72:
48:
789:
370:, the submarine suffered significant damage while exploring the Arctic in 1931 and having recorded significant data while there, Hearst considered the venture a failure. Having returned to Norway to repair the damage, the submarine was returned to the United States Navy there, and they had the submarine towed down a fjord and scuttled in November 1931.
606:, the farthest north any vessel had reached under its own power, and preparations began to dive and proceed under the ice. However, the boat refused to respond; the stern planes had been carried away at some unknown earlier time. Without them, the submarine could not control its depth while submerged, and the expedition had to be aborted.
621:
submerged, and became the first submarine to operate under the polar ice cap. However, her unconventional method of diving caused significant damage to her upper works. She was out of radio contact for days, was presumed lost, and rescue efforts were planned. In fact, she had actually travelled
502:, that would scrape along the bottom of the ice cap to indicate how much clearance the submarine had below the ice. Others included drills supposedly capable of cutting through 13 feet (4 m) of ice to reach fresh air. The vessel's torpedo chamber was converted into a
561:
encountered a violent storm. Both engines failed, leaving the boat adrift. She was rescued and initially towed into Cork
Harbour in Southern Ireland on 22 June where her batteries were re-charged, before being towed to England by
506:, when its water-tight door was closed, pressure was equalized, so a trap door could be opened, allowing the lowering of scientific instruments. These innovations were tested only cursorily before the boat put to sea.
422:. In 1921, she was awarded a Battle Efficiency Pennant and trophy for gunnery (gun and torpedo). She decommissioned on 17 June 1924 after just five and a half years of service, and was placed in reserve at the
613:, who had initially promised to pay for the expedition but who indicated by telegraph that Wilkins would not be paid if he did not continue, Wilkins ordered the submarine onward. Captain Danenhower ordered
353:
designs. They performed poorly as compared to the
Electric Boat units, and are sometimes considered a separate class. The ship was launched in 1917 and entered service with the Navy in 1918 in the
637:
returned to
Spitsbergen carrying invaluable data and with all crew alive. Hearst, however, considered the expedition a failure and carried out his threat, refusing to pay for the expedition.
465:'s Arctic Expedition of geophysical investigation. The lease required that she either be returned to the Navy for disposal, or scuttled in at least 1,200 feet (370 m) of water.
3591:
595:
hindered their progress. The boat was ill-equipped to deal with the extreme cold, lacking insulation and heaters. The fresh water system froze and the hull developed slow leaks.
858:
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in 1958) to reach the North Pole. Her crew conducted a tribute to Sir George Hubert
Wilkins and scattered his ashes over the North Pole.
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trimmed down by the bow, and deliberately rammed an ice floe in an attempt to force the boat under. The manoeuvre worked in that
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coast. Another storm again damaged the boat, carrying away her bridge and giving her a permanent list, but after a stop in
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Taken out of service by the US Navy in 1924, the submarine was leased for use in Arctic exploration in 1930 sponsored by
728:
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with several pieces of scientific equipment designed for under-ice operations. One was a mechanical probe, much like a
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2014:
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The scientific crew continued their experiments, and their findings became the first paper published by the
484:'s grandson was present at the event, under the French flag, along with Sir Hubert's new-wed wife, actress
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on 11 August, she successfully reached
Spitsbergen, where Wilkins allowed only a single day for repairs.
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for conversion by the
Philadelphia Navy Yard. She was leased at the rate of one dollar per year to
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668:) and scuttled in 1,138 feet (347 m) of water. In 1981 Norwegian divers found her wreck.
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The crew carried out the planned scientific experiments as they pushed on northward, but thick
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539:, England, the first leg of the voyage that was planned to take them up the coasts of the
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prevented the use of an alcoholic beverage, she was baptised not with the traditional
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was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole and the second submarine (after
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1961:
1946:
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1978:
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31:
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1983:
1319:
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491:
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spent much of her career as a unit of
Submarine Division 1, based at
186:
1054:
585:
3404:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
968:
947:
626:, but her radios had been badly damaged, requiring days to repair.
592:
536:
312:
572:
On 5 August, very late in the year to begin an Arctic expedition,
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623:
622:
only a short distance under the ice before resurfacing through a
2198:
251:
18,588 US gallons (70,360 L; 15,478 imp gal) fuel
2277:
1602:
658:
581:
56:
755:"Polar Sub Can Drill Through Ice", April 1931, Popular Science
1663:
661:
729:"Frozen North – Sir Hubert's Forgotten Submarine Expedition"
766:
McLaren, Alfred S., CAPT USN "Under the Ice in
Submarines"
726:
480:
but rather with a bucket of ice cubes. Great French writer
379:
653:. On 30 November 1931 she was towed three miles down the
609:
On 31 August, under financial pressure from newspaperman
242:
2 × 500 hp (373 kW) Busch Sulzer diesel engines
2868:
866:
1044:
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
245:
2 × 400 hp (298 kW) Diehl electric motors
512:with her crew of 20 men was commanded by Captain
4179:
547:and conclude with a dramatic rendezvous at the
270:11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) submerged
1070:
852:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
429:
349:to different specifications than the earlier
1039:List of submarines of the United States Navy
4193:World War I submarines of the United States
800:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1077:
1063:
859:
845:
760:
709:
531:, on 4 June 1931, began the crossing from
768:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
4135:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
794:This article incorporates text from the
468:On 24 March 1931, she was re-christened
402:on 29 September 1917, sponsored by Mrs.
30:For other ships with the same name, see
3710:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
14:
4180:
727:Hans Fricke; Sebastian Fricke (2011).
27:O-class submarine of the United States
2854:
1096:
1084:
1058:
840:
68:
631:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
267:(26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced
201:566 long tons (575 t) submerged
3496:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1693:Norse colonization of North America
227:13 ft 11 in (4.24 m)
198:491 long tons (499 t) surfaced
24:
4208:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
3025:United States Exploring Expedition
695:dove to try to locate and inspect
373:
219:16 ft 7 in (5.05 m)
25:
4224:
4099:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3467:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
832:(Submarine) Photograph Collection
812:
689:In 2010 the research submersible
576:began making her way through the
4188:United States O-class submarines
3993:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3386:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
868:United States O-class submarines
787:
70:
46:
4203:Shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
557:. On that first leg, however,
773:
748:
527:during her Arctic expedition.
13:
1:
3372:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3307:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2855:
803:. The entry can be found
702:
3729:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3545:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3351:French Antarctic Expeditions
3281:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3167:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1285:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
447:United States Shipping Board
7:
2814:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2493:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1358:Andrée's balloon expedition
10:
4229:
2015:Franklin's lost expedition
1715:Christian IV's expeditions
1097:
825:at NavSource Naval History
779:Cork Examiner 23 June 1931
645:Following the expedition,
170:Scuttled, 20 November 1931
29:
3832:
3563:
3150:
2890:
2867:
2863:
2850:
2369:Great Northern Expedition
2263:
2045:Rae–Richardson expedition
1794:
1639:
1245:British Arctic Expedition
1137:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1034:
1014:
958:
874:
388:Lake Torpedo Boat Company
174:
63:
45:
3653:British Antarctic Survey
3647:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2892:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
569:where she was repaired.
551:with the German airship
4129:Pole of inaccessibility
3792:Antarctic Treaty System
2133:2nd Grinnell expedition
640:
611:William Randolph Hearst
455:Bridgeport, Connecticut
392:Bridgeport, Connecticut
386:on 6 March 1916 by the
362:William Randolph Hearst
337:. These later O-boats,
280:200 ft (61 m)
211:175 ft (53 m)
175:General characteristics
110:Bridgeport, Connecticut
4198:Military in the Arctic
518:John Wilson Danenhower
424:Philadelphia Navy Yard
3799:Transglobe Expedition
3698:Operation Deep Freeze
3107:Challenger expedition
1973:Coppermine expedition
1494:Drifting ice stations
770:July 1981 pp. 105–106
439:Naval Vessel Register
649:was returned to the
633:. On 20 September,
535:, United States, to
520:, who served aboard
441:on 29 July 1930, ex-
410:on 18 October 1918.
36:ships named Nautilus
3969:South magnetic pole
2635:Brusilov expedition
1744:Danish colonization
1182:North magnetic pole
451:Lake and Danenhower
445:transferred to the
345:, were designed by
3660:Operation Windmill
3641:Operation Highjump
2616:Rusanov expedition
2521:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2265:North East Passage
2069:McClure expedition
734:Fricke Productions
335:United States Navy
288:2 officers, 27 men
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
3627:Operation Tabarin
3489:Far Eastern Party
3335:Nimrod Expedition
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2405:M. Pronchishcheva
2327:Siberian Cossacks
1796:Northwest Passage
1129:Research stations
1086:Polar exploration
1052:
1051:
960:Lake Torpedo Boat
463:Lincoln Ellsworth
433:Arctic Expedition
420:Panama Canal Zone
404:Homer S. Cummings
355:Panama Canal Zone
347:Lake Torpedo Boat
331:O-class submarine
320:
319:
127:29 September 1917
106:Lake Torpedo Boat
16:(Redirected from
4220:
3674:Ronne Expedition
3159:
3153:
3017:Dumont d'Urville
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2400:V. Pronchishchev
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1055:
861:
854:
847:
838:
837:
791:
790:
780:
777:
771:
764:
758:
752:
746:
745:
743:
741:
724:
598:After ten days,
514:Sloan Danenhower
437:Struck from the
378:The submarine's
300:18-inch (450 mm)
78:
75:
74:
73:
50:
43:
42:
21:
18:USS O-12 (SS-73)
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4161:
3836:
3828:
3704:McMurdo Station
3573:Modern research
3571:
3559:
3294:O. Nordenskjöld
3157:
3151:
3146:
3062:Ross expedition
2886:
2859:
2838:
2267:
2259:
1800:Northern Canada
1798:
1790:
1643:
1635:
1141:
1133:
1101:
1088:
1083:
1053:
1048:
1030:
1010:
954:
870:
865:
815:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
765:
761:
757:cutaway drawing
753:
749:
739:
737:
725:
710:
705:
684: (SSN-571)
651:Navy Department
643:
578:English Channel
486:Suzanne Bennett
435:
376:
374:Service history
238:Diesel-electric
154:, 24 March 1931
135:19 October 1918
76:
71:
69:
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4226:
4216:
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4160:
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4149:
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4143:
4142:
4137:
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4123:
4121:Vostok Station
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:Cherry-Garrard
4069:
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4059:
4054:
4049:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
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4003:
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3988:
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3977:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3912:Southern Cross
3908:
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3906:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3878:
3873:
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3871:
3858:
3857:
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3842:
3840:
3834:Farthest South
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3821:
3814:
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3575:
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3560:
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3557:
3556:
3555:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3531:Ross Sea party
3527:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3463:
3458:
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3408:
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3396:
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3368:
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3361:
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3346:
3345:
3331:
3324:
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3315:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3225:Southern Cross
3218:Southern Cross
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3162:
3160:
3148:
3147:
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3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3103:
3098:
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3096:
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3077:
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3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:Bellingshausen
2954:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2269:Russian Arctic
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1706:
1704:Snæbjörn galti
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:Farthest North
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
965:
963:
956:
955:
953:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
881:
879:
872:
871:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
835:
834:
826:
814:
813:External links
811:
810:
809:
782:
781:
772:
759:
747:
707:
706:
704:
701:
642:
639:
580:and along the
459:Hubert Wilkins
434:
428:
375:
372:
318:
317:
316:
315:
306:
294:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
272:
271:
268:
259:
255:
254:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
199:
194:
190:
189:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:Decommissioned
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
61:
60:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4225:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:Discovery Hut
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:A. Sibiryakov
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:Glavsevmorput
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:J. Richardson
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:M. Corte-Real
1816:
1814:
1813:G. Corte-Real
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:C. Richardson
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:Georgiy Sedov
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Riiser-Larsen
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
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307:
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304:
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3328:Orcadas Base
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2077:Investigator
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1610:Arktika 2007
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408:commissioned
395:
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193:Displacement
151:
143:17 June 1924
132:Commissioned
119:6 March 1916
97:3 March 1916
87:
52:
40:
32:USS Nautilus
3818:Lake Vostok
3768:Tryoshnikov
3690:Schlossbach
3581:Christensen
3523:James Caird
3444:E. R. Evans
3210:Dobrowolski
3180:de Gerlache
2882:Expeditions
2768:Aviaarktika
2722:Samoylovich
2593:Kolomeitsev
2487:Middendorff
2447:Gedenshtrom
1867:I. Fyodorov
1629:Chilingarov
1517:E. Fyodorov
1124:Expeditions
545:Spitsbergen
482:Jules Verne
474:Prohibition
453:, Inc., of
162:29 May 1930
4213:1917 ships
4182:Categories
4041:Terra Nova
3946:Shackleton
3889:J. C. Ross
3848:Resolution
3838:South Pole
3613:New Swabia
3537:Mackintosh
3509:Shackleton
3428:Terra Nova
3421:Terra Nova
3155:Heroic Age
3115:Challenger
3075:J. C. Ross
2985:Bransfield
2917:Resolution
2832:icebreaker
2796:Chelyuskin
2537:expedition
2515:Expedition
2457:Matyushkin
2415:Kh. Laptev
2410:Chelyuskin
2304:Heemskerck
2294:Chancellor
2289:Willoughby
2284:Koch boats
2227:Stefansson
2161:McClintock
2125:Inglefield
1967:J. C. Ross
1874:Resolution
1726:Cunningham
1624:Sagalevich
1313:expedition
1272:Stephenson
1232:C. F. Hall
1219:expedition
1193:J. C. Ross
1156:Heemskerck
1143:North Pole
703:References
549:North Pole
494:furnished
492:Simon Lake
364:. Renamed
285:Complement
277:Test depth
232:Propulsion
4140:Tolstikov
3926:Discovery
3896:HMS
3881:HMS
3863:Adventure
3861:HMS
3846:HMS
3782:Tolstikov
3503:Endurance
3288:Antarctic
3273:Drygalski
3246:Discovery
3239:Discovery
3200:Arctowski
3113:HMS
3086:HMS
3080:Abernethy
3068:HMS
3046:USS
3033:Vincennes
3031:USS
3011:Astrolabe
2951:San Telmo
2932:Adventure
2930:HMS
2915:HMS
2910:Kerguelen
2872:Continent
2857:Antarctic
2734:Urvantsev
2692:Vilkitsky
2545:Jeannette
2543:USS
2535:Jeannette
2499:Weyprecht
2477:Pakhtusov
2427:Chichagov
2420:D. Laptev
2363:Permyakov
2338:Stadukhin
2333:Perfilyev
2310:Mangazeya
2248:H. Larsen
2213:Rasmussen
2168:HMS
2139:USS
2088:HMS
2075:HMS
2039:Collinson
2029:HMS
2021:HMS
1999:HMS
1947:HMS
1932:HMS
1917:HMS
1902:Mackenzie
1889:Discovery
1887:HMS
1872:HMS
1844:Discovery
1823:Frobisher
1786:Rasmussen
1699:Gunnbjörn
1645:Greenland
1574:USS
1565:USS
1437:Ellsworth
1379:Roosevelt
1309:Nansen's
1266:Discovery
1264:HMS
1251:HMS
1198:Abernethy
1166:Marmaduke
680:USS
673:USS
671:In 1959,
659:Norwegian
655:Byfjorden
582:Norwegian
564:USS
541:North Sea
524:Jeannette
522:USS
516:, son of
504:moon pool
478:champagne
416:Coco Solo
384:laid down
187:submarine
116:Laid down
108:Company,
4152:A. Fuchs
4109:V. Fuchs
4089:McKinley
4052:E. Evans
4011:Bjaaland
4006:Amundsen
3956:Marshall
3869:Furneaux
3721:V. Fuchs
3685:E. Ronne
3680:F. Ronne
3619:Ritscher
3473:SY
3461:Filchner
3405:Framheim
3399:Amundsen
3205:Racoviță
3190:Amundsen
3185:Lecointe
3054:Ringgold
3048:Porpoise
2938:Furneaux
2774:Shevelev
2729:Begichev
2708:Amundsen
2670:Nagórski
2648:Brusilov
2642:Sv. Anna
2556:Melville
2526:Palander
2482:Tsivolko
2442:Sannikov
2437:Billings
2380:Chirikov
2299:Barentsz
2241:St. Roch
2232:Bartlett
2206:Amundsen
2190:Sverdrup
2090:Resolute
1979:Franklin
1907:Kotzebue
1774:Sverdrup
1757:Scoresby
1731:Lindenov
1582:Plaisted
1567:Nautilus
1512:Shirshov
1486:Belyakov
1481:Baydukov
1455:Nautilus
1417:Amundsen
1377:SS
1336:Sverdrup
1331:Johansen
1301:Brainard
1296:Lockwood
1151:Barentsz
830:Nautilus
697:Nautilus
682:Nautilus
635:Nautilus
619:Nautilus
615:Nautilus
602:reached
600:Nautilus
593:pack ice
574:Nautilus
559:Nautilus
537:Plymouth
529:Nautilus
510:Nautilus
496:Nautilus
470:Nautilus
431:Nautilus
400:launched
367:Nautilus
341:through
313:deck gun
293:Armament
159:Stricken
152:Nautilus
124:Launched
53:Nautilus
4157:Messner
4104:Hillary
4084:Balchen
4032:Polheim
4026:Wisting
3904:Crozier
3876:Weddell
3854:J. Cook
3824:Kapitsa
3805:Fiennes
3747:Klenova
3716:Hillary
3666:Ketchum
3592:BANZARE
3567:·
3412:Polheim
3378:Shirase
3364:Charcot
3174:Belgica
3093:Crozier
3005:Morrell
3000:Weddell
2978:Lazarev
2923:J. Cook
2877:History
2827:Arktika
2803:Krassin
2788:Voronin
2760:Schmidt
2746:Ushakov
2685:Vaygach
2653:Albanov
2622:Rusanov
2603:Kolchak
2598:Matisen
2572:Makarov
2551:De Long
2452:Wrangel
2432:Lyakhov
2385:Malygin
2343:Dezhnev
2170:Pandora
2141:Advance
2108:Kennedy
2103:Belcher
2096:Kellett
2083:McClure
2007:Beechey
2001:Blossom
1994:Simpson
1962:Crozier
1955:Hoppner
1912:J. Ross
1880:J. Cook
1828:Gilbert
1721:J. Hall
1687:Ingólfr
1677:Naddodd
1671:Vikings
1658:Brendan
1653:Pytheas
1641:Iceland
1595:Arktika
1587:Herbert
1552:Badygin
1522:Krenkel
1507:Papanin
1476:Chkalov
1462:Wilkins
1427:Wisting
1371:F. Cook
1277:Markham
1237:Bessels
1226:Polaris
1217:Polaris
1188:J. Ross
1171:Carolus
1119:History
1026:R class
1020:N class
821:of USS
740:26 June
624:polynya
566:Wyoming
461:'s and
333:of the
329:was an
327:(SS-73)
248:1 shaft
184:O-class
148:Renamed
102:Builder
94:Ordered
64:History
4067:Bowers
4062:Wilson
4021:Hassel
4016:Helmer
3985:Mackay
3975:Mawson
3940:Nimrod
3898:Terror
3883:Erebus
3810:Burton
3605:Rymill
3481:Mawson
3475:Aurora
3454:Lashly
3439:Wilson
3342:Nimrod
3319:Scotia
3126:Murray
3101:Cooper
3088:Terror
3070:Erebus
3039:Wilkes
2990:Palmer
2958:Vostok
2905:Bouvet
2829:-class
2809:Gakkel
2677:Taymyr
2658:Konrad
2627:Kuchin
2565:Yermak
2472:Lavrov
2390:Ovtsyn
2375:Bering
2353:Ivanov
2316:Hudson
2278:Pomors
2255:Cowper
2220:Karluk
2119:Isabel
2113:Bellot
2063:Austin
2031:Terror
2023:Erebus
1919:Griper
1895:Clerke
1855:Baffin
1838:Hudson
1769:Nansen
1682:Garðar
1603:Barneo
1470:ANT-25
1446:Italia
1422:Nobile
1391:Henson
1350:Amedeo
1326:Nansen
1291:Greely
1161:Hudson
1099:Arctic
962:design
878:design
792:
666:Bergen
586:Tromsø
472:. As
406:, and
208:Length
57:Bergen
4147:Crary
4094:Dufek
4057:Oates
4047:Scott
3980:David
3961:Adams
3932:Barne
3753:Mirny
3742:Somov
3552:Quest
3449:Crean
3434:Scott
3313:Bruce
3267:Gauss
3260:Gauss
3134:Jason
3121:Nares
2995:Davis
2972:Mirny
2945:Smith
2900:Roché
2820:Lenin
2740:Sadko
2665:Wiese
2610:Sedov
2581:Zarya
2504:Payer
2467:Litke
2462:Anjou
2395:Minin
2358:Vagin
2348:Popov
2321:Poole
2176:Young
1989:Dease
1934:Hecla
1925:Parry
1850:Bylot
1833:Davis
1808:Cabot
1781:Peary
1763:Jason
1750:Egede
1664:Papar
1576:Skate
1557:Wiese
1537:NP-37
1530:NP-36
1410:Norge
1398:Sedov
1386:Peary
1344:Jason
1259:Nares
1253:Alert
1208:Hayes
1176:Parry
1114:Ocean
675:Skate
662:fjord
265:knots
258:Speed
224:Draft
4079:Byrd
4000:Fram
3951:Wild
3633:Marr
3599:BGLE
3586:Byrd
3514:Wild
3393:Fram
3195:Cook
2716:AARI
2701:Maud
2588:Toll
2513:Vega
2199:Gjøa
2184:Fram
2147:Kane
1984:Back
1949:Fury
1940:Lyon
1862:Munk
1501:NP-1
1403:Byrd
1320:Fram
1311:Fram
1203:Kane
1005:O-16
998:O-15
991:O-14
984:O-13
977:O-12
970:O-11
949:O-10
823:O-12
805:here
742:2019
692:JAGO
647:O-12
641:Fate
604:82°N
443:O-12
412:O-12
398:was
396:O-12
382:was
380:keel
343:O-16
339:O-11
325:O-12
323:USS
308:1 ×
298:4 ×
216:Beam
180:Type
167:Fate
88:O-12
86:USS
83:Name
34:and
3776:3rd
3762:2nd
3736:1st
3569:IGY
3565:IPY
2155:Fox
2051:Rae
1617:Mir
1593:NS
942:O-9
935:O-8
928:O-7
921:O-6
914:O-5
907:O-4
900:O-3
893:O-2
886:O-1
657:(a
543:to
390:in
263:14
55:in
4184::
2681:/
731:.
711:^
699:.
488:.
426:.
418:,
394:.
357:.
3158:"
3152:"
3095:)
3091:(
3082:)
3073:(
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
860:e
853:t
846:v
807:.
744:.
38:.
20:)
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