207: 5081: 4958: 4892: 4870:. Portions of present-day Arizona and New Mexico were later acquired in the 1853 4753:

of New York, Harrison won the presidential nomination on the fifth ballot of the

4645: 4484: 4429: 4352: 4125: 3806: 3574: 3504: 3368: 3301: 3203: 2982: 2869: 2841: 2663: 2649: 2580: 2461: 2144: 1920: 1795: 1725: 1697: 1677: 1617: 1557: 1492: 1419: 1414: 1379: 1364: 1359: 1236: 1181: 1176: 1156: 1126: 1116: 1096: 1081: 933: 853: 823: 813: 788: 768: 713: 595: 507: 414: 154: 10518:

The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837

10383:

vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; vol 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857

5150:

became a three-sided contest between Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Republicans.

12021: 11282: 11141: 11129: 11098: 11092: 11080: 11074: 10979: 10966: 10918: 10693: 10548: 10524: 10372: 10071: 6538: 6090: 6057: 5937: 5664: 5652: 5643:

insistent regarding the expansion of slavery, and more open to the prospect of

5639:

of Virginia actively sought to shift the party away from economic nationalism.

5569: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5450: 5275: 5178: 5060:

Following the passage of the Compromise of 1850, Fillmore's enforcement of the

5032: 5021: 5013: 4935: 4931: 4912: 4899: 4851: 4822: 4586: 4578: 4563: 4480: 4452: 4254: 4212: 4169: 4161: 4149: 3728: 3646: 3559: 3509: 3129: 3031: 2989: 2620: 2423: 1965: 1935: 1865: 1855: 1820: 1800: 1572: 1562: 1522: 1477: 1472: 1394: 1339: 1329: 1286: 1281: 1266: 1256: 1151: 1076: 1028: 913: 883: 858: 838: 763: 477: 424: 72: 64: 9741: 9350: 6962: 4862: 12226: 11172: 11153: 10508:

Shade, William G. (1983). "The Second Party System". In Paul Kleppner (ed.).

9393:

Why Parties Matter: Political Competition and Democracy in the American South

7486:

The Politicians and the Egalitarians: The Hidden History of American Politics

6445: 5843:

List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets

5701: 5635:

of Virginia endorsed interventionist measures, but other Southern Whigs like

5593: 5550: 5535: 5471: 5356: 5333: 5328:. Many of these nationalist ideas were influenced by the economic program of 5292:"'law and order', social caution, and moral restraint". Political scientists 5080:

nominated a dark horse candidate in the form of former New Hampshire senator

5044: 4818: 4706: 4301: 4228: 4216: 4181: 4011: 3208: 3185: 3038: 3003: 2907: 2897: 2698: 2691: 2595: 1895: 1885: 1875: 1850: 1780: 1775: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1642: 1602: 1437: 1399: 1246: 1221: 1186: 1121: 1013: 1008: 998: 973: 963: 953: 893: 808: 758: 558: 524: 444: 10320:

Marshall, Lynn. (January 1967). "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party".

8687: 4474:, a founder of the Whig Party in the 1830s and its 1844 presidential nominee 11961: 11711: 11319: 11123: 11117: 10878: 10786: 10172:

The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s

9981:

Atkins, Jonathan M.; "The Whig Party versus the "spoilsmen" of Tennessee",

9810: 6848: 5656: 5580: 5522: 5131: 4908: 4884: 4750: 4336: 4189: 4165: 3733: 3671: 3420: 3306: 3213: 3143: 3080: 2949: 2799: 2792: 2757: 2543: 1960: 1950: 1815: 1810: 1765: 1750: 1735: 1687: 1632: 1627: 1577: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1502: 1457: 1389: 1349: 1344: 1304: 1271: 1251: 1111: 1066: 983: 928: 908: 898: 868: 270: 174: 55: 5270: 4265:, and disaffected Democrats. The Whigs had some weak links to the defunct 11396: 8538:

who was the 20th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1865 to 1868.

8499:

The Virginia Conservatives, 1867–1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics

6835: 5730: 5708: 5588:, also emerged as an important Whig paper. Influenced by the writings of 5530: 5490:, an anti-slavery "Conscience Whig" who later joined the Republican Party 5458: 5352: 5325: 5313: 5136: 4821:

and established a platform calling for the acquisition of both Texas and

4749:

voters. With the crucial support of Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and

4573:

Shortly after Jackson's re-election, South Carolina passed a measure to "

4567: 4526: 4220: 3651: 3479: 3273: 3198: 3115: 3101: 2311: 1940: 1930: 1880: 1835: 1770: 1730: 1692: 1672: 1592: 1512: 1482: 1447: 1324: 1314: 1231: 1226: 1191: 1171: 1146: 1141: 1086: 1061: 1003: 943: 938: 843: 833: 793: 783: 778: 753: 718: 688: 653: 620: 590: 10664: 9993: 9623: 9594: 9456: 8674:

Mark Groen, "The Whig Party and the Rise of Common Schools, 1837–1854",

6758: 5287:

protections for minority interests against majority tyranny." Historian

4400:

During the 1790s, the first major U.S. parties arose in the form of the

4343:. The last vestiges of the Whig Party faded away after the start of the 12213: 11068: 10953: 10944: 10931: 10913: 10887: 10720: 10589: 10351:

The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era

10341: 10312: 10276: 10152: 10123: 9974: 9099: 6873: 6352: 6026: 6000: 5967: 5917: 5821: 5801: 5632: 4970: 4888: 4780: 4729: 4649: 4492:, taking 56 percent of the popular vote. Clay became the leader of the 4471: 4440: 4417: 4157: 4145: 3415: 2959: 2316: 1890: 1825: 1597: 1567: 1507: 1442: 1206: 1101: 1091: 1051: 708: 82: 60: 5772:. Several ephemeral small parties in the United States, including the 5439: 4328:

in 1854, with most Northern Whigs eventually joining the anti-slavery

11986: 9245:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP right made political history

9230:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History

5800:

include a Whig Party having a major role in the postbellum world. In

5756:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History

5317: 4926: 4705:

Shortly after Van Buren took office, an economic crisis known as the

4180:. The Whig base of support was amongst entrepreneurs, professionals, 3108: 2406: 1905: 1755: 1241: 1196: 1033: 725: 630: 389: 10333: 10304: 10268: 10144: 10115: 9966: 5027: 4192:. It had much less backing from poor farmers and unskilled workers. 11377: 5400: 5380:, an influential Whig leader who later established the short-lived 4992: 4965:

and campaigned against the spread of slavery into the territories.

4396:, the 6th president, became a Whig congressman later in his career. 4235: 3958: 3940: 3219: 3150: 3136: 3122: 3094: 2954: 1745: 1652: 1622: 1276: 1201: 1106: 10206:

Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War

9369:"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present" 8553:

The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum Maryland

7286:

The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right

6872:

died April 4, 1841, one month into his term, and was succeeded by

6855:, though they were also nominated by a rump group of Whigs at the 5565:

served a single term as a Whig congressman representing Illinois.

5355:, played a pivotal role in establishing a public school system in 10700: 8625:

Lincoln's Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas, and Moral Conflict

8551:

107 (Winter 2012) pp. 469–75, p. 472, citing Robert E, Shalhope,

5777: 4858:

and later won the 1848 presidential election as the Whig nominee.

4783:

clashed with congressional Whigs and was expelled from the party.

4559: 3824: 3239: 3157: 3073: 9866:

The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties

9183: 8165: 4285:. Whig nominee William Henry Harrison unseated Van Buren in the 4234:, federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and 9702:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

8691:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History

8662:

The Whigs' America: Middle Class Politics in the Age of Jackson

8579:

The Whigs' America: Middle Class Politics in the Age of Jackson

5296:

and John D. Griffin note that the labeling of Whig ideology as

5177:, which nominated Fillmore for president. Ultimately, Democrat 5102:

History of the United States Republican Party § Beginnings

4880: 4836: 4592:

The name "Whig" was first suggested for Jackson's opponents by

3758: 9326:

Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace?

9276: 8213: 8132: 5698:

Portrait depicting Abraham Lincoln as a young Whig congressman

4347:, but Whig ideas remained influential for decades. During the 10036:

Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party

4775: 4717:. Van Buren's economic response centered on establishing the 4281:, but the party failed to defeat Jackson's chosen successor, 4200: 3748: 8191: 8189: 5776:

and the "Modern Whig Party", have adopted the Whig name. In

5084:, a Northerner sympathetic to the Southern view on slavery. 4467: 4389: 9868:(Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9451:

Bowen, Gregory L., "Antebellum Parties and Party Systems".

9322: 9094:

Lynn Marshall. "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party",

8738: 5423: 4136:

between the late 1830s and the early 1850s and part of the

277: 8843: 8841: 7396: 7394: 7268: 7266: 5336:, one of the founders of the Democratic-Republican Party. 4508:

formed following the disappearance and possible murder of

4253:

The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to President

12072:

State and local political parties (without national body)

9886:

The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore

9845:

The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

8750: 8717: 8201: 8186: 8144: 8120: 8061: 8049: 7667: 7665: 6948: 6946: 5431:

cause a divisive debate over slavery in the territories.

5225:, former Whigs formed the core of a "proto-party" in the 10765: 9784:

The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era

8664:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 1–8. 5312:

Howe characterizes the Whigs' anti-individualism as an "

4652:

of Virginia. The Whig Party's first major action was to

9889:. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. 9187:

Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process

8838: 8108: 7560: 7548: 7514: 7512: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7391: 7355: 7263: 7256: 7254: 7084: 7082: 6834:

In actuality, the government of British Prime Minister

4930:

A political cartoon satirizing the candidacy of either

4690:, a former senator who had led U.S. forces in the 1811 34:. For the British political party founded in 2014, see 10208:(1960), Pulitzer prize; the standard history. Pro-Bank 7956: 7662: 7175:"Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century" 6943: 5395:

High tariffs were also designed to prevent a negative

10491:

History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000

8688:

Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer (2012).

8581:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 2. 7193: 7191: 6838:

had little interest in pushing abolitionism in Texas.

5553:

competed for influence with their intra-party rival,

4961:; the party nominated a ticket of Van Buren and Whig 10392:, Crosby, Nichols & Company, Boston, 377 pages; 9906:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

7509: 7251: 7103: 7096: 7094: 7079: 7072: 7070: 7068: 6880:

after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.

6740: 9510:

American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice

7348: 7346: 10673:(1974) intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats 10579:Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System 10554:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 10232: 10169: 9842: 9819: 9699: 9676: 9632: 9551: 9528: 9486: 9463: 9411: 8678:Spring/Summer 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 1/2, pp. 251–260 8521: 8519: 8495: 7188: 7132:Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System 6936: 6934: 4911:of Pennsylvania offered an amendment known as the 12248:Defunct conservative parties in the United States 10615:. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 1:331–63. 10607:Van Deusen, Glyndon (1973). "The Whig Party". In 9160:Abolitionism and American Politics and Government 9156: 7209: 7091: 7065: 4977: 4211:. It disliked presidential power as exhibited by 12224: 10385:. highly detailed narrative of national politics 7343: 5142:Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in 4825:. Having won the presidential nomination at the 4764: 10715: 10547: 10493:(various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). 8648:Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America 8516: 6931: 6792:American election campaigns in the 19th century 6146: 5584:, under the leadership of Richard Haughton and 12263:Defunct political parties in the United States 11389:List of political parties in the United States 10199:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 9390: 8984:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 34–35. 8951:The Taney Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy 8275: 8273: 7021: 6797:List of political parties in the United States 5663:while the Cottons were led by such figures as 5545:In Georgia, future Confederate Vice President 12121: 11363: 10751: 8886: 8806:Out of Many: A History of the American People 4101: 8444: 8426: 6924: 6922: 5198:and other unionist conservatives formed the 4837:Polk and the Mexican–American War, 1845–1849 4296:Clay clinched his party's nomination in the 12243:1856 disestablishments in the United States 10597:Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader 10027:Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, vol. 1, ch. 4–8 9679:The Political Culture of the American Whigs 9391:Aldrich, John H.; Griffin, John D. (2018). 9184:Louis Sandy Maisel; Mark D. Brewer (2008). 9016: 8694:. Oxford UP. pp. 280, 358–59, 381–83. 8534:The last elected politician as a Whig, was 8270: 7902: 7875: 7866: 7839: 7830: 7821: 6912: 6910: 6893:, who served for the remainder of the term. 6153:Party divisions of United States Congresses 5739:The Political Culture of the American Whigs 5514:, though later Supreme Court justices like 4744:, thereby becoming the first Whig president 3315:National Federation of Independent Business 12128: 12114: 11370: 11356: 10758: 10744: 10719:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). 10606: 10594: 9723:Henry Clay: The Man Who Would Be President 9630: 9612:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 7337: 7058: 7056: 7054: 5388:The Whigs celebrated Clay's vision of the 4277:, four different Whig candidates received 4108: 4094: 3411:Federation for American Immigration Reform 10348: 10167: 10130: 10101: 10054:Studies in American Political Development 10024: 9952: 9781: 9241: 8979: 8502:. U of North Carolina Press. p. 13. 7235: 7233: 6919: 5035:, the unsuccessful Whig candidate in the 4257:, pulling together former members of the 12258:Political parties disestablished in 1856 12238:1834 establishments in the United States 10530:The American Political Nation, 1838–1893 10319: 9863: 9535:. The American Presidents. Times Books. 9453:Australasian Journal of American Studies 9409: 9190:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. 6907: 6853:1856 United States presidential election 5881: 5719: 5707: 5692: 5493: 5482: 5438: 5372: 5269: 5265: 5072:On the first presidential ballot of the 5026: 4991: 4925: 4861: 4846: 4774: 4728: 4673: 4558: 4466: 4388: 3707:Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal 10510:Evolution of American Electoral Systems 10044:USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog 9903: 9817: 9720: 9484: 9298:"Is it time for a new political party?" 8946: 8756: 8744: 8723: 8659: 8576: 7378:The Party Battles of the Jackson Period 7051: 5836: 5359:that would be emulated by most states. 4629:, the likely Democratic nominee in the 4540:History of the United States Whig Party 14: 12225: 11520:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 11380:political parties in the United States 10523: 10500:Life of Henry Clay: American Statesmen 10496: 10480: 10452: 10427: 10403:(University Press of Kentucky, 2020). 10290: 10192:Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996 9998: 9922: 9609: 9507: 9373:United States House of Representatives 9323:Dominik Zaum; Christine Cheng (2011). 9235: 8572: 8570: 7566: 7230: 6802:Political history in the United States 5798:Confederacy won the American Civil War 4544: 4308:. Whig nominee Zachary Taylor won the 12253:Political parties established in 1834 12109: 11351: 10739: 10731:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 10507: 10080: 10033: 9882: 9800: 9572: 9526: 9432: 9163:. Taylor & Francis. p. 120. 8219: 8207: 8195: 8171: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8073: 8067: 8055: 7962: 7142: 7140: 7117: 7115: 5787: 4504:National Republicans. Meanwhile, the 4304:, who subsequently presided over the 3450:American Center for Law & Justice 10836:Presidency of William Henry Harrison 10809:1860 Constitutional Union Convention 10254: 10230: 10211: 10069: 10003:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 9805:. Louisiana State University Press. 9697: 9674: 9653: 9461: 8676:American Educational History Journal 8622: 7554: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7361: 7272: 7215: 7146: 7027: 5831: 5796:works depicting histories where the 4332:and most Southern Whigs joining the 4246:and did not take a strong stance on 4156:), other prominent members included 4128:in the United States. Alongside the 3528:Parents Television and Media Council 2591:Project for the New American Century 2355:Conservative Party of New York State 36:Whig Party (British political party) 12144:Political eras of the United States 11505:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 10489:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. 10433:Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union 9635:The Presidency of John Quincy Adams 8567: 8564:Aldrich & Griffin (2018), p. 60 5159:1856 Republican National Convention 5078:1852 Democratic National Convention 4815:1844 Democratic National Convention 4238:. The party was active in both the 4140:. As well as four Whig presidents ( 3347:National Association for Gun Rights 24: 12077:Presidential nominating convention 9945: 9926:The Presidency of Martin Van Buren 8279:Holt (1999), pp. 804–805, 809–810. 7137: 7112: 7028:Bolt, William K. (March 7, 2016). 5512:Supreme Court of the United States 5510:was the lone Whig to serve on the 5434: 4945:During the war, Whig leaders like 4663: 3774:Society for American Civic Renewal 3764:Republican Main Street Partnership 3518:National Organization for Marriage 25: 12284: 12273:Conservatism in the United States 10792:1856 American National Convention 10678: 10651:Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby 10613:History of U.S. Political Parties 10287:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 77–92. 10133:American Political Science Review 9554:The Presidency of Franklin Pierce 9512:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 6847:Fillmore and Donelson ran on the 5847:List of Whig National Conventions 5115:, which effectively repealed the 3533:Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America 3330:United States Chamber of Commerce 2561:Intercollegiate Studies Institute 2467:Alexis de Tocqueville Institution 12193: 12137: 12067: 12066: 10661:North Carolina Historical Review 10477:116 (Spring/Summer, 1998), 3–57. 10411:The Whig Party in North Carolina 10388:Ormsby, Robert McKinley (1859). 10235:The American Whigs: An Anthology 10201:(Harvard University Press, 1987) 9587:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00179.x 9466:The Presidency of Andrew Jackson 9361: 9343: 9316: 9290: 9269: 9222: 9213: 9204: 9177: 9150: 9141: 9132: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9088: 9079: 9070: 9061: 9052: 9043: 9034: 9025: 9007: 8998: 8973: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8913: 8904: 8895: 8877: 8868: 8859: 8850: 8829: 8820: 8811: 8798: 8789: 8780: 8771: 8762: 8729: 8708: 8681: 8668: 8653: 8640: 8631: 8616: 8607: 8598: 8585: 8558: 8541: 8528: 8489: 8480: 8471: 8462: 8453: 8435: 8417: 8408: 8399: 8390: 8381: 8372: 8363: 8354: 8345: 8336: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8282: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8234: 8225: 8177: 8156: 8099: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8013: 8004: 6883: 6862: 6841: 6807:Whig (British political faction) 6771: 6757: 6743: 5478: 5362: 5155:Know Nothing National Convention 4891:. After a skirmish known as the 4422:Second Bank of the United States 4074: 4060: 3687:National Association of Scholars 3523:National Right to Life Committee 3379:Council of Conservative Citizens 2502:Competitive Enterprise Institute 2487:Center for the National Interest 2105:The Closing of the American Mind 2065:The Conscience of a Conservative 363: 10831:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 10694:The American Presidency Project 10595:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). 10581:(Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018). 10369:The Whig Party in Pennsylvania, 10285:Critical Issues in American Art 9683:. University of Chicago Press. 9414:The Presidency of James K. Polk 9395:. University of Chicago Press. 9049:Holt (1999), pp. 67–68, 287–288 7995: 7986: 7977: 7968: 7947: 7938: 7929: 7920: 7911: 7893: 7884: 7857: 7848: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7749: 7737: 7728: 7719: 7707: 7698: 7686: 7674: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7617: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7539: 7530: 7521: 7500: 7491: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7367: 7331: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7291: 7278: 7242: 7221: 7200: 7167: 7134:(Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018). 7124: 6828: 6819: 5384:to contest the election of 1860 5369:American System (economic plan) 5281: 4817:rejected Van Buren in favor of 4420:, favored policies such as the 4385:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 4019:Don't immanentize the eschaton! 3964:Bibliography of US conservatism 2512:Ethics and Public Policy Center 32:Whigs (British political party) 10851:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 10728:New International Encyclopedia 10459:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10435:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10413:, Colonial Press, 223 pages; 10349:McCormick, Richard P. (1966). 9929:. University Press of Kansas. 9908:. W. W. Norton & Company. 9849:. University Press of Kansas. 9639:. University Press of Kansas. 9631:Hargreaves, Mary W.M. (1985). 9558:. University Press of Kansas. 9470:. University Press of Kansas. 9418:. University of Kansas Press. 9383: 8865:Reichley (2000), pp. 84–85, 93 8315:McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130. 7974:Holt (1999), pp. 333–334, 339. 7926:Holt (1999), pp. 246–247, 269. 7034:North Carolina History Project 6992: 6983: 6955: 5648:from their Anti-Masonic days. 5144:the mid-term elections of 1854 4988:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 4978:Taylor and Fillmore, 1849–1853 4670:Presidency of Martin Van Buren 3991:List of American conservatives 3712:Texas Public Policy Foundation 3470:Christian Coalition of America 3406:Center for Immigration Studies 2304:Intelligence and public policy 2222:"Disparate impact" controversy 13: 1: 12087:Politics of the United States 10631:The Jacksonian Era: 1828–1848 10533:. Stanford University Press. 10422:Henry Clay and the Whig Party 10293:Journal of the Early Republic 10168:Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). 10070:Cole, Arthur Charles (1913). 10025:Beveridge, Albert J. (1928). 9841:Peterson, Norma Lois (1989). 9840: 9433:Bordewich, Fergus M. (2012). 9242:Critchlow, Donald T. (2007). 7713: 7388:1922) (retrieved Jul.7, 2024) 6900: 6857:1856 Whig National Convention 6641: 6181: 6158: 5175:1856 Whig National Convention 5098:Presidency of Franklin Pierce 5074:1852 Whig National Convention 4955:1848 Whig National Convention 4827:1844 Whig National Convention 4765:Harrison and Tyler, 1841–1845 4755:1839 Whig National Convention 4374: 4300:but was defeated by Democrat 4199:, territorial expansion into 4195:The party was hostile toward 2507:David Horowitz Freedom Center 2472:American Enterprise Institute 320:Politics of the United States 11777:Democratic-Republican (1844) 11605:South Carolina Workers Party 10846:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 10503:. Houghton, Mifflin. vol. 2. 10231:Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). 9864:Reichley, A. James (2000) . 9698:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 9675:Howe, Daniel Walker (1979). 9248:. Harvard University Press. 8947:Huebner, Timothy S. (2003). 8928:Holt (1999), pp. 26–27, 146, 8919:Holt (1999), pp. 50, 213–215 8804:, John Mack Faragher et al. 8549:Maryland Historical Magazine 8162:McPherson (1998), pp. 75–76. 7006:. History. November 20, 2019 6147:Congressional representation 6129: 6114: 6099: 6084: 6069: 6050: 6035: 6020: 6005: 5986: 5971: 5946: 5921: 5896: 5761: 5214:, and pro-Southern Democrat 4984:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 4551:Presidency of Andrew Jackson 4443:, Secretary of the Treasury 4424:and the implementation of a 3819:Classical education movement 2807:The Imaginative Conservative 112:; 168 years ago 94:; 191 years ago 27:19th century political party 7: 10409:Pegg, Herbert Dale (1932). 10390:A History of the Whig Party 10257:Journal of American History 10176:. Oxford University Press. 10087:. Oxford University Press. 10073:The Whig Party in the South 9955:Journal of Southern History 9826:. Oxford University Press. 9786:. Oxford University Press. 9725:. Oxford University Press. 9706:. Oxford University Press. 9660:. Oxford University Press. 9485:Egerton, Doulas R. (2010). 9085:Wilentz (2005), pp. 488–491 8660:Pearson, Joseph W. (2019). 8577:Pearson, Joseph W. (2019). 8496:Jack P. Maddex Jr. (2018). 6736: 5689:American School (economics) 5621: 5501:, a pro-South "Cotton Whig" 5091: 4921:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4868:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4843:Presidency of James K. Polk 4410:Democratic-Republican Party 4271:Democratic-Republican Party 4236:support for a national bank 3642:Faith and Freedom Coalition 3632:Council for National Policy 3617:American Conservative Union 3605:Young Americans for Liberty 3455:American Family Association 3374:Concerned Women for America 2424:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 255:Traditionalist conservatism 10: 12289: 12233:Whig Party (United States) 11535:National Progressive Party 11460:African People's Socialist 10685:Whig Party in Virginia in 10609:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 10586:American Historical Review 10481:Riddle, Donald W. (1948). 10453:Remini, Robert V. (1997). 10322:American Historical Review 9782:McPherson, James (2003) . 9760: 9721:Klotter, James C. (2018). 9455:(1988) 7#2 pp. 33–40 9410:Bergeron, Paul H. (1986). 9329:. Routledge. p. 133. 9157:John R. McKivigan (1999). 9096:American Historical Review 8901:Reichley (2000), pp. 81–82 8892:Reichley (2000), pp. 79–80 8874:Holt (1999), pp. 34–35, 52 8817:Reichley (2000), pp. 84–85 8441:Egerton (2010), pp. 99–100 8174:, pp. 85–88, 103–104. 7908:Merry (2009), pp. 424–426. 7881:Merry (2009), pp. 286–289. 7872:Merry (2009), pp. 283–285. 7845:Merry (2009), pp. 244–245. 7836:Merry (2009), pp. 240–242. 7827:Merry (2009), pp. 188–189. 6175: 6170: 6165: 6150: 6132: 6102: 6072: 6038: 6008: 5974: 5949: 5924: 5899: 5840: 5682: 5382:Constitutional Union Party 5366: 5200:Constitutional Union Party 5192:1860 presidential election 5148:1856 presidential election 5095: 5062:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 5037:1852 presidential election 4981: 4940:1848 presidential election 4840: 4798:1844 presidential election 4768: 4742:1840 presidential election 4667: 4631:1836 presidential election 4548: 4537: 4533: 4523:1832 presidential election 4490:1828 presidential election 4437:1824 presidential election 4378: 4341:Constitutional Union Party 4322:1852 presidential election 4310:1848 presidential election 4298:1844 presidential election 4287:1840 presidential election 4275:1836 presidential election 3979:History of US conservatism 3797:Asian and Pacific Islander 3702:Republican Study Committee 3600:Young America's Foundation 3590:National Journalism Center 3438:Alliance Defending Freedom 3352:National Rifle Association 3172:The Washington Free Beacon 3088:Independent Journal Review 2671:New Hampshire Union Leader 2586:Pacific Research Institute 2482:Center for Security Policy 2382:Constitutional Union Party 2350:American Independent Party 183:Constitutional Union Party 29: 12202: 12191: 12150: 12059: 11987:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 11704: 11664: 11657: 11452: 11431: 11422: 11395: 11386: 11310: 11261: 11218: 11163: 11108: 11059: 11050: 11005: 10859: 10777: 10483:Lincoln Runs for Congress 10212:Holt, Michael F. (1992). 10061:Origins of the Whig Party 9923:Wilson, Major L. (1984). 9883:Smith, Elbert B. (1988). 9818:Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). 9761:Merry, Robert W. (2009). 9654:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 9549: 9493:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 9098:, (1967) 72#2 pp. 445–68 8980:Luxenberg, Steve (2019). 8808:, (2nd ed. 1997) page 413 8450:Green (2007), pp. 237–238 8432:Green (2007), pp. 234–236 8423:Green (2007), pp. 232–233 8405:Holt (1999), pp. 978–980. 8396:Holt (1999), pp. 976–978. 8387:Gara (1991), pp. 175–176. 8378:Holt (1999), pp. 966–967. 8369:Gara (1991), pp. 168–174. 8360:Holt (1999), pp. 963–965. 8351:Holt (1999), pp. 961–962. 8342:Holt (1999), pp. 911–913. 8333:Holt (1999), pp. 907–910. 8324:Holt (1999), pp. 877–878. 8306:Holt (1999), pp. 843–846. 8297:McPherson (1988), p. 129. 8288:Holt (1999), pp. 841–842. 8267:Holt (1999), pp. 776–777. 8258:Holt (1999), pp. 763–764. 8249:Holt (1999), pp. 756–760. 8240:Holt (1999), pp. 754–755. 8231:Holt (1999), pp. 726–727. 8183:Holt (1999), pp. 552–553. 8105:Holt (1999), pp. 524–525. 8046:Holt (1999), pp. 437–438. 8037:Holt (1999), pp. 389–390. 8028:Holt (1999), pp. 685–686. 8019:Holt (1999), pp. 445–448. 8010:Holt (1999), pp. 368–370. 8001:Holt (1999), pp. 356–357. 7953:Holt (1999), pp. 323–326. 7944:Holt (1999), pp. 277–280. 7935:Holt (1999), pp. 258–260. 7917:Holt (1999), pp. 310–311. 7899:Holt (1999), pp. 252–253. 7863:Holt (1999), pp. 233–234. 7818:Holt (1999), pp. 220–221. 7809:Holt (1999), pp. 194–195. 7800:Holt (1999), pp. 200–203. 7782:Holt (1999), pp. 172–173. 7773:Holt (1999), pp. 171–172. 7764:Holt (1999), pp. 170–171. 7755:Holt (1999), pp. 169–170. 7743: 7692: 7671:Holt (1999), pp. 127–128. 7650:Holt (1999), pp. 112–113. 7641:Holt (1999), pp. 107–108. 7632:Holt (1999), pp. 105–107. 7614:Holt (1999), pp. 102–103. 7179:Norwich University Online 6952:Howe (1979), pp. 183, 210 6928:Holt (1999), pp. 947–949. 6444: 6351: 6258: 6177: 6173:House of Representatives 6172: 6167: 6162: 6159: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5735:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 5678: 4999:, the last Whig president 4963:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 4494:National Republican Party 4259:National Republican Party 3754:Pacific Justice Institute 3389:Independent Women's Forum 2765:Claremont Review of Books 2737:The American Conservative 2517:Family Research Institute 2434:National Republican Party 2215:White demographic decline 2210:Sub-replacement fertility 2025:The Managerial Revolution 315: 299: 283: 263: 210: 198: 188: 161: 147:National Republican Party 138: 129:National Republican Party 124: 106: 88: 78: 54: 45: 11580:Socialism and Liberation 10841:Presidency of John Tyler 10420:Poage, George Rawlings. 9767:. Simon & Schuster. 9739: 9527:Finkelman, Paul (2011). 9462:Cole, Donald B. (1993). 9437:. Simon & Schuster. 9277:"The Florida Whig Party" 9219:Guelzo (2001), pp. 74–75 9210:Guelzo (2001), pp. 71–73 9138:Holt (1999), pp. 463–464 9120:Holt (1999), pp. 286–288 9058:Holt (1999), pp. 286–287 9040:Holt (1999), pp. 265–266 9031:Holt (1999), pp. 261–262 9022:Holt (1999), pp. 407–410 9004:Holt (1999), pp. 236–237 8856:Holt (1999), pp. 117–118 8847:Holt (1999), pp. 115–116 8786:Holt (1999), pp. 228–229 8777:Holt (1999), pp. 691–692 8768:Holt (1999), pp. 689–690 8735:Holt (1999), pp. 135–136 8486:McPherson (1988), p. 691 8222:, pp. 237–239, 244. 8141:, pp. 314–316, 329. 7680: 6812: 6096:William Alexander Graham 5229:that was opposed to the 5167:caning of Charles Sumner 4802:Webster-Ashburton Treaty 4771:Presidency of John Tyler 4081:United States portal 3878:Parental rights movement 3555:Franklin News Foundation 3500:Foundation for Moral Law 3320:National Taxpayers Union 3297:Americans for Tax Reform 3269:Sinclair Broadcast Group 2965:One America News Network 2237:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 2125:The Revolt of the Elites 1995:Democracy and Leadership 343:This article is part of 302:House of Representatives 18:United States Whig Party 11857:National States' Rights 11712:American (Know Nothing) 11560:Progressive Labor Party 10708:Encyclopædia Britannica 10649:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10639:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10629:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10379:The Ordeal of the Union 9147:Wilentz, (2016) p. 145. 8650:(1993) pp. 89, 106–107. 7605:Holt (1999), pp. 97–98. 7596:Holt (1999), pp. 93–94. 7587:Holt (1999), pp. 92–93. 7578:Holt (1999), pp. 67–68. 7536:Holt (1999), pp. 45–46. 7527:Holt (1999), pp. 42–43. 7518:Holt (1999), pp. 40–42. 7506:Holt (1999), pp. 38–39. 7497:Holt (1999), pp. 36–37. 7475:Holt (1999), pp. 34–35. 7150:Guide to U.S. Elections 7088:Holt (1999), pp. 27–28. 6916:Holt (1999), pp. 26–27. 6126:Andrew Jackson Donelson 5817:Southern Victory Series 5508:Benjamin Robbins Curtis 5233:administration. In the 4439:, Speaker of the House 4316:led the passage of the 4124:was a mid-19th century 4067:Conservatism portal 3969:Conservative talk radio 3858:Libertarian republicans 3667:John M. Olin Foundation 3627:The Conservative Caucus 3485:Family Research Council 3357:Second Amendment Caucus 2706:The Wall Street Journal 2532:The Heritage Foundation 2035:Ideas Have Consequences 684:America First Committee 468:American exceptionalism 11585:Serve America Movement 11575:Renew America Movement 11332:Alexander H. H. Stuart 10711:(11th ed.). 1911. 10663:47.2 (1970): 115–129. 10641:The life of Henry Clay 10588:63.2 (1958): 305–322. 10034:Brown, Thomas (1985). 9999:Brands, H. W. (2018). 9992:52.4 (1971): 367–395. 9904:Wilentz, Sean (2005). 9803:John Bell of Tennessee 9801:Parks, Joseph (1950). 9508:Farmer, Brian (2008). 9111:Holt (1999), pp. 28–29 9076:Wilentz (2005), p. 483 8937:Holt (1999), pp. , 325 8910:Reichley (2000), p. 74 8883:Reichley (2000), p. 87 8637:Holt (1999), pp. 30–31 7315:Holt (1999), pp. 18–19 7306:Holt (1999), pp. 17–18 7297:Holt (1999), pp. 15–16 7260:Holt (1999), pp. 10–11 7147:Kalb, Deborah (2015). 7121:Reichley (2000), p. 80 7062:Holt (1999), pp. 66–67 6870:William Henry Harrison 6032:Theodore Frelinghuysen 5994:William Henry Harrison 5888:William Henry Harrison 5716: 5705: 5575:New-York Daily Tribune 5529:Supreme Court Justice 5502: 5491: 5445: 5385: 5345:Second Great Awakening 5278: 5247:Lincoln Administration 5039: 5000: 4942: 4875: 4859: 4784: 4745: 4734:William Henry Harrison 4688:William Henry Harrison 4682: 4679:William Henry Harrison 4570: 4566:, a leading Whig from 4475: 4428:. A second group, the 4397: 4349:Lincoln Administration 4244:Southern United States 4240:Northern United States 4142:William Henry Harrison 3538:Thomas More Law Center 3234:The Political Cesspool 3227:Million Dollar Extreme 2744:The American Spectator 2538:Mandate for Leadership 2492:Charles Koch Institute 2402:Conservative Democrats 2391:historically, factions 679:Conservative coalition 674:Conservative Manifesto 579:Peace through strength 554:Judeo-Christian values 69:William Henry Harrison 12210:Political realignment 11992:Traditionalist Worker 11672:Democratic-Republican 11610:Social Democrats, USA 11600:Socialist Alternative 11326:Thomas M. T. McKennan 10687:Encyclopedia Virginia 10497:Schurz, Carl (1899). 10059:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 10056:29.2 (2015): 213–234. 9228:Donald T. Critchlow, 8081:"VP Millard Fillmore" 7890:McPherson, pp. 53–54. 6751:Modern history portal 5865:Presidential nominee 5841:Further information: 5720:Historical reputation 5711: 5696: 5683:Further information: 5661:Charles Francis Adams 5607:North American Review 5547:Alexander H. Stephens 5497: 5486: 5442: 5376: 5367:Further information: 5273: 5266:Ideology and policies 5096:Further information: 5030: 4995: 4982:Further information: 4929: 4865: 4850: 4841:Further information: 4778: 4769:Further information: 4732: 4677: 4668:Further information: 4606:King of Great Britain 4562: 4549:Further information: 4470: 4447:, Secretary of State 4392: 4379:Further information: 4227:, which called for a 4005:Barstool conservatism 3565:Media Research Center 3394:Log Cabin Republicans 3384:Gays Against Groomers 3342:Gun Owners of America 2835:The National Interest 2685:The New York Observer 2626:Witherspoon Institute 2566:James Madison Program 2439:Native American Party 2244:Educational inflation 2165:Why Liberalism Failed 2135:The Death of the West 2095:A Conflict of Visions 2055:The Conservative Mind 1821:LaHaye (Beverly) 731:Republican Revolution 626:Supply-side economics 483:Christian nationalism 12185:Seventh Party System 11847:National Renaissance 11772:Constitutional Union 10804:Constitutional Union 10516:Sharp, James Roger. 10081:Foner, Eric (1970). 9550:Gara, Larry (1991). 9355:United States Senate 8955:. ABC-CLIO. p. 8646:Richard Carwardine, 8613:Bowen (1988), p. 34. 8536:Robert Miller Patton 8459:Green (2007), p. 251 8414:Parks (1950), p. 346 8085:United States Senate 7992:Holt (1999), p. 365. 7983:Holt (1999), p. 361. 7854:Holt (1999), p. 233. 7791:Holt (1999), p. 173. 7746:(2007), pp. 677–678. 7734:Holt (1999), p. 149. 7725:Holt (1999), p. 150. 7704:Holt (1999), p. 137. 7695:(2007), pp. 591–592. 7659:Holt (1999), p. 126. 7623:Holt (1999), p. 104. 7386:Houghton Mifflin Co. 7248:Holt (1999), pp. 8–9 7239:Holt (1999), pp. 7–8 7227:Holt (1999), pp. 6–7 7206:Holt (1999), pp. 5–6 7197:Holt (1999), pp. 2–3 7109:Farmer (2008), p.155 6779:United States portal 5963:Willie Person Mangum 5837:Presidential tickets 5713:John Marshall Harlan 5637:William Cabell Rives 5540:William Cabell Rives 5516:John Marshall Harlan 5216:John C. Breckinridge 4856:Mexican–American War 4723:William Cabell Rives 4719:Independent Treasury 4692:Battle of Tippecanoe 4622:Willie Person Mangum 4598:Courier and Enquirer 4583:Nullification Crisis 4306:Mexican–American War 4209:Mexican–American War 4132:, it was one of two 3912:Right-libertarianism 3907:Reactionary feminism 3692:Philadelphia Society 3584:Youth/student groups 3465:Chalcedon Foundation 3060:Front Porch Republic 2716:The Washington Times 2616:Sutherland Institute 2611:State Policy Network 2571:Leadership Institute 2249:Elite overproduction 2196:Demographic futures 2075:A Choice Not an Echo 2015:Our Enemy, the State 1985:Democracy in America 493:Classical liberalism 473:American nationalism 356:in the United States 245:Economic nationalism 240:Classical liberalism 220:American nationalism 12268:Second Party System 12170:Fourth Party System 12160:Second Party System 12047:Youth International 11997:Unconditional Union 11902:Populist (People's) 11812:Independence (2007) 11807:Independence (1906) 11767:Constitution (1952) 11742:American Vegetarian 11682:National Republican 11525:Legal Marijuana Now 11475:American Solidarity 11148:William M. Meredith 10963:1848 (Philadelphia) 10821:Second Party System 10767:National Republican 10399:Pearson, Joseph W. 10367:Mueller, Henry R.; 10197:Gienap, William E. 9067:Holt (1999), p. 288 9013:Holt (1999), p. 506 8835:Howe (1984), p. 212 8826:Holt (1999), p. 115 8795:Holt (1999), p. 739 8747:, pp. 220–221. 8714:Holt (1999), p. 131 8623:Burt, John (2013). 8604:Bowen (1988), p. 34 8477:Holt (1999), p. 984 8468:Holt (1999), p. 980 8210:, pp. 244–247. 8198:, pp. 239–244. 8153:, pp. 188–189. 8129:, pp. 306–313. 8070:, pp. 157–158. 8058:, pp. 111–112. 7557:, pp. 504–505. 7545:Holt (1999), p. 61. 7466:Holt (1999), p. 30. 7457:Holt (1999), p. 26. 7448:Holt (1999), p. 24. 7439:, pp. 202–203. 7427:, pp. 209–211. 7415:, pp. 190–193. 7403:, pp. 211–213. 7364:, pp. 178–180. 7352:Holt (1999), p. 20. 7275:, pp. 139–141. 7100:Holt (1999), p. 952 7076:Holt (1999), p. 685 6989:Holt (1999), p. 739 6787:Second Party System 5794:alternative history 5616:William H. Prescott 5598:Henry Charles Carey 5251:Rutherford B. Hayes 5117:Missouri Compromise 5113:Kansas–Nebraska Act 5005:William M. Meredith 4806:annexation of Texas 4610:American Revolution 4608:at the time of the 4555:Second Party System 4545:Creation, 1833–1836 4445:William H. Crawford 4357:Rutherford B. Hayes 4326:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4138:Second Party System 3917:Paleolibertarianism 3848:Hispanic and Latino 3724:America First Legal 3570:O'Keefe Media Group 3495:Focus on the Family 3286:Other organizations 3179:The Western Journal 3165:Washington Examiner 3011:Conservative Review 2929:The Weekly Standard 2922:Washington Examiner 2814:Jewish World Review 2657:Dallas Morning News 2576:Manhattan Institute 2527:Heartland Institute 2522:Gatestone Institute 2497:Claremont Institute 2287:Illegal immigration 2205:Population collapse 2155:The Benedict Option 2045:God and Man at Yale 1072:Bush (George H. W.) 1057:Adams (John Quincy) 542:Gender essentialism 204:The American Review 12180:Sixth Party System 12175:Fifth Party System 12165:Third Party System 12155:First Party System 11927:Progressive (1948) 11922:Progressive (1924) 11917:Progressive (1912) 11852:National Socialist 11832:Liberal Republican 11802:Human Rights Party 11762:Communist Workers' 11615:Socialist Equality 11289:William B. Preston 11271:Samuel L. Southard 11252:John J. Crittenden 11234:John J. Crittenden 11203:George W. Crawford 10799:Anti-Masonic Party 10722:"Whig Party" 10702:"Whig Party" 10475:New Jersey History 10104:American Quarterly 9740:May, Gary (2008). 9129:Holt (1999), p. 44 7218:, pp. 203–204 6940:Holt (1999), p. 70 5860:Electoral results 5822:plantocratic elite 5788:In popular culture 5774:Florida Whig Party 5769:Quincy Herald-Whig 5743:Daniel Walker Howe 5717: 5706: 5685:Third Party System 5669:Robert C. Winthrop 5503: 5492: 5446: 5428:John Mack Faragher 5386: 5378:John J. Crittenden 5289:Daniel Walker Howe 5279: 5235:Reconstruction Era 5223:American Civil War 5212:Stephen A. Douglas 5196:John J. Crittenden 5106:Third Party System 5054:Compromise of 1850 5040: 5001: 4947:John J. Crittenden 4943: 4876: 4860: 4785: 4746: 4711:Daniel Walker Howe 4683: 4571: 4506:Anti-Masonic Party 4476: 4406:Alexander Hamilton 4398: 4381:First Party System 4345:American Civil War 4318:Compromise of 1850 4314:Stephen A. Douglas 4263:Anti-Masonic Party 4174:John J. Crittenden 4026:Republicans pounce 3833:Dark Enlightenment 3739:Federalist Society 3677:Liberty University 3662:John Birch Society 3622:Bradley Foundation 3550:Econ Journal Watch 3325:Tea Party Patriots 3252:Regnery Publishing 3053:FrontPage Magazine 2606:Rockford Institute 2601:R Street Institute 2551:Hoover Institution 2417:Southern Democrats 2377:Anti-Masonic Party 2360:Constitution Party 2005:I'll Take My Stand 1926:Schlafly (Phyllis) 736:Tea Party movement 694:Goldwater campaign 664:Southern Agrarians 616:Right to bear arms 569:Limited government 547:Complementarianism 235:Anti-Jacksonianism 151:Anti-Masonic Party 133:Anti-Masonic Party 12220: 12219: 12103: 12102: 12055: 12054: 11972:Social Democratic 11967:Silver Republican 11937:Radical Democracy 11932:Proletarian Party 11700: 11699: 11653: 11652: 11620:Socialist Workers 11510:Freedom Socialist 11480:Christian Liberty 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11295:William A. Graham 11209:Charles M. Conrad 10937:1839 (Harrisburg) 10669:Wilson, Major L. 10429:Remini, Robert V. 9896:978-0-7006-0362-6 9856:978-0-7006-0400-5 9793:978-0-19-974390-2 9774:978-0-7432-9743-1 9713:978-1-4332-6019-3 9542:978-0-8050-8715-4 9425:978-0-7006-0319-0 9304:on April 14, 2012 8759:, pp. 89–91. 8726:, pp. 85–87. 8525:Alexander (1961). 8117:, pp. 73–78. 7965:, pp. 22–23. 7569:, pp. 58–62. 7160:978-1-4833-8038-4 6963:"American System" 6734: 6733: 6144: 6143: 5913:Hugh Lawson White 5832:Electoral history 5807:Bring the Jubilee 5259:Benjamin Harrison 5255:Chester A. Arthur 4804:, Tyler made the 4700:Hugh Lawson White 4638:William H. Seward 4620:Southerners like 4594:James Watson Webb 4449:John Quincy Adams 4426:protective tariff 4394:John Quincy Adams 4365:Benjamin Harrison 4361:Chester A. Arthur 4188:), and the urban 4178:John Quincy Adams 4118: 4117: 3812:Reconstructionism 3697:Regent University 3657:Hillsdale College 3595:Turning Point USA 3363:Identity politics 2915:Southern Partisan 2891:The New Criterion 2710:(editorial board) 2262:Go woke, go broke 2254:Higher ed. bubble 1921:Schlafly (Andrew) 1856:Mercer (daughter) 1826:LaHaye (Tim) 704:Southern strategy 503:Constitutionalism 338: 337: 325:Political parties 295:(1841–1843, peak) 230:Anti-expansionism 162:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 12280: 12197: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12130: 12123: 12116: 12107: 12106: 12070: 12069: 11982:Socialist (1901) 11702: 11701: 11662: 11661: 11640:Working Families 11595:Socialist Action 11590:Socialist (1973) 11540:Progressive Dane 11470:American Freedom 11429: 11428: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11349: 11348: 11277:George E. 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Bowers 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7341: 7340:, pp. 20–21 7335: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7284:Arthur Goldwag, 7282: 7276: 7270: 7261: 7258: 7249: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7144: 7135: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7110: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7089: 7086: 7077: 7074: 7063: 7060: 7049: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7011: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6941: 6938: 6929: 6926: 6917: 6914: 6894: 6891:Millard Fillmore 6887: 6881: 6866: 6860: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6588:Millard Fillmore 6260:Martin Van Buren 6157: 6156: 6136: 6121:Millard Fillmore 6106: 6076: 6065:Millard Fillmore 6042: 6012: 5978: 5953: 5928: 5903: 5874:Electoral votes 5851: 5850: 5812:Harry Turtledove 5752:Donald Critchlow 5614:, and historian 5586:Richard Hildreth 5572:of the powerful 5397:balance of trade 5274:Whig journalist 5188:Opposition Party 5125:Republican Party 4997:Millard Fillmore 4887:rather than the 4872:Gadsden Purchase 4738:Martin Van Buren 4715:Great Depression 4642:Thaddeus Stevens 4640:of New York and 4627:Martin Van Buren 4596:, editor of the 4581:, beginning the 4498:Democratic Party 4414:Thomas Jefferson 4402:Federalist Party 4330:Republican Party 4283:Martin Van Buren 4267:Federalist Party 4197:manifest destiny 4154:Millard Fillmore 4130:Democratic Party 4110: 4103: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4063: 3929:Neo-Confederates 3890:Patriot movement 3863:Militia movement 3682:Moms for Liberty 3579: 3514: 3460:The American TFP 3426:Three Percenters 3311: 3263:The Rubin Report 2934: 2903: 2884:The New Atlantis 2877:The New American 2849:Public Discourse 2828:National Affairs 2751:American Thinker 2730:American Affairs 2678:The Jewish Voice 2556:Hudson Institute 2477:American Compass 2429:Federalist Party 2412:Reagan Democrats 2387:Democratic Party 2365:Republican Party 2324:Managerial state 2192:Multiculturalism 2170: 2160: 2150: 2140: 2130: 2120: 2110: 2100: 2090: 2080: 2070: 2060: 2050: 2040: 2030: 2020: 2010: 2000: 1990: 1077:Bush (George W.) 919:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 586:Moral absolutism 498:Communitarianism 367: 357: 340: 339: 309: 293: 276: 269: 193:Washington, D.C. 179:Opposition Party 166:Republican Party 143:Federalist Party 139:Preceded by 120: 118: 113: 102: 100: 95: 43: 42: 21: 12288: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12216: 12206:Cyclical theory 12198: 12189: 12146: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12104: 12099: 12096: 12092:Politics portal 12051: 11977:Socialist Labor 11957:Red Guard Party 11907:Personal Choice 11842:National (1917) 11737:American (1969) 11732:American (1924) 11717:Americans Elect 11696: 11658:Defunct parties 11649: 11448: 11418: 11391: 11382: 11376: 11346: 11337: 11306: 11301:John P. Kennedy 11257: 11246:Reverdy Johnson 11214: 11197:James M. Porter 11191:John C. Spencer 11179:Peter B. Porter 11159: 11136:John C. Spencer 11104: 11087:John M. Clayton 11046: 11008: 11001: 10862: 10855: 10782:American System 10773: 10764: 10699: 10681: 10676: 10623: 10577:Trainor, Sean. 10565: 10549:Silbey, Joel H. 10541: 10525:Silbey, Joel H. 10467: 10443: 10377:Nevins, Allan. 10361: 10353:. W.W. Norton. 10334:10.2307/1859236 10305:10.2307/3123876 10269:10.2307/2078260 10251:primary sources 10247: 10224: 10204:Hammond, Bray. 10190:Gerring, John. 10184: 10145:10.2307/1959497 10116:10.2307/2711603 10095: 10011: 9967:10.2307/2205211 9948: 9946:Further reading 9943: 9937: 9916: 9897: 9876: 9857: 9834: 9794: 9775: 9754: 9746:. Times Books. 9733: 9714: 9691: 9668: 9647: 9566: 9543: 9520: 9501: 9478: 9445: 9426: 9403: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9367: 9366: 9362: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9307: 9305: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9240: 9236: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9075: 9071: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8909: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8821: 8816: 8812: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8686: 8682: 8673: 8669: 8658: 8654: 8645: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8591:John Ashworth, 8590: 8586: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8546: 8542: 8533: 8529: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8206: 8202: 8194: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7496: 7492: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7392: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7338:Hargreaves 1985 7336: 7332: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7189: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7145: 7138: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7066: 7061: 7052: 7038: 7036: 7026: 7022: 7009: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6971: 6969: 6967:U-S-History.com 6961: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6868:Whig President 6867: 6863: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6765:Politics portal 6763: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6729:Franklin Pierce 6637:Franklin Pierce 6155: 6149: 6137: 6134: 6107: 6104: 6077: 6074: 6043: 6040: 6013: 6010: 5979: 5976: 5954: 5951: 5943:Francis Granger 5929: 5926: 5904: 5901: 5893:Francis Granger 5849: 5839: 5834: 5826:First Great War 5790: 5782:True Whig Party 5764: 5726:Allen C. Guelzo 5722: 5691: 5681: 5673:Abbott Lawrence 5631:of Georgia and 5629:John M. Berrien 5624: 5612:John P. Kennedy 5602:John G. Palfrey 5563:Abraham Lincoln 5555:John M. Berrien 5481: 5437: 5435:Base of support 5390:American System 5371: 5365: 5294:John H. Aldrich 5284: 5268: 5231:Jefferson Davis 5208:Abraham Lincoln 5163:John C. Frémont 5108: 5094: 5082:Franklin Pierce 4990: 4980: 4959:Free Soil Party 4893:Thornton Affair 4845: 4839: 4773: 4767: 4672: 4666: 4664:Rise, 1836–1841 4557: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4518:Nicholas Biddle 4485:John C. Calhoun 4430:Old Republicans 4387: 4377: 4353:Abraham Lincoln 4279:electoral votes 4225:American System 4126:political party 4114: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4050: 4000:Colloquialisms 3984:Modern timeline 3954: 3946: 3945: 3883:Fathers' rights 3807:Christian right 3792: 3784: 3783: 3769:The Right Stuff 3577: 3575:Project Veritas 3544:Watchdog groups 3512: 3505:Liberty Counsel 3475:Christian Voice 3369:ACT for America 3309: 3302:Club for Growth 3287: 3279: 3278: 3204:Encounter Books 2932: 2901: 2863:Taki's Magazine 2842:National Review 2664:The Epoch Times 2650:Chicago Tribune 2639: 2631: 2630: 2581:Mises Institute 2462:Acton Institute 2457: 2449: 2448: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2308:Legal theories 2274:Woke capitalism 2232:DEI controversy 2227:CRT controversy 2182: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2148: 2145:Hillbilly Elegy 2138: 2128: 2118: 2108: 2098: 2088: 2078: 2068: 2058: 2048: 2038: 2028: 2018: 2008: 1998: 1988: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1851:Mercer (father) 1711: 1703: 1702: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1047: 1039: 1038: 749: 741: 740: 714:Reagan Doctrine 644: 636: 635: 606:Property rights 596:Ordered liberty 508:Culture of life 463: 455: 454: 375: 355: 353: 334: 310: 307: 294: 291: 274: 273: 267: 259: 250:Parliamentarism 225:American System 181: 177: 173: 155:Nullifier Party 153: 149: 145: 131: 116: 114: 111: 98: 96: 93: 71: 67: 63: 50: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12286: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12218: 12217: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12151: 12148: 12147: 12133: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12110: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12074: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12032:Young Patriots 12029: 12024: 12022:White Panthers 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11897:People's Party 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11837:Liberty (1840) 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11792:Gold Democrats 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11708: 11706: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11692:National Union 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11668: 11666: 11659: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11426: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11409: 11401: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11375: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11352: 11343: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11298: 11292: 11286: 11283:Abel P. Upshur 11280: 11274: 11267: 11265: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11224: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11169: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11142:George M. Bibb 11139: 11133: 11130:Walter Forward 11127: 11121: 11114: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11099:Edward Everett 11096: 11093:Daniel Webster 11090: 11084: 11081:Abel P. Upshur 11078: 11075:Daniel Webster 11072: 11065: 11063: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11013: 11011: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10999: 10986: 10973: 10960: 10947: 10934: 10925: 10916: 10907: 10894: 10881: 10867: 10865: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10787:American Party 10784: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10713: 10697: 10691: 10680: 10679:External links 10677: 10675: 10674: 10667: 10657: 10647: 10637: 10627: 10621: 10604: 10592: 10582: 10575: 10569: 10564:978-1118609293 10563: 10545: 10539: 10521: 10514: 10505: 10494: 10487: 10478: 10471: 10465: 10456:Daniel Webster 10450: 10441: 10425: 10418: 10407: 10397: 10386: 10375: 10365: 10359: 10346: 10317: 10288: 10281: 10263:(4): 1216–39. 10252: 10246:978-0471416708 10245: 10228: 10222: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10182: 10165: 10128: 10110:(4): 683–709. 10099: 10093: 10078: 10067: 10057: 10050: 10040: 10031: 10022: 10015: 10010:978-0385542548 10009: 9996: 9986: 9985:Vol. 57, 1994] 9983:The Historian, 9979: 9961:(3): 305–329. 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9936:978-0700602384 9935: 9920: 9914: 9901: 9895: 9880: 9874: 9861: 9855: 9838: 9833:978-0199754243 9832: 9815: 9798: 9792: 9779: 9773: 9758: 9753:978-0805082388 9752: 9737: 9732:978-0190498047 9731: 9718: 9712: 9695: 9689: 9672: 9666: 9651: 9646:978-0700602728 9645: 9628: 9607: 9581:(2): 231–253. 9570: 9564: 9547: 9541: 9524: 9519:978-1443802765 9518: 9505: 9500:978-1596916197 9499: 9482: 9476: 9459: 9449: 9444:978-1439124604 9443: 9430: 9424: 9407: 9402:978-0226495378 9401: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9360: 9342: 9336:978-1136635922 9335: 9315: 9289: 9268: 9255:978-0674026209 9254: 9234: 9232:(2007) p. 103. 9221: 9212: 9203: 9197:978-0742547643 9196: 9176: 9170:978-0815331070 9169: 9149: 9140: 9131: 9122: 9113: 9104: 9087: 9078: 9069: 9060: 9051: 9042: 9033: 9024: 9015: 9006: 8997: 8991:978-0393239379 8990: 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7484:Sean Wilentz, 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7390: 7366: 7354: 7342: 7330: 7326:Andrew Jackson 7317: 7308: 7299: 7290: 7288:(2012) p. 172. 7277: 7262: 7250: 7241: 7229: 7220: 7208: 7199: 7187: 7166: 7159: 7136: 7130:Sean Trainor, 7123: 7111: 7102: 7090: 7078: 7064: 7050: 7020: 6991: 6982: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6882: 6861: 6851:ticket in the 6849:American Party 6840: 6827: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6768: 6754: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539:Zachary Taylor 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6481: 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5923: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5789: 5786: 5763: 5760: 5721: 5718: 5680: 5677: 5665:Edward Everett 5653:Charles Sumner 5623: 5620: 5590:Thomas Malthus 5570:Horace Greeley 5499:Edward Everett 5488:Charles Sumner 5480: 5477: 5451:market economy 5436: 5433: 5364: 5361: 5283: 5280: 5276:Horace Greeley 5267: 5264: 5243:Reconstruction 5179:James Buchanan 5093: 5090: 5033:Winfield Scott 4979: 4976: 4936:Winfield Scott 4932:Zachary Taylor 4913:Wilmot Proviso 4900:Zachary Taylor 4854:served in the 4852:Zachary Taylor 4838: 4835: 4823:Oregon Country 4766: 4763: 4665: 4662: 4618:states' rights 4587:Tariff of 1833 4579:Tariff of 1832 4564:Daniel Webster 4546: 4543: 4538:Main article: 4535: 4532: 4510:William Morgan 4481:Daniel Webster 4461:electoral vote 4453:Andrew Jackson 4451:, and General 4376: 4373: 4339:and later the 4337:American Party 4255:Andrew Jackson 4184:(particularly 4170:William Seward 4162:Daniel Webster 4150:Zachary Taylor 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4070: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3729:ConservAmerica 3726: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3647:Freedom Caucus 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3560:Judicial Watch 3557: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510:Moral Majority 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3490:The Fellowship 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3067:Gateway Pundit 3063: 3056: 3049: 3046:The Federalist 3042: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2990:Breitbart News 2986: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2621:Tax Foundation 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2384: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2345:American Party 2338: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2161: 2151: 2141: 2131: 2121: 2115:The Bell Curve 2111: 2101: 2091: 2081: 2071: 2061: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2021: 2011: 2001: 1991: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262:Taft (William) 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 722: 721: 716: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 582: 581: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 539: 538: 537: 535:States' rights 527: 522: 517: 516: 515: 505: 500: 495: 490: 488:Civil religion 485: 480: 478:Anti-communism 475: 470: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 450:Traditionalist 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 360: 359: 349: 348: 336: 335: 333: 332: 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 306: 304: 297: 296: 290: 288: 281: 280: 265: 261: 260: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 216: 214: 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 175:American Party 163: 159: 158: 140: 136: 135: 126: 125:Merger of 122: 121: 108: 104: 103: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 73:Zachary Taylor 65:Daniel Webster 58: 52: 51: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12285: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12196: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12145: 12131: 12126: 12124: 12119: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12027:White Patriot 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11892:Patriot Party 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11747:Black Panther 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11727:American Nazi 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11705:Third parties 11703: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665:Major parties 11663: 11660: 11656: 11646: 11645:Workers World 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11635:Working Class 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11625:Transhumanist 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11515:Forward Party 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11500:Freedom Party 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11424:Third parties 11421: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11397:Major parties 11394: 11390: 11385: 11381: 11373: 11368: 11366: 11361: 11359: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11299: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11250: 11247: 11244: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11186: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11173:James Barbour 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11155: 11154:Thomas Corwin 11152: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11027: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10958:Frelinghuysen 10955: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10761: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10747: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10730: 10729: 10723: 10718: 10717:Gilman, D. C. 10714: 10710: 10709: 10703: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10672: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10622:0-7910-5731-3 10618: 10614: 10610: 10605: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10540:0-8047-1878-4 10536: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10502: 10501: 10495: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10466:0-393-04552-8 10462: 10458: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10444: 10442:0-393-31088-4 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10360:0-393-00680-8 10356: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10328:(2): 445–68. 10327: 10323: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10299:(4): 509–37. 10298: 10294: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10237: 10236: 10229: 10225: 10223:0-8071-2609-8 10219: 10216:. LSU Press. 10215: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10183:0-19-503124-5 10179: 10174: 10173: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10139:(2): 473–87. 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10100: 10096: 10094:0-19-501352-2 10090: 10086: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9951: 9950: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9915:0-393-05820-4 9911: 9907: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9875:0-7425-0888-9 9871: 9867: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9785: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9745: 9744: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9696: 9692: 9690:0-226-35478-4 9686: 9681: 9680: 9673: 9669: 9667:0-19-505544-6 9663: 9659: 9658: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9637: 9636: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9575:The Historian 9571: 9567: 9565:0-7006-0494-4 9561: 9556: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9511: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9483: 9479: 9477:0-7006-0600-9 9473: 9468: 9467: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9319: 9308:September 22, 9303: 9299: 9293: 9282:September 22, 9278: 9272: 9257: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9216: 9207: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9153: 9144: 9135: 9126: 9117: 9108: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9037: 9028: 9019: 9010: 9001: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8943: 8934: 8925: 8916: 8907: 8898: 8889: 8880: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8844: 8842: 8832: 8823: 8814: 8807: 8801: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8758: 8753: 8746: 8741: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8684: 8677: 8671: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8643: 8634: 8626: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8594: 8588: 8580: 8573: 8571: 8561: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8531: 8522: 8520: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8492: 8483: 8474: 8465: 8456: 8447: 8438: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8393: 8384: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8285: 8276: 8274: 8264: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8228: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8190: 8180: 8173: 8168: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8102: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8043: 8034: 8025: 8016: 8007: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7932: 7923: 7914: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7761: 7752: 7745: 7740: 7731: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7668: 7666: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7515: 7513: 7503: 7494: 7488:(2017) p 141. 7487: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7349: 7347: 7339: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7287: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7245: 7236: 7234: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7118: 7116: 7106: 7097: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7047: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6986: 6979: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6906: 6892: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6831: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6769: 6766: 6760: 6755: 6752: 6741: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446:James K. Polk 6441: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6154: 6139: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871:Popular vote 5870: 5868:Running mate 5867: 5864: 5863: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5759: 5757: 5754:in his book, 5753: 5747: 5744: 5741:by historian 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5702:Ned Bittinger 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5594:David Ricardo 5591: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5551:Robert Toombs 5548: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536:Thomas Corwin 5532: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5479:Party leaders 5476: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5457:favor Whigs. 5454: 5452: 5441: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5363:Whig policies 5360: 5358: 5357:Massachusetts 5354: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334:James Madison 5331: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5277: 5272: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245:. During the 5244: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5045:Thomas Corwin 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4834: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:James K. Polk 4816: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707:Panic of 1837 4703: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4541: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:James K. Polk 4299: 4294: 4292: 4291:national bank 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134:major parties 4131: 4127: 4123: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4071: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012:Cuckservative 4009: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3902:Radical right 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 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3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3209:Evie Magazine 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3186:WorldNetDaily 3183: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3039:Drudge Report 3036: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3004:Campus Reform 3001: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2908:Spectator USA 2905: 2900: 2899: 2898:Policy Review 2895: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2699:The Spotlight 2696: 2694: 2693: 2692:New York Post 2689: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2596:Ripon Society 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297:Border crisis 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282:Homeschooling 2280: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2242: 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For the 5018:New Mexico 4971:Lewis Cass 4889:Rio Grande 4781:John Tyler 4779:President 4650:John Tyler 4602:George III 4472:Henry Clay 4441:Henry Clay 4418:Henry Clay 4408:, and the 4375:Background 4229:protective 4207:, and the 4158:Henry Clay 4146:John Tyler 4122:Whig Party 4043:Republican 4041:South Park 3868:Monarchism 3416:NumbersUSA 3336:Gun rights 3032:Daily Wire 2960:Newsmax TV 2821:Modern Age 2786:Chronicles 2772:Commentary 2643:Newspapers 2444:Whig Party 2407:Dixiecrats 2317:Textualism 1978:Literature 1956:Washington 1726:Andreessen 1608:Mac Donald 1493:Derbyshire 1405:Sutherland 1202:Paul (Ron) 1019:Washington 709:Reagan era 601:Patriotism 574:Militarism 530:Federalism 462:Principles 445:Straussian 157:(minority) 83:Henry Clay 61:Henry Clay 48:Whig Party 11882:Nullifier 11877:New Union 11872:New Party 11797:Greenback 11787:Free Soil 11545:Marijuana 11490:Communist 11378:National 11185:John Bell 11017:J. Taylor 10967:Z. Taylor 10557:. Wiley. 10239:. Wiley. 10161:146879756 9603:144630622 8172:Finkelman 8139:Bordewich 8127:Bordewich 8115:Finkelman 7555:Howe 2007 7437:Cole 1993 7425:Cole 1993 7413:Cole 1993 7401:Cole 1993 7362:Cole 1993 7273:Cole 1993 7216:Howe 2007 6643:Congress 6187:Democrats 6160:Congress 6075:163 / 290 6041:105 / 275 6011:234 / 294 5854:Election 5762:Namesakes 5645:secession 5557:. Future 5472:Northwest 5459:Catholics 5401:squatters 5318:demagogue 4736:defeated 4412:, led by 4404:, led by 4273:. In the 4205:Southwest 3895:Christian 3791:Movements 3578:(defunct) 3513:(defunct) 3310:(defunct) 3291:Economics 3246:Red Scare 3214:The First 3109:LifeZette 2933:(defunct) 2902:(defunct) 2292:and crime 1831:Lindbergh 1806:Krikorian 1710:Activists 1668:Robertson 1648:Podhoretz 1618:Nekrasova 1573:Khachiyan 1498:DiLorenzo 1453:Breitbart 1385:Rehnquist 1360:Kavanaugh 1355:Harlan II 1340:Goldsmith 1287:Wolfowitz 1217:Roosevelt 1182:McConnell 1127:Goldwater 994:Schaeffer 989:Santayana 949:Mansfield 934:Lovecraft 859:Gottfried 839:Eberstadt 726:Redeemers 699:New Right 669:Old Right 649:Loyalists 631:Tradition 330:Elections 308:142 / 242 199:Newspaper 107:Dissolved 11912:Populist 11757:Citizens 11555:People's 11485:Citizens 11465:Alliance 11312:Interior 11110:Treasury 11035:Winthrop 11009:Speakers 10997:Donelson 10993:Fillmore 10971:Fillmore 10941:Harrison 10901:Harrison 10892:Sergeant 10551:(2014). 10527:(1991). 10431:(1991). 10046:(2016). 9624:20149018 9595:24453660 7714:Peterson 7039:July 29, 7010:March 3, 6972:March 3, 6737:See also 6105:42 / 296 5977:11 / 294 5952:14 / 294 5927:26 / 294 5902:73 / 294 5877:Ranking 5622:Factions 5092:Collapse 4334:nativist 4242:and the 4203:and the 3959:Agenda47 3941:Trumpism 3934:in Texas 3432:Religion 3400:Nativist 3220:Imprimis 3151:Townhall 3137:RedState 3123:PJ Media 3095:InfoWars 2976:Websites 2955:Fox News 2723:Journals 2200:Nativism 2187:Abortion 2181:Concerns 1946:Viguerie 1936:Starbuck 1801:Horowitz 1698:Wintrich 1678:Sullivan 1638:O'Reilly 1603:Limbaugh 1563:Ingraham 1523:Goldberg 1478:Chodorov 1468:Caldwell 1458:Buchanan 1420:Vermeule 1400:Sessions 1375:O'Connor 1267:Thurmond 1247:Santorum 1237:Rumsfeld 1212:Randolph 1177:McCarthy 1132:Hamilton 1122:Gingrich 1112:DeSantis 1097:Coolidge 1067:Buchanan 1014:Voegelin 854:Genovese 824:Conquest 819:Chambers 799:Boorstin 769:Bacevich 513:Pro-life 430:Populist 410:Movement 405:Moderate 345:a series 212:Ideology 170:de facto 12037:Workers 11817:Justice 11530:Liberal 11453:Smaller 10923:Granger 10919:Webster 10905:Granger 10863:tickets 10653:(1947) 10643:(1979) 10633:(1959) 10611:(ed.). 10405:excerpt 10381:(1947) 10371:(1922) 10342:1859236 10313:3123876 10277:2078260 10194:(1998). 10153:1959497 10124:2711603 10063:(1925) 9975:2205211 9811:1470349 6675:Others 6660:Others 6209:Others 6194:Others 6168:Senate 6135:8 / 296 5857:Ticket 5778:Liberia 5604:of the 5014:cession 4938:in the 4740:in the 4654:censure 4575:nullify 4534:History 4435:In the 4248:slavery 4213:Jackson 3953:Related 3825:Paideia 3240:PragerU 3158:Twitchy 3074:Hot Air 2779:Compact 2371:Defunct 2336:Parties 1961:Weyrich 1901:Roberts 1896:Regnery 1871:O'Keefe 1866:Murdoch 1841:McEntee 1816:Kristol 1786:Gabriel 1781:Feulner 1776:Falwell 1761:Dilling 1731:Atwater 1688:Whittle 1673:Shapiro 1658:Portnoy 1613:Neuhaus 1583:Knowles 1553:Herberg 1543:Hannity 1533:Griffin 1518:Fleming 1503:Douthat 1488:D'Souza 1483:Coulter 1473:Carlson 1463:Buckley 1448:Bongino 1390:Roberts 1365:Kennedy 1350:Graglia 1345:Gorsuch 1310:Barrett 1299:Jurists 1282:Wallace 1252:Sherman 1157:Lincoln 1137:Harding 1117:Dirksen 1082:Calhoun 1009:Viereck 1004:Strauss 954:Mencken 914:Kristol 894:Kimball 889:Kendall 879:Hurston 849:Francis 834:Eastman 814:Calhoun 809:Burnham 804:Buckley 764:Babbitt 643:History 395:Liberal 374:Schools 292:29 / 52 115: ( 97: ( 89:Founded 79:Founder 11962:Silver 11570:Reform 11550:Pirate 11432:Larger 11328:(1850) 11279:(1841) 11236:(1841) 11187:(1841) 11126:(1841) 11023:Hunter 10984:Graham 10928:Mangum 10665:online 10655:online 10645:online 10635:online 10619: 10602:online 10590:online 10573:online 10561: 10537: 10520:(1970) 10463: 10448:online 10439: 10424:(1936) 10394:e-book 10373:online 10357: 10340: 10311: 10275: 10243: 10220: 10180: 10159: 10151: 10122: 10091: 10065:online 10048:online 10007: 9994:online 9973: 9933: 9912: 9893: 9872: 9853: 9830: 9809: 9790: 9771: 9750: 9729: 9710: 9687: 9664: 9643: 9622: 9601: 9593: 9562: 9539: 9516: 9497: 9474: 9457:online 9441: 9422: 9399: 9333: 9261:May 9, 9252: 9194: 9167: 9100:online 8988: 8963: 8698: 8506: 7157: 6666:Total 6649:Total 6646:Years 6206:Whigs 6200:Total 6191:Whigs 6183:Total 6163:Years 6130:21.5% 6100:43.9% 6070:47.3% 6036:48.1% 6006:52.9% 5897:36.6% 5780:, the 5704:, 2004 5679:Legacy 5578:. The 5444:Party. 5257:, and 5161:chose 5104:, and 4881:Mexico 4648:, and 4604:, the 4577:" the 4363:, and 4261:, the 4232:tariff 4176:, and 3996:NatCon 3873:Mormon 3838:Female 3779:Ziklag 3759:Parler 2856:Tablet 2340:Active 2169:(2018) 2159:(2017) 2149:(2017) 2139:(2001) 2129:(1995) 2119:(1994) 2109:(1987) 2099:(1987) 2089:(1984) 2079:(1964) 2069:(1960) 2059:(1953) 2049:(1951) 2039:(1948) 2029:(1941) 2019:(1935) 2009:(1930) 1999:(1924) 1951:Thomas 1916:Rusher 1886:Prager 1861:Miller 1796:Graham 1791:Gaines 1771:Drudge 1766:Dobson 1741:Bozell 1736:Bannon 1663:Prager 1593:Lahren 1558:Hoover 1508:Dreher 1438:Ahmari 1415:Thomas 1395:Scalia 1380:Parker 1370:Luttig 1335:George 1330:Colson 1320:Burger 1227:Romney 1222:Reagan 1172:McCain 1152:Hoover 1142:Hawley 1102:Cotton 1087:Cheney 1062:Bolton 1024:Weaver 999:Sowell 979:Ransom 974:Nisbet 969:Murray 964:Molnar 944:Lukacs 909:Kreeft 869:Hazony 864:Hanson 829:Deneen 789:Berger 784:Bellow 440:Social 420:Paleo- 390:Fusion 385:Fiscal 286:Senate 275: 268: 264:Colors 56:Leader 11630:Unity 11439:Green 11061:State 11041:Banks 11029:White 10980:Scott 10945:Tyler 10932:Tyler 10914:Tyler 10910:White 10875:Adams 10338:JSTOR 10309:JSTOR 10273:JSTOR 10157:S2CID 10149:JSTOR 10120:JSTOR 9971:JSTOR 9620:JSTOR 9618:(2). 9599:S2CID 9591:JSTOR 7382:p.357 6813:Notes 5947:2.7% 5922:9.7% 5031:Gen. 4879:with 4201:Texas 3843:Green 3802:Black 3749:Gettr 3718:Other 3193:Other 2870:Telos 2638:Media 1941:Thiel 1931:Stone 1876:Owens 1751:Coors 1683:Walsh 1643:Owens 1633:Novak 1628:North 1598:Levin 1568:Jones 1528:Grant 1513:Elder 1305:Alito 1277:Vance 1272:Trump 1232:Rubio 1207:Pence 1192:Palin 1187:Nixon 1162:Lodge 1147:Helms 1034:Wolfe 984:Rieff 959:Meyer 939:Loury 924:Lasch 884:Jaffa 874:Hoppe 844:Eliot 794:Bloom 759:Anton 754:Adams 12081:List 11687:Whig 11263:Navy 10954:Clay 10888:Clay 10879:Rush 10769:and 10617:ISBN 10559:ISBN 10535:ISBN 10461:ISBN 10437:ISBN 10415:Book 10355:ISBN 10241:ISBN 10218:ISBN 10178:ISBN 10089:ISBN 10005:ISBN 9931:ISBN 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1578:Kirk 1548:Hart 1443:Beck 1410:Taft 1325:Carl 1315:Bork 1242:Ryan 1167:Luce 1107:Cruz 1092:Clay 1029:Weyl 929:Lind 899:Kirk 779:Bell 415:Neo- 278:Blue 271:Buff 117:1856 110:1856 99:1833 92:1833 11165:War 10330:doi 10301:doi 10265:doi 10141:doi 10112:doi 9963:doi 9583:doi 7681:May 6722:51 6718:100 6714:83 6702:21 6694:62 6627:71 6623:157 6610:22 6602:62 6581:21 6578:85 6574:127 6561:23 6553:62 6532:11 6525:113 6512:25 6504:62 6484:116 6468:21 6460:60 6436:79 6432:142 6419:22 6411:58 6392:72 6388:147 6370:23 6367:52 6342:142 6338:98 6321:22 6318:52 6295:125 6282:22 6274:52 6253:14 6246:128 6233:17 6225:52 5972:0% 5814:'s 5804:'s 5700:by 4934:or 3744:Gab 2970:VOZ 2945:CBN 2268:ESG 1836:Leo 1623:Ngo 12229:: 12212:· 12208:· 10991:: 10978:: 10965:: 10952:: 10939:: 10899:: 10886:: 10873:: 10725:. 10705:. 10336:. 10326:72 10324:. 10307:. 10297:12 10295:. 10271:. 10261:77 10259:. 10155:. 10147:. 10137:68 10135:. 10118:. 10108:21 10106:. 9969:. 9959:27 9957:. 9616:22 9614:. 9597:. 9589:. 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