292:) is less than 5 microns, and the resistivity of the plasma is two times less than in blood, then according to the scheme of parallel insertion, the contribution of this layer to the resistivity is negligible. By reducing the speed of blood flow profiles the dependence of Ht on the radius of the vessel becomes more elongated. However, at normal values of Ht, the effect is also insignificant. With high enough shear rates, the red blood cells become susceptible to deformation. The contribution of this phenomenon is difficult to assess because it is present in the background of all the above effects. However, even the sum of all these factors has little effect on blood resistivity.
42:
100:
31:
283:
aggregation occurs at low shear rates and implies that to all vessels (with the exception of large veins) the effect of aggregation is irrelevant. The interior of a blood vessel includes a near-wall layer of plasma (referred to as lubricant), the size of which strictly depends on
Reynold's criterion
320:
According to many studies, U waves often register in all leads except V6, most frequently in V2 and V3 when the heart rate is greater than 96 beats per minute. Its amplitude is often 0.1–0.33 mV. Particularly difficult is the allocation of the boundaries of the U wave on the background of the T
304:. The U wave is the momentum carried by the blood in the coronary arteries and blood vessels. It is possible to take this momentum back to Purkinje fibers along the vessels of the myocardium. This idea is also proved by the fact that
228:
295:
It follows that at the time of ejection of blood from the left ventricle, part of the pulse is carried away, because there is no electrical resistivity of blood, which gradually increases high up in the
270:
248:
742:
167:
61:
of ventricular repolarization and may not always be observed as a result of its small size. 'U' waves are thought to represent repolarization of the
494:
312:, coronary and insufficiency have momentum there is no possibility to move to the Purkinje fibers, therefore, the ECG recorded a negative U wave.
340:
Prominent U waves (U waves are described as prominent if they are more than 1-2 mm or 25% of the height of the T wave.) are most often seen in
276:; at that time, as during acceleration of the blood flow occurs a sharp decrease in the longitudinal resistance with small relaxation times.
390:
A U-wave can sometimes be seen in normal younger, athletic individuals. The U-wave increases in adults that are older and less athletic.
564:
Proceedings of the
Russian National Congress of Cardiologists. Cardiology 2016: Challenges and Solutions, Section: Fundamental Research
965:
380:
1237:
735:
161:
1334:
728:
668:
Franckowiak, Shawn C.; Dobrosielski, Devon A.; Reilley, Suzanne M.; Walston, Jeremy D.; Andersen, Ross E. (May 2011).
407:
470:
139:
1339:
121:
878:
1255:
1010:
988:
579:"Exercise-induced U-wave inversion as a marker of stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery"
1250:
995:
305:
65:. However, the exact source of the U wave remains unclear. The most common theories for the origin are:
1076:
1280:
1227:
1103:
1083:
1047:
970:
930:
751:
1098:
1088:
978:
325:, which may partial or complete (in the case of T wave) the merger. Higher values of heart rate or
1285:
1217:
1162:
1063:
983:
867:
845:
369:
309:
253:
117:
110:
17:
863:
1222:
1212:
1126:
872:
830:
825:
156:"The U wave is the momentum carried by the blood in the coronary arteries and blood vessels".
1071:
233:
820:
803:
720:
288:
of the flowing blood. Given that the thickness of this layer in all blood vessels (except
8:
1167:
1005:
1000:
835:
808:
376:
1275:
1140:
893:
702:
669:
488:
45:
An electrocardiogram of an 18-year-old male showing 'U' waves, most evident in lead V3.
911:
883:
707:
689:
641:
600:
529:
510:"TO THE QUESTION OF THE ETHIOLOGY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE U WAWE OF THE ECG"
476:
466:
419:
297:
54:
35:
636:
619:
1260:
855:
697:
681:
631:
590:
562:
V A, Gorshkov-Cantacuzene. "Etiology and clinical significance of the ECG U wave".
521:
365:
82:
1110:
840:
685:
547:
V A, Gorshkov-Cantacuzene (2015). "The clinical significance of the ECG U wave".
384:
361:
223:{\displaystyle \left({\text{Ht}}\right)=|{\text{Ht}}\cdot (1+\alpha {\text{Ht}})}
70:
62:
1270:
1195:
1187:
781:
768:
349:
280:
1328:
888:
798:
791:
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595:
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480:
345:
326:
1302:
1292:
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1145:
942:
916:
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423:
301:
525:
1307:
1297:
1025:
1020:
1015:
926:
604:
357:
341:
334:
322:
78:
After-potentials resulting from mechanical forces in the ventricular wall
509:
379:(and especially appears to have a high positive predictive accuracy for
41:
1245:
1030:
920:
903:
786:
438:"ECG Learning Center - An introduction to clinical electrocardiography"
285:
273:
124: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
670:"Maximal Heart Rate Prediction in Adults that are Overweight or Obese"
1177:
948:
815:
667:
353:
289:
99:
1205:
936:
1200:
437:
1035:
408:"The enigmatic sixth wave of the electrocardiogram: the U wave"
330:
58:
1172:
759:
750:
576:
463:
Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach
406:
PĂ©rez Riera AR, Ferreira C, Filho CF, et al. (2008).
30:
405:
577:
Gerson MC, Phillips JF, Morris SN, McHenry PL (1979).
256:
236:
170:
337:— merges with the R-wave of the next cardiac cycle.
279:
However, multiple factors affect blood resistivity.
75:
Prolonged re-polarisation of mid-myocardial M-cells
549:Abstracts of XV Congress of "Heart Failure - 2015"
264:
242:
222:
1326:
461:F., Boron, Walter; L., Boulpaep, Emile (2012).
736:
674:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
617:
493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
611:
399:
743:
729:
658:EKG-boken Eva Lind, Lars Lind, Liber, 2011
570:
701:
635:
594:
140:Learn how and when to remove this message
381:left anterior descending coronary artery
40:
29:
752:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
14:
1327:
152:According to V. Gorshkov-Cantacuzene:
724:
460:
164:of stationary blood is expressed as
122:adding citations to reliable sources
93:
546:
24:
25:
1351:
507:
375:An inverted U wave may represent
315:
514:Bulletin of Science and Practice
508:V, Gorshkov-Cantacuzene (2016).
98:
661:
637:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.05.027
561:
329:U wave are superimposed on the
109:needs additional citations for
652:
555:
540:
501:
454:
430:
383:disease ) or left ventricular
217:
200:
188:
89:
13:
1:
879:Aortic valve area calculation
393:
686:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d682d2
618:Conrath C, Opthof T (2005).
7:
996:Effective refractory period
875:) / End-diastolic dimension
364:, as well as in congenital
265:{\displaystyle {\text{Ht}}}
10:
1356:
81:The repolarization of the
69:Delayed repolarization of
57:(ECG). It comes after the
1335:Cardiac electrophysiology
1281:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1236:
1228:Critical closing pressure
1186:
1153:
1139:
1119:
1056:
1048:Hexaxial reference system
971:Cardiac electrophysiology
958:
902:
854:
767:
758:
1256:Renin–angiotensin system
596:10.1161/01.CIR.60.5.1014
368:, and in the setting of
1286:Cerebral autoregulation
1251:Kinin–kallikrein system
1218:Jugular venous pressure
868:End-diastolic dimension
846:Pressure volume diagram
370:intracranial hemorrhage
308:of the left ventricle,
243:{\displaystyle \alpha }
36:Electrocardiogram (ECG)
1223:Portal venous pressure
1213:Mean arterial pressure
1127:Ventricular remodeling
873:End-systolic dimension
831:Cardiac function curve
344:but may be present in
266:
250:is a coefficient, and
244:
224:
158:
46:
38:
34:A 'U' wave as seen on
1340:Diagnostic cardiology
864:Fractional shortening
526:10.5281/zenodo.161068
267:
245:
225:
154:
44:
33:
804:End-diastolic volume
620:"The patient U wave"
254:
234:
168:
118:improve this article
1168:Vascular resistance
1006:Electrocardiography
1001:Pacemaker potential
931:Conduction velocity
836:Venous return curve
809:End-systolic volume
377:myocardial ischemia
360:and Class 1A and 3
310:myocardial ischemia
1276:Myogenic mechanism
894:Left atrial volume
826:Frank–Starling law
262:
240:
220:
47:
39:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1135:
1134:
975:Action potential
966:Conduction system
912:Cardiac pacemaker
884:Ejection fraction
352:, or exposure to
298:coronary arteries
260:
215:
195:
178:
150:
149:
142:
55:electrocardiogram
16:(Redirected from
1347:
1261:Vasoconstrictors
1238:Regulation of BP
1151:
1150:
1084:pulmonary artery
1057:Chamber pressure
765:
764:
745:
738:
731:
722:
721:
716:
715:
705:
680:(5): 1407–1412.
665:
659:
656:
650:
649:
639:
615:
609:
608:
598:
589:(5): 1014–1020.
574:
568:
567:
559:
553:
552:
544:
538:
537:
505:
499:
498:
492:
484:
458:
452:
451:
449:
448:
434:
428:
427:
403:
366:long QT syndrome
271:
269:
268:
263:
261:
258:
249:
247:
246:
241:
229:
227:
226:
221:
216:
213:
196:
193:
191:
183:
179:
176:
145:
138:
134:
131:
125:
102:
94:
83:papillary muscle
53:is a wave on an
21:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1232:
1182:
1144:
1141:Vascular system
1131:
1115:
1052:
954:
939:(Contractility)
898:
850:
841:Wiggers diagram
754:
749:
719:
666:
662:
657:
653:
616:
612:
575:
571:
560:
556:
545:
541:
520:(11): 130–133.
506:
502:
486:
485:
473:
459:
455:
446:
444:
436:
435:
431:
404:
400:
396:
385:volume overload
362:antiarrhythmics
318:
257:
255:
252:
251:
235:
232:
231:
212:
192:
187:
175:
171:
169:
166:
165:
146:
135:
129:
126:
115:
103:
92:
71:Purkinje fibers
63:Purkinje fibers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1271:Autoregulation
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1196:Pulse pressure
1192:
1190:
1188:Blood pressure
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1064:Central venous
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
973:
968:
962:
960:
956:
955:
953:
952:
946:
945:(Excitability)
940:
934:
924:
914:
908:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
860:
858:
852:
851:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
796:
795:
794:
789:
782:Cardiac output
779:
773:
771:
769:Cardiac output
762:
756:
755:
748:
747:
740:
733:
725:
718:
717:
660:
651:
624:Cardiovasc Res
610:
569:
554:
539:
500:
471:
453:
429:
397:
395:
392:
350:thyrotoxicosis
317:
316:Interpretation
314:
239:
219:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
190:
186:
182:
174:
148:
147:
106:
104:
97:
91:
88:
87:
86:
79:
76:
73:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1352:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
957:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:
892:
890:
889:Cardiac index
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
874:
871:
869:
865:
862:
861:
859:
857:
853:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:Stroke volume
797:
793:
792:Stroke volume
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
777:Cardiac cycle
775:
774:
772:
770:
766:
763:
761:
757:
753:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
726:
723:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
655:
647:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
606:
602:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
565:
558:
550:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
496:
490:
482:
478:
474:
472:9781437717532
468:
464:
457:
443:
439:
433:
425:
421:
418:(5): 408–21.
417:
413:
409:
402:
398:
391:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:hypercalcemia
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:blood vessels
299:
293:
291:
287:
282:
277:
275:
237:
209:
206:
203:
197:
184:
180:
172:
163:
157:
153:
144:
141:
133:
130:December 2016
123:
119:
113:
112:
107:This section
105:
101:
96:
95:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
67:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
37:
32:
19:
1303:Carotid body
1266:Vasodilators
1146:hemodynamics
1040:
951:(Relaxation)
943:Bathmotropic
917:Chronotropic
677:
673:
663:
654:
630:(2): 184–6.
627:
623:
613:
586:
582:
572:
563:
557:
548:
542:
517:
513:
503:
462:
456:
445:. Retrieved
442:ecg.utah.edu
441:
432:
415:
411:
401:
389:
374:
339:
327:hypocalcemia
319:
294:
278:
159:
155:
151:
136:
127:
116:Please help
111:verification
108:
50:
48:
27:ECG waveform
1308:Glomus cell
1298:Aortic body
1293:Paraganglia
1104:ventricular
1077:ventricular
1026:QT interval
1021:QRS complex
1016:PR interval
989:ventricular
927:Dromotropic
583:Circulation
358:epinephrine
342:hypokalemia
335:tachycardia
306:hypertrophy
290:capillaries
281:Erythrocyte
162:resistivity
90:Description
1329:Categories
1246:Baroreflex
1163:Compliance
1155:Blood flow
1031:ST segment
959:Conduction
949:Lusitropic
921:Heart rate
904:Heart rate
856:Ultrasound
787:Heart rate
566:: 520–521.
447:2017-01-02
394:References
286:shear rate
274:hematocrit
1206:Diastolic
1178:Perfusion
937:Inotropic
816:Afterload
694:1064-8011
534:2414-2948
489:cite book
481:756281854
412:Cardiol J
354:digitalis
321:wave and
238:α
210:α
198:⋅
1201:Systolic
979:cardiac
712:21116203
646:15979057
424:18810715
284:and the
230:, where
821:Preload
703:3081386
333:and in
272:is the
18:U waves
1111:Aortic
1099:atrial
1072:atrial
1068:Right
1041:U wave
1036:T wave
1011:P wave
984:atrial
710:
700:
692:
644:
605:487534
603:
532:
479:
469:
422:
331:T wave
323:R wave
59:T wave
51:U wave
1173:Pulse
1120:Other
1095:Left
1089:wedge
760:Heart
551:: 80.
708:PMID
690:ISSN
642:PMID
601:PMID
530:ISSN
495:link
477:OCLC
467:ISBN
420:PMID
300:and
160:The
49:The
866:= (
698:PMC
682:doi
632:doi
591:doi
522:doi
120:by
1331::
706:.
696:.
688:.
678:25
676:.
672:.
640:.
628:67
626:.
622:.
599:.
587:60
585:.
581:.
528:.
518:10
516:.
512:.
491:}}
487:{{
475:.
465:.
440:.
416:15
414:.
410:.
387:.
372:.
356:,
348:,
259:Ht
214:Ht
194:Ht
177:Ht
1143:/
933:)
929:(
923:)
919:(
744:e
737:t
730:v
714:.
684::
648:.
634::
607:.
593::
536:.
524::
497:)
483:.
450:.
426:.
218:)
207:+
204:1
201:(
189:|
185:=
181:)
173:(
143:)
137:(
132:)
128:(
114:.
85:.
20:)
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