Umberto II of Italy

1562:. One of the first acts of the new government was to announce the High Commission for Sanctions Against Fascism would cease operating as of 31 March 1946 and to start purging from the liberated areas of northern Italy civil servants appointed by the CLN, restoring the career civil servants who had served the Fascist regime back to their former posts. Over the opposition of the left-wing parties who wanted the "institutional question" resolved by the Constituent Assembly, De Gasperi announced that a referendum would be held to decide the "institutional question". At the same time, Italian women were given the right to vote and to hold official office for the first time, again over the opposition of the left-wing parties, who viewed Italian women as more conservative than their menfolk, and believed that female suffrage would benefit the monarchist side in the referendum. The monarchists favoured putting off the referendum as long as possible out of the hope that a return to normalcy would cause the Italians to take a more favourable view of their monarchy, while the republicans wanted a referendum as soon as possible, hoping that wartime radicalisation would work in their favour. 1239:

the cost of living in southern Italy skyrocketed by 321%, while it was estimated that people in Naples needed 2,000 calories per day to survive while the average Neapolitan was doing well if they consumed 500 calories a day in 1943–44. Naples in 1944 was described as a city without cats or dogs which had all been eaten by the Neapolitans, while much of the female population of Naples turned to prostitution to survive. As dire as the economic situation was in southern Italy, food shortages and inflation were even worse in northern Italy as the Germans carried out a policy of ruthless economic exploitation. Since the war in which Mussolini had involved Italy in 1940 had become such an utter catastrophe for the Italian people by 1943, it had the effect of discrediting all those associated with the Fascist system, including Victor Emmanuel. In late 1943, Victor Emmanuel stated that he felt he bore no responsibility for Italy's plight, for appointing Mussolini as prime minister in 1922 and for entering the war in 1940. This further increased his unpopularity and led to demands that he abdicate at once.

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a force for order, Umberto could have held out for him. However, as part of his efforts to distance himself from Fascism, Umberto agreed to appoint Bonomi as prime minister. Reflecting the tense "institutional question" of republic vs. monarchy, Umberto, when swearing in the Bonomi cabinet, allowed the ministers to take either their oaths to himself as the Lieutenant General of the Realm or to the Italian state; Bonomi himself chose to take his oath to Umberto while the rest of his cabinet chose to take their oaths only to the Italian state. Churchill especially disapproved of the replacement of Badoglio with Bonomi, complaining that, in his view, Umberto was being used by "a group of aged and hungry politicians trying to intrigue themselves into an undue share of power". Through the Allied occupation, the Americans were far more supportive of Italian republicanism than the British, with Churchill in particular believing the Italian monarchy was the only institution that was capable of preventing the Italian Communists from coming to power after the war.

1230:(popularly called the Salò Republic), headed by Mussolini holding nominal power. By 16 September 1943, a line had formed across Italy with everything to the north held by the Germans and to the south by the Allies. Because of what Weinberg called the "extraordinary incompetence" of Badoglio, who, like Victor Emmanuel, had not anticipated Operation Achse until it was far too late, thousands of Italian soldiers with no leadership were taken prisoner by the Germans without resisting in the Balkans, France and Italy itself, to be taken off to work as slave labour in factories in Germany, an experience that many did not survive. How Victor Emmanuel mishandled the armistice was to become almost as controversial in Italy as his support for Fascism. Under the terms of the armistice, the ACC had the ultimate power with the Royal Italian Government in the south, being in many ways a similar position to the Italian Social Republic under the Germans. However, as the British historian 1551:

impasse to reassert the Crown's powers. The crisis ended on 12 December 1944 with Umberto appointing a new government under Bonomi consisting of ministers from four parties, the most important of which were the Communists and the Christian Democrats. In response to objections from the CLN, Bonomi, in practice, accepted their claim that they represented the Italian people rather than the Crown, while still swearing an oath of loyalty to Umberto as the Lieutenant General of the Realm when he took the prime minister's oath. An attempt by Umberto to have Churchill issue a public statement in favour of the monarchy led Macmillan to warn Umberto to try to be more politically neutral as regent. However, Churchill, during a visit to Rome in January 1945, called Umberto "a far more impressive figure than the politicians". As a gesture to promote national unity after the traumas of the war, in June 1945, Umberto appointed as prime minister, a prominent guerrilla leader,

1338:, was very limited, but the entry of the Communists, followed by representatives of the other anti-Fascist parties, into the Cabinet of that government in April 1944 marked the moment when, as the British historian David Ellwood noted, "...anti-Fascism had compromised with the traditional state and the defenders of Fascism, and the Communist Party had engineered this compromise. A quite new phase in Italy's liberation was opening". Besides the "institutional question", the principle responsibility of the Royal Italian Government was the reconstruction of the liberated areas of Italy. As the Allies pushed northwards, aside from the damage caused by the fighting, the retreating Germans systematically destroyed all of the infrastructure, leading to a humanitarian disaster in the liberated parts. Umberto, together with the rest of his father's government, spent time attempting to have humanitarian aid delivered. 1597:

tendencies. In April 1946, a public opinion poll of registered members of the conservative Christian Democratic party showed that 73% were republicans, a poll that caused immense panic in the monarchist camp. The American historian Norman Kogan cautioned the poll was of Christian Democratic members, which was not the same thing as Christian Democratic voters who tended to be "...rural, female, or generally apolitical". Nonetheless, the poll led to appeals from Umberto to the ACC to postpone the referendum, leading to the reply that the De Gasperi cabinet had set the date for the referendum, not the ACC. The possibility of losing the referendum also led to the monarchists to appeal to Victor Emmanuel to finally abdicate. De Gasperi and the other Christian Democratic leaders refused to take sides in the referendum, urging Christian Democratic voters to follow their consciences when it came time to vote.

1612:, said in what was widely seen as endorsing Umberto: "What is the problem? The problem is whether one or the other of those nations, of those two Latin sisters with several thousands of years of civilisation, will continue to lean against the solid rock of Christianity;... or on the contrary, do they want to hand over the fate of their future to the impossible omnipotence of a secular state without extraterrestrial ideals, without religion, and without God. One of these two alternatives shall occur according to whether the names of the champions or the destroyers of Christian civilization emerge victorious from the urns". Umberto believed that the support from the Catholic Church would be decisive and that he would win the referendum by a narrow margin. The De Gasperi cabinet accepted Umberto as King, but refused to accept the standard appellation for Italian kings "by the 742: 833: 1604:, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of Umberto on 9 May 1946 and left for Egypt. Before departing for Egypt, Victor Emmanuel saw Umberto for the last time, saying farewell in a cold, emotionless way. The Catholic Church saw the continuation of the monarchy as the best way of keeping the Italian left out of power, and during the referendum campaign, Catholic priests used their pulpits to warn that "all the pains of hell" were reserved for those who voted for a republic. The Catholic Church presented the referendum not as a question of republic vs monarchy, but instead as a question of Communism vs Catholicism, warning to vote for a republic would be to vote for the Communists. On the day before the referendum, 1 June 1946, 875: 1541:, stated that he favoured a referendum to decide whether Italy was to be a republic or a monarchy instead of having the "institutional question" decided by the national assembly that would write Italy's post-war constitution. Umberto's interview caused controversy as the republican parties widely feared that a referendum would be rigged, especially in the south of Italy. In the same interview, Umberto mentioned his belief that, after the war, monarchies all over the world would move towards the left, and stated that under his leadership Italy would go leftwards "in an ordered, liberal way" as he understood "the weight of the past is the monarchy's greatest handicap", which he would resolve by a "radical revision" of the 2358: 1975: 1250:-CLN), who were very strongly left-wing and republican. Of the six parties that made up the CLN, the Communists, the Socialists and the Action Party were republican; the Christian Democrats and the Labour Party were ambiguous on the "institutional question", and only the Liberal Party was committed to preserving the monarchy, though many individual Liberals were republicans. Only a minority of the partisan bands fighting for the CLN were monarchists, and a prince of the House of Savoy led none. After the war, Umberto claimed that he wanted to join the partisans, and only his wartime duties prevented him from doing so. The Italian Royal Court relocated itself to 1571: 2160: 6020: 2473: 2141: 866:, but was prevented from doing so by his father, who did, however, allow four royal dukes to serve in East Africa. Umberto conformed to his father's expectations and behaved like an army officer; the prince obediently got down on his knees to kiss his father's hand before speaking. However, Umberto privately resented what he regarded as a deeply humiliating relationship with his cold and emotionally distant father. Umberto's attitude toward the Fascist regime varied: at times, he mocked the more pompous aspects of Fascism and his father for supporting such a regime, while at other times, he praised Mussolini as a great leader. 2207: 2457: 2491: 2002: 2263: 1945: 1793: 2108: 1881: 1388:

inherited from his Balkan mother". Sam Reber, an American official with the ACC, who had known Umberto before the war, met the prince in Naples in early 1944 and wrote he found him "greatly improved. The Balkan playboy period was over. But he has a weak face and, to judge by first meeting, has not, I should say, the personality to inspire confidence and devotion in others". More damaging, Victor Emmanuel let it be known that he regretted handing over his powers to his son, and made clear that he felt that Umberto was unfit to succeed him as part of a bid to take back his lost powers.

923:. Umberto was appointed to this position by his father, who wanted the expected Italian victory to also be a victory for the House of Savoy, as the King feared Mussolini's ambitions. A few hours after France signed an armistice with Germany on 21 June 1940, the Italians invaded France. The Italian offensive was a complete fiasco, with Umberto's reputation as a general only being saved by the fact that the already defeated French signed an armistice with Italy on 24 June 1940. Thus, he could present the offensive as a victory. The Italian plans called for the 1462:"The Prince of Piedmont for twenty-two years has never shown any sign of acting independently of his father. Now he is simply repeating his father's arguments. He chooses to do this at the very moment when, having been designated lieutenant of the kingdom, he ought to be overcoming doubt and distrust as I personally hoped he would succeed in doing. To me it seems unworthy to try to unload the blame and errors of royalty on the people. I, an old monarchist, am therefore especially grieved when I see the monarchs themselves working to discredit the monarchy". 483: 2125: 1515:

1944, the Bonomi government, which like Badoglio's government, ruled by Royal Decree as there was no parliament in Italy, had a Royal Decree issued in Umberto's name promising a Constituent Assembly for Italy after the war. As Umberto continued as regent, he surprised many, after his rocky start in the spring of 1944, with greater maturity and judgement than was expected. Croce advised him to make a break with his father by choosing his advisers from the democratic parties, and it was due to Croce's influence that Umberto appointed

577: 2044: 361: 1265:, pressed for Victor Emmanuel III to abdicate and for Umberto to renounce his right to the succession in favour of his 6-year-old son, with a regency council to govern Italy as the best hope of saving the monarchy. Count Sforza tried to interest the British members of the ACC in this plan, calling Victor Emmanuel a "despicable weakling" and Umberto "a pathological case", saying neither was qualified to rule Italy. However, given the unwillingness of the King to abdicate, nothing came of it. 2436: 1070:, staring into space for hours on end and saying the war would soon turn around for the Axis because it had to, leading even his closest admirers to become disillusioned and to begin looking for a new leader. Umberto was seen as supportive of these efforts to depose Mussolini, but as Ciano (who had turned against Mussolini by this point) complained in his diary, the prince was far too passive, refusing to make a move or even state his views unless his father expressed his approval first. 1583: 2061: 1272:, the demand was made that the ACC should force Victor Emmanuel to abdicate to "wash away the shame of the past". Beyond removing Victor Emmanuel, which everyone at the Congress of Bari wanted, the Italian politicians differed, with some calling for a republic to be proclaimed at once, some willing to see Umberto succeed to the throne, others wanting Umberto to renounce his claim to the throne in favour of his son, and finally those who were willing to accept Umberto as 1453:

no choice but to support Mussolini because otherwise he would have been disinherited. Finally, Umberto made the controversial statement that Mussolini "at first had the full support of the nation" in bringing Italy into the war in June 1940. Victor Emmanuel III had only signed the declarations of war because "there was no sign that the nation wanted it otherwise. No single voice was raised in protest. No demand was made for summoning parliament". The interview with

1329:, he did not press for an immediate proclamation of a republic. Togliatti wanted the monarchy to continue as the best way of winning the Communists' support after the war. For the same reason, Count Sforza wanted a republic as soon as possible, arguing the House of Savoy was far too closely associated with Fascism to enjoy moral legitimacy, and the only hope of establishing a liberal democracy in Italy after the war was a republic. By this point, the government of 1680:"We must strive to understand the tragedy of someone who, after inheriting a military defeat and a disastrous complicity with dictatorship, tried hard in recent months to work with patience and goodwill towards a better future. But this final act of the thousand-year-old House of Savoy must be seen as part of our national catastrophe; it is an expiation, an expiation forced upon all of us, even those who have not shared directly in the guilt of the dynasty". 1365:. During his period as Regent, Umberto saw his father only three times, partly out of a bid to distance himself and partly because of tensions between father and son. Mack Smith wrote that Umberto was: "More attractive and outgoing than his father, he was even more a soldier at heart, and completely inexperienced as a politician...In personality-less astute and intelligent than his father...less obstinate, he was far more open, affable and ready to learn". 2290: 2339: 1644:

Italy's borders been settled definitively, so the voting rights of those in disputed areas had not been satisfactorily clarified. Other allegations were made about voter manipulation, and even the issue of how to interpret the votes became controversial, as it appeared that not just a majority of those validly voting but of those votes cast (including spoiled votes), was needed to reach an outcome in the event the monarchy lost by a tight margin.

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expected to stand to attention and salute whenever his father entered a room. Umberto was given the formal military education of a Savoyard prince. And like the other Savoyard princes before him, Umberto received an education that was notably short on politics; Savoyard monarchs customarily excluded politics from their heirs' education with the expectation that they would learn about the art of politics when they inherited the throne.

2186: 2223: 2322: 1045:, holding women in complete contempt as the King believed it to be a scientific fact that the brains of women were significantly more underdeveloped than the brains of men. Victor Emmanuel simply did not believe that Marie José was competent to serve as a diplomat. For all these reasons, the King vetoed Marie José's peace attempt. After her failure – she never met the American agents – she was sent with her children to 2394: 1066:, where the working class likewise denounced the war and Fascism. The fact that during the strikes in Milan and Turin, Italian soldiers fraternised with the striking workers, who used slogans associated with the banned Socialist and Communist parties, deeply worried Italy's conservative establishment. By this point, the successive Italian defeats had so psychologically shattered Mussolini that he become close to being 2245: 1481:

cautioned that the friendly reception that Umberto received in Rome may have been due to him being a symbol of normalcy after the harsh German occupation as opposed to genuine affection for the prince. During the German occupation, much of the Roman population had lived on the brink of starvation, young people had been arrested on the streets to be taken off to work as slave labourers in Germany, while the Fascist

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capable of holding Italy together by checking regional separatism; and it would uphold Catholicism against anti-clericalism. The republicans charged that Umberto had done nothing to oppose Fascism, with his major interest being his "glittering social life" in the high society of Rome and Turin, and that as a general knew that Italy was unready for war in 1940, but did not warn Mussolini against entering the war.

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that, in retrospect, his father had made grave mistakes as King and criticised Victor Emmanuel for a suffocating childhood, where he was never permitted to express his personality or hold views of his own. In the same interview, Umberto stated that he hoped to make Italy a democracy by executing "the vastest education programme Italy has ever seen" to eliminate illiteracy in Italy once and for all.

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would not last long as either Lieutenant General of the Realm or as King, should his father abdicate. After the liberation of Rome on 6 June 1944, the various Italian political parties all applied strong pressure on Umberto to dismiss Pietro Badoglio as prime minister, as the Duke had loyally served the Fascist regime until the Royal coup on 25 July 1943, which resulted in the social democrat

462:, Victor Emmanuel abdicated his throne in favour of Umberto, in the hope that his exit might bolster the monarchy. The June 1946 referendum saw voters voting to abolish the monarchy, and Italy was declared a republic days later. Umberto departed the country; he and other male members of the House of Savoy were barred from returning. He lived out the rest of his life in exile in 1206:, that took them south. A small riot occurred at the Ortona dock as about 200 senior-ranking Italian military officers, who had abandoned their commands and unexpectedly showed up, begged the King to take them with him. Almost all of them were refused permission to board, making the struggle to get to the head of the queue pointless. With the exceptions of Marshal 1196:

nor about his plans to flee Rome if the Germans should occupy it. For the first time in his life, Umberto openly criticised his father, saying the King of Italy should not be fleeing Rome and only reluctantly obeyed his father's orders to go south with him towards the Allied lines. The King and the rest of the Royal Family fled Rome via a car to

1395:("Salerno turn"), the leaders of the other anti-Fascist parties felt they had no choice but to join the cabinet as to continue to boycott it might lead Italy to be open to Communist domination. The other parties entered the cabinet on 22 April 1944 to preempt the Communists who joined the cabinet on 24 April. The Christian Democratic leader 1729:. He never set foot in his native land again; the 1948 constitution of the Italian Republic not only forbade amending the constitution to restore the monarchy but, until 2002, barred all male heirs to the defunct Italian throne from ever returning to Italian soil. Female members of the Savoy family were not barred, except former 1519:, a socialist lawyer, as Minister of the Royal House. Lucifero suggested reforms, which were implemented, such as reducing the number of aristocrats and generals at the Royal Court, while bringing in people from all the regions of Italy instead of just Piedmont to make the Royal Court more representative of Italy. 1684:

Some monarchists advocated using force to prevent a republic from being proclaimed, even at the risk of a civil war, but Mack Smith wrote that: "Common sense and patriotism saved Umberto from accepting such counsel". Umberto rejected the advice that he should go to Naples, proclaim a rival government

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warned Umberto not to campaign in Milan as otherwise he would be lynched by the Milanese working class if he should appear in that city. Republican cartoonists mercilessly mocked Umberto's physical quirks, as the American historian Anthony Di Renzo wrote that he was: "Tall, stiff, and balding, he had

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Unlike the conservative Badoglio, the social democrat Bonomi started to move Italian politics in an increasingly democratic direction as he argued that King Victor Emmanuel III, who had only turned against Mussolini when it was clear that the war was lost, was unfit to continue as monarch. On 25 June

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of the ACC visited the Quirinal Palace and convinced Umberto to accept Bonomi as prime minister because the Crown needed to bring the CLN into the government, which required sacrificing Badoglio. As Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin were willing to see Badoglio continue as prime minister, seeing him as

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noted, the crucial difference was that: "In the south, Italy was now moving closer towards democracy". In the part of Italy under the control of the ACC, which issued orders to the Italian civil servants, freedom of the press, association and expression were restored along with other civil rights and

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made any effort at organised resistance; they instead issued vague instructions to the Italian military and civil servants to do their best and fled Rome during the night of 8–9 September 1943. Not trusting his son, Victor Emmanuel had told Umberto nothing about his attempts to negotiate an armistice

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that he thought he might get better terms if Victor Emmanuel abdicated in favour of Umberto, complaining that the armistice terms that the King wanted were unacceptable to the Allies. D'Acquarone told Badoglio to keep his views to himself as the King was completely unwilling to abdicate, all the more

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Mack Smith wrote that "some of the more extreme monarchists" expressed doubts about the legitimacy of the referendum, claiming that millions of voters, many of them pro-monarchist, were unable to vote because they had not yet been able to return to their local areas to register. Nor had the issue of

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By late 1944, the question of whether the CLN or the Crown represented the Italian people came to a head. On 25 November 1944, Bonomi resigned as prime minister, saying he could not govern owing to his difficulties with the CLN, and as the politicians could not agree on a successor. Umberto used the

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complained that the ACC was too liberal in giving Italians too much freedom, as the commissioners "seemed to expect the Italian people to run before they could walk". In the same interview, Umberto demanded the ACC censor the Italian press to end the criticism of the Royal Family, and claimed he had

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wrote in his diary that Umberto was utterly unqualified to be King as he called the prince "a stupid young man who knew nothing of the real Italy" and "he had been as closely associated with fascism as his father. In addition he is weak and dissipated, with a degenerate and even oriental disposition

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that Umberto was unqualified to rule, and that handing power over to him was equivalent to letting the Communists come to power. However, events had moved beyond Victor Emmanuel's ability to control. After Rome was liberated in June, Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining constitutional powers to

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During 1943–45, the Italian economy collapsed with much of the infrastructure destroyed, inflation rampant, the black market becoming the dominant form of economic activity, and food shortages reducing much of the population to the brink of starvation in both northern and southern Italy. In 1943–44,

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Umberto, in September 1944, vetoed an attempt by the Bonomi government to start an investigation of who was responsible for abandoning Rome in September 1943 as he feared that it would show his father was a coward. The same month, Badoglio, who was kept on as an adviser by Umberto, made an offer to

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being appointed prime minister. On 5 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel formally gave up his powers to Umberto, finally recognising his son as Lieutenant General of the Realm. After the liberation of Rome, Umberto received a warm welcome from ordinary people when he returned to the Eternal City. Mack Smith

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that Mussolini had annexed in 1941. Both the British and Americans told Umberto that Ethiopia had its independence restored in 1941 and would not revert to Italian rule, while the Allies had promised that Yugoslavia would be restored to its pre-war frontiers after the war. Umberto later stated that

1306:). The Fascist newspapers reported in a lurid, sensationalist, and decidedly homophobic way Umberto's various relationships with men as a way of discrediting him. It was after Umberto was "outed" by the Fascist press in late 1943 that the issue of his homosexuality came to widespread public notice. 1661:

had welcomed him as a guest, Victor Emmanuel expressed no surprise at the result of the referendum as he always viewed Umberto as a failure who was unfit to be King, and claimed that the monarchists would have won the referendum if only he had not abdicated. Umberto himself had expected to win the

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would march alongside the other Allied armies in invading Germany. In the same interview, Umberto stated that he wanted post-war Italy to have a government "patterned on the British monarchy, and at the same time incorporating as much of America's political framework as possible". Umberto admitted

1657:(northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic. In northern Italy, which had been ruled by the Italian Social Republic, the charges of homosexuality made against Umberto had an impact on the voters, causing at least some conservatives to vote for the republic. From his exile in Egypt, where 1466:

Various Italian politicians had attempted to persuade the Allies to revise the armistice of 1943 in Italy's favour because there was a difference between the Fascist regime and the Italian people. Umberto's statement that the House of Savoy bore no responsibility when he asserted that the Italian

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As Regent, Umberto initially made a poor impression on almost everyone as he surrounded himself with Fascist-era generals as his advisers, spoke of the military as the basis of his power, frequently threatened to sue for libel anyone who made even the slightest critical remarks about the House of

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in June 1940, Umberto hinted to his father that he should use the royal veto to block the Italian declarations of war on Britain and France, but was ignored. After the war, Umberto criticised the decision to enter the war, saying that Victor Emmanuel was too much under "Mussolini's spell" in June

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loved their King, who on the campaign trail in Sicily showed an encyclopedic knowledge of Sicilian villages which greatly endeared him to the Sicilians. Umberto's principal arguments for retaining the monarchy were it was the best way to revive Italy as a great power; it was the only institution

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Most of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) leaders operating underground in the north tended to lean in a republican direction. Still, they were willing to accept Umberto temporarily out of the belief that his personality and widespread rumours about his private life would ensure that he

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caused a storm of controversy in Italy, with many Italians objecting to Umberto's claim that the responsibility for Italy entering the war rested with ordinary Italians and his apparent ignorance of the difficulties of holding public protests under the Fascist regime in 1940. Sforza wrote in his

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was in favour of Umberto, who, unlike his father, was a sincere Catholic who it was believed would keep the Communists out of power. However, De Gasperi admitted that though the monarchy was a conservative institution, "it was difficult to answer the argument that the monarchy had done little to

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Umberto was brought up in an authoritarian and militaristic household and was expected to "show an exaggerated deference to his father"; both in private and public, Umberto always had to get down on his knees and kiss his father's hand before being allowed to speak, even as an adult, and he was

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In northern Italy, which had been the scene of the guerrilla struggle against the Italian Social Republic and the Germans, much of the population had been radicalised by the struggle, and feelings were very much against the monarchy. Kogan wrote Victor Emmanuel's flight from Rome was "bitterly

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who had fled Italy to avoid arrest for his political views. His trial was a major political event, and although he was found guilty of attempted murder, he was given a light sentence of five years in prison. This sentence caused a political uproar in Italy and a brief rift in Belgian-Italian

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was so unpopular with the Italian people that Umberto was willing to accept the support of any party with a mass following, even the Communists. The fact that contrary to expectations, Togliatti and Badoglio got along very well, led to widespread fears amongst liberal-minded Italians that a

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Umberto earned widespread praise for his role in the following three years, with the Italian historian Giuseppe Mammarella calling Umberto a man "whose Fascist past was less compromising" than that of Victor Emmanuel and who, as Lieutenant General of the Realm, showed certain "progressive"

1547:. Umberto spoke favourably of Togliatti as he was "clever, agreeable, and easy to discuss problems with". In private, Umberto said he found Togliatti "to be a very congenial companion whose intelligence he respected, but was afraid that he suited his conversation according to his company". 1056:

In the first half of 1943, as the war continued to go badly for Italy, several senior Fascist officials, upon learning that the Allies would never sign an armistice with Mussolini, began to plot his overthrow with the support of the King. Adding to their worries were a number of strikes in

1503:, while at The Grand Hotel, the Rome branch of the CLN met with the cabinet. Speaking on behalf of the CLN in general, the Roman leadership of the CLN refused to join the cabinet as long as Badoglio headed it but indicated that Bonomi was an acceptable choice as prime minister for them. 1282:) to govern in place of his father. Since northern and central Italy were still occupied by Germany, it was finally decided at the Bari conference that the "institutional question" should be settled only once all of Italy was liberated, so all of the Italian people could have their say. 1527:, which purged the prefects in the liberated areas who were "agents of Togliatti and Nenni" with Fascist-era civil servants. Badoglio also spoke of Umberto's desire not to lose any territory after the war to Greece, Yugoslavia and France. Badoglio's offer was rejected as Admiral 1495:, had committed numerous atrocities. Badoglio, by contrast, was greeted with widespread hostility when he returned to Rome, being blamed by many Italians as the man, together with the King, who was responsible for abandoning Rome to the Germans without a fight in September 1943. 1498:

Umberto had ordered Badoglio to bring members of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) into his cabinet after the liberation of Rome to broaden his basis of support and ensure national unity by preventing the emergence of a rival government. Umberto moved into the

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starting on 5 March 1943, with the workers openly criticising both the war and the Fascist regime which had led Italy into the war, leading to fears in Rome that Italy was on the brink of revolution. The strike wave in Milan quickly spread to the industrial city of

1377:, a minister in Badoglio's cabinet, called Umberto "entirely insignificant" as he found the Prince of Piedmont to be shallow, vain, superficial, and of low intelligence, and alluding to his homosexuality stated his private life was "tainted by scandal". 616:, to supply the ships, going directly to the other countries of South America. On his return, Umberto could only be received in Salvador again. Governor Góis Calmon, the Italian colony and other entities warmly welcomed the heir to the Italian Throne. 1000:

and encircle the German 6th Army. The disastrous Italian defeats at Stalingrad and El Alamein turned Umberto against the war and led him to conclude that Italy must sign an armistice before it was too late. In late 1942, Umberto had his cousin, the

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In September 1943, Italy was partitioned between the south of Italy, administered by the Italian government with an Allied Control Commission (ACC) having supervisory powers, while Germany occupied northern and central Italy with a puppet

1633:, decorated with the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, he seemed more like a majordomo than a king. On the campaign trail, Umberto was received with much more friendliness in the south of Italy than in the north. People in the 1665:

The republic was formally proclaimed four days later, ending Umberto's brief (effective 12 June) 34-day reign as King. Umberto at first refused to accept what he called "the outrageous illegality" of the referendum and took his

1373:, wrote after meeting Umberto, in a message to London, that he was "the poorest of poor creatures", and his only qualification for the throne was that he had more charm than his charmless father. The historian and philosopher 1081:. Just before the invasion of Sicily, Umberto had gone on an inspection tour of the Italian forces in Sicily and reported to his father that the Italians had no hope of holding Sicily. Mussolini had assured the King that the 5024: 3339: 1531:

of the ACC was opposed to Umberto's plans to have Bonomi share power with Badoglio and Orlando, seeing this as upsetting the delicately achieved political consensus for no other reason than to increase the Crown's power.

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on 8 September 1943, as the Germans turned against their Italian allies and occupied all of the parts of Italy not taken by the Allies. In response to the German occupation of Italy, neither Victor Emmanuel nor

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asked for a meeting. This was not considered proper, given the international situation; thereafter, Umberto was more rigorously excluded from political events. In 1935, Umberto supported the war against the

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Togliatti-Badoglio duumvirate might emerge, forming an alliance between what rapidly was becoming Italy's largest mass party and the military. The power and influence of Badoglio's government, based in

1957: 7210: 952:

and wanted to do battle with the "godless communists". Mussolini refused the request, and instead gave Umberto the responsibility of training the Italian forces scheduled to participate in

1110:

to take away Mussolini's powers was approved by a vote of 19 to 8. The fact that the majority of the Fascist Grand Council voted for the motion showed just how disillusioned the Fascist

707:

on 24 October 1929, the day of the announcement of his betrothal to Princess Marie José. Umberto was about to lay a wreath on the Tomb of the Belgian Unknown Soldier at the foot of the

1399:

believed in 1944 that a popular vote would ensure a republic immediately, and sources from the Vatican suggested to him that only 25% of Italians favoured continuing the monarchy. The

448:

and desperate to repair the monarchy's image, transferred most of his powers to Umberto. He transferred his remaining powers to Umberto later in 1944 and named him Lieutenant General (

1146:, contacted British diplomats to begin the negotiations. Badoglio went about the negotiations halfheartedly while allowing many German forces to enter Italy. The American historian 1523:

the British and the Americans on behalf of the regent in September 1944 for Italy to be governed by a triumvirate consisting of himself, Bonomi and another former prime minister,

1033:. Her attempts were not sponsored by her father-in-law, the King, and Umberto was not (directly at least) involved in them. Victor Emmanuel III was anti-clerical, distrusting the 4962: 1087:

could hold Sicily, and the poor performance of the Italian forces defending Sicily helped to persuade the King to finally dismiss Mussolini, as Umberto informed his father that

1685:

to start a civil war in which the Army would presumably side with the House of Savoy, under the grounds that "My House united Italy. I will not divide it". The monarchy of the

417:. As heir apparent to the throne, he received a customary military education and pursued a military career afterwards. In 1940, he commanded an army group during the brief 7225: 682:

Umberto was educated for a military career and in time became the commander-in-chief of the Northern Armies, and then the Southern ones. This role was merely formal, the

1009:, where he passed on a message to London that the King was willing to sign an armistice with the Allies in exchange for a promise that he be allowed to keep his throne. 5963: 544:

wrote that it is not entirely clear why Victor Emmanuel was prepared to sacrifice his 10-year-old son's right to succeed to the throne in favour of the Duke of Aosta.

1150:

wrote that Badoglio as prime minister "...did almost everything as stupidly and slowly as possible", as he dragged out the secret peace talks going on in Lisbon and

7215: 6794: 5882: 537: 932:

After the capitulation of France, Mussolini kept Umberto inactive as an Army commander. In the summer of 1940, Umberto was to command a planned invasion of the

3580: 1214:, the Italian generals simply abandoned their posts on the night of 8–9 September to try to flee south, which greatly facilitated the German take-over, as the 1647:

On the 2 June 1946 referendum, which saw the participation of almost 90% of voters, over 54% majority voted to make Italy a republic. The conservative, rural

7230: 1242:

In northern Italy, a guerrilla war began against the fascists, both Italian and German, with most of the guerrilla units fighting under the banner of the

7245: 1992: 1676:

by his ministers and the referendum had been rigged against him. In response, De Gasperi, who became Acting President, replied in a press statement:

5362: 1733:. Relations between Umberto and Marie José grew more strained during their exile, and in effect, their marriage broke up, with Marie José moving to 1099:

had become convinced that it was necessary to depose Mussolini to save the Fascist system, and on the night of 24–25 July 1943, at a meeting of the

7125: 6974: 6897: 4926: 2666: 5193: 7220: 7205: 5956: 3200: 3223: 7059: 6784: 6288: 6008: 1321:

to have any further role. A sign of how unpopular the House of Savoy had become was that on 28 March 1944, when the Italian Communist leader

5312: 7042: 6036: 5875: 5852: 1095:

that King Victor Emmanuel III and Prince Umberto were now hated by the Italian people even more than Mussolini. By this time, many Fascist

153: 6655: 6635: 6076: 5167: 1892: 929:

to reach the Rhone river valley, which the Italians came nowhere close to reaching, having penetrated only a few kilometres into France.

5540: 1624:

as an act of cowardice and betrayal by the King who abandoned his people to the German occupation without a fight. The socialist leader

608:

broke out on 5 July 1924, when Umberto had already departed from Europe, imposing a change in the Royal tour. The prince had to stop in

6477: 5052: 1458:

diary of his belief that Victor Emmanuel, "that little monster", had put Umberto up to the interview to discredit his son. Croce wrote:

845:

Following the Savoyards' tradition ("Only one Savoy reigns at a time"), Umberto was kept apart from active politics until he was named

1017:

In 1943, Marie José, Princess of Piedmont, involved herself in vain attempts to arrange a separate peace treaty between Italy and the

7270: 6768: 5949: 4746: 944:. In June 1941, supported by his father, Umberto strongly lobbied to be given command of the Italian expeditionary force sent to the 1167:

On 17 August 1943, Sicily was taken and the last Axis forces crossed over to the Italian mainland. On 3 September 1943, the British

7240: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6153: 2482: 1420:

he would have never signed the peace treaty of 1947 under which Italy renounced its empire. On 15 April 1944, in an interview with

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Savoy, and asked the ACC to censor the press to prevent the criticism of himself or his father. The British Foreign Secretary,

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was left without senior leadership. On the morning of 9 September 1943, Umberto arrived with Victor Emmanuel and Badoglio in

455: 6019: 5168:"The Constantinian Order's Relationship with the Savoy Dynasty of Italy – Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George" 1349:

of the ACC at a meeting on 10 April 1944, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to Umberto. The King bitterly told

1154:, being unwilling to accept the Allied demand for unconditional surrender. During the secret armistice talks, Badoglio told 592:, Bonaldi, he went to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. This trip was part of the political plan of Fascism to link the 387:. Umberto's reign lasted for 34 days, from 9 May 1946 until his formal deposition on 12 June 1946, although he had been the 7195: 7140: 7120: 5726: 5332:

Son Altesse Royale le Prince Humbert de Piémont, Prince Héritier d'Italie, est nommé Grand'Croix de l'Ordre de SaintCharles

1467:

people had been of one mind with Mussolini in June 1940, was widely seen as weakening the case for revising the armistice.

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for de Rosa, who was released after having served slightly less than half his sentence and was eventually killed in the

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After Togliatti and the Communists entered Badoglio's cabinet, taking the oaths of loyalty to Umberto in the so-called

533: 832: 6986: 6923: 6758: 6686: 6609: 6593: 6552: 6322: 6314: 6281: 5351:(in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1930, pp. 995–996 – via runeberg.org 3571: 3148: 3124: 3118: 2465: 2255: 2232: 1950: 1745: 1670:

badly. In his last official statement as King, Umberto refused to accept the republic, saying he was the victim of a

1407:

Umberto's relations with the Allies were strained by his insistence that after the war, Italy should keep all of its

1201: 819: 669: 270: 1274: 596:

with their mother country and the interests of the regime. In Brazil, visits were scheduled to the national capital

7260: 7165: 6696: 5677: 825: 686:

command belonging to his father, King Victor Emmanuel III, who jealously guarded his power of supreme command from

275: 696:. By mutual agreement, Umberto and Mussolini always kept a distance. In 1926, Mussolini passed a law allowing the 6980: 6968: 6727: 6671: 6630: 6346: 6338: 6069: 5486: 1091:

had lied to him. On 16 July 1943, the visiting Papal Assistant Secretary of State told the American diplomats in

874: 7200: 6855: 6814: 6470: 1298:, Fascist newspapers in the area under the control of the Italian Social Republic "outed" Umberto, calling him 651: 552: 7255: 7135: 6992: 6928: 6763: 5536: 2347: 1979: 1243: 7250: 7190: 7175: 7150: 7105: 7020: 7014: 6274: 3184: 3064: 2724: 2630: 2279: 2211: 1168: 1114:

had become with Mussolini by the summer of 1943. The intransigent and radical group of Fascists led by the

1002: 973: 769:, the territory's capital. Umberto made his second publicised visit to Italian Somaliland in October 1934. 506: 410: 329: 85: 2461: 1701:

for the last time with the servants assembled in the courtyard to see him off, and many were in tears. At

360: 6578: 6098: 6086: 5722: 3172: 3088: 2546: 2403: 1974: 1905: 1630: 1570: 434: 605: 6876: 6835: 6583: 6568: 6062: 6054: 3166: 3112: 3082: 2788: 2370: 2301: 2274: 2053: 1964: 920: 883: 863: 418: 20: 7235: 7170: 7155: 7145: 6850: 6701: 6537: 6463: 3070: 1929: 1800: 1268:

At a meeting of the leading politicians from the six revived political parties on 13 January 1944 in

1426:, Umberto stated his hope that Italy would become a full Allied power, expressing his wish that the 6691: 6640: 6573: 6547: 6239: 6173: 5827: 5776: 3227: 3106: 2818: 2500: 2215: 2116: 1985: 1935: 1653:(southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy while the more urbanised and industrialised 785: 536:

was against declaring war; several times, the king discussed abdication with the throne to pass to

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from birth since the Italian throne was limited to male descendants. He was accorded the title

5941: 1254:

in the south of Italy after fleeing Rome. In the fall of 1943, many Italian monarchists, like

700:

to decide the succession, though in practice he admitted the prince would succeed his father.

7265: 5769: 5547: 3266: 2456: 2445: 2294: 2206: 2170: 2112: 2096: 2017: 1792: 1629:

smooth, clean-shaven blue cheeks, thin lips, and a weak chin. Dressed in military uniform as

1609: 1507: 1353: 1155: 1100: 933: 746: 697: 5703: 2001: 1179:

on 9 September 1943, a few hours after it was announced that Italy had signed an armistice.

709: 601: 593: 7115: 7110: 6753: 6521: 6516: 6370: 6229: 5390: 3100: 3052: 3046: 2938: 2380: 2140: 2129: 1917: 1342: 1303: 985: 969: 949: 916: 721: 510: 430: 5708: 4750: 524:

During the crisis of May 1915, when Victor Emmanuel III decided to break the terms of the

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referendum and was deeply shocked when the majority of his subjects chose a republic.

903:

1940 to oppose it. Following Italy's entry into the war, Umberto ostensibly commanded

482: 6918: 6840: 6717: 6354: 6245: 5791: 5683: 5662: 5467: 5261: 3417: 3383: 3058: 2338: 1690: 1559: 1543: 1422: 1396: 1322: 1317:, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support of 1294:, Mussolini returned to his original republicanism and, as part of his attack on the 1118: 941: 859: 730: 252: 116: 24: 1672: 894:

was reckless and dangerous, but he made no move to oppose Italy becoming one of the

6297: 6213: 6183: 6168: 6121: 6111: 6090: 5976: 3094: 2326: 2311: 1880: 1760: 1702: 1590: 1524: 1516: 1412: 1346: 1189: 1147: 1129: 993: 961: 899: 855: 714: 693: 576: 560: 541: 502: 459: 454:) of the Realm; while retaining the title of King. As the country prepared for the 438: 426: 422: 399: 373: 294: 215: 187: 98: 5440: 5415: 2909: 1135:, as prime minister with secret orders to negotiate an armistice with the Allies. 1121:, who wanted to continue the war, were only a minority, while the majority of the 6542: 6163: 6158: 5718: 5474: 5255: 3411: 3377: 1698: 1575: 1552: 1528: 1500: 1433: 1400: 1374: 1255: 1207: 1192: 1184: 1172: 1125:

supported Grandi's call to jettison Mussolini as the best way of saving Fascism.

1074: 1034: 609: 491: 445: 6486: 6203: 6193: 6178: 5988: 5740: 5512: 3340:"História da Passagem do Príncipe Umberto di Savoia por Salvador (Bahia, 1924)" 2441: 2321: 2145: 1885: 1764: 1748: 1686: 1625: 1438: 1408: 1358: 1295: 1211: 1128:

On 25 July 1943, Victor Emmanuel III finally dismissed Mussolini and appointed

1083: 925: 597: 379: 319: 124: 19:"Umberto II" and "May King" redirect here. For the earlier count of Savoy, see 1558:

In December 1945, Umberto appointed a new, more conservative government under

996:, which saw the Soviets annihilate much of the Italian expeditionary force in 7099: 6188: 6143: 6028: 5891: 5628: 5344: 3028: 2107: 1730: 1694: 1605: 1477: 1018: 981: 957: 862:

would have supported had he still been alive. Umberto wanted to serve in the

720:

De Rosa was arrested and, under interrogation, claimed to be a member of the

514: 391: 384: 60: 1713:

grabbed him by the hand and said: "Your Majesty, we will never forget you!"

1582: 1404:

serve the interests of the country or people during the past thirty years".

1183:

had other plans for Italy, and in response to the Italian armistice ordered

6219: 6148: 2478: 1613: 1428: 1384: 1370: 1326: 1262: 1180: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1030: 945: 891: 890:

Umberto shared his father's fears that Mussolini's policy of alliance with

850: 846: 588:, Umberto visited South America, between July and September 1924. With his 450: 5713: 2030:, a passenger and cargo ship built in 1908, named after him, sunk in 1916. 6255: 6133: 1734: 1658: 1649: 1635: 1107: 895: 879: 6084: 1416: 937: 654: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6266: 1993:

Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

5972: 5805: 1755:

to allow Umberto to return to his native country. Umberto II died in

1487: 1448: 1067: 1026: 766: 589: 179: 1863:

at birth. This was formalised by Royal Decree on 29 September 1904.

629: 604:, where the largest Italian colony in the country lived. However, a 421:

shortly before the French capitulation. In 1942, he was promoted to

409:

Umberto was the third child and only son among the five children of

6455: 2496: 2420: 1738: 1251: 1219: 1022: 989: 778: 704: 425:

but was otherwise inactive as an army commander during much of the

183: 45: 3874:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 pp. 192–193, 242–243, 396–396 1705:

in Rome, as Umberto boarded the aeroplane that was to take him to

3379:

Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945

2092: 2049: 1805: 1763:, which for centuries was the burial place of the members of the 1722: 1446:

A few days later, on 19 April 1944, Umberto in an interview with

1335: 1176: 1151: 797: 688: 619: 463: 383:; 15 September 1904 – 18 March 1983) was the last 314: 5517:(in Swedish). Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell. 1925. p. 808 5227:"King Umberto wearing Bulgarian, Yugoslavian and British Orders" 3218: 3216: 869: 5971: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3780: 3778: 2399: 2250: 2228: 2191: 2159: 1756: 1706: 1197: 1092: 1078: 1006: 997: 726: 471: 203: 7211:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

4663: 4661: 1361:. However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title and position of 1041:

intermediaries. More importantly, Victor Emmanuel was proudly

444:

In 1944, Victor Emmanuel, compromised by his association with

429:. Umberto turned against the war following Italian defeats at 5535: 3213: 1600:

In the belated hope of influencing public opinion ahead of a

1586: 1381: 1259: 1143: 1136: 1063: 1058: 1038: 1037:, and wanted nothing to do with a peace attempt made through 977: 777:

Umberto was married in the city of Rome on 8 January 1930 to

613: 4043: 3939:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 pp. 62–63 3775: 3565: 3563: 3561: 1741:, though, as Catholics, the couple never filed for divorce. 4658: 3974:

M.L.K "Republic versus Monarchy in Italy" pp. 305–313 from

1362: 1269: 1053:, and isolated from the political life of the Royal House. 919:(kept in reserve), which attacked French forces during the 4206: 4204: 936:. Still, Mussolini subsequently cancelled the invasion of 555:. In a 1959 interview, Umberto told the Italian newspaper 521:, which the Royal Decree formalised on 29 September 1904. 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4671:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 114 4611:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 112 4504: 4502: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4337: 4335: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4222: 4220: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4094: 4092: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3725: 3723: 3709: 3707: 3693: 3691: 3664: 3662: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3558: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3484: 3482: 3442: 3440: 394:

since 1944. Due to his short reign, he was nicknamed the

5890: 5162: 5160: 4788:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 62 4410:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 73 4371:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 70 4358:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 72 4316:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 63 4178:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 68 4032: 4030: 4028: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 1159:

so as he believed that Umberto was unfit to be monarch.

1005:, visit Switzerland to contact the British consulate in 5260:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. 4963:"King Umberto wearing 5 Italian and 1 Belgian Order(s)" 4520: 4518: 4329:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 pp. 88–89 3853: 3851: 1697:. At about 3 pm on 13 June 1946, Umberto left the 1492: 5714:

Website with Information on Italian Royal news stories

4690: 4499: 4481: 4446: 4413: 4332: 4286: 4255: 4233: 4217: 4181: 4144: 4089: 4007: 3942: 3791: 3720: 3704: 3688: 3659: 3615: 3595: 3528: 3495: 3479: 3437: 5157: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4025: 3272: 972:, the Italo-German force was defeated by the British 878:

Umberto in conversation with Benito Mussolini in the

571: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4554:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 p. 219 4515: 4443:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 p. 105 4397:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 727–728 4102:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 p. 487 3848: 3819:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 485–486 7226:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

4384:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 p. 95 4086:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 p. 89 4073:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 p. 88 3685:, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985 p. 35 2331:

Knight of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called

1285: 5313:"Journal de Monaco : ORDONNANCES SOUVERAINES" 4583: 3570: 1029:Montini, a senior Papal diplomat who later became 505:. He was the third child and the only son of King 5704:Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy 4812:Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History 4786:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4747:"Re di Maggio: Pasquino forgives King Umberto II" 4669:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4614: 4609:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4408:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4369:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4356:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4314:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4176:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 4038:Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History 3937:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 3375: 960:. On 29 October 1942, he was awarded the rank of 948:, saying that, as a Catholic, he fully supported 725:relations, but in March 1932 Umberto asked for a 580:Prince Umberto during his visit to Chile, in 1924 559:that in 1922 his father had felt that appointing 7097: 5541:"แจ้งความ เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์" 4849: 4541:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 pp. 449–450 3913:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 pp. 192–193 7216:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 7077:*member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy 5408: 5285:"King Umberto wearing Greek and Spanish Orders" 5253: 4927:"King Umberto as heir wearing 4 Italian Orders" 4345:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 727 4141:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 325, 330 4128:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989 p. 326 3832:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 601 3746:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 599 3717:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 598 3701:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 597 3656:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 594 3630:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 485 1689:formally ended on 12 June 1946. Prime Minister 1535:In October 1944, Umberto, in an interview with 1470: 858:, which he called a "legitimate war" that even 566: 299:Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di Savoia 5221: 5219: 5217: 4801:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 339–341 4775:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 338–339 4478:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 333–334 4283:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 328–329 4060:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 326–327 3991:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 322–323 3788:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 318–319 3772:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 316–317 3759:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 315–316 3463:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 272–273 3315:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 271–272 3302:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 182–183 3252:, New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 210–211 3201:List of shortest reigning monarchs of all time 2483:Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 1602:referendum on the continuation of the monarchy 976:, marking the end of Axis hopes of conquering 765:), Umberto made his first publicised visit to 736: 620:Military positions and attempted assassination 6471: 6282: 6070: 5957: 5876: 5719:Newspaper clippings about Umberto II of Italy 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 3409: 2275:Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ 1859:Umberto was granted the traditional title of 1770: 1744:At the time when Umberto was dying, in 1983, 870:Italian expansion during the Second World War 4814:, London: Psychology Press, 2002 pp. 452–453 2176:Grand Cross of Saints George and Constantine 1325:returned to Italy after a long exile in the 713:when, with a cry of 'Down with Mussolini!', 563:as prime minister was a "justifiable risk". 7231:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 5279: 5277: 5214: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4528:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 p. 449 4115:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 p. 249 3900:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 p. 243 3887:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 p. 242 3861:, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008 p. 250 3416:. Kent State University Press. p. 71. 3371: 3369: 1893:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 1721:Umberto II lived for 37 years in exile, in 840: 836:The Prince and Princess of Piedmont in 1930 753:In 1928, after the colonial authorities in 304:Humbert Nicholas Thomas John Maria of Savoy 7246:Italian military personnel of World War II 6478: 6464: 6289: 6275: 6077: 6063: 5964: 5950: 5883: 5869: 5675: 5416:"Umberto II : Who, What, Where, When" 4912: 540:instead of Umberto. The British historian 44: 6769:Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan 4713:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 340 4687:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 339 4567:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 pp. 34–35 4512:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 333 4496:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 335 4465:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 338 4430:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 334 4303:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 329 4270:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 331 4252:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 328 4230:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 341 4214:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 332 4165:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 325 4022:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 324 4004:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 323 3965:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 336 3806:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 318 3733:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 310 3672:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 303 3643:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 302 3612:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 300 3555:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 298 3525:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 293 3512:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 292 3492:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 291 3476:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 287 3450:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 271 3363:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 265 3328:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 254 3289:, New Haven: Yale University Press p. 272 1900:Royal Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 703:An attempted assassination took place in 670:Learn how and when to remove this message 378:Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di 6154:Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta 5479: 5345:"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden" 5337: 5274: 4980: 4944: 4877: 4836: 4744: 4729: 3366: 2241: 1737:. At the same time, Umberto remained in 1581: 1569: 1133:Pietro Badoglio, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba 1012: 968:). During October–November 1942, in the 873: 831: 740: 575: 532:, he found himself in a quandary as the 481: 7126:20th-century Italian military personnel 6682:Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano 6296: 5629:"Umberto I Biancamano, conte di Savoia" 5529: 4997:"King Umberto wearing 5 Italian orders" 4892:"King Umberto wearing 4 Italian Orders" 4839:Remaking Italy in the Twentieth Century 4810:Dall'Oroto, Giovanni "Umberto II" from 4679: 4677: 4040:, London: Psychology Press, 2002 p. 534 4036:Dall'Oroto, Giovanni "Umberto II" from 3403: 3137:Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano 3016: 2354: 2216:Order of Prince Danilo I, Special Class 1827:15 September 1904 – 29 September 1904: 1432:would fight in the Pacific against the 1210:, General Calvi di Bergolo and General 7098: 6810:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano 6785:Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta 5305: 3155:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano 2889: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2646: 2536: 2532: 1313:freed more and more of Italy from the 898:. When Mussolini decided to enter the 594:Italian people living outside of Italy 437:, and tacitly supported the ouster of 7221:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 7206:Italian people of Montenegrin descent 6861:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 6836:Amadeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat 6723:Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano 6459: 6270: 6058: 6003:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont 5945: 5864: 4827:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 38 4726:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 34 4655:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 37 4642:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 37 4629:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 37 4598:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 36 4580:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 35 3161:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano 3143:Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano 2968: 2958: 2954: 2942: 2936: 2926: 2907: 2897: 2893: 2877: 2871: 2861: 2848: 2838: 2834: 2822: 2816: 2806: 2786: 2776: 2772: 2748: 2738: 2722: 2712: 2708: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2664: 2654: 2650: 2634: 2628: 2618: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2544: 2540: 2302:Order of Michael the Brave, 1st Class 1578:on his first day as king 10 May 1946. 1162: 772: 717:fired a single shot that missed him. 456:1946 Italian institutional referendum 6485: 6009:Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice 5656: 5514:Sveriges statskalender för året 1925 5257:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 4825:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4724:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4674: 4653:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4640:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4627:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4596:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4578:A Political History of Postwar Italy 4565:A Political History of Postwar Italy 3926:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 7 3924:A Political History of Postwar Italy 3845:, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p. 5 3843:A Political History of Postwar Italy 3583:from the original on 12 January 2022 2466:Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe 2072:Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius 1934:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the 1922:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the 1916:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the 1910:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the 1904:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the 1898:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the 1821: 652:adding citations to reliable sources 623: 7038:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 6646:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano 6422:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 5349:Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1930 4749:. L'Italo-Americano. Archived from 3131:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano 2348:Grand Cross of the Eagle of Georgia 1871: 984:. In November 1942, as part of the 266:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 13: 6749:Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 6677:Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy 5650: 3978:, Vol 2, Issue 7, July 1946 p. 307 2425:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 2280:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 2034: 1693:assumed office as Italy's interim 1175:while the U.S. 5th Army landed at 1171:landed on the Italian mainland at 572:State visit to South America, 1924 23:. For the American community, see 14: 7282: 6963:Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 6957:Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin 6951:Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta 6759:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano 6687:Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons 6636:Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours 6610:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 6594:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 5697: 4745:Di Renzo, Anthony (14 May 2014). 4539:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 4526:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 4113:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 3911:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 3898:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 3885:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 3872:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 3859:Italy's Year of Sorrow, 1944–1945 3337: 3149:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano 3125:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 3119:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 1951:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1248:Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale 7271:20th-century Italian LGBT people 6754:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 6697:Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours 6018: 5661:. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 5621: 5593: 5565: 5505: 5461: 5433: 5383: 5355: 5247: 5186: 5129: 5101: 5073: 5045: 5017: 2522:Ancestors of Umberto II of Italy 2489: 2471: 2455: 2434: 2413: 2392: 2356: 2337: 2320: 2288: 2261: 2243: 2221: 2205: 2184: 2158: 2139: 2123: 2113:German Imperial and Royal Family 2106: 2085: 2059: 2042: 2000: 1973: 1943: 1924:Royal Order of the Star of Italy 1879: 1834:29 September 1904 – 9 May 1946: 1791: 1565: 1286:Outing and appointment as regent 628: 551:Umberto was the first cousin of 359: 7241:Children of Victor Emmanuel III 6831:Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia 6728:Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons 6672:Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy 6631:Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy 4830: 4817: 4804: 4791: 4778: 4765: 4716: 4645: 4632: 4601: 4570: 4557: 4544: 4531: 4468: 4433: 4400: 4387: 4374: 4361: 4348: 4319: 4306: 4273: 4168: 4131: 4118: 4105: 4076: 4063: 3994: 3981: 3968: 3929: 3916: 3903: 3890: 3877: 3864: 3835: 3822: 3809: 3762: 3749: 3736: 3675: 3646: 3633: 3515: 3466: 3453: 2667:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa 2605:Archduchess Adelaide of Austria 2013:Military Order of Saint Stephen 1359:Lieutenant General of the Realm 1280:Lieutenant General of the Realm 1275:Luogotenente Generale del Regno 980:. The Axis retreated back into 956:, the planned Axis invasion of 847:Lieutenant General of the Realm 639:needs additional citations for 241: 6815:Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons 6800:Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta 6790:Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 5836:Reason for succession failure: 5659:The Fall of the House of Savoy 3353: 3331: 3318: 3305: 3292: 3255: 3242: 3190:Umberto II of Italy, 1904–1983 2077:Grand Cross of Saint Alexander 1991:Grand Cross of Justice of the 1851:12 June 1946 – 18 March 1983: 553:King Alexander I of Yugoslavia 1: 6841:Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 6764:Eugenio, Count of Villafranca 6718:Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia 5537:Royal Thai Government Gazette 4837:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). 3206: 2789:Mirko Petrović-Njegoš, Grand 1912:Royal Military Order of Savoy 1616:and the will of the people". 1244:National Liberation Committee 1103:, a motion introduced by the 786:King Albert I of the Belgians 784:(1906–2001), the daughter of 557:La Settimana Incom Illustrata 477: 7131:20th-century Roman Catholics 6946:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 6877:Charles Albert I of Sardinia 6846:Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat 6522:Philip I, Prince of Piedmont 6099:First Marshals of the Empire 5833:12 June 1946 – 18 March 1983 5797:as Provisional Head of State 5608:S-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com 5493:(in Spanish): 218, 221. 1930 5234:S-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com 5060:S-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com 4899:S-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com 3185:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 3065:Thomas II, Count of Piedmont 2874:Princess Elena of Montenegro 2725:Princess Elisabeth of Saxony 2693:Princess Margherita of Savoy 2631:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 1471:Liberation and republicanism 1380:The diplomat and politician 1341:Under intense pressure from 1142:, the Italian ambassador to 1021:. Her interlocutor from the 849:. He made an exception when 567:Career as Prince of Piedmont 507:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 411:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 330:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 7: 7196:Burials at Hautecombe Abbey 7141:Claimant kings of Jerusalem 7121:20th-century kings of Italy 6893:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 6851:Charles Felix I of Sardinia 6805:Benedetto, Duke of Chablais 6579:Philibert II, Duke of Savoy 6445: † 6199:Umberto, Prince of Piedmont 5723:20th Century Press Archives 3572:"Queen Marie Jose of Italy" 3194: 3173:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 3095:Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy 3089:Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy 2547:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 2513: 2371:Knight of the Golden Fleece 2171:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 2018:Grand Cross of Saint Joseph 1844:9 May 1946 – 12 June 1946: 1716: 1631:First Marshal of the Empire 737:Visit to Italian Somaliland 474:Cantonal Hospital in 1983. 458:on the continuation of the 10: 7287: 6987:Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo 6924:Oddone, Duke of Montferrat 6584:Charles III, Duke of Savoy 6569:Philibert I, Duke of Savoy 5781:9 May 1946 – 12 June 1946 5676:Mack Smith, Denis (1992). 5491:Spanish Government Gazette 3413:Safirka: An American Envoy 3376:R. J. B. Bosworth (2007). 3167:Charles Albert of Sardinia 3113:Charles III, Duke of Savoy 3083:Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy 2883: 2766: 2640: 2534: 2196:Grand Cross of St. Charles 2146:Hessian Grand Ducal Family 1918:Royal Civil Order of Savoy 1866: 1771:Titles, styles and honours 940:in favour of invading the 921:Italian invasion of France 884:Italian invasion of France 419:Italian invasion of France 134:9 May 1946 – 18 March 1983 21:Humbert II, Count of Savoy 18: 7074: 7060:Prince Emanuele Filiberto 7052: 7030: 7002: 6975:Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa 6938: 6906: 6885: 6869: 6823: 6795:Prince Emanuele Filiberto 6777: 6741: 6710: 6702:Henri II, Duke of Nemours 6664: 6623: 6602: 6561: 6538:Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy 6530: 6509: 6493: 6439: 6414: 6304: 6238: 6212: 6120: 6097: 6027: 6016: 5987: 5899: 5843: 5818: 5804: 5774: 5766: 5761: 5734: 5682:. Yale University Press. 5546:(in Thai). Archived from 3071:Amadeus V, Count of Savoy 2956: 2948: 2920: 2895: 2891: 2855: 2849:13. Anastasija Martinović 2836: 2828: 2800: 2774: 2770: 2732: 2710: 2702: 2674: 2652: 2648: 2612: 2590: 2582: 2554: 2538: 2256:Knight of the White Eagle 2233:Grand Cross of Saint Olav 2150:Knight of the Golden Lion 2117:Knight of the Black Eagle 2006:Tuscan Grand Ducal family 1986:Knight of Saint Januarius 1980:Two Sicilian Royal Family 1930:Order of Merit for Labour 1811: 1799: 1790: 1777: 1508:Sir Noel Mason-MacFarlane 1354:Sir Noel Mason-MacFarlane 1279: 1200:to board a corvette, the 355: 345: 335: 325: 313: 303: 293: 288: 284: 251: 223: 210: 193: 166: 162: 138: 130: 122: 110: 91: 81: 77:9 May 1946 – 12 June 1946 73: 59: 43: 38: 6981:Filiberto, Duke of Genoa 6969:Umberto, Count of Salemi 6898:Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa 6692:Louis I, Duke of Nemours 6656:Prince Emmanuel Filibert 6615:Jacques, Duke of Nemours 6574:Charles I, Duke of Savoy 6553:Jacques, Count of Romont 6548:Philip II, Duke of Savoy 6240:Marshal of the Air Force 6174:Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi 6107:King Victor Emmanuel III 5487:"Guía oficial de España" 5254:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 4843:Rowman & Littlefield 3107:Philip II, Duke of Savoy 2819:Nicholas I of Montenegro 2462:Yugoslavian Royal Family 2212:Montenegrin Royal Family 1936:Order of the Roman Eagle 1928:Sovereign Knight of the 1906:Royal Order of the Crown 1891:Sovereign Knight of the 1855:King Umberto II of Italy 1357:Umberto, naming his son 1156:Count Pietro d'Acquarone 841:Under the Fascist Regime 820:Princess Maria Gabriella 814:Prince Vittorio Emanuele 803:They had four children: 763:Cattedrale di Mogadiscio 528:by declaring war on the 497:Umberto was born at the 271:Princess Maria Gabriella 146:Prince Vittorio Emanuele 7261:LGBT military personnel 7166:Field marshals of Italy 6856:Giuseppe, Count of Asti 6589:Philip, Duke of Nemours 6447:dispute over succession 5320:Journaldemonaco.gouv.mc 3382:. Penguin. p. 48. 2501:Supreme Order of Christ 2327:Russian Imperial Family 2268:Portuguese Royal Family 1956:Bailiff Grand Cross of 1831:Prince Umberto of Savoy 1574:King Umberto II at the 1302:("Ugly Starlet" in the 1228:Italian Social Republic 826:Princess Maria Beatrice 530:Austro-Hungarian Empire 276:Princess Maria Beatrice 29:May King Van Rensselaer 6993:Eugenio, Duke of Genoa 6929:Tommaso, Duke of Genoa 6641:Henri, Duke of Nemours 6543:Louis, Count of Geneva 6443:denotes titular Prince 5679:Italy and Its Monarchy 5580:Farm8.staticflickr.com 5468:Royal House of Georgia 5144:Farm8.staticflickr.com 4799:Italy and Its Monarchy 4773:Italy and Its Monarchy 4711:Italy and Its Monarchy 4685:Italy and Its Monarchy 4510:Italy and Its Monarchy 4494:Italy and Its Monarchy 4476:Italy and Its Monarchy 4463:Italy and Its Monarchy 4428:Italy and Its Monarchy 4301:Italy and Its Monarchy 4281:Italy and Its Monarchy 4268:Italy and Its Monarchy 4250:Italy and Its Monarchy 4228:Italy and Its Monarchy 4212:Italy and Its Monarchy 4163:Italy and Its Monarchy 4139:Italy and Its Monarchy 4126:Italy and Its Monarchy 4058:Italy and Its Monarchy 4020:Italy and Its Monarchy 4002:Italy and Its Monarchy 3989:Italy and Its Monarchy 3963:Italy and Its Monarchy 3804:Italy and Its Monarchy 3786:Italy and Its Monarchy 3770:Italy and Its Monarchy 3757:Italy and Its Monarchy 3731:Italy and Its Monarchy 3670:Italy and Its Monarchy 3641:Italy and Its Monarchy 3610:Italy and Its Monarchy 3553:Italy and Its Monarchy 3523:Italy and Its Monarchy 3510:Italy and Its Monarchy 3490:Italy and Its Monarchy 3474:Italy and Its Monarchy 3461:Italy and Its Monarchy 3448:Italy and Its Monarchy 3410:Peter Bridges (2000). 3361:Italy and Its Monarchy 3326:Italy and Its Monarchy 3313:Italy and Its Monarchy 3300:Italy and Its Monarchy 3287:Italy and Its Monarchy 3263:Italy and Its Monarchy 3250:Italy and Its Monarchy 3226:. 1904. Archived from 3077:Aimone, Count of Savoy 2404:Knight of the Seraphim 2134:Knight of Saint Hubert 2097:Knight of the Elephant 2066:Bulgarian Royal Family 2052:: Grand Cordon of the 1958:Justice, Special Class 1682: 1593: 1579: 1464: 1025:was Giovanni Battista 887: 837: 750: 581: 494: 403: 377: 298: 27:. For the author, see 7201:People from Racconigi 7087:Prince of Savoy-Aosta 7082:Prince of Savoy-Genoa 7043:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta 7021:Aimone, Duke of Aosta 7015:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta 5894:between 1861 and 1946 5821:— TITULAR — 5770:Vittorio Emanuele III 5657:Katz, Robert (1972). 4931:Media.gettyimages.com 4784:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4667:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4607:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4406:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4367:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4354:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4312:Giuseppe Mammarealla 4174:Giuseppe Mammarealla 3935:Giuseppe Mammarealla 3267:Yale University Press 2446:Royal Victorian Chain 2344:Georgian Royal Family 2300:Grand Officer of the 2295:Romanian Royal Family 2214:: Grand Cross of the 2130:Bavarian Royal Family 1678: 1585: 1573: 1460: 1101:Fascist Grand Council 1077:, the Allies invaded 1013:Attempts at armistice 934:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 877: 835: 796:Duchess Elisabeth in 782:Marie José of Belgium 744: 698:Fascist Grand Council 579: 538:the 2nd Duke of Aosta 485: 230:Marie-José of Belgium 16:King of Italy in 1946 7256:LGBT Roman Catholics 7136:20th-century regents 6517:Louis, Duke of Savoy 6371:Charles Emmanuel III 6230:Paolo Thaon di Revel 5736:Umberto II of Italy 5601:"Photographic image" 5573:"Photographic image" 5539:(16 December 1934). 5441:"Photographic image" 5363:"Photographic image" 5194:"Photographic image" 5172:Constantinian.org.uk 5137:"Photographic image" 5109:"Photographic image" 5081:"Photographic image" 5053:"Photographic image" 5025:"Photographic image" 4857:"Photographic image" 3101:Louis, Duke of Savoy 3053:Humbert III of Savoy 3047:Amadeus III of Savoy 3017:Patrilineal ancestry 2381:Order of Charles III 1759:and was interred in 1485:, together with the 1304:Piedmontese language 1073:On 10 July 1943, in 986:Battle of Stalingrad 970:Battle of El Alamein 966:Maresciallo d'Italia 950:Operation Barbarossa 722:Second International 648:improve this article 511:Jelena of Montenegro 96:Monarchy abolished; 7251:LGBT heads of state 7191:People from Cascais 7176:Italian monarchists 7151:Princes of Piedmont 7106:Umberto II of Italy 7010:Umberto II of Italy 6395:Victor Emmanuel III 6379:Charles Emmanuel IV 6298:Princes of Piedmont 5920:Victor Emmanuel III 5292:40.media.tumblr.com 4845:. pp. 101–102. 3579:. 29 January 2001. 3577:The Daily Telegraph 3347:Repositorio.ufba.br 3230:on 3 September 2017 3041:Humbert II of Savoy 3035:Amadeus II of Savoy 2969:15. Jelena Voivodić 2751:Umberto II of Italy 2444:: Recipient of the 2379:Grand Cross of the 2310:Grand Cross of the 2273:Grand Cross of the 2028:SS Principe Umberto 2011:Grand Cross of the 1963:Grand Cross of the 1620:remembered" in the 759:Mogadishu Cathedral 499:Castle of Racconigi 415:Elena of Montenegro 340:Elena of Montenegro 86:Victor Emmanuel III 6914:Umberto I of Italy 6323:Charles Emmanuel I 6315:Emmanuel Philibert 5904:Victor Emmanuel II 5840:monarchy abolished 5814:Monarchy abolished 5806:Titles in pretence 5786:Monarchy abolished 5473:2013-10-17 at the 5420:Servinghistory.com 4797:Denis Mack Smith, 4771:Denis Mack Smith, 4709:Denis Mack Smith, 4683:Denis Mack Smith, 4508:Denis Mack Smith, 4492:Denis Mack Smith, 4474:Denis Mack Smith, 4461:Denis Mack Smith, 4426:Denis Mack Smith, 4393:Gerhard Weinberg, 4341:Gerhard Weinberg, 4299:Denis Mack Smith, 4279:Denis Mack Smith, 4266:Denis Mack Smith, 4248:Denis Mack Smith, 4226:Denis Mack Smith, 4210:Denis Mack Smith, 4161:Denis Mack Smith, 4137:Denis Mack Smith, 4124:Mack Smith, Denis 4098:Gerhard Weinberg, 4056:Denis Mack Smith, 4018:Denis Mack Smith, 4000:Denis Mack Smith, 3987:Denis Mack Smith, 3961:Denis Mack Smith, 3828:Gerhard Weinberg, 3815:Gerhard Weinberg, 3802:Denis Mack Smith, 3784:Denis Mack Smith, 3768:Denis Mack Smith, 3755:Denis Mack Smith, 3742:Gerhard Weinberg, 3729:Denis Mack Smith, 3713:Gerhard Weinberg, 3697:Gerhard Weinberg, 3668:Denis Mack Smith, 3652:Gerhard Weinberg, 3639:Denis Mack Smith, 3626:Gerhard Weinberg, 3608:Denis Mack Smith, 3551:Denis Mack Smith, 3521:Denis Mack Smith, 3508:Denis Mack Smith, 3488:Denis Mack Smith, 3472:Denis Mack Smith, 3459:Denis Mack Smith, 3446:Denis Mack Smith, 3359:Denis Mack Smith, 3324:Denis Mack Smith, 3311:Denis Mack Smith, 3298:Denis Mack Smith, 3285:Denis Mack Smith, 3261:Denis Mack Smith, 3248:Denis Mack Smith, 3179:Umberto I of Italy 3023:Humbert I of Savoy 2573:Umberto I of Italy 2165:Greek Royal Family 1960:, 17 November 1922 1861:Prince of Piedmont 1840:Prince of Piedmont 1836:His Royal Highness 1829:His Royal Highness 1753:Italian Parliament 1727:Portuguese Riviera 1610:St. Peter's Square 1594: 1580: 1538:The New York Times 1505:Lieutenant-General 1351:Lieutenant-General 1163:Partition of Italy 1140:Raffaele Guariglia 954:Operation Hercules 888: 838: 808:Princess Maria Pia 773:Marriage and issue 755:Italian Somaliland 751: 710:Colonne du Congrès 602:State of São Paulo 586:Prince of Piedmont 582: 534:Italian Parliament 519:Prince of Piedmont 513:. As such, he was 495: 488:Prince of Piedmont 486:Photo of Umberto, 468:Portuguese Riviera 261:Princess Maria Pia 103:President of Italy 52:Prince of Piedmont 50:Umberto, then the 7093: 7092: 6919:Amadeo I of Spain 6453: 6452: 6417:Held in pretense: 6355:Victor Amadeus II 6264: 6263: 6246:Regia Aeronautica 6122:Marshals of Italy 6091:Marshals of Italy 6052: 6051: 5939: 5938: 5859: 5858: 5847:Vittorio Emanuele 5844:Succeeded by 5823: 5792:Alcide De Gasperi 5749:15 September 1904 5709:a portrait of his 5370:1.bp.blogspot.com 5322:. 16 January 1930 5267:978-87-7674-434-2 5116:1.bp.blogspot.com 5032:2.bp.blogspot.com 4967:2.bp.blogspot.com 4864:2.bp.blogspot.com 3224:"Leggi E Decreti" 3059:Thomas I of Savoy 3013: 3012: 3009: 3008: 1848:The King of Italy 1822:Titles and styles 1819: 1818: 1691:Alcide de Gasperi 1608:, in a sermon on 1560:Alcide De Gasperi 1544:Statuto Albertino 1423:The Daily Express 1415:and the parts of 1397:Alcide De Gasperi 1393:Svolta di Salerno 1323:Palmiro Togliatti 1119:Roberto Farinacci 1003:4th Duke of Aosta 942:Kingdom of Greece 907:, made up of the 860:Giovanni Giolitti 731:Spanish Civil War 680: 679: 672: 612:, the capital of 367: 366: 309: 308: 177:15 September 1904 117:Alcide De Gasperi 25:Mayking, Kentucky 7278: 7236:Sons of emperors 7171:Italian admirals 7156:Princes of Savoy 7146:Princes in Italy 6487:Princes of Savoy 6480: 6473: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6347:Francis Hyacinth 6339:Victor Amadeus I 6291: 6284: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6184:Rodolfo Graziani 6169:Gaetano Giardino 6112:Benito Mussolini 6085:List of Italian 6079: 6072: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6022: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5841: 5837: 5819: 5799: 5767:Preceded by 5757: 5750: 5732: 5731: 5693: 5672: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5477: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5231: 5223: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5174:. 4 October 2012 5164: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5001: 4993: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4959: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4923: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4753:on 29 March 2019 4742: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4688: 4681: 4672: 4665: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4506: 4497: 4490: 4479: 4472: 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2527: 2519: 2518: 2499:: Knight of the 2495: 2493: 2492: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2460: 2459: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2423:: Knight of the 2419: 2417: 2416: 2408:7 September 1922 2398: 2396: 2395: 2375:19 November 1923 2366: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2342: 2341: 2325: 2324: 2312:Order of Carol I 2293: 2292: 2266: 2265: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2210: 2209: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2143: 2128: 2127: 2111: 2110: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2064: 2063: 2054:Order of Leopold 2048: 2046: 2045: 2004: 1978: 1977: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1884: 1883: 1872:National honours 1795: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1761:Hautecombe Abbey 1703:Ciampino Airport 1591:Kingdom of Italy 1525:Vittorio Orlando 1517:Falcone Lucifero 1347:Harold Macmillan 1281: 1148:Gerhard Weinberg 994:Operation Uranus 962:Marshal of Italy 900:Second World War 856:Ethiopian Empire 747:Philip de László 715:Fernando de Rosa 694:Benito Mussolini 675: 668: 664: 661: 655: 632: 624: 561:Benito Mussolini 542:Denis Mack Smith 460:Italian monarchy 439:Benito Mussolini 427:Second World War 423:Marshal of Italy 363: 305: 286: 285: 245: 243: 216:Hautecombe Abbey 200: 188:Kingdom of Italy 176: 174: 113: 99:Enrico De Nicola 48: 36: 35: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7070: 7053:18th generation 7048: 7031:17th generation 7026: 7003:16th generation 6998: 6939:15th generation 6934: 6907:14th generation 6902: 6886:13th generation 6881: 6870:12th generation 6865: 6824:11th generation 6819: 6778:10th generation 6773: 6737: 6706: 6660: 6619: 6598: 6557: 6526: 6505: 6489: 6484: 6454: 6449: 6435: 6410: 6331:Philip Emmanuel 6300: 6295: 6265: 6260: 6242: 6234: 6216: 6208: 6164:Enrico Caviglia 6159:Pietro Badoglio 6124: 6116: 6093: 6083: 6053: 6048: 6023: 6014: 5997:King Umberto II 5983: 5970: 5940: 5935: 5895: 5889: 5855: 5851: 5849: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5780: 5772: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5700: 5690: 5669: 5653: 5651:Further reading 5648: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5553:on 4 March 2016 5550: 5543: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5475:Wayback Machine 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5448:I022.radikal.ru 5443: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5395:Tracesofwar.com 5389: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4961: 4960: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4743: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4691: 4682: 4675: 4666: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4552:Italy 1943–1945 4550:Ellwood, David 4549: 4545: 4537:Holland, James 4536: 4532: 4524:Holland, James 4523: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4447: 4441:Italy 1943–1945 4439:Ellwood, David 4438: 4434: 4425: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4395:A World in Arms 4392: 4388: 4382:Italy 1943–1945 4380:Ellwood, David 4379: 4375: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4343:A World in Arms 4340: 4333: 4327:Italy 1943–1945 4325:Ellwood, David 4324: 4320: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4234: 4225: 4218: 4209: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4111:Holland, James 4110: 4106: 4100:A World in Arms 4097: 4090: 4084:Italy 1943–1945 4082:Ellwood, David 4081: 4077: 4071:Italy 1943–1945 4069:Ellwood, David 4068: 4064: 4055: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3976:The World Today 3973: 3969: 3960: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3909:Holland, James 3908: 3904: 3896:Holland, James 3895: 3891: 3883:Holland, James 3882: 3878: 3870:Holland, James 3869: 3865: 3857:Holland, James 3856: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3830:A World in Arms 3827: 3823: 3817:A World in Arms 3814: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3744:A World in Arms 3741: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3715:A World in Arms 3712: 3705: 3699:A World in Arms 3696: 3689: 3683:Italy 1943–1945 3681:Ellwood, David 3680: 3676: 3667: 3660: 3654:A World in Arms 3651: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3628:A World in Arms 3625: 3616: 3607: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3496: 3487: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3374: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3197: 3019: 3014: 2516: 2511: 2503:, with Collar, 2490: 2488: 2472: 2470: 2454: 2435: 2433: 2414: 2412: 2393: 2391: 2383:, with Collar, 2357: 2355: 2336: 2319: 2287: 2260: 2244: 2242: 2235:, with Collar, 2222: 2220: 2204: 2200:16 January 1930 2185: 2183: 2157: 2138: 2122: 2105: 2086: 2084: 2058: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2035:Foreign honours 2024: 1972: 1944: 1942: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1824: 1801:Reference style 1784:King Umberto II 1783: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1719: 1699:Quirinal Palace 1576:Quirinal Palace 1568: 1553:Ferruccio Parri 1529:Ellery W. Stone 1501:Quirinal Palace 1473: 1434:Japanese Empire 1409:colonial empire 1401:Catholic Church 1375:Benedetto Croce 1331:Pietro Badoglio 1288: 1256:Benedetto Croce 1208:Enrico Caviglia 1193:Pietro Badoglio 1185:Operation Achse 1173:Reggio Calabria 1165: 1075:Operation Husky 1035:Catholic Church 1015: 905:Army Group West 872: 843: 790:Queen Elisabeth 775: 739: 676: 665: 659: 656: 645: 633: 622: 606:major rebellion 574: 569: 526:Triple Alliance 492:First World War 490:, prior to the 480: 446:Italian fascism 350:Catholic Church 301: 280: 247: 244: 1930) 239: 235: 232: 219: 202: 198: 178: 172: 170: 158: 111: 105: 69: 55: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:Exiled royalty 7183: 7181:Italian exiles 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7161:Dukes in Italy 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7091: 7090: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7047: 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generation 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6510:2nd generation 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6494:1st generation 6491: 6490: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6427: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6363:Victor Amadeus 6360: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6204:Giovanni Messe 6201: 6196: 6194:Ettore Bastico 6191: 6186: 6181: 6179:Emilio De Bono 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6128:Regio Esercito 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6087:First Marshals 6082: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5892:Kings of Italy 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5845: 5842: 5817: 5809: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5790: 5782: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5762:Regnal titles 5759: 5758: 5741:House of Savoy 5738: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5698:External links 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689:978-0300051322 5688: 5673: 5668:978-0049450110 5667: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5620: 5592: 5564: 5528: 5504: 5478: 5460: 5432: 5407: 5382: 5354: 5336: 5304: 5273: 5266: 5246: 5213: 5185: 5156: 5128: 5100: 5072: 5044: 5016: 4979: 4943: 4911: 4876: 4848: 4829: 4823:Kogan, Norman 4816: 4803: 4790: 4777: 4764: 4728: 4722:Kogan, Norman 4715: 4689: 4673: 4657: 4651:Kogan, Norman 4644: 4638:Norman Kogan, 4631: 4613: 4600: 4594:Kogan, Norman 4582: 4576:Kogan, Norman 4569: 4563:Kogan, Norman 4556: 4543: 4530: 4514: 4498: 4480: 4467: 4445: 4432: 4412: 4399: 4386: 4373: 4360: 4347: 4331: 4318: 4305: 4285: 4272: 4254: 4232: 4216: 4180: 4167: 4143: 4130: 4117: 4104: 4088: 4075: 4062: 4042: 4024: 4006: 3993: 3980: 3967: 3941: 3928: 3922:Kogan, Norman 3915: 3902: 3889: 3876: 3863: 3847: 3841:Kogan, Norman 3834: 3821: 3808: 3790: 3774: 3761: 3748: 3735: 3719: 3703: 3687: 3674: 3658: 3645: 3632: 3614: 3594: 3557: 3527: 3514: 3494: 3478: 3465: 3452: 3436: 3423:978-0873386586 3422: 3402: 3389:978-1101078570 3388: 3365: 3352: 3338:Brito, Jonas. 3330: 3317: 3304: 3291: 3271: 3254: 3241: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939:Milena Vukotić 2935: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2505:2 January 1932 2485:, with Collar 2468: 2452: 2442:United Kingdom 2431: 2410: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2333:, with Collar 2317: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2258: 2239: 2237:19 August 1922 2218: 2202: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2136: 2119:, with Collar 2103: 2101:31 August 1922 2082: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2056: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2015: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1965:Order of Merit 1961: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1886:House of Savoy 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1832: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1787: 1772: 1769: 1765:House of Savoy 1749:Sandro Pertini 1731:queen consorts 1718: 1715: 1687:House of Savoy 1626:Sandro Pertini 1567: 1564: 1472: 1469: 1439:Regio Esercito 1296:House of Savoy 1287: 1284: 1216:Regio Esercito 1212:Antonio Sorice 1164: 1161: 1084:Regio Esercito 1014: 1011: 926:Regio Esercito 871: 868: 842: 839: 830: 829: 823: 817: 811: 788:and his wife, 774: 771: 738: 735: 678: 677: 636: 634: 627: 621: 618: 598:Rio de Janeiro 573: 570: 568: 565: 509:and his wife, 479: 476: 365: 364: 357: 353: 352: 347: 343: 342: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 322: 317: 311: 310: 307: 306: 291: 290: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 257: 255: 249: 248: 237: 233: 228: 227: 225: 221: 220: 214: 212: 208: 207: 201:(aged 78) 195: 191: 190: 168: 164: 163: 160: 159: 157: 156: 151: 148: 142: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 125:House of Savoy 120: 119: 114: 112:Prime Minister 108: 107: 97: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 63: 57: 56: 49: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7283: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7065:Prince Aimone 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6733:Prince Eugene 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6214:Grand Admiral 6211: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Ugo Cavallero 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6144:Luigi Cadorna 6142: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5854: 5848: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5828:King of Italy 5822: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5777:King of Italy 5771: 5765: 5760: 5756:19 March 1983 5755: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5515: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5250: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5005: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4865: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4794: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4625:Norman Kogan 4622: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3265:, New Haven: 3264: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029:Otto of Savoy 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2913:Petar Vukotić 2912: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2432: 2430: 2429:26 March 1933 2426: 2422: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2314:, with Collar 2313: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282:, with Collar 2281: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2182: 2178:, with Collar 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2152:, with Collar 2151: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2083: 2079:, with Collar 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2040: 2039: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995:, with Collar 1994: 1990: 1988:, with Collar 1987: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1967:, with Collar 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1895:, with Collar 1894: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1864: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Head of State 1692: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:Pope Pius XII 1603: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1566:King of Italy 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1478:Ivanoe Bonomi 1468: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Robert Murphy 1339: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:Salò Republic 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:Salò Republic 1283: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1232:James Holland 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:United States 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 897: 893: 886:in June 1940. 885: 881: 876: 867: 865: 864:Ethiopian war 861: 857: 852: 848: 834: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 748: 743: 734: 732: 728: 723: 718: 716: 712: 711: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 690: 685: 674: 671: 663: 653: 649: 643: 642: 637:This section 635: 631: 626: 625: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 578: 564: 562: 558: 554: 549: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 515:heir apparent 512: 508: 504: 500: 493: 489: 484: 475: 473: 470:. He died in 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 392:head of state 390: 386: 385:King of Italy 382: 381: 375: 371: 362: 358: 354: 351: 348: 344: 341: 338: 334: 331: 328: 324: 321: 318: 316: 312: 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 254: 250: 231: 226: 222: 217: 213: 209: 206:, Switzerland 205: 197:18 March 1983 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 169: 165: 161: 155: 154:Prince Amedeo 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 121: 118: 115: 109: 106: 104: 100: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 62: 61:King of Italy 58: 53: 47: 42: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7266:LGBT royalty 7086: 7081: 7076: 7009: 6500: 6446: 6442: 6430: 6425:(*1937–2024) 6424: 6416: 6405: 6402: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6244: 6220:Regia Marina 6218: 6198: 6149:Armando Diaz 6132: 6126: 6045:(since 2021) 6011:(since 2024) 5996: 5930: 5927: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5812: 5796: 5784: 5775: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5678: 5658: 5636:. 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