314:
143:
448:
980:
120:
403:
Diplurans are found on nearly all land masses, except
Antarctica and several oceanic islands. Their role as soil-dwelling organisms may play a key role in indicating soil quality, and as a measure of
373:, the mouthparts are concealed within a small pouch by the lateral margins of the head capsule. The mandibles usually have several apical teeth. Diplurans do not possess any eyes or wings.
423:
a week, which are held off the ground by short stalks and probably only remain viable for about two days. The female collects the spermatophore with her genital opening, and later lays
339:-like segments projecting forward from the head. The abdomens of diplurans bear eversible vesicles, which seem to absorb moisture from the environment and help with the animal's
805:
778:
729:
Allen RT (Dec 2002). "A Synopsis of the
Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta)".
321:
Diplurans are typically 2–50 millimetres (0.08–1.97 in) long, with most falling between 7 and 10 millimetres (0.28 and 0.39 in). However, some species of
376:
In males, glandular setae or disculi may be visible along the first abdominal sternite. External genital organs are present on the eighth abdominal segment.
1574:
1448:
1487:
825:
302:). The name "diplura", or "two tails", refers to the characteristic pair of caudal appendages or filaments at the terminal end of the body.
547:
700:
1435:
1461:
17:
584:
774:
1466:
1012:
756:
604:
1414:
984:
854:
Roy S (January 2018). "Soil
Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Health: Thrust Areas for Sugarcane Production Systems".
1492:
949:
Carapelli A, Nardi F, Dallai R, Frati F (2006). "A review of molecular data for the phylogeny of basal hexapods".
1427:
829:
366:). Moulting occurs up to 30 times throughout the life of a dipluran, which is estimated to last up to one year.
530:
The relationships among the four groups of hexapods are not resolved, but most recent studies argue against a
1474:
509:: possess elongate, flexible cerci that may be as long as the antennae and have many segments. Feed on soil
1335:
400:
and feed on a variety of live prey and dead organic matter. Those species with long cerci are herbivorous.
1344:
478:). Usually very aggressive predatory diplurans, using their pincer-like cerci to capture prey, including
358:. These cerci may be long and filamentous or short and pincer-like, leading to occasional confusion with
1541:
1569:
1502:
142:
1005:
608:
31:
833:
1528:
1297:
416:
922:
Smith LM (1960-09-01). "The Family
Projapygidae and Anajapygidae (Diplura) in North America".
890:
331:
and, apart from the darkened cerci in some species, they are unpigmented. Diplurans have long
1523:
1515:
1453:
708:
290:("two-pronged bristletails") is one of three orders of non-insect hexapods within the class
1383:
801:
404:
397:
396:, but are rarely seen because of their size and subterranean lifestyles. They have biting
8:
998:
990:
704:
871:
738:
137:
1510:
1370:
647:
580:
556:
332:
875:
1564:
1375:
958:
931:
902:
863:
679:
962:
782:
428:
284:
273:
253:
1479:
760:
313:
1422:
1409:
1349:
263:
233:
867:
212:
1558:
1320:
1219:
1214:
1184:
1091:
542:
538:
432:
424:
420:
340:
268:
77:
935:
612:
1224:
1199:
1189:
1160:
643:
552:
500:
435:, but resemble the adults, apart from their smaller size, lesser number of
258:
243:
238:
187:
907:
1329:
1204:
1118:
1069:
506:
447:
389:
228:
52:
1362:
742:
663:
1252:
1194:
1170:
1081:
1053:
534:
479:
370:
295:
291:
97:
62:
1396:
1229:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1127:
1099:
1059:
1047:
1041:
1022:
531:
471:
248:
174:
154:
102:
1291:
362:. Some diplurans have the ability to shed their cerci if necessary (
1440:
1401:
1357:
1314:
1239:
1179:
1140:
1104:
979:
541:
of the
Diplura is sparse, but one apparent dipluran dates from the
518:
487:
363:
197:
128:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1247:
1209:
483:
299:
107:
82:
1262:
1035:
510:
491:
475:
359:
355:
351:
164:
517:, springtails, and other small soil invertebrates, as well as
407:
impact (e.g. soil nutrient depletion as a result of farming).
1536:
1388:
494:
393:
323:
343:. The body segments themselves may display several types of
1200:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
514:
436:
385:
344:
336:
1020:
467:
are readily recognizable by the structure of their cerci.
119:
948:
328:
1225:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
354:
projecting backwards from the last of the 11 abdominal
891:"Soil fauna changes across Atlantic Forest succession"
759:. The Earthlife Web. November 11, 2005. Archived from
664:
Bugguide.net. Class
Diplura - Two-pronged Bristletails
579:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 320.
474:: possess forceps-like cerci (resembling those of an
305:
Around 800 species of diplurans have been described.
559:that more closely resembled those of true insects.
415:Like other non-insect hexapods, diplurans practice
731:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
888:
574:
327:may reach 50 mm (2.0 in). They have no
1556:
924:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
427:in a cavity in the ground. The hatchlings (or
1006:
1105:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
577:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
350:Diplurans possess a characteristic pair of
1013:
999:
695:
693:
691:
689:
118:
942:
906:
673:
671:
644:"Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates"
796:
794:
792:
749:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
602:
503:: possess stout, short, and rigid cerci.
446:
312:
819:
817:
815:
686:
677:
575:Hoell HV, Doyen JT, Purcell AH (1998).
439:and their lack of reproductive organs.
14:
1575:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
1557:
668:
1296:
1295:
1205:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
994:
921:
823:
789:
728:
627:
598:
596:
1542:0394A359-2F66-8E1F-017E-FE3EFAB2FD30
1503:64229249-6c70-4f19-84e2-4c3428508769
1428:2c8bd32e-b5ad-4469-a323-863d5709c49c
812:
767:
724:
722:
720:
718:
659:
657:
317:A dipluran of the family Campodeidae
853:
568:
24:
1258:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
593:
25:
1586:
1220:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
972:
715:
654:
27:Order of two-pronged bristletails
978:
141:
50:
915:
882:
847:
830:North Carolina State University
682:. Kendall Bioresearch Services.
603:Maddison DR (January 1, 2005).
410:
463:Several major lineages within
384:Diplurans are common in moist
13:
1:
889:Fernandes Correia ME (2018).
562:
963:10.1016/j.pedobi.2006.01.001
525:
7:
1190:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
1100:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
497:, and even other diplurans.
442:
10:
1591:
779:Iziko Museums of Cape Town
379:
308:
29:
1304:
1279:
1238:
1168:
1159:
1126:
1117:
1090:
1082:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
1077:
1068:
1030:
868:10.1007/s12355-018-0591-5
225:
220:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
48:Late Carboniferous–Recent
41:
1253:Collembola (springtails)
1180:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
32:Diplura (disambiguation)
1284:are paraphyletic groups
545:. This early dipluran,
347:, or scales and setae.
294:(alongside Collembola (
18:Two-pronged bristletail
1195:Branchiura (fish lice)
1151:Diplopoda (millipedes)
1136:Chilopoda (centipedes)
781:. 2004. Archived from
707:. 1999. Archived from
460:
419:. Males lay up to 200
417:external fertilisation
318:
1524:Paleobiology Database
936:10.1093/aesa/53.5.575
908:10.14295/cs.v9i2.2388
450:
316:
1423:Fauna Europaea (new)
1025:classes by subphylum
911:– via Dialnet.
895:Comunicata Scientiae
609:Tree of Life Project
129:Campodea staphylinus
30:For other uses, see
1248:Protura (coneheads)
705:McMaster University
615:on October 17, 2012
1336:Diplura (Hexapoda)
678:Kendall D (2005).
461:
455:(Campodeidae) and
319:
1552:
1551:
1511:Open Tree of Life
1298:Taxon identifiers
1289:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:Insecta (insects)
1113:
1112:
824:Meyer JR (2005).
648:Massey University
586:978-0-19-510033-4
431:) do not undergo
281:
280:
216:
16:(Redirected from
1582:
1570:Arthropod orders
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1480:NBNSYS0000159869
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
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1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
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1379:
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1366:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1293:
1292:
1166:
1165:
1124:
1123:
1075:
1074:
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
991:
983:Data related to
982:
967:
966:
946:
940:
939:
919:
913:
912:
910:
886:
880:
879:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
832:. Archived from
821:
810:
809:
798:
787:
786:
771:
765:
764:
753:
747:
746:
726:
713:
712:
697:
684:
683:
675:
666:
661:
652:
651:
640:
625:
624:
622:
620:
611:. Archived from
600:
591:
590:
572:
335:with 10 or more
211:
146:
145:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1267:
1234:
1155:
1109:
1086:
1064:
1026:
1019:
975:
970:
947:
943:
920:
916:
887:
883:
852:
848:
839:
837:
822:
813:
800:
799:
790:
773:
772:
768:
755:
754:
750:
727:
716:
699:
698:
687:
676:
669:
662:
655:
642:
641:
628:
618:
616:
601:
594:
587:
573:
569:
565:
528:
445:
413:
382:
311:
274:Octostigmatidae
254:Heterojapygidae
221:Families
210:
140:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1410:Fauna Europaea
1406:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1326:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1277:
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1266:
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1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
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1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
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1096:
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1088:
1087:
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1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
988:
987:at Wikispecies
974:
973:External links
971:
969:
968:
957:(2): 191–204.
941:
930:(5): 575–583.
914:
901:(2): 162–174.
881:
862:(4): 376–391.
846:
811:
788:
785:on 2007-09-26.
766:
763:on 2006-12-05.
748:
737:(4): 403–466.
714:
711:on 2007-03-27.
685:
667:
653:
626:
592:
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566:
564:
561:
527:
524:
523:
522:
504:
498:
444:
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421:spermatophores
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310:
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279:
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264:Evalljapygidae
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234:Procampodeidae
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1215:Tantulocarida
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Mystacocarida
1183:
1181:
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1175:
1173:
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1164:
1162:
1158:
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1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1092:Euchelicerata
1089:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1049:
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1024:
1016:
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1002:
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964:
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952:
945:
937:
933:
929:
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918:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
836:on 2012-02-05
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
816:
807:
803:
797:
795:
793:
784:
780:
776:
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762:
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736:
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723:
721:
719:
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597:
588:
582:
578:
571:
567:
560:
558:
554:
553:compound eyes
550:
549:
544:
543:Carboniferous
540:
539:fossil record
536:
533:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
469:
468:
466:
458:
454:
449:
440:
438:
434:
433:metamorphosis
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
405:anthropogenic
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
341:water balance
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
315:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
275:
272:
270:
269:Parajapygidae
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
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214:
209:
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199:
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159:
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135:
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125:
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109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1305:
1281:
1257:
1169:
1161:Pancrustacea
1058:Superphylum
954:
951:Pedobiologia
950:
944:
927:
923:
917:
898:
894:
884:
859:
855:
849:
838:. Retrieved
834:the original
783:the original
769:
761:the original
751:
734:
730:
709:the original
619:December 13,
617:. Retrieved
613:the original
576:
570:
546:
532:monophyletic
529:
501:Projapygidae
464:
462:
456:
452:
414:
411:Reproduction
402:
383:
375:
368:
349:
322:
320:
304:
287:
282:
259:Dinjapygidae
244:Anajapygidae
239:Projapygidae
207:
188:Pancrustacea
181:
127:
36:
1330:Wikispecies
1119:Mandibulata
1070:Chelicerata
1054:Protostomia
1052:(unranked)
1046:(unranked)
1040:Subkingdom
808:Entomology.
507:Campodeidae
480:springtails
459:(Japygidae)
451:Anatomy of
390:leaf litter
296:springtails
229:Campodeidae
194:Subphylum:
1559:Categories
1023:Arthropoda
856:Sugar Tech
840:2006-12-13
563:References
557:mouthparts
548:Testajapyx
535:Entognatha
398:mouthparts
371:entognaths
292:Entognatha
175:Arthropoda
132:, Belgium
1230:Remipedia
1171:Crustacea
1146:Pauropoda
1128:Myriapoda
1060:Ecdysozoa
1048:Bilateria
1042:Eumetazoa
826:"Diplura"
802:"Diplura"
775:"Diplura"
757:"Diplura"
701:"Diplura"
680:"Diplura"
605:"Diplura"
526:Relatives
488:myriapods
472:Japygidae
249:Japygidae
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
42:Diplurans
1358:BugGuide
1315:Wikidata
1240:Hexapoda
1210:Copepoda
1141:Symphyla
1036:Animalia
1034:Kingdom
876:19040885
743:25078790
519:detritus
486:, small
453:Campodea
443:Lineages
364:autotomy
333:antennae
198:Hexapoda
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
1565:Diplura
1350:Diplura
1321:Q221563
1306:Diplura
1021:Extant
985:Diplura
650:. 2006.
484:isopods
465:Diplura
380:Ecology
360:earwigs
356:somites
309:Anatomy
300:Protura
288:Diplura
208:Diplura
204:Order:
1529:177842
1516:388206
1500:NZOR:
1402:1DIPUO
1363:258497
1282:italic
874:
741:
583:
555:, and
551:, had
537:. The
495:larvae
492:insect
476:earwig
429:nymphs
298:) and
215:, 1904
213:Börner
1537:Plazi
1493:29997
1467:99228
1454:10318
1449:IRMNG
1415:15583
1376:8NKDJ
872:S2CID
806:CSIRO
739:JSTOR
515:mites
511:fungi
457:Japyx
437:setae
394:humus
352:cerci
345:setae
324:Japyx
285:order
182:Clade
1488:NCBI
1462:ITIS
1436:GBIF
1397:EPPO
1389:7106
621:2006
581:ISBN
425:eggs
386:soil
337:bead
329:eyes
283:The
53:PreꞒ
1475:NBN
1441:240
1384:EoL
1371:CoL
1345:AFD
959:doi
932:doi
903:doi
864:doi
735:128
392:or
369:As
1561::
1539::
1526::
1513::
1490::
1477::
1464::
1451::
1438::
1425::
1412::
1399::
1386::
1373::
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1332::
1317::
955:50
953:.
928:53
926:.
897:.
893:.
870:.
860:20
858:.
828:.
814:^
804:.
791:^
777:.
733:.
717:^
703:.
688:^
670:^
656:^
646:.
629:^
607:.
595:^
513:,
490:,
482:,
388:,
184::
103:Pg
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
965:.
961::
938:.
934::
905::
899:9
878:.
866::
843:.
745:.
623:.
589:.
521:.
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
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