899:
851:
224:
501:
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875:
887:
378:
82:
33:
521:
863:
57:
835:—the First National—was forced to temporarily close its doors, precipitating a cash-flow crisis for the City of North Bend. The city solved this problem by minting its own currency, using myrtlewood discs printed on a newspaper press. These coins, in denominations from 25 cents to $ 10, were used to pay employees, with the city promising to redeem them for cash as soon as it became available.
1270:
715:, is palatable raw for only a brief time when ripe; prior to this the volatile aromatic oils are too strong, and afterwards the flesh quickly becomes bruised, like that of an overripe avocado. Native Americans dried the fruits in the sun and ate only the lower third of the dried mesocarp, which is less pungent.
718:
The hard inner seed underneath the fleshy mesocarp, like the pit of an avocado, cleaves readily in two when its thin shell is cracked. The pit itself was traditionally roasted to a dark chocolate-brown color, removing much of the pungency and leaving a spicy flavor. Roasted, shelled "bay nuts" were
838:
However, when the bank reopened and the city appealed for people to bring their myrtlewood money in to redeem it, many opted to keep their tokens as collector's items. After several appeals, the city announced that the tokens would remain legal tender in the city of North Bend in perpetuity. The
409:
are smooth-edged and lance-shaped, 3–15 cm long and around a third as wide, similar to the related bay laurel, though usually narrower, and without the crinkled margin of that species. The leaves are green, and lighter on the underside. The bark and leaves have a pungent scent resembling
703:
leaves were used to treat rheumatism and neuralgias. A tea was made from the leaves to treat stomach aches, colds, sore throats, and to clear up mucus in the lungs. The leaves were steeped in hot water to make an infusion that was used to wash sores. The Pomo and Yuki tribes of
516:, is one of the largest of its species in the state. Since this photograph, the tree was split, and half the tree broke off and fell in a storm. The other half is still thriving, and has more or less resumed the original canopy shape.
735:". The powder might also be used in cooking or pressed into cakes and dried for winter storage. It has been speculated that the nuts contain a stimulant; however this possible effect has been little documented by biologists.
462:
2–2.5 cm long and 2 cm broad, lightly spotted with yellow, maturing purple. Under the thin, leathery skin, it consists of an oily, fleshy covering over a single hard, thin-shelled pit, and resembles a miniature
898:
831:"Myrtlewood" is the only wood still in use as a base "metal" for legal tender. During the 1933 "interregnum of despair" between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration, the only bank in the town of
588:, oak-laurel forests were found in Central and Southern California. Typical tree species included oaks ancestral to present-day California oaks, and an assemblage of trees from the laurel family, including
786:, used to construct the backs and sides of acoustic guitars. The wood is very hard and fine, and is also made into bowls, spoons, and other small items and sold as "myrtlewood". It is also grown as an
2263:
2283:
886:
1284:
1298:
2268:
577:. Bays occur in oak woodland close to the coast, and in northern California where moisture is sufficient, usually in or near riparian areas. The species is very
2258:
425:
The leaves are entire and lance-shaped about 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) long. They may substitute for the
Mediterranean bay leaf in cooking.
2278:
1973:
1691:
1741:
817:
soup, "it is essential that you add a generous amount of
California laurel" when storing acorns to dry, to keep insects away from the acorns.
2038:
1312:
2228:
839:
unredeemed tokens have become very valuable, because of scarcity and historical interest. Fewer than 10 full sets are believed to exist.
850:
2090:
2288:
711:
Both the flesh and the inner kernel of the fruit have been used as food by Native
Americans. The fatty outer flesh of the fruit, or
397:
tree growing to 30 metres (98 feet) tall with a trunk up to 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter. The largest recorded tree is in
1921:
1417:
1051:
2293:
2273:
1986:
1934:
874:
1480:. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium Vol. VII. Reprinted 1974 by Mendocino County Historical Society. p. 114.
632:, the pathogen that causes the disease sudden oak death. It is important in this sense because it is one of two tree species (
1604:
1577:
1455:
1187:
1137:
1991:
1717:
492:
land, which agency cares for the tree. With their permission, the county parks placed a placard and a picnic area nearby.
2243:
2238:
1827:
820:
One popular use for the leaves is to put them between the bed mattresses to get rid of, or prevent, flea infestations.
570:
1531:
1042:
566:
550:
mountains. It occurs at altitudes from sea level up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft). It is an introduced species in
2298:
1755:
776:
and wild food enthusiasts have adopted Native
American practices regarding the edible roasted fruit, the bay nut.
2187:
2043:
1960:
2108:
359:. The dry wood has a color range from blonde (like maple) to brown (like walnut). It is considered an excellent
513:
509:
489:
401:, and measured (as of 1997) 33 m (108 ft) in height with a 36 m (119 ft) spread. The thin
2025:
276:
2248:
1913:
708:
treated headaches by placing a single leaf in the nostril or bathing the head with a laurel leaf infusion.
543:
398:
1851:
1330:
Axelrod, D. I. (2000). "A Miocene (10-12 Ma) Evergreen Laurel-Oak Forest from Carmel Valley, California".
2116:
1836:
1695:
989:
791:
210:
81:
2103:
1939:
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652:
has long been valued for its many uses by Native
Americans throughout the tree's range, including the
2303:
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1236:
1900:
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1211:
967:
268:
2017:
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574:
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1978:
1908:
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862:
206:
1594:
1364:
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Roasted bay nuts ready for eating, or grinding into a powdery paste for beverages and cooking
477:, within the family Lauraceae. The fruit ripens around October–November in the native range.
189:
2056:
1642:
2004:
1872:
909:
628:
547:
1257:
8:
2082:
2064:
1526:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution. p. 108.
1407:
405:
is smooth and gray-brown when young, later turning reddish brown and scaly. The fragrant
46:
1769:
1550:
2308:
2142:
1179:
832:
719:
eaten whole, or ground into powder and prepared as a drink which resembles unsweetened
555:
481:
382:
248:
236:
76:
1367:. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. May 3, 2006
1084:"The 'headache tree' via umbellulone and TRPA1 activates the trigeminovascular system"
1014:
2051:
1859:
1600:
1573:
1527:
1489:
1481:
1451:
1385:
1193:
1183:
1133:
1105:
944:
823:
The wood is used as lumber in furniture making, especially highly figured specimens.
748:
223:
1260:
What to See on
Crystal Springs Trail." San Mateo County. Accessed November 28, 2021.
2147:
1864:
1095:
962:
743:
The leaf has been used in cooking but contains large amounts of the toxic compound
705:
551:
505:
500:
485:
371:
1841:
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2178:
2121:
1411:
1173:
787:
773:
693:
421:
119:
2030:
377:
2077:
757:
723:. The flavor, depending on roast level, has been described variously as "roast
657:
578:
459:
214:
106:
1197:
623:
The trees resprout after being killed by fire. Deer browse the fresh sprouts.
32:
2222:
1999:
1812:
1348:
1127:
953:
685:
402:
293:
66:
61:
1774:
2205:
2134:
1493:
1109:
1100:
1083:
677:
1718:"When banks closed, town of North Bend minted its own money — out of wood"
1175:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
527:
near ground level provides fire-resistant storage of energy and sprouting
2012:
1947:
1821:
923:
744:
520:
415:
1926:
673:
539:
524:
356:
305:
132:
1952:
1885:
803:
790:, both in its native area, and further north up the Pacific coast to
728:
720:
608:
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394:
152:
1965:
1783:
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2129:
1806:
783:
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712:
653:
360:
352:
142:
2192:
1890:
1055:
982:
732:
681:
585:
562:
480:
The oldest-known living laurel is the Jepson Laurel, named after
464:
411:
364:
1485:
1353:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. p. 56.
636:
being the other) on which the pathogen readily produces spores.
451:
has perfect flowers (male and female parts in the same flower).
1877:
1509:
1445:
799:
795:
724:
661:
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598:
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473:
443:
430:
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272:
1592:
814:
810:
669:
455:
434:
93:
581:. It is reduced to a shrub in extreme dry and hot habitats.
936:
665:
458:, also known as "California bay nut", is a round and green
441:, "little umbel"). Unlike other "bay laurels" of the genus
264:
1478:
Plants Used by the
Indians of Mendocino County, California
1413:
Plants used by the
Indians of Mendocino County, California
1349:
Barbour, M. G.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Schoenherr A. A. (2007).
1332:
University of
California Publications: Geological Sciences
531:
if fire damage requires replacement of the trunk or limbs.
2264:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
1365:"UC Tries to Stop Northward Movement of Sudden Oak Death"
528:
1512:: Foraging, Bushcraft, Permaculture, and Rewilding blog.
433:
are small, yellow or yellowish-green, produced in small
1258:
https://parks.smcgov.org/what-see-crystal-springs-trail
381:
Naturalized occurrence of species in Snake Lake Park,
267:
native to coastal forests and the Sierra foothills of
1775:"Encyclopedia of Stanford Trees, Shrubs, and Vines:
1338:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press.
1212:"National register of big trees: California-laurel:
2284:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
1766:, Index of Species Information, U.S. Forest Service
1647:
NativeTech: Indigenous Food and Traditional Recipes
1446:Goodrich, J. S.; Lawson, C.; Lawson, V. P. (1980).
1029:
Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino, California
546:. It is also found in the western foothills of the
351:The tree's pungent leaves have a similar flavor to
471:is in fact closely related to the avocado's genus
1125:
2220:
880:Nearly ripe bay nuts being prepared for roasting
782:is also used in woodworking. It is considered a
1593:Vizgirdas, R. S.; Rey-Vizgirdas, E. M. (2006).
1172:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
826:
370:The tree is a host of the pathogen that causes
2269:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1715:
1329:
1077:
1075:
968:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62572A68077480.en
355:, though stronger, and it may be mistaken for
1619:
1545:
1543:
1171:
856:Flowers open in late winter and early spring
1599:. University of Nevada Press. p. 108.
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1081:
1072:
942:
495:
2259:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1770:"Paleotechnics: The California Bay Laurel"
1471:
1469:
1467:
769:flavor compared to the Mediterranean bay.
222:
55:
31:
1667:"Northwest Timber: Wood Terms & Info"
1540:
1099:
966:
765:leaf imparts a somewhat stronger camphor/
414:when bruised, due to a chemical known as
1505:
1503:
1432:
1129:A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica
1121:
1119:
1052:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
806:. It is occasionally used for firewood.
519:
499:
420:
376:
271:, and to coastal forests extending into
1567:
1475:
1464:
1406:
2279:Plants used in Native American cuisine
2221:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
751:. Umbellulone is absent from culinary
279:. It is the sole species in the genus
1788:
1787:
1521:
1500:
1116:
1035:
1694:. Realoregongift.com. Archived from
1378:
1351:Terrestrial Vegetation of California
1041:
538:is found in southwest Oregon and in
2229:IUCN Red List least concern species
1239:. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute
1146:
954:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
644:
607:. Only one native species from the
300:. In Oregon, this tree is known as
13:
2109:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30189264-2
1716:Finn J.D. John (August 29, 2010).
1218:. American Forests, Washington D.C
802:. It can be planted as a hedge or
14:
2320:
1735:
1178:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1082:Nassini, R.; et al. (2011).
912:supports multiple mature sprouts.
2289:Pre-Columbian California cuisine
1596:Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada
897:
885:
873:
861:
849:
80:
1709:
1684:
1659:
1635:
1613:
1586:
1561:
1515:
1400:
1357:
1342:
1323:
1305:
1291:
1277:
1263:
1250:
1229:
738:
615:, remains in California today.
288:The tree was formerly known as
2294:Garden plants of North America
2274:Trees of mild maritime climate
1620:Sunny Savage (March 6, 2008).
1204:
1021:
1007:
514:Santa Clara County, California
510:Rancho San Antonio County Park
490:San Francisco Water Department
388:
1:
1572:. Timber Press. p. 927.
1450:. Heyday Books. p. 176.
1132:. B. Jain Publishers/MĂ©di-T.
929:
277:California Floristic Province
399:Mendocino County, California
312:, which may be shortened to
7:
1570:Native American Ethnobotany
1551:"The California Bay Laurel"
917:
437:(hence the scientific name
10:
2325:
1764:"Umbellularia californica"
1418:Government Printing Office
1126:John Henry Clarke (1986).
842:
618:
320:. It has also been called
2244:Trees of Northern America
2239:Monotypic Laurales genera
2158:
1796:
1624:. Wild Food Plants (blog)
626:The species is a host of
242:
235:
230:
221:
195:
188:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
2070:Umbellularia californica
1828:Umbellularia californica
1798:Umbellularia californica
1777:Umbellularia californica
1758:Umbellularia californica
1750:Umbellularia californica
1720:. Offbeat Oregon History
1388:Umbellularia Californica
1315:Umbellularia californica
1214:Umbellularia californica
994:(Hook. & Arn.) Nutt"
992:Umbellularia californica
947:Umbellularia californica
780:Umbellularia californica
613:Umbellularia californica
496:Distribution and habitat
260:Umbellularia californica
199:Umbellularia californica
2299:Drought-tolerant plants
1752:(California Bay Laurel)
1622:"California Bay Laurel"
1568:Moerman, D. E. (1998).
1476:Chesnut, V. K. (1902).
639:
558:, and northern Oregon.
363:and is sought after by
275:. It is endemic to the
1756:Jepson Flora Project:
1271:"CPNWH Search Results"
809:According to a modern
567:California mixed woods
532:
517:
426:
385:
290:Oreodaphne californica
961:: e.T62572A68077480.
523:
503:
424:
380:
310:California bay laurel
1557:. Paleotechnics.com.
1408:Chesnut, Victor King
1182:. pp. 277–280.
1101:10.1093/brain/awr272
943:Stritch, L. (2018).
910:Doyle Community Park
629:Phytophthora ramorum
488:. The tree lives on
263:is a large hardwood
169:(C.G.D.Nees) Nuttall
40:Foliage and flowers
2249:Flora of California
1692:"Myrtle Tree Story"
1643:"Nupa (Acorn) Soup"
1448:Kashaya Pomo Plants
1299:"Collection Search"
1285:"Collection Search"
1237:"California Laurel"
561:It mostly inhabits
181:U. californica
47:Conservation status
1522:Kelly, I. (1978).
1180:Mountaineers Books
833:North Bend, Oregon
827:"Myrtlewood" money
571:yellow pine forest
533:
518:
482:Willis Linn Jepson
427:
386:
383:Tacoma, Washington
2216:
2215:
2052:Open Tree of Life
1790:Taxon identifiers
1606:978-0-87417-535-6
1579:978-0-88192-453-4
1457:978-0-930588-86-1
1189:978-1-68051-329-5
1139:978-81-7021-013-9
868:An unripe bay nut
798:, and in western
749:methemoglobinemia
367:and woodworkers.
318:California laurel
256:
255:
251:
170:
70:
2316:
2304:Ornamental trees
2234:Lauraceae genera
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2125:
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2111:
2099:
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2059:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2031:NBNSYS0000042218
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2020:
2008:
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1394:USDA Plant Guide
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1144:
1143:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1054:. Archived from
1049:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:"The Plant List"
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
970:
940:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
772:Some modern-day
706:Mendocino County
645:Historical usage
552:British Columbia
544:San Diego County
506:Permanente Creek
486:San Mateo County
372:sudden oak death
247:
226:
201:
168:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
35:
21:
20:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2254:Flora of Oregon
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2171:
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2076:
2068:
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2024:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
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1242:
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1234:
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1221:
1219:
1210:
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1205:
1190:
1170:
1147:
1140:
1124:
1117:
1080:
1073:
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1047:
1040:
1036:
1027:
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1022:
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937:
932:
920:
913:
902:
893:
890:
881:
878:
869:
866:
857:
854:
845:
829:
788:ornamental tree
747:, which causes
741:
694:Konkow language
688:call the plant
647:
642:
621:
563:redwood forests
498:
391:
342:mountain laurel
296:, it is called
217:
203:
197:
184:
167:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1996:
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758:Laurus nobilis
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579:shade tolerant
504:This tree, on
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346:balm of heaven
334:peppernut tree
314:California bay
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1555:Paleotechnics
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1533:0-16-004574-6
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1061:on 2015-06-26
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349:
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339:
338:headache tree
335:
331:
330:cinnamon bush
327:
323:
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311:
308:it is called
307:
303:
302:Oregon myrtle
299:
295:
291:
286:
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190:Binomial name
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107:Tracheophytes
105:
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68:
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62:Least Concern
52:
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38:
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29:
26:
22:
19:
2164:Umbellularia
2159:
2083:tro-17804222
1797:
1776:
1757:
1749:
1746:Umbellularia
1745:
1722:. Retrieved
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1671:nwtimber.com
1670:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1615:
1595:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1523:
1517:
1477:
1447:
1422:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
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1387:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1293:
1279:
1265:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1213:
1206:
1174:
1128:
1091:
1087:
1063:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1043:
1037:
1028:
1023:
1009:
998:. Retrieved
991:
984:
972:. Retrieved
958:
952:
946:
938:
906:Umbellularia
905:
904:This single
837:
830:
822:
819:
808:
779:
778:
771:
763:Umbellularia
762:
756:
742:
739:Modern usage
731:" or "burnt
717:
710:
701:Umbellularia
700:
698:
689:
686:Concow tribe
684:people. The
650:Umbellularia
649:
648:
627:
625:
622:
612:
605:Umbellularia
604:
589:
583:
560:
536:Umbellularia
535:
534:
479:
472:
469:Umbellularia
468:
453:
449:Umbellularia
448:
442:
439:Umbellularia
438:
428:
392:
369:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
317:
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301:
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282:Umbellularia
281:
280:
259:
258:
257:
244:
243:
198:
196:
180:
179:
164:Umbellularia
163:
162:
126:
113:
100:
25:Umbellularia
24:
18:
2160:Oreodaphne
2013:NatureServe
1948:iNaturalist
1822:Wikispecies
1524:Coast Miwok
974:19 November
924:Umbellulone
813:recipe for
745:umbellulone
584:During the
416:umbellulone
389:Description
304:, while in
298:pōl’-cum ōl
120:Angiosperms
2223:Categories
2078:Plant List
1966:30189264-2
1849:Calflora:
1724:2012-08-17
1702:2012-08-17
1652:2012-09-16
1628:2012-09-21
1510:FeralKevin
1371:2012-09-21
1243:2018-02-04
1222:2012-09-21
1198:1141235469
1065:2014-10-17
1000:2012-02-05
996:. CalFlora
930:References
753:bay leaves
556:Washington
540:California
525:Lignotuber
357:bay laurel
353:bay leaves
322:pepperwood
306:California
269:California
133:Magnoliids
2309:Lauraceae
2179:Q15973646
1914:220013933
1424:24 August
804:windbreak
792:Vancouver
729:chocolate
727:," "dark
721:chocolate
591:Nectandra
542:south to
395:evergreen
393:It is an
326:spicebush
175:Species:
153:Lauraceae
90:Kingdom:
2206:17806517
2201:Tropicos
2193:332042-2
2173:Wikidata
2135:17804222
2130:Tropicos
2018:2.144045
1979:10790055
1807:Wikidata
1486:08010527
1410:(1902).
1110:22036959
918:See also
784:tonewood
774:foragers
767:cinnamon
713:mesocarp
690:sō-ē’-bä
654:Cahuilla
365:luthiers
361:tonewood
237:Synonyms
149:Family:
143:Laurales
67:IUCN 3.1
1927:5371727
1813:Q692162
1676:25 July
1494:6218739
843:Gallery
733:popcorn
682:Salinan
658:Chumash
619:Ecology
586:Miocene
465:avocado
431:flowers
412:camphor
159:Genus:
139:Order:
94:Plantae
65: (
2091:PLANTS
2057:913214
1901:umbcal
1898:FEIS:
1878:596841
1842:216089
1603:
1576:
1530:
1492:
1484:
1454:
1196:
1186:
1136:
1108:
800:Europe
796:Canada
725:coffee
680:, and
662:Ohlone
634:tanoak
599:Persea
595:Ocotea
573:, and
474:Persea
444:Laurus
435:umbels
407:leaves
344:, and
273:Oregon
209:&
2162:subg.
2122:18605
2005:62572
1992:18208
1974:IRMNG
1953:48807
1940:40863
1891:UMBCA
1865:7DH5G
1088:Brain
1059:(xls)
1048:(xls)
815:acorn
811:Miwok
670:Miwok
484:, in
460:berry
456:fruit
292:. In
249:Rchb.
215:Nutt.
207:Hook.
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
2188:IPNI
2104:POWO
2096:UMCA
2065:PfaF
2044:3438
2039:NCBI
2000:IUCN
1987:ITIS
1961:IPNI
1935:GRIN
1922:GBIF
1886:EPPO
1852:8183
1837:APNI
1742:MeSH
1678:2016
1601:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1490:OCLC
1482:LCCN
1452:ISBN
1426:2012
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1106:PMID
976:2021
959:2018
678:Coos
674:Yuki
666:Pomo
640:Uses
603:and
529:buds
454:The
429:The
403:bark
294:Yuki
265:tree
211:Arn.
2143:WFO
2117:RHS
2026:NBN
1909:FNA
1873:EoL
1860:CoL
1336:145
1096:doi
1092:135
963:doi
794:in
761:).
696:).
508:in
316:or
2225::
2203::
2190::
2175::
2145::
2132::
2119::
2106::
2093::
2080::
2067::
2054::
2041::
2028::
2015::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1963::
1950::
1937::
1924::
1911::
1888::
1875::
1862::
1839::
1824::
1809::
1748:-
1744::
1669:.
1645:.
1553:.
1542:^
1502:^
1488:.
1466:^
1434:^
1416:.
1392:.
1334:.
1192:.
1148:^
1118:^
1104:.
1090:.
1086:.
1074:^
1050:.
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951:.
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1655:.
1631:.
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1319:.
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1301:.
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1273:.
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1200:.
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1112:.
1098::
1068:.
1031:.
1017:.
1003:.
990:"
978:.
965::
949:"
945:"
755:(
692:(
601:,
205:(
69:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
