921:
56:
1057:
896:
908:
1030:'s New Zealand Loyal party only managed to register two candidates on their party list, meaning that if they had exceeded the five percent threshold required to enter parliament (without winning an electorate), it would have resulted in four empty seats in the resulting parliament. Much like the 99 MP party before them, they failed to be elected, receiving just 1.2% of the vote, far short of the required minimum.
1167:(NZ Electoral Commission statement) If NZ Loyal won over five per cent of the party vote, or an electorate seat, they would be allocated seats in Parliament on the basis of their share of the party vote. But if there are insufficient list candidates then the remaining seats aren't filled and remain vacant.
986:
systems, parties receive a number of seats in proportion to the number of votes they received. If a party does not have enough people to fill its vacancies, there is an underhang. For example, if a party wins enough votes for ten seats, but only has seven people nominated on its list, then there is
990:
A way of dealing with underhangs is to allow the party to nominate additional people to become MPs. However, parties with underhangs usually are not entitled to retroactively add to their list, and lose the potential seats represented by the underhang. Parties aim to avoid the problem by having a
974:
is a seat that becomes vacant because the party that was entitled to it by virtue of its share of the total votes cast was unable to fill it through having submitted too few candidates.
879:
1116:
1210:
563:
582:
1146:
1041:
in 2014. As she was elected as a regional list MSP as an independent (effectively the sole candidate of "the Margo party") her seat was left vacant until the
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1003:(whose stated manifesto was to reduce the size of parliament) had received five percent of the vote in the
499:
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925:
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47:
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73:
35:
1015:, they would have filled only two seats. The House would thus have shrunk by four
1841:
1757:
1598:
1576:
1388:
1309:
1299:
1277:
1062:
1038:
1019:. Since the party received only 0.03% of the vote, this eventuality was avoided.
900:
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588:
553:
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31:
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1235:
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1490:
1007:, they would have been entitled to six seats within the 120-seat
402:
991:
substantially larger list than they would hope to win as seats.
1778:
907:
1147:"Major error impacts minor party's candidates list – Times"
1117:"Liz Gunn's party fails to register nearly all candidates"
1052:
1211:"Scottish politician Margo MacDonald dies aged 70"
1859:
1011:. But because they had just two people on their
1251:
1037:an underhang seat was caused by the death of
943:
1708:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
1258:
1244:
1022:The issue of an underhang returned at the
950:
936:
1180:"2023 General Election – Official Result"
1144:
1114:
1703:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
1481:Sequential proportional approval voting
1208:
1115:Mitchell, Charlie (19 September 2023),
14:
1868:Party-list proportional representation
1860:
1145:Harrowell, Chris (28 September 2023),
984:party-list proportional representation
1265:
1239:
1190:from the original on 4 November 2023
1513:Indirect single transferable voting
24:
54:
25:
1879:
1209:Carrell, Severin (4 April 2014),
1024:2023 New Zealand general election
1005:2005 New Zealand general election
1055:
919:
906:
894:
842:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
488:Semi-proportional representation
120:First preference plurality (FPP)
1624:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1202:
1172:
1138:
1108:
1083:
977:
880:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
837:Moulin's impossibility theorem
802:Conflicting majorities paradox
13:
1:
1076:
987:an underhang of three seats.
706:Frustrated majorities paradox
1825:Comparison of voting systems
1667:Satisfaction approval voting
1652:Single non-transferable vote
1471:Proportional approval voting
1026:. Due to a missed deadline,
875:Condorcet dominance theorems
815:Social and collective choice
7:
1431:Graduated majority judgment
1048:
994:
964:proportional representation
541:By mechanism of combination
312:Proportional representation
10:
1884:
1683:Condorcet winner criterion
1374:First-past-the-post voting
739:Multiple districts paradox
470:Fractional approval voting
458:Interactive representation
1838:
1830:Voting systems by country
1817:
1771:
1733:Mutual majority criterion
1688:Condorcet loser criterion
1675:
1642:
1634:Vote linkage mixed system
1589:
1554:
1546:Largest remainders method
1521:
1448:
1439:
1290:
1273:
686:Paradoxes and pathologies
535:Mixed-member proportional
530:Mixed-member majoritarian
525:By results of combination
416:Approval-based committees
1723:Majority loser criterion
1609:Additional member system
1567:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
1486:Single transferable vote
1411:Positional voting system
1347:Minimax Condorcet method
1305:Combined approval voting
1009:House of Representatives
865:Condorcet's jury theorem
666:Double simultaneous vote
641:Rural–urban proportional
636:Dual-member proportional
598:
587:
554:Parallel (superposition)
446:Fractional social choice
433:Expanding approvals rule
262:
247:
232:
163:
152:
128:
1748:Resolvability criterion
1738:Participation criterion
1713:Later-no-harm criterion
1529:Highest averages method
792:Tyranny of the majority
569:Fusion (majority bonus)
386:Quota-remainder methods
1789:First-preference votes
1728:Monotonicity criterion
1698:Independence of clones
1401:Simple majoritarianism
926:Mathematics portal
832:Majority impossibility
821:Impossibility theorems
617:Negative vote transfer
438:Method of equal shares
59:
1693:Consistency criterion
1614:Alternative vote plus
1379:Instant-runoff voting
729:Best-is-worst paradox
718:Pathological response
453:Direct representation
106:Single-winner methods
58:
1763:Seats-to-votes ratio
1534:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
1184:Electoral Commission
913:Economics portal
860:Median voter theorem
79:Comparative politics
1743:Plurality criterion
1342:Kemeny–Young method
1186:. 3 November 2023.
1035:Scottish Parliament
901:Politics portal
612:Vote linkage system
583:Seat linkage system
170:Ranked-choice (RCV)
1784:Election threshold
1718:Majority criterion
1394:Supplementary vote
1091:"99 MP party list"
797:Discursive dilemma
756:Lesser evil voting
631:Supermixed systems
334:Largest remainders
192:Round-robin voting
60:
1855:
1854:
1753:Reversal symmetry
1662:Cumulative voting
1644:Semi-proportional
1619:Mixed single vote
1585:
1584:
1461:Mixed single vote
1369:Exhaustive ballot
1332:Copeland's method
1327:Condorcet methods
1267:Electoral systems
1157:on 6 October 2023
1127:on 9 October 2023
999:If New Zealand's
968:electoral systems
960:
959:
847:Gibbard's theorem
787:Dominance paradox
724:Perverse response
428:Phragmen's method
294:Majority judgment
222:Positional voting
180:Condorcet methods
48:electoral systems
16:(Redirected from
1875:
1794:Liquid democracy
1446:
1445:
1426:Two-round system
1337:Dodgson's method
1260:
1253:
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1230:
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1228:
1226:
1217:, archived from
1206:
1200:
1199:
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1176:
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1169:
1164:
1162:
1153:, archived from
1142:
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1123:, archived from
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1106:
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1097:, 24 August 2005
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854:Positive results
749:Strategic voting
646:Majority jackpot
603:
592:
463:Liquid democracy
339:National remnant
329:Highest averages
266:
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159:Alternative vote
157:
141:Partisan primary
133:
74:Mechanism design
27:
26:
21:
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1758:Smith criterion
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1599:Parallel voting
1581:
1577:Imperiali quota
1550:
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1435:
1389:Contingent vote
1352:Nanson's method
1310:Unified primary
1300:Approval voting
1286:
1269:
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1224:
1222:
1221:on 4 April 2023
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1063:Politics portal
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1039:Margo MacDonald
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827:Arrow's theorem
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734:No-show paradox
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701:Cloning paradox
691:Spoiler effects
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522:
512:
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475:Maximal lottery
442:
423:Thiele's method
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314:
304:
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289:Approval voting
277:Cardinal voting
273:
218:
212:Maximal lottery
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1657:Limited voting
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1384:Coombs' method
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1362:Schulze method
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1322:Bucklin voting
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1151:The Times (NZ)
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972:underhang seat
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696:Spoiler effect
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507:Limited voting
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376:Localized list
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135:Jungle primary
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111:Single vote -
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1292:Single-winner
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1121:Waikato Times
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1071:Overhang seat
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1043:next election
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870:May's theorem
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780:majority rule
778:Paradoxes of
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520:Mixed systems
516:
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508:
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480:Random ballot
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324:Apportionment
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259:Antiplurality
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187:Condorcet-IRV
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69:Social choice
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44:Social choice
42:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:
19:
1846:
1840:
1456:Mixed-member
1441:Proportional
1416:Score voting
1357:Ranked pairs
1276:Part of the
1275:
1223:, retrieved
1219:the original
1215:The Guardian
1214:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1174:
1166:
1159:, retrieved
1155:the original
1150:
1140:
1129:, retrieved
1125:the original
1120:
1110:
1099:, retrieved
1094:
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981:
971:
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819:
777:
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761:Exaggeration
747:
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690:
654:
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622:Mixed ballot
577:Compensatory
575:
548:compensatory
545:
540:
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486:
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444:
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414:
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384:
383:
371:List-free PR
316:
284:Score voting
275:
274:
220:
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207:Ranked pairs
178:
177:
110:
1799:Spoilt vote
1562:Droop quota
1501:Schulze STV
1476:Rural–urban
1421:STAR voting
1317:Borda count
1194:14 November
1001:99 MP Party
978:Explanation
661:Single vote
564:Conditional
559:Coexistence
408:Quota Borda
398:Schulze STV
356:Closed list
299:STAR voting
244:Borda count
1818:Comparison
1572:Hare quota
1522:Allocation
1508:Spare vote
1496:Hare-Clark
1466:Party-list
1225:3 February
1161:3 February
1131:3 February
1101:3 February
1077:References
766:Truncation
495:Cumulative
318:Party-list
93:By country
84:Comparison
1809:Unseating
1804:Sortition
1406:Plurality
1282:Economics
1095:NZ Herald
673:Dual-vote
366:Panachage
361:Open list
351:List type
229:Plurality
125:Two-round
113:plurality
36:Economics
18:Underhang
1862:Category
1676:Criteria
1629:Scorporo
1278:politics
1188:Archived
1049:See also
1028:Liz Gunn
995:Examples
393:Hare STV
32:Politics
30:A joint
1848:Project
1539:D'Hondt
1491:CPO-STV
1449:Systems
1033:In the
403:CPO-STV
253:Baldwin
202:Schulze
197:Minimax
115:methods
1842:Portal
1779:Ballot
1555:Quotas
1284:series
982:Under
268:Coombs
38:series
1772:Other
1591:Mixed
970:, an
966:(PR)
605:'MMP'
594:'AMS'
1280:and
1227:2024
1196:2023
1163:2024
1133:2024
1103:2024
1013:list
546:Non-
500:SNTV
89:List
46:and
34:and
1604:MMP
1017:MPs
962:In
264:el.
249:el.
238:IRV
234:el.
1864::
1845:—
1213:,
1182:.
1165:,
1149:,
1119:,
1093:,
1045:.
600:NZ
589:UK
165:US
154:UK
137:)
130:US
1259:e
1252:t
1245:v
1198:.
951:e
944:t
937:v
602::
591::
270:)
261:(
255:)
246:(
240:)
231:(
167::
156::
132::
127:(
95:)
91:(
20:)
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