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Provide
Feedback Staff User → Feedback System: Submit Feedback This description can be used to draw a sequence diagram using tools like Lucidchart, Draw.io, or any UML diagram software. The diagram would have actors on the left side, with arrows indicating the sequence of actions and interactions between systems and actors as described please Sequence diagram drow Sequence diagrams should be drawn for each use case to show how different objects interact with each other to achieve the functionality of the use case.
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The most prominent example of a Layer 2 Meta-Object
Facility model is the UML metamodel, which describes the UML itself. These M2-models describe elements of the M1-layer, and thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in UML. The last layer is the M0-layer or data layer. It is used
247:
Although UML 2.1 was never released as a formal specification, versions 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 appeared in 2007, followed by UML 2.2 in
February 2009. UML 2.3 was formally released in May 2010. UML 2.4.1 was formally released in August 2011. UML 2.5 was released in October 2012 as an "In progress" version
224:, Elmasri & Navathe, amongst others) prefer same-side or "look-here" for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities. Recent researchers (Feinerer and Dullea et al. ) have shown that the "look-across" technique used by UML and ER diagrams is less effective and less coherent when applied to
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Visual
Representation: Staff User → Complaints System: Submit Complaint Complaints System → HR System: Forward Complaint HR System → Department: Assign Complaint Department → Complaints System: Update Resolution Complaints System → Feedback System: Request Feedback Feedback System → Staff User:
231:
Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations. Hartmann investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail.", and: "As we will see on the next few pages, the look-across interpretation introduces several
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It is important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The set of diagrams need not completely cover the model and deleting a diagram does not change the model. The model may also contain
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Behavior diagrams represent the dynamic aspect of the system. It emphasizes what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate the behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems. As an example, the
741:. MOF is designed as a four-layered architecture, as shown in the image at right. It provides a meta-meta model at the top, called the M3 layer. This M3-model is the language used by Meta-Object Facility to build metamodels, called M2-models.
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Structure diagrams represent the static aspects of the system. It emphasizes the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent the structure, they are used extensively in documenting the
197:
and administered by Ed
Eykholt, to finalize the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997.
193:). The UML Partners' UML 1.0 draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997 by the consortium. During the same month, the UML Partners formed a group, designed to define the exact meaning of language constructs, chaired by
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Although originally intended for object-oriented design documentation, UML has been extended to a larger set of design documentation (as listed above), and has been found useful in many contexts.
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UML 2.0 major revision replaced version 1.5 in 2005, which was developed with an enlarged consortium to improve the language further to reflect new experiences on the usage of its features.
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62:
UML provides a standard notation for many types of diagrams which can be roughly divided into three main groups: behavior diagrams, interaction diagrams, and structure diagrams.
447:. Use cases are a way of specifying required usages of a system. Typically, they are used to capture the requirements of a system, that is, what a system is supposed to do.
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UML is not a development method by itself; however, it was designed to be compatible with the leading object-oriented software development methods of its time, for example,
771:, which leads to problems. UML misuse includes overuse (designing every part of the system with it, which is unnecessary) and assuming that novices can design with it.
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In software engineering, most practitioners do not use UML, but instead produce informal hand drawn diagrams; these diagrams, however, often include elements from UML.
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Manuel
Almendros-Jiménez, Jesús & Iribarne, Luis. (2007). Describing Use-Case Relationships with Sequence Diagrams. Comput. J.. 50. 116-128. 10.1093/comjnl/bxl053.
116:
methods developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The timeline (see image) shows the highlights of the history of object-oriented modeling methods and notation.
65:
The creation of UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design. It was developed at
177:
specification and propose it to the Object
Management Group (OMG) for standardization. The partnership also contained additional interested parties (for example
416:) view: emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of objects. This view includes
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Since version 2.5, the UML Specification has been simplified (without
Superstructure and Infrastructure), and the latest versions of these standards are now:
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in 1994 and after that, the company became the source for two of the most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's
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958:"ISO/IEC 19505-1:2012 - Information technology - Object Management Group Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML) - Part 1: Infrastructure"
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After the first release, a task force was formed to improve the language, which released several minor revisions, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5.
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James Dullea; Il-Yeol Song; Ioanna
Lamprou (1 November 2003). "An analysis of structural validity in entity-relationship modeling".
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Elmasri, Ramez, B. Shamkant, Navathe, Fundamentals of
Database Systems, third ed., Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 2000.
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936:"ISO/IEC 19501:2005 - Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.3"
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In 2013, UML had been marketed by OMG for many contexts, but aimed primarily at software development with limited success.
401:) view: emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes, operations and relationships. It includes
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Conceptual Modeling – ER 2004: 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Shanghai, China, November 8–12, 2004
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The standards it produced (as well as the original standard) have been noted as being ambiguous and inconsistent.
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describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components.
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It continues to be updated and improved by the revision task force, who resolve any issues with the language.
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MoDELS '06: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems
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UML offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram, including elements such as:
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1522:; Cesar Gonzalez-Perez (1 October 2006). "Uses and abuses of the stereotype mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0".
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Hubert Tardieu, Arnold Rochfeld and René Colletti La methode MERISE: Principes et outils (Paperback - 1983)
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Under the technical leadership of those three (Rumbaugh, Jacobson, and Booch), a consortium called the
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standard. Since then the standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.
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76:(OMG) and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005, UML was also published by the
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and was officially released in June 2015. The formal version 2.5.1 was adopted in December 2017.
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The Superstructure that defines the notation and semantics for diagrams and their model elements
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and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez in "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0".
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describes the business and operational step-by-step activities of the components in a system.
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UML 2 has many types of diagrams, which are divided into two categories. Some types represent
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A Formal Treatment of UML Class Diagrams as an Efficient Method for Configuration Management
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Paolo Atzeni; Wesley Chu; Hongjun Lu; Shuigeng Zhou; Tok Wang Ling, eds. (27 October 2004).
599:. These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram:
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These diagrams may all contain comments or notes explaining usage, constraint, or intent.
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Advanced Concepts, Life Cycle Models and Tools for Objeckt-Oriented Software Development
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documentation that drives the model elements and diagrams (such as written use cases).
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The Infrastructure that defines the core metamodel on which the Superstructure is based
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In UML, one of the key tools for behavior modeling is the use-case model, caused by
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it was originally intended to be used with when work began at Rational Software.
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The UML Diagram Interchange that defines how UML 2 diagram layouts are exchanged
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that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.
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1197:(Doctor of Technical Sciences thesis). Vienna: Technical University of Vienna.
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Proceeding SAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing
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difficulties which prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to
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2006:
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1379:"Visual Modeling & Unified Modeling Language (UML): Introduction to UML"
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UML has evolved since the second half of the 1990s and has its roots in the
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The Unified Process for Practitioners: Object-oriented Design, UML and Java
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1050:"OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML), Superstructure. Version 2.4.1"
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According to Google Trends UML has been on a steady decline since 2004.
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MS Visual Studio dropped support for UML in 2016 due to lack of usage.
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UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language
1241:. ADC '03: Proceedings of the 14th Australasian database conference.
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1851:"Bruce Douglass: Real-Time Agile Systems and Software Development"
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782:) feel that UML's size hinders learning (and therefore using) it.
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Génova et alia 2004 "Open Issues in Industrial Use Case Modeling"
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in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996.
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Reasoning about participation constraints and Chen's constraints
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International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering
752:. This has been criticized as being insufficient/untenable by
393:
UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model:
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how entities interact with others (components and interfaces);
272:
Until UML 2.4.1, the latest versions of these standards were:
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1314:"OMG Formal Specifications (Modeling and Metadata paragraph)"
978:
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2002:
Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO). December 2017.
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The Object Primer: Agile Model Driven Development with UML 2
1601:"Ivar Jacobson on UML, MDA, and the future of methodologies"
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Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO). December 2017.
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1388:. Rational Software Corporation. Accessed 9 November 2008.
1085:"UML Specification version 1.1 (OMG document ad/97-08-11)"
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The meta-model can be extended using a mechanism called
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131:(OOSE), which it has integrated into a single language.
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An example of components in a travel reservation system
153:'s method. They were soon assisted in their efforts by
595:, including a few that represent different aspects of
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Jon Holt Institution of Electrical Engineers (2004).
1357:"Issues for UML 2.6 Revision task Force mailing list"
591:
information, and the rest represent general types of
228:-ary relationships of order strictly greater than 2.
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1817:"Interactive UML Metamodel with additional Examples"
1512:
1391:
979:
Sebastian Baltes; Stephan Diehl (11 November 2014).
161:(OOSE) method, who joined them at Rational in 1995.
1336:"about the unified modeling language specification"
251:There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification:
1869:
1707:Chonoles, Michael Jesse; James A. Schardt (2003).
216:, class models are specified to use "look-across"
1975:
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913:(2 ed.). Addison-Wesley. 2005. p. 496.
5374:
1616:"UML to be ejected from Microsoft Visual Studio"
1444:UML for Systems Engineering: Watching the Wheels
360:
119:It is originally based on the notations of the
103:History of object-oriented methods and notation
1327:
78:International Organization for Standardization
72:In 1997, UML was adopted as a standard by the
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2022:
1305:
1234:
1187:
774:It is considered a large language, with many
745:to describe runtime instances of the system.
568:
1795:
814:Department of Defense Architecture Framework
767:It has been treated, at times, as a design
737:architecture to define the UML, called the
265:(OCL) for defining rules for model elements
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2506:
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2029:
2015:
1980:
844:Object-oriented role analysis and modeling
606:Hierarchy of UML 2.2 Diagrams, shown as a
575:
561:
30:"UML" redirects here. For other uses, see
1950:Design Patterns for Embedded Systems in C
1000:
910:Unified Modeling Language User Guide, The
82:International Electrotechnical Commission
2697:Software development process/methodology
2513:
1947:
1928:
1909:
1890:
1867:
1755:The Unified Software Development Process
925:See the sample content: look for history
725:Illustration of the Meta-Object Facility
720:
307:
212:As with database Chen, Bachman, and ISO
98:
38:
2468:List of Unified Modeling Language tools
1814:
1285:
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824:List of Unified Modeling Language tools
207:
14:
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1753:; Grady Booch; James Rumbaugh (1998).
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1673:
626:of software systems. For example, the
173:was organized in 1996 to complete the
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2010:
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870:
616:
334:and how they can interact with other
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2712:Software verification and validation
2615:Component-based software engineering
1278:
1044:
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1038:
903:
901:
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285:UML Diagram Interchange version 1.0.
159:object-oriented software engineering
129:object-oriented software engineering
27:Software system design modeling tool
2123:Object-oriented analysis and design
1998:Document Number formal/2017-12-05.
993:Association for Computing Machinery
981:"Sketches and diagrams in practice"
886:Document Number formal/2017-12-05.
803:Business Process Model and Notation
24:
1872:Real-Time UML Workshop 2nd Edition
1798:"Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF"
1667:
867:
601:
432:UML models can be exchanged among
25:
5439:
5388:Architecture description language
2692:Software configuration management
2559:Search-based software engineering
2544:Experimental software engineering
2427:Systems Modeling Language (SysML)
1967:
1528:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
1235:Sven Hartmann (17 January 2003).
1161:Lecture Notes in Computer Science
1035:
894:
107:
5357:
5356:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2094:
1735:(3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley.
1248:
1210:Data & Knowledge Engineering
819:DOT (graph description language)
692:
678:
649:
635:
279:UML Infrastructure version 2.4.1
276:UML Superstructure version 2.4.1
1991:Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1
1933:. Addison-Wesley Professional.
1914:. Addison-Wesley Professional.
1633:
1614:Krill, Paul (18 October 2016).
1607:
1593:
1579:
1564:
1490:
1466:
1457:
1436:
1415:
1371:
1349:
1333:
1311:
1256:
1228:
1201:
1181:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
879:Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1
710:
220:, even though several authors (
175:Unified Modeling Language (UML)
2539:Empirical software engineering
2437:XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)
1680:. Cambridge University Press.
1674:Ambler, Scott William (2004).
1474:The Meta-Object Facility Typed
1099:
1077:
1064:
972:
950:
928:
849:Process Specification Language
55:) is a general-purpose visual
13:
1:
1222:10.1016/S0169-023X(03)00049-1
860:
458:
135:Rational Software Corporation
2564:Site reliability engineering
1572:"UML 2.5: Do you even care?"
1188:Ingo Feinerer (March 2007).
529:Interaction overview diagram
407:composite structure diagrams
361:Software development methods
7:
2569:Social software engineering
2118:Object-oriented programming
1987:Current UML specification:
1243:Australian Computer Society
791:
759:
483:Composite structure diagram
450:
384:
114:object-oriented programming
10:
5444:
5423:Software modeling language
2707:Software quality assurance
1831:Business Modeling with UML
1757:. Addison Wesley Longman.
1498:"UML 2.4.1 Infrastructure"
714:
263:Object Constraint Language
164:
94:
29:
5383:Unified Modeling Language
5352:
5276:
5002:
4154:
3103:
3085:
3013:
2972:
2937:
2876:
2790:
2783:
2742:
2602:
2521:
2450:
2432:UML eXchange Format (UXF)
2419:
2384:
2358:
2317:
2310:
2290:
2269:
2233:
2192:
2136:
2110:
2103:
2092:
2044:
2038:Unified Modeling Language
1912:Real-Time Design Patterns
1893:Real-Time UML 3rd Edition
1834:. John Wiley & Sons.
1576:"UML truly is ubiquitous"
1052:. Object Management Group
854:Systems Modeling Language
778:. Some people (including
303:
147:object-modeling technique
125:object-modeling technique
49:unified modeling language
5408:Knowledge representation
2863:Model-driven engineering
2662:Functional specification
2645:Software incompatibility
2554:Requirements engineering
2473:Object Modeling in Color
2463:Rational Unified Process
2128:Object-oriented modeling
1948:Douglass, Bruce (2010).
1929:Douglass, Bruce (2009).
1910:Douglass, Bruce (2002).
1891:Douglass, Bruce (2004).
1868:Douglass, Bruce (2014).
1778:UML for Java Programmers
1500:. Omg.org. 5 August 2011
985:Proceedings of the 22nd
960:. Iso.org. 20 April 2012
839:Model-driven engineering
438:XML Metadata Interchange
343:how the system will run;
239:
5418:Specification languages
5393:Data modeling languages
2657:Enterprise architecture
2057:Object Management Group
2000:Object Management Group
1849:Douglass, Bruce Powel.
1520:Brian Henderson-Sellers
1070:Andreas Zendler (1997)
1011:10.1145/2635868.2635891
938:. Iso.org. 1 April 2005
888:Object Management Group
754:Brian Henderson-Sellers
731:Object Management Group
511:Behavioral UML diagrams
465:Structural UML diagrams
293:UML Specification 2.5.1
74:Object Management Group
5398:Data modeling diagrams
2868:Round-trip engineering
2625:Backward compatibility
2620:Software compatibility
1472:Iman Poernomo (2006) "
1402:"UML, Success Stories"
1377:Satish Mishra (1997).
1163:3288 (2004 ed.).
733:(OMG) has developed a
726:
610:
426:state machine diagrams
313:
104:
44:
2687:Software architecture
2640:Forward compatibility
2458:Glossary of UML terms
2442:Executable UML (xUML)
724:
624:software architecture
605:
524:Communication diagram
311:
157:, the creator of the
102:
42:
2985:Computer engineering
2682:Software archaeology
2672:Programming paradigm
2584:Software maintenance
2529:Computer programming
2515:Software engineering
2402:Interaction overview
1773:Martin, Robert Cecil
1713:. Wiley Publishing.
1587:"Death by UML Fever"
1479:30 June 2016 at the
1384:20 July 2011 at the
995:. pp. 530–541.
739:Meta-Object Facility
717:Meta-Object Facility
236:-ary associations."
208:Cardinality notation
32:UML (disambiguation)
3005:Systems engineering
2990:Information science
2770:Service orientation
2722:Structured analysis
2630:Compatibility layer
2574:Software deployment
2335:Composite structure
1245:. pp. 105–113.
834:Model-based testing
798:Applications of UML
336:software components
5428:Modeling languages
3079:by standard number
2995:Project management
2760:Object orientation
2727:Essential analysis
2635:Compatibility mode
1826:Hans-Erik Eriksson
1694:on 31 January 2010
1548:10.1007/11880240_2
1425:. Springer, 2000.
1421:John Hunt (2000).
727:
617:Structure diagrams
611:
488:Deployment diagram
314:
105:
45:
5370:
5369:
3093:ISO romanizations
3041:
3040:
2968:
2967:
2909:Information model
2813:Incremental model
2667:Modeling language
2481:
2480:
2420:Derived languages
2415:
2414:
2306:
2305:
1931:Real-Time Agility
1883:978-0-471-29551-8
1796:Noran, Ovidiu S.
1781:. Prentice Hall.
1710:UML 2 for Dummies
1557:978-3-540-45772-5
1020:978-1-4503-3056-5
664:Behavior diagrams
643:Component diagram
628:component diagram
585:
584:
478:Component diagram
459:UML diagram types
422:activity diagrams
418:sequence diagrams
377:, and especially
282:OCL version 2.3.1
67:Rational Software
57:modeling language
16:(Redirected from
5435:
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3080:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3045:
3044:
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3021:
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2980:Computer science
2788:
2787:
2702:Software quality
2594:Systems analysis
2589:Software testing
2508:
2501:
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2017:
2008:
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1976:Official website
1963:
1944:
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1824:Penker, Magnus;
1820:
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1699:
1690:. Archived from
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1647:. Archived from
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1433:. p. 5.door
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874:
700:Use case diagram
696:
686:Activity diagram
682:
671:activity diagram
653:
639:
577:
570:
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549:Use case diagram
534:Sequence diagram
519:Activity diagram
455:
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143:General Electric
21:
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5348:
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4998:
4150:
3099:
3081:
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3072:
3042:
3037:
3009:
3000:Risk management
2964:
2933:
2872:
2853:Waterfall model
2823:Prototype model
2818:Iterative model
2779:
2755:Aspect-oriented
2738:
2717:Software system
2598:
2579:Software design
2517:
2512:
2482:
2477:
2446:
2411:
2380:
2354:
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2286:
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2188:
2184:Profile diagram
2132:
2111:Object oriented
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1670:
1668:Further reading
1665:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1651:on 23 July 2023
1641:"Google Trends"
1639:
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1540:Springer-Verlag
1517:
1513:
1503:
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1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:. pp. 1845–1849
1481:Wayback Machine
1471:
1467:
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1386:Wayback Machine
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503:Profile diagram
498:Package diagram
453:
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331:of the system;
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296:OCL version 2.4
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2973:Related fields
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2808:Executable UML
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2392:Communications
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2256:Generalization
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2052:Organizations
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1815:Horst Kargl.
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1788:0-13-142848-9
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1764:0-201-57169-2
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2919:Object model
2914:Metamodeling
2843:Spiral model
2743:Orientations
2451:Other topics
2298:Multiplicity
2068:
2062:UML Partners
2051:
2037:
1990:
1949:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1871:
1857:. Retrieved
1830:
1804:. Retrieved
1777:
1754:
1732:
1709:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
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1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1644:
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1623:. Retrieved
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1502:. Retrieved
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1454:. p. 58
1443:
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1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1351:
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1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:22 September
1295:. Retrieved
1270:22 September
1268:. Retrieved
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1111:. Retrieved
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1054:. Retrieved
991:. FSE 2014.
984:
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962:. Retrieved
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940:. Retrieved
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750:stereotyping
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711:Metamodeling
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121:Booch method
118:
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52:
48:
46:
36:
5003:20000–29999
4155:10000–19999
2610:Abstraction
2385:Interaction
2260:Inheritance
2246:Composition
2241:Association
2074:Grady Booch
1806:14 November
1538:, Germany:
1446:IET, 2004,
1341:22 February
1319:12 February
987:ACM SIGSOFT
397:Static (or
327:individual
214:ER diagrams
195:Cris Kobryn
151:Grady Booch
127:(OMT), and
5377:Categories
4782:16949 (TS)
4379:11941 (TR)
3077:standards
2929:View model
2894:Data model
2340:Deployment
2282:Stereotype
2251:Dependency
1952:. Newnes.
1895:. Newnes.
1876:. Newnes.
1174:3540237232
1002:1706.09172
920:0321267974
861:References
776:constructs
589:structural
414:behavioral
399:structural
329:components
322:activities
149:(OMT) and
4737:15926 WIP
4101:9592/9593
4026:9000/9001
3914:8805/8806
2938:Languages
2359:Behaviour
2330:Component
2318:Structure
2169:Interface
2164:Component
2149:Attribute
2137:Structure
1859:1 January
1620:InfoWorld
1542:: 16–26.
1359:. Omg.org
1293:. Omg.org
1266:. Omg.org
1264:"UML 2.0"
1109:. Omg.org
1087:. Omg.org
434:UML tools
375:Objectory
349:external
191:Microsoft
5403:Diagrams
5362:Category
3087:List of
3033:Category
2899:ER model
2765:Ontology
2677:Software
2603:Concepts
2397:Sequence
2376:Use case
2366:Activity
2311:Diagrams
2225:Use case
2200:Activity
2193:Behavior
2154:Artifact
2104:Concepts
1828:(2000).
1775:(2003).
1731:(2004).
1698:29 April
1504:10 April
1477:Archived
1382:Archived
1363:10 April
1165:Springer
1113:10 April
964:10 April
809:C4 model
792:See also
780:Jacobson
760:Adoption
593:behavior
451:Diagrams
385:Modeling
43:UML logo
5263:29199-2
5135:23094-2
5130:23094-1
5120:23090-3
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4177:10118-3
3023:Commons
2848:V-model
2350:Package
2277:Profile
2210:Message
2179:Package
2069:Persons
1655:23 July
1625:23 July
1407:9 April
1056:9 April
1029:2436333
856:(SysML)
324:(jobs);
165:UML 1.x
95:History
5277:30000+
4116:9797-1
3924:8820-5
3869:8501-1
3425:1073-2
3420:1073-1
3104:1–9999
2784:Models
2534:DevOps
2522:Fields
2407:Timing
2345:Object
2215:Method
2174:Object
2045:Actors
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1536:Berlin
1530:4199.
1483:" in:
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805:(BPMN)
304:Design
222:Merise
189:, and
137:hired
123:, the
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2734:CI/CD
2325:Class
2291:Other
2220:State
2205:Event
2159:Class
2144:Actor
1854:(web)
1801:(PDF)
1334:OMG.
1312:OMG.
1291:"UML"
1195:(PDF)
1107:"UML"
1025:S2CID
997:arXiv
942:7 May
829:MODAF
240:UML 2
141:from
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