512:
the temporal and parietal lobes near the
Sylvian fissure. The first step of the dorsal pathway begins in the sensorimotor interface, located in the left Sylvian parietal temporal (Spt) (within the Sylvian fissure at the parietal-temporal boundary). The spt is important for perceiving and reproducing sounds. This is evident because its ability to acquire new vocabulary, be disrupted by lesions and auditory feedback on speech production, articulatory decline in late-onset deafness and the non-phonological residue of Wernicke's aphasia; deficient self-monitoring. It is also important for the basic neuronal mechanisms for phonological short-term memory. Without the Spt, language acquisition is impaired. The information then moves onto the articulatory network, which is divided into two separate parts. The articulatory network 1, which processes motor syllable programs, is located in the left posterior
166:. The model also posits that visual perception encodes spatial properties of objects, such as size and location, relative to other objects in the visual field; in other words, it utilizes relative metrics and scene-based frames of reference. Visual action planning and coordination, on the other hand, uses absolute metrics determined via egocentric frames of reference, computing the actual properties of objects relative to the observer. Thus, grasping movements directed towards objects embedded in size-contrast-ambiguous scenes have been shown to escape the effects of these illusions, as different frames of references and metrics are involved in the perception of the illusion versus the execution of the grasping act.
292:. It was initially termed the "where" pathway since it was thought that the dorsal stream processes information regarding the spatial properties of an object. However, later research conducted on a famous neuropsychological patient, Patient D.F., revealed that the dorsal stream is responsible for processing the visual information needed to construct the representations of objects one wishes to manipulate. Those findings led the nickname of the dorsal stream to be updated to the "how" pathway. The dorsal stream is interconnected with the parallel ventral stream (the "what" stream) which runs downward from V1 into the
523:
Buchsbaum et al found that conduction aphasia can be the result of damage, particularly lesions, to the Spt (Sylvian parietal temporal). This is shown by the Spt's involvement in acquiring new vocabulary, for while experiments have shown that most conduction aphasiacs can repeat high-frequency, simple words, their ability to repeat low-frequency, complex words is impaired. The Spt is responsible for connecting the motor and auditory systems by making auditory code accessible to the motor cortex. It appears that the motor cortex recreates high-frequency, simple words (like
544:
work over the past two decades, offer a more complex account than a simple separation of function into two-streams. Recent experimental work for instance has challenged these findings, and has suggested that the apparent dissociation between the effects of illusions on perception and action is due to differences in attention, task demands, and other confounds. There are other empirical findings, however, that cannot be so easily dismissed which provide strong support for the idea that skilled actions such as grasping are not affected by pictorial illusions.
110:
91:
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531:) require more active, online regulation by the Spt. This explains why conduction aphasiacs have particular difficulty with low-frequency words which requires a more hands-on process for speech production. "Functionally, conduction aphasia has been characterized as a deficit in the ability to encode phonological information for production," namely because of a disruption in the motor-auditory interface. Conduction aphasia has been more specifically related to damage of the
504:
349:: where the patient is unaware of the contralesional half of space (that is, they are unaware of things in their left field of view and focus only on objects in the right field of view; or appear unaware of things in one field of view when they perceive them in the other). For example, a person with this disorder may draw a clock, and then label all twelve of the numbers on one side of the face and consider the drawing complete.
133:, and previous neuroscientific vision research. Schneider first proposed the existence of two visual systems for localisation and identification in 1969. Ingle described two independent visual systems in frogs in 1973. Ettlinger reviewed the existing neuropsychological evidence of a distinction in 1990. Moreover, Trevarthen had offered an account of two separate mechanisms of vision in monkeys back in 1968.
568:
We should view the model not as a formal hypothesis, but as a set of heuristics to guide experiment and theory. The differing informational requirements of visual recognition and action guidance still offer a compelling explanation for the broad relative specializations of dorsal and ventral streams.
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is to map the auditory sensory representations onto articulatory motor representations. Hickok & Poeppel claim that the auditory dorsal pathway is necessary because, "learning to speak is essentially a motor learning task. The primary input to this is sensory, speech in particular. So, there must
511:
In contrast to the ventral stream's auditory processing, information enters from the primary auditory cortex into the posterior superior temporal gyrus and posterior superior temporal sulcus. From there the information moves to the beginning of the dorsal pathway, which is located at the boundary of
161:
Goodale and Milner amassed an array of anatomical, neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and behavioural evidence for their model. According to their data, the ventral 'perceptual' stream computes a detailed map of the world from visual input, which can then be used for cognitive operations, and
543:
Goodale & Milner's innovation was to shift the perspective from an emphasis on input distinctions, such as object location versus properties, to an emphasis on the functional relevance of vision to behaviour, for perception or for action. Contemporary perspectives however, informed by empirical
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affects a subject's ability to reproduce speech (typically by repetition), though it has no influence on the subject's ability to comprehend spoken language. This shows that conduction aphasia must reflect not an impairment of the auditory ventral pathway but instead of the auditory dorsal pathway.
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has been challenged by several researchers as not as strong as originally portrayed; Hesse and colleagues demonstrated dorsal stream impairments in patient DF; Himmelbach and colleagues reassessed DF's abilities and applied more rigorous statistical analysis demonstrating that the dissociation was
563:
Thus the emerging perspective within neuropsychology and neurophysiology is that, whilst a two-systems framework was a necessary advance to stimulate study of the highly complex and differentiated functions of the two neural pathways; the reality is more likely to involve considerable interaction
559:
A 2009 review of the accumulated evidence for the model concluded that whilst the spirit of the model has been vindicated the independence of the two streams has been overemphasised. Goodale & Milner themselves have proposed the analogy of tele-assistance, one of the most efficient schemes
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increase their size, latency, and the complexity of their tuning. For example, recent studies have shown that the V4 area is responsible for color perception in humans, and the V8 (VO1) area is responsible for shape perception, while the VO2 area, which is located between these regions and the
484:
emerging from the primary auditory cortex. In this pathway, phonemes are processed posteriorly to syllables and environmental sounds. The information then joins the visual ventral stream at the middle temporal gyrus and temporal pole. Here the auditory objects are converted into audio-visual
144:
distinguished the dorsal and ventral streams, as processing spatial and visual features respectively, from their lesion studies of monkeys – proposing the original where vs what distinction. Though this framework was superseded by that of Milner & Goodale, it remains influential.
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However, to progress the field, we may need to abandon the idea that these streams work largely independently of one other, and to address the dynamic details of how the many visual brain areas arrange themselves from task to task into novel functional networks.
152:
The first, and most influential report, came from
Goodale and colleagues in 1991 and work is still being published on her two decades later. This has been the focus of some criticism of the model due to the perceived over-reliance on findings from a single case.
560:
devised for the remote control of robots working in hostile environments. In this account, the dorsal stream is viewed as a semi-autonomous function that operates under guidance of executive functions which themselves are informed by ventral stream processing.
304:
The dorsal stream is involved in spatial awareness and guidance of actions (e.g., reaching). In this it has two distinct functional characteristics—it contains a detailed map of the visual field, and is also good at detecting and analyzing movements.
90:
547:
Moreover, recent neuropsychological research has questioned the validity of the dissociation of the two streams that has provided the cornerstone of evidence for the model. The dissociation between
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be a neural mechanism that both codes and maintains instances of speech sounds, and can use these sensory traces to guide the tuning of speech gestures so that the sounds are accurately reproduced."
337:: where the patient can only describe single objects without the ability to perceive it as a component of a set of details or objects in a context (as in a scenario, e.g. the forest for the trees).
318:
It contains individually functioning lobules. The lateral intraparietal sulcus (LIP) contains neurons that produce enhanced activation when attention is moved onto the stimulus or the animal
417:: PIT (posterior inferotemporal), CIT (central inferotemporal), and AIT (anterior inferotemporal). Each visual area contains a full representation of visual space. That is, it contains
448:. Thus the ventral stream does not merely provide a description of the elements in the visual world—it also plays a crucial role in judging the significance of these elements.
2012:
Ganel T, Tanzer M, Goodale MA (2008). "A double dissociation between action and perception in the context of visual illusions: opposite effects of real and illusory size".
315:
is essential for "the perception and interpretation of spatial relationships, accurate body image, and the learning of tasks involving coordination of the body in space".
308:
The dorsal stream commences with purely visual functions in the occipital lobe before gradually transferring to spatial awareness at its termination in the parietal lobe.
436:
All the areas in the ventral stream are influenced by extraretinal factors in addition to the nature of the stimulus in their receptive field. These factors include
2055:
Cardoso-Leite, Pedro; Gorea, Andrei (2010). "On the
Perceptual/Motor Dissociation: A Review of Concepts, Theory, Experimental Paradigms and Data Interpretations".
78:(or, "how pathway") leads to the parietal lobe, which is involved with processing the object's spatial location relative to the viewer and with speech repetition.
169:
Norman proposed a similar dual-process model of vision, and described eight main differences between the two systems consistent with other two-system models.
71:
148:
One hugely influential source of information that has informed the model has been experimental work exploring the extant abilities of visual agnosic
2131:
Hesse, C.; Ball, K.; Schenk, T. (Jan 2012). "Visuomotor performance based on peripheral vision is impaired in the visual form agnostic patient DF".
1883:
Franz VH, Gegenfurtner KR, BĂĽlthoff HH, Fahle M (2000). "Grasping visual illusions: no evidence for a dissociation between perception and action".
535:, which is vital for both speech and language comprehension, as the arcuate fasiculus makes up the connection between Broca and Wernicke's areas.
43:
1039:
Goodale, MA.; Milner, AD.; Jakobson, LS.; Carey, DP. (Jan 1991). "A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them".
945:
Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG (1982). "Contribution of striate inputs to the visuospatial functions of parieto-preoccipital cortex in monkeys".
162:
the dorsal 'action' stream transforms incoming visual information to the requisite egocentric (head-centered) coordinate system for skilled
1761:
Buchsbaum, Bradley R.; Baldo, Juliana; Okada, Kayoko; Berman, Karen F.; Dronkers, Nina; D'Esposito, Mark; Hickok, Gregory (December 2011).
584:
284:
is proposed to be involved in the guidance of actions and recognizing where objects are in space. The dorsal stream projects from the
374:
is associated with object recognition and form representation. Also described as the "what" stream, it has strong connections to the
1731:
1763:"Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory – An aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data"
1388:
Lamme, Victor AF; Supèr, Hans; Spekreijse, Henk (1998). "Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing in the visual cortex".
516:
and
Brodmann's area 44 (pIFG-BA44). The articulatory network 2 is for motor phoneme programs and is located in the left M1-vBA6.
322:
towards a visual stimulus, and the ventral intraparietal sulcus (VIP) where visual and somatosensory information are integrated.
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17:
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sublayers 4Cβ, 4A, 3B and 2/3a successively. From there, the ventral pathway goes through V2 and V4 to areas of the inferior
421:
whose receptive fields together represent the entire visual field. Visual information enters the ventral stream through the
1683:"The cortical organization of speech processing: Feedback control and predictive coding the context of a dual-stream model"
564:
between vision-for-action and vision-for-perception. Robert McIntosh and Thomas Schenk summarize this position as follows:
70:(also known as the "what pathway") leads to the temporal lobe, which is involved with object and visual identification and
1961:
Ganel T, Goodale MA (2003). "Visual control of action but not perception requires analytical processing of object shape".
1187:"Two visual systems and two theories of perception: An attempt to reconcile the constructivist and ecological approaches"
120:
The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. They originate from a common source in the visual cortex
1343:
1926:
Franz VH, Scharnowski F, Gegenfurtner KR (2005). "Illusion effects on grasping are temporally constant not dynamic".
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in 1992, argues that humans possess two distinct visual systems. Recently there seems to be evidence of two distinct
125:
Several researchers had proposed similar ideas previously. The authors themselves credit the inspiration of work on
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481:
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117:
988:
Schenk, Thomas; McIntosh, Robert D. (2010). "Do we have independent visual streams for perception and action?".
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repetition of the phrase 'what is your name?' in the extended version of Hickok and
Poeppel's dual pathway model
1093:
Himmelbach, M.; Boehme, R.; Karnath, HO. (Jan 2012). "20 years later: a second look on DF's motor behaviour".
624:
433:
parahippocampal cortex, integrates information about the color and shape of stimuli into a holistic image.
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664:
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comprehension of the phrase 'my cat' in the extended version of Hickok and
Poeppel's dual pathway model
402:
2177:
McIntosh, RD.; Schenk, T. (May 2009). "Two visual streams for perception and action: current trends".
312:
289:
1822:
1626:"The cortical organization of lexical knowledge: A dual lexicon model of spoken language processing"
2273:
639:
1432:
527:) in order to more quickly and efficiently access them, while low-frequency, complex words (like
513:
445:
361:: inability to produce discretionary or volitional movement in the absence of muscular disorders.
1506:
Hickok, Gregory; Poeppel, David (2007-04-13). "The cortical organization of speech processing".
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855:""Object vision" and "spatial vision": the neuropsychological evidence for the distinction"
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1433:"How Areas of Ventral Visual Stream Interact When We Memorize Color and Shape Information"
8:
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Damage to the posterior parietal cortex causes a number of spatial disorders including:
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Goodale MA, Milner AD (1992). "Separate visual pathways for perception and action".
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343:: where the patient cannot use visuospatial information to guide arm movements.
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Goodale, M. A.; Milner, A. D.; Jakobson, L. S.; Carey, D. P. (January 1991).
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Mishkin, Mortimer; Ungerleider, Leslie G.; Macko, Kathleen A. (1983-01-01).
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1990:
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Milner, AD.; Goodale, MA. (February 2008). "Two visual systems re-viewed".
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1273:"A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them"
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1982:
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42:. The hypothesis, given its initial characterisation in a paper by
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418:
358:
319:
902:
Trevarthen, CB. (1968). "Two mechanisms of vision in primates".
1882:
1816:
1814:
1559:"Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream"
59:
1925:
1811:
1270:
1138:"Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand"
1038:
1760:
1226:"Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways"
66:
network, it follows two main pathways, or "streams". The
802:
Ingle, D. (Sep 1973). "Two visual systems in the frog".
1223:
1092:
480:
being important for visual processing, there is also a
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and travels through the rest of the areas in sequence.
1367:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1359:
Mark F Bear; Barry
Connors; Michael Paradiso (2007).
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Damage to the ventral stream can cause inability to
27:
Model of the neural processing of vision and hearing
2011:
1430:
1360:
944:
695:
1556:
1489:"Impairment of vision due to damage to the brain"
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1086:
981:
938:
759:Schneider, GE. (Feb 1969). "Two visual systems".
2250:
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393:The ventral stream gets its main input from the
390:(which deals with object locations and motion).
2130:
1563:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1431:Kozlovskiy, Stanislav; Rogachev, Anton (2021).
325:
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1557:DeWitt, I.; Rauschecker, J. P. (2012-02-01).
1505:
1437:Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
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585:Vision for perception and vision for action
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1178:
1136:Aglioti S, DeSouza JF, Goodale MA (1995).
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698:Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook
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269:Often large effects e.g. motion parallax
54:as well. As visual information exits the
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846:
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467:
428:Moving along the stream from V1 to AIT,
458:
34:is a model of the neural processing of
14:
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2191:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.009
2145:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.002
1854:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.005
1680:
1107:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.011
620:Object recognition (cognitive science)
101:
2124:
801:
156:
96:
2220:Milner, A.D.; Goodale, M.A. (2006),
1334:Milner, A.D.; Goodale, M.A. (2006).
1623:
1443:(95–100). Springer-Nature: 95–100.
463:
386:(which controls emotions), and the
299:
266:Generally reasonably small effects
203:High temporal frequencies - motion
200:High spatial frequencies - details
67:
24:
1820:
1729:
1687:Journal of Communication Disorders
488:
387:
75:
25:
2285:
2092:"Transforming vision into action"
1928:J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
1363:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
365:
211:Long-term stored representations
2026:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02071.x
580:Language processing in the brain
556:not as strong as first thought.
455:or interpret facial expression.
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89:
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1424:
1390:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
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355:: inability to perceive motion.
244:Allocentric or object-centered
1032:
895:
795:
752:
694:Eyesenck MW, Keane MT (2010).
687:
247:Egocentric or viewer-centered
13:
1:
1699:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.06.004
1402:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80042-1
1155:10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00133-3
872:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80084-6
824:10.1126/science.181.4104.1053
702:. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
680:
625:Medial superior temporal area
538:
493:The function of the auditory
214:Only very short-term storage
2109:10.1016/j.visres.2010.07.027
1823:"The sensorimotor interface"
1449:10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_10
1338:(2nd ed.). OUP Oxford.
1242:10.1016/0166-2236(83)90190-X
959:10.1016/0166-4328(82)90081-X
781:10.1126/science.163.3870.895
730:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
326:Effects of damage or lesions
255:Mainly foveal or parafoveal
7:
1940:10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1359
1779:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001
1642:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.005
1624:Gow, David W. (June 2012).
1508:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
573:
409:. These neurons project to
189:Recognition/identification
10:
2290:
2223:The Visual Brain in Action
1493:www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk
1336:The Visual Brain in Action
665:Lateral geniculate nucleus
403:lateral geniculate nucleus
378:(which is associated with
192:Visually guided behaviour
81:
1203:10.1017/s0140525x0200002x
1002:10.1080/17588920903388950
529:Sylvian parietal temporal
313:posterior parietal cortex
290:posterior parietal cortex
262:
251:
240:
229:
218:
207:
196:
185:
2069:10.1163/187847510X503588
1681:Hickok, Gregory (2012).
640:Lateral pulvinar nucleus
482:ventral auditory pathway
1897:10.1111/1467-9280.00209
1584:10.1073/pnas.1113427109
1230:Trends in Neurosciences
514:inferior temporal gyrus
2264:Cognitive neuroscience
990:Cognitive Neuroscience
660:Constructional apraxia
571:
508:
476:Along with the visual
473:
178:Ventral system (what)
32:two-streams hypothesis
18:Two Streams hypothesis
2057:Seeing and Perceiving
853:Ettlinger G. (1990).
610:Tectopulvinar pathway
566:
506:
471:
423:primary visual cortex
286:primary visual cortex
2090:Goodale MA. (2011).
459:Two auditory systems
376:medial temporal lobe
181:Dorsal system (how)
1983:10.1038/nature02156
1975:2003Natur.426..664G
1732:"The dorsal stream"
1575:2012PNAS..109E.505D
1289:1991Natur.349..154G
1053:1991Natur.349..154G
816:1973Sci...181.1053I
773:1969Sci...163..895S
347:Hemispatial neglect
241:Frame of reference
1827:Brain and Language
1767:Brain and Language
1736:Brain and Language
1630:Brain and Language
1185:Norman J. (2002).
916:10.1007/bf00422717
675:Koniocellular cell
630:Arcuate fasciculus
605:Magnocellular cell
533:arcuate fasciculus
520:Conduction aphasia
509:
474:
380:long-term memories
157:Two visual systems
2233:978-0-19-852472-4
1458:978-3-030-71636-3
1374:978-0-7817-6003-4
1283:(6305): 154–156.
767:(3870): 895–902.
273:
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263:Monocular vision
48:Melvyn A. Goodale
16:(Redirected from
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1738:. Archived from
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1615:
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1586:
1569:(8): E505–E514.
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2096:Vision Res
1746:5 December
1142:Curr. Biol
681:References
670:Blindsight
539:Criticisms
485:concepts.
131:Weiskrantz
127:blindsight
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