711:
757:
38:
772:
745:
1920:
724:
734:
817:
Other than the very earliest aircraft, all two-seat UK microlights (and until 2007 all single-seaters) have been required to meet an airworthiness standard; BCAR Section S. In 2007, Single Seat DeRegulated (SSDR), a sub-category of single seat aircraft was introduced, allowing owners more freedom for
79:
movement, many people sought affordable powered flight. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulations. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called "ultralight aircraft" or "microlights", although the
958:
motor weighs 26 lb (12 kg) and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer
Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kWh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The company claimed a flight recharge cost of 60 cents in 2007.
923:: there are a number of single-seat and two-place helicopters which fall under the microlight categories in countries such as New Zealand. However, few helicopter designs fall within the more restrictive ultralight category defined in the United States of America.
80:
weight and speed limits differ from country to country. In Europe, the sporting (FAI) definition limits the maximum stalling speed to 65 km/h (40 mph) and the maximum take-off weight to 450 kg (992 lb), or 472.5 kg (1,042 lb) if a
889:: use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three-wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are controlled by pushing against a horizontal control bar in roughly the same way as a hang glider pilot flies.
95:, it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up. In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.
962:
A significant obstacle to the adoption of electric propulsion for ultralights in the U.S. is the weight of the battery, which is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel. As the
1577:
818:
modification and experiments. By 2017 the airworthiness of all single seat microlights became solely the responsibility of the user, but pilots must hold a microlight licence; currently NPPL(M) (National
Private Pilots Licence).
913:: rotary wing with fuselage-mounted engine, a gyrocopter is different from a helicopter in that the rotating wing is not powered, the engine provides forward thrust and the airflow through the rotary blades causes them to
1432:
946:
for some ultralight applications. In many ways, ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.
810:
Pilots of a powered, fixed wing aircraft or paramotors do not need a licence, provided its weight with a full fuel tank is not more than 75 kg (165 lb), but they must obey the rules of the air.
1581:
844:'s definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the
929:: there are numerous ultralight hot air balloons in the US, and several more have been built and flown in France and Australia in recent years. Some ultralight hot air balloons are
91:
in
February 2018, the ultralight aircraft fleet made up to 20.4% of the total civilian aircraft registered. In other countries that do not register ultralight aircraft, like
791:(RA Aus). In all cases, except for privately built single seat ultralight aeroplanes, microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.
666:
less than 5 US gal (19 L) fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds, a top speed of 55 kn (63 mph; 102 km/h), and a maximum
492:
225 kg (496 lb) (2 seats), with extra weight allowed for emergency parachute up to 11 kg (24 lb) and for floats up to 28 kg (62 lb)
1379:
87:
In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralight aircraft now account for a significant percentage of the global civilian-owned aircraft. For instance,
856:" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories. Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association (
826:
Ultralights in New
Zealand are subject to NZCAA General Aviation regulations with microlight specific variations as described in Part 103 and AC103-1.
1822:
519:
Flyable area: uncontrolled airspace over unpopulated areas, within 3 km (2 mi) from departure point and landing at another point forbidden.
1753:
250:
861:
1011:
84:
is installed. The definition means that the aircraft has a slow landing speed and short landing roll in the event of an engine failure.
557:
Single seat 510 kg (1,124 lb), 550 kg (1,213 lb) for seaplanes; Stall speed 45 kn (83 km/h; 52 mph).
814:
For heavier microlights the current UK regulations are similar to the
European ones, but helicopters and gyroplanes are not included.
1843:
1087:
787:
In
Australia, ultralight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA) or
580:
2 Seats 600 kg (1,323 lb), 650 kg (1,433 lb) for seaplanes; Stall speed 45 kn (83 km/h; 52 mph)
1713:
1548:
1105:
331:
where operating both as a floatplane/helicopter and as a land plane/ helicopter, it falls below both MTOW limits, as appropriate
1131:
401:
376:
351:
326:
301:
276:
244:
222:
1195:
1924:
1603:
1006:
17:
835:
649:
92:
1333:
1213:
52:
in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between
469:
Requires a helmet only for open cockpit aircraft. Flying over populated areas and assemblies of people are prohibited.
1665:
1506:
1268:
996:
1864:
1368:
1573:
1001:
841:
788:
137:
1737:
57:
1064:
951:
1167:
1939:
1818:
1692:
800:
208:
88:
1749:
1523:
849:
632:
Several definitions, from 70 kg with full fuel to 650 kg (1,433 lb) maximum weight at take-off
1187:
710:
1474:
914:
1770:
1650:
670:
not exceeding (24 kn (28 mph; 44 km/h)). May only be flown over uncongested areas.
954:, began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18
689:
1048:
28:
942:
Advancements in batteries, motors, and motor controllers has led to some practical production
1890:
853:
749:
675:
159:
53:
361:
land plane single-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system
8:
1944:
1084:
981:
976:
904:
876:
872:
There are several categories of aircraft which qualify as ultralights in some countries:
776:
738:
610:
584:
561:
396:
371:
346:
321:
296:
271:
81:
65:
1806:
1453:
1168:"Canadian Aviation Regulations, Part I - General Provisions, Subpart 1 - Interpretation"
336:
land plane, two-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system
898:
727:
445:
2 persons, 472.5 kg (1,042 lb) (450 kg (992 lb) without parachute)
1109:
1644:
1138:
1044:
943:
892:
1690:
626:
Sub-70 kg (154 lb) Unregulated, Single seat deregulated, 2-seat regulated.
1750:
CAP 482 British Civil
Airworthiness Requirements Section S - Small Light Aeroplanes
1163:
1060:
886:
717:
1826:
1757:
1510:
1199:
1191:
1091:
1085:
An overview of the legislative framework enabling sport and recreational aviation
964:
926:
714:
526:
powered, non-certified, propeller aircraft, including autogyro, with landing gear
1560:
69:
1403:
1298:
930:
933:, while others are regular hot air balloons that carry passengers in a basket.
703:
Must have fixed landing gear, and a single engine with fixed pitch propeller.
1933:
1344:
1217:
1016:
845:
756:
1669:
1503:
1491:
1261:
895:: fuselage-mounted engines with parafoil wings, which are wheeled aircraft.
76:
696:
Max. Speed (CAS) in Level Flight 138 mph (120 kn; 222 km/h)
592:
Part 103 Microlight
Aircraft Operating Rules, Part 103 advisory circulars
569:
Part 103 Microlight
Aircraft Operating Rules, Part 103 advisory circulars
1239:
1065:"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Number of Aircraft by Category Result"
667:
37:
1868:
638:
Licence not required for Sub-70 kg, NPPL licence required otherwise
500:
Minister's permission carried on board for each year instead of licence
1629:
1475:"AC103-1 - Microlight aircraft operating rules | aviation.govt.nz"
955:
920:
683:
1,320 lb (599 kg); 1,430 lb (649 kg) for seaplanes.
1794:
1454:"Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules | aviation.govt.nz"
167:
600 kg (1,323 lb); 650 kg (1,433 lb) for seaplanes
145:
600 kg (1,323 lb); 614 kg (1,354 lb) for seaplanes
991:
771:
1627:
1602:
744:
1663:
910:
880:
1691:
Legal
Services Group Civil Aviation Safety Authority (July 2007).
1578:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space, Part 103 - Ultralight Vehicles"
986:
61:
901:: backpack engines with parafoil wings, which are foot-launched.
253:; may operate at a controlled airport without prior arrangement
75:
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly stimulated by the
1919:
1572:
761:
72:, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".
27:"Ultralight" redirects here. For the style of backpacking, see
1607:
733:
723:
765:
1771:"The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3852"
1714:"The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3852"
1524:"The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3786"
529:
Minimum required equipment: airspeed indicator and altimeter
857:
1494:, Excerpt from part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations.
950:
In 2007, the first pioneering company in this field, the
1844:"Electraflyer Flies Trike, Motorglider On Battery Power"
860:), which acts as the US aeroclub representative to the
699:
Max. Stall Speed 51 mph (44 kn; 82 km/h)
1240:"Laws and regulations on ultralight aviation in Italy"
967:
of batteries improves, lighter batteries can be used.
466:
certificate exam, insurance and a medical examination.
1867:. Electric Aircraft Corporation. 2007. Archived from
1039:, Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al (editors):
541:
Maximum fuel capacity: 30 L (8 US gal)
515:
Permission of land owner for landing and for take off
249:
Craft may only carry a passenger if the pilot has an
657:
Empty weight of less than 254 lb (115 kg)
1664:Recreational Aviation Australia Inc (August 2007).
1211:
199:Used mainly (or intended for) sports or recreation
1334:"サーキュラー No.1-007 超軽量動力機又はジャイロプレーンに関する試験飛行等の許可について"
1262:"Presidential decree 9 July 2010, n.133"
1232:
1857:
1931:
1807:Part 103 - Microlight Aircraft - Operating Rules
1162:
1059:
311:amphibian or floatplane/helicopter single-seater
1837:
1835:
532:Maximum stall speed: 65 km/h (40 mph)
463:Daylight, minimum of 500 ft (152 m).
118:
1693:"PART 200 Aircraft to which CASR do not apply"
1666:"About the RA-Aus association and our mission"
907:: motorized foot-launched hang glider harness.
251:Ultralight Aeroplane Passenger Carrying Rating
1628:Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (n.d.).
1106:"Synopsis: the Light Sport Aircraft category"
1012:United States Powered Paragliding Association
34:Aviation field involving lightweight aircraft
1832:
1078:
455:Hydroplane single, 330 kg (728 lb)
1566:
1561:Licensed Flying, so you want to be a pilot?
1437:日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム Japanese Law Translation
1041:World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12
538:Maximum speed: 185 km/h (115 mph)
420:450 kg (992 lb) without parachute
1559:British Microlight Aircraft Association. "
1547:British Microlight Aircraft Association. "
535:Minimum wing area: 10 m (33 ft)
512:flight permission (for each 2 – 4 months)
227:Craft may be operated from land or water
1448:
1446:
1043:, page 10. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011.
770:
755:
743:
732:
722:
709:
449:Hydroplanes, 500 kg (1,102 lb)
36:
1596:
1469:
1467:
1254:
1205:
459:Stall speed 65 km/h (40 mph)
14:
1932:
1684:
862:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
1841:
1657:
1443:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1132:"RBHA 103A regulation, in Portuguese"
1103:
1097:
1053:
1029:
479:(undefined in Civil Aeronautics Act)
1621:
1604:United States Ultralight Association
1513:, download page for all regulations.
1504:Civil Aviation Authority Philippines
1497:
1464:
1007:United States Ultralight Association
261:land plane/helicopter, single-seater
41:Huntair Pathfinder Mark 1 ultralight
1485:
1369:"超軽量動力機等に関する航空法第28条第３項の許可の手続き等について"
1124:
917:or "spin up" thereby creating lift.
852:. In 2004, the FAA introduced the "
836:Ultralight aircraft (United States)
104:Definitions of ultralight aircraft
24:
1420:
1389:
1354:
1315:
1286:
489:180 kg (397 lb) (1 seat)
25:
1956:
1913:
1274:from the original on 22 July 2011
997:Experimental Aircraft Association
805:
502:Passengers also need permission.
452:Single, 300 kg (661 lb)
286:land plane/helicopter, two-seater
1918:
1865:"ElectraFlyer Technical details"
1738:British Civil Aviation Authority
1385:from the original on 2011-03-23.
829:
506:Sports or recreational use only
1883:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1763:
1743:
1731:
1706:
1574:Federal Aviation Administration
1553:
1541:
1516:
1002:Recreational Aviation Australia
789:Recreational Aviation Australia
381:Sport or recreational use only
356:Sport or recreational use only
58:conventional three-axis control
1181:
1156:
821:
752:ultralight on a camping flight
508:Other minister's permissions:
232:advanced ultra-light aeroplane
98:
13:
1:
1433:"航空法 / Civil Aeronautics Act"
1404:"航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省"
1104:Kiehn, Chris (15 July 2013).
1022:
952:Electric Aircraft Corporation
342:472.5 kg (1,042 lb)
1608:"Frequently asked Questions"
1343:. 2015-03-20. Archived from
1214:"Microlight/ultralight FAQs"
1212:Microlight Aviation (2008).
801:Ultralight aircraft (Canada)
782:
764:ultralight covered in clear
641:Recreational. No paid work.
7:
1760:, retrieved 8 December 2020
1376:航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省
1341:航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省
1202:, retrieved 7 February 2015
970:
944:electric propulsion systems
937:
850:FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles
618:recreational and sport use
600:non-type certified aircraft
589:Microlight Licence required
566:Microlight Licence required
497:Daylight visual conditions
406:Sport or recreational only
392:560 kg (1,235 lb)
317:495 kg (1,091 lb)
238:1,232 lb (559 kg)
216:1,200 lb (544 kg)
190:750 kg (1,653 lb)
10:
1961:
1842:Grady, Mary (April 2008).
1809:, Accessed 01 October 2022
1188:Joint Aviation Authorities
887:Weight-shift control trike
833:
798:
477:Ultra light power machine
241:Daylight visual conditions
219:Daylight visual conditions
193:Daylight visual conditions
26:
1829:, Accessed 7 October 2021
1797:, Accessed 1 October 2022
1563:". Retrieved 24 July 2015
1550:". Retrieved 24 July 2015
794:
645:
547:
443:Max Take Off Weight MTOW
367:315 kg (694 lb)
306:Sport or recreation only
292:450 kg (992 lb)
281:Sport or recreation only
257:
203:
133:
1825:17 February 2022 at the
1756:26 February 2021 at the
1492:Angeles City Flying Club
867:
1094:Accessed 7 January 2012
715:Pegasus Quantum 145-912
690:sport pilot certificate
402:Ultralight Pilot Permit
377:Ultralight Pilot Permit
352:Ultralight Pilot Permit
327:Ultralight Pilot Permit
302:Ultralight Pilot Permit
277:Ultralight Pilot Permit
245:Ultralight Pilot Permit
223:Ultralight Pilot Permit
779:
768:
753:
741:
730:
720:
42:
29:Ultralight backpacking
1927:at Wikimedia Commons
1819:Advisory Circular 103
1299:"航空：超軽量動力機とは - 国土交通省"
774:
759:
747:
736:
726:
713:
426:current permit to fly
209:ultra-light aeroplane
138:Recreational Aircraft
40:
1795:Civil Aviation Rules
1649:: CS1 maint: year (
1479:www.aviation.govt.nz
1458:www.aviation.govt.nz
1267:(in Italian). 2011.
1166:(30 December 2007).
854:Light-sport aircraft
750:Pterodactyl Ascender
676:light-sport aircraft
160:Light Sport Aircraft
93:in the United States
54:weight-shift control
18:Ultra-light aircraft
1940:Ultralight aviation
1925:Ultralight aircraft
1198:26 May 2006 at the
1190:(1 November 2004),
982:Backpack helicopter
977:Aerosport (airshow)
905:Powered hang glider
877:Fixed-wing aircraft
777:powered hang glider
663:no license required
650:ultralight aircraft
105:
82:ballistic parachute
50:microlight aviation
46:Ultralight aviation
1871:on 16 October 2007
1584:on 19 January 2011
1509:2009-04-22 at the
1242:(in Italian). 2011
1144:on 29 January 2011
1090:2011-12-23 at the
899:Powered paraglider
840:The United States
780:
769:
754:
742:
739:powered paraglider
731:
728:Flight Design CTSW
721:
486:Max empty weight:
103:
43:
1923:Media related to
1220:on 5 January 2015
1112:on 19 August 2006
1063:(February 2018).
1037:Spoilt For Choice
893:Powered parachute
708:
707:
129:Other conditions
16:(Redirected from
1952:
1922:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
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1850:
1839:
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1816:
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1726:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:. Archived from
1661:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1580:. Archived from
1576:(January 2007).
1570:
1564:
1557:
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1539:
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1536:
1534:
1520:
1514:
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1273:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1216:. Archived from
1209:
1203:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1164:Transport Canada
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1137:. Archived from
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:. Archived from
1101:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1061:Transport Canada
1057:
1051:
1033:
775:A foot-launched
718:ultralight trike
120:
106:
102:
21:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1930:
1929:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1897:. February 2013
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1827:Wayback Machine
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1758:Wayback Machine
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
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1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
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1689:
1685:
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1658:
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1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1511:Wayback Machine
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1444:
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1412:
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1402:
1401:
1390:
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1245:
1243:
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1233:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1200:Wayback Machine
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1092:Wayback Machine
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1035:Boric, Marino,
1034:
1030:
1025:
973:
965:specific energy
940:
931:hopper balloons
927:Hot air balloon
883:-style designs.
870:
838:
832:
824:
808:
803:
797:
785:
101:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1915:
1914:External links
1912:
1909:
1908:
1891:"Experimenter"
1882:
1856:
1831:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1762:
1742:
1740:Aircraft Types
1730:
1705:
1683:
1672:on 19 May 2008
1656:
1620:
1595:
1565:
1552:
1540:
1515:
1496:
1484:
1463:
1442:
1419:
1408:www.mlit.go.jp
1388:
1378:. 2007-09-03.
1353:
1350:on 2019-01-28.
1314:
1303:www.mlit.go.jp
1285:
1253:
1231:
1204:
1180:
1155:
1123:
1096:
1077:
1052:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
972:
969:
939:
936:
935:
934:
924:
918:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
879:: traditional
869:
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822:New Zealand
686:Daytime VFR
668:stall speed
635:Daytime VFR
597:Philippines
548:New Zealand
267:300 kg
99:Definitions
1945:Air sports
1934:Categories
1630:"The HGFA"
1613:4 February
1588:4 February
1413:2019-01-27
1308:2019-01-27
1023:References
921:Helicopter
915:autorotate
748:A US-made
574:NZ Class 2
551:NZ Class 1
522:Aircraft:
483:1–2
184:Ultralight
1901:16 August
1049:1368-485X
992:Nanolight
783:Australia
760:Canadian
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440:1–2
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389:1–2
386:gyroplane
370:Daylight
345:Daylight
320:Daylight
295:Daylight
270:Daylight
134:Australia
89:in Canada
1875:13 April
1849:13 April
1823:Archived
1754:Archived
1645:cite web
1606:(2009).
1507:Archived
1380:Archived
1269:Archived
1196:Archived
1173:22 March
1088:Archived
1070:20 March
971:See also
938:Electric
911:Autogyro
881:airplane
609:Daytime
583:Daytime
560:Daytime
429:—
176:—
154:—
115:Capacity
66:elevator
62:ailerons
48:(called
1278:2 March
1246:2 March
1224:17 July
1116:12 July
987:Jetpack
615:—
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126:Licence
109:Country
1895:epubxp
1780:21 May
1723:21 May
1698:25 May
1676:25 May
1635:25 May
1533:21 May
1047:
795:Canada
762:Lazair
474:Japan
258:Europe
207:basic
204:Canada
181:Brazil
70:rudder
1383:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1272:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1192:JAR 1
1142:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
868:Types
766:Mylar
434:Italy
411:India
1903:2015
1877:2008
1851:2008
1782:2018
1725:2018
1700:2008
1678:2008
1651:link
1637:2008
1615:2011
1590:2011
1535:2018
1280:2011
1248:2011
1226:2008
1175:2009
1150:2009
1118:2013
1072:2018
1045:ISSN
858:USUA
123:Time
119:MTOW
112:Type
68:and
56:and
848:is
842:FAA
611:VFR
585:VFR
562:VFR
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322:VFR
297:VFR
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