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The role of
Turkish music in a larger work seems to be to serve as a form of musical relaxation. Thus, in the finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, the Turkish march serves as a period of lowered intensity between two more massive and emotionally charged sections. Turkish music commonly is found in
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had only started going generally in
Austria's favor around the late 17th century. The differences in culture, as well as the frisson derived from the many earlier Turkish invasions, apparently gave rise to a fascination among the Viennese for all things Turkishâor even ersatz Turkish. This was part
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Eventually it became possible to write music with bass drum, triangle, cymbals, and piccolo without evoking a
Turkish atmosphere, and in the later 19th century symphonic composers made free use of these instruments. Thus, in the long run, the Turkish instruments are a gift to Western classical music
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Thus, Turkish music in Europe had two connotationsâEastern and militaryâfor 17th- and 18th-century
European composers. The Turkish association did not evaporate soon. Even during the 1820s, in planning the last movement of the Ninth Symphony, Beethoven made a note to himself specifically stating
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to the opera as well as two marches for the
Janissary chorus are Turkish music in the sense just described. This and other contemporaneous operas were so influenced by the Turkish fashion they earned the popular name "Turkish
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that caused a bell to ring and/or a padded hammer to strike the soundboard in imitation of a bass drum. The sound file for the first musical example above attempts to mimic the latter effect manually with a modern piano.
498:, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the Classical music era. This music was modelledâthough often only distantlyâon the music of Turkish military bands, specifically the
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732:) is the quintessential work of Turkish music, as the whole plot centers on the stereotyping of comically sinister Turks. (The Pasha, at least, turns out noble and generous in the end.) The
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906:, also composed several Turkish works, including operas and symphonies (his "Sinfonia turchesca" for example). Other composers who have written excellent examples of Turkish music include
604:. These instruments were used by Ottoman Turks in their military music, so at least the instrumentation of "Turkish" music was authentic except for the triangle. Often there is also a
679:("The Unforeseen Encounter", 1775) is somewhat similar in its subject to Mozart's later "Abduction from the Seraglio" and also includes "Turkish" music, for instance the overture.
845:(1824). A tenor soloist, assisted by the tenors and basses of the chorus, sings a florid variation on the famous theme, accompanied by Turkish instruments playing pianissimo (
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The importation of actual musicians was only a temporary phenomenon, and the later custom was to assign the
Turkish instruments in European military bands to other performers.
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that it would contain "Turkish" music. The use of the slang term "Turkish section" to describe the percussion section of an orchestra apparently persisted into modern times.
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Although the
Janissary sound was familiar in Europe during the 18th century, the Classical composers were not the first to make use of it; rather, the first imitators were
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marked "Alla Turca". Repeated notes, repeated ornaments, and loud/soft passages are characteristic of the
Turkish style. The imitation probably came closer with the
514:. To celebrate the treaty, the Turkish diplomatic delegation brought a Janissary band along with other performers to Vienna for several days of performances.
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The military rhythm and grace notes are also seen in left hand part for this passage from the
Turkish music in Mozart's K. 331 piano sonata, mentioned above:
759:(1775), sometimes called the "Turkish" Concerto, is interrupted by a loud episode of Turkish music. Mozart adapted this passage from an earlier ballet,
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It seems that at least part of the entertainment value of "Turkish" music was the perceived exoticism. The Turks were well known to the citizens of
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896:, who in his lifetime was one of Vienna's most famed composers also wrote Turkish influenced music, including a large-scale symphony.
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688:(1794) uses "Turkish" music in both the second movement (which depicts a battle) and in a brief reprise at the end of the finale.
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Around the turn of the 19th century, "Turkish" music was so popular that piano manufacturers made special pianos with a "
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Beethoven returned again to
Turkish music, by this time rather out of vogue, in a passage of the final movement of his
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of Mozart's day, whose bass strings made something of a rattle when played loudly, than is possible on modern pianos.
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Click on second "Sound" link for Kopatchinskaja's performance of the "Turkish" movement of Mozart's concerto, with
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Haydn had a somewhat remote personal connection to the Turkish army â his paternal grandparents had been living in
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An important impetus for Turkish music occurred in 1699, when Austria and the Ottoman Empire negotiated the
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Both characteristics just mentioned can be seen in the following extract of Turkish music in the Mozart's
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This is the same rhythm as the marching cadence of soldiers: "Left ... left ... left, right, left ..."
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The credit for having introduced this battery of percussion and concussion into Europe usually goes to
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following suit, and by the 1770s most other countries had fallen under the sway of Janissary Music.
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point out) are typically the most relaxed and loosely organized movements of Classical works.
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623:(where Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven all worked) as military opponents, and indeed the
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Click on first "Sound" link in this essay for a sample of Turkish Janissary music
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Good, Edwin (1999) "Grand and Would-Be Grand Pianos," in James Parakilas, ed.,
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The melodic instruments in Turkish music often emphasize the rhythm by playing
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of 1683; unlike most of the citizens of Hainburg, they survived the attack.
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Her essay "On the 'alla turca' in the Rondo of the Violin Concerto K. 219
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of the "Alla turca" movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata K. 311, from the
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In 1811, Beethoven wrote an overture and incidental music to a play by
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In Turkish music, the percussion instruments often play this rhythm:
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in 1812. One item from the incidental music (Op. 113, No. 4) is the
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1234:"Janissary music" in Grove Music Online, accessed January 8, 2011.
888:(1779) â and in Symphony No. 6 in A minor ("Sinfonie turque") by
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not otherwise found in orchestras of the time: typically, the
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which, in the 1720s, had received a full Turkish band from the
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1155:"Janissary Music," New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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East Meets West - Turkish Influences on the Viennese Classics
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767:) K. 135a, composed for Milan in 1772. In the concerto, the
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The Turkish siege of Vienna is relieved (1683), painting by
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Turkish music (in the sense just given) is always lively in
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1134:, online version, copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
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add to the percussive effect by playing their instruments
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608:, whose piercing tone recalls the shrill sound of the
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Froh! Froh, wie seine Sonnen, seine Sonnen fliegen...
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of a general trend in European arts at the time; see
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Ottoman Influences on European Bands and Orchestras.
541:, not to be outdone, sought a similar favour of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1321:Beethoven midi performances, from Tina Billett's "
1130:The opera is discussed in the article "Haydn" in
1865:
900:, best known for completing Mozart's unfinished
785:, striking the strings with the wood of the bow.
648:All three of the great Classical era composers,
1030:Mozart Turkish Theme from Violin Concerto No. 5
826:(1813) commemorates the British victory in the
958:Reconstruction of Turkish Stop on Early Pianos
708:when it was destroyed by the Turks during the
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1282:Web site of violinist Patricia Kopatchinskaja
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16:Music used during the Classical music period
565:from the Ottoman military music tradition.
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1262:A page on authentic Turkish military music
1224:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
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494:, in the sense described here, is not the
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1237:Signell, Karl. "Mozart and the Mehter,"
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858:Turkish music also appears in works of
757:Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major K. 219
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1177:This point has been made by conductor
1157:(2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 803.
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1268:Links with sound files of works cited
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1302:Netherlands Radio Chamber Orchestra
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1335:Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs
1086:The "Turkish stop" on early pianos
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584:When Turkish music was scored for
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813:. Beethoven also wrote a set of
415:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
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1038:Problems playing this file? See
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966:Problems playing this file? See
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23:
1383:List of Classical-era composers
1183:The Abduction from the Seraglio
817:on his march for piano, Op. 76.
730:The Abduction from the Seraglio
577:and is almost always a kind of
34:needs additional citations for
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1132:The Grove Dictionary of Opera
725:Die EntfĂŒhrung aus dem Serail
1217:. Laaber, Germany: Laaber.
1206:Farmer, Henry George (1950)
866:(Marcia turchesca, MH 601),
836:Malbrouk s'en va-t-en guerre
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744:(1783) ends with the famous
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343:International Music Festival
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348:International Jazz Festival
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1181:in his public lectures on
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1153:Pirker, Michael (2001).
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1239:Turkish Music Quarterly
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761:Le gelosie del seraglio
303:Golden Butterfly Awards
1780:Common practice period
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944:Typical Turkish rhythm
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148:Azerbaijani folk music
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722:Mozart's 1782 opera
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676:L'incontro improvviso
448:Cypriot Turkish music
271:Media and performance
153:Music of ancient Rome
1790:Age of Enlightenment
1330:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1210:. London: Parrish.
898:Franz Xaver SĂŒssmayr
886:Iphigenie auf Tauris
881:Die Pilger von Mekka
860:Jean-Philippe Rameau
823:Wellington's Victory
625:centuries of warfare
43:improve this article
1702:Classical orchestra
1143:Finscher (2000, 10)
1078:finales, which (as
908:Joseph Martin Kraus
874:, in two operas of
802:The Ruins of Athens
797:August von Kotzebue
612:(shawm) of Ottoman
523:Henry George Farmer
512:Treaty of Karlowitz
288:Turkey Music Awards
188:Turkish music style
1323:Keyboard Creations
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868:Gioacchino Rossini
779:, that is to say,
755:The finale of the
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178:Whirling Dervishes
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685:Military Symphony
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1471:C. P. E. Bach
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1121:Farmer (1950)
1118:
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1104:Edwin M. Good
1102:According to
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864:Michael Haydn
861:
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811:Turkish march
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543:Sublime Porte
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492:Turkish music
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322:Turkey Top 20
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163:Ottoman music
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99:February 2018
91:
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60: â
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1828:
1821:
1742:
1723:Galant music
1274:
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1179:James Conlon
1173:
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1092:Turkish stop
1089:
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1064:
1037:
994:
987:
984:
974:
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872:Ludwig Spohr
857:
846:
821:
820:Beethoven's
800:
780:
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760:
729:
723:
684:
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618:
583:
572:
563:
559:
556:
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491:
490:
403:PowertĂŒrk TV
390:
373:
311:Music charts
280:Music awards
229:Hip hop
187:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1879:March music
1541:Hoffmeister
1511:Dittersdorf
1298:Roy Goodman
1222:Piano Roles
1194:Good (1999)
990:grace notes
884:(1764) and
569:Description
366:Music media
318:Kral Top 20
1868:Categories
1785:Classicism
1773:Background
1752:Techniques
1728:Intermezzo
1686:Zingarelli
1591:MysliveÄek
1486:Boccherini
1476:J. C. Bach
1459:J. Stamitz
1454:C. Stamitz
1325:" Web site
1316:Lexscripta
1241:I/1 (1988)
1164:1561592390
1040:media help
968:media help
815:variations
69:newspapers
1800:Economics
1733:Pastorale
1681:Wranitzky
1601:Paisiello
1586:L. Mozart
1491:Cherubini
1434:Cannabich
1402:Beethoven
1390:Composers
1318:Web Site.
790:Beethoven
782:col legno
658:Beethoven
638:Turquerie
594:bass drum
586:orchestra
545:in 1725,
525:relates:
224:Arabesque
219:Classical
1843:Category
1820: â
1636:Sacchini
1606:Piccinni
1561:Kreutzer
1556:KoĆŸeluch
1536:M. Haydn
1531:Gyrowetz
1501:Clementi
1496:Cimarosa
1481:G. Benda
1417:Schubert
1300:and the
1229:Articles
734:overture
710:invasion
706:Hainburg
682:Haydn's
644:Examples
627:between
598:triangle
381:Dream TV
244:Military
1833:â
1805:Physics
1666:Traetta
1646:Salieri
1631:Rosetti
1566:Krommer
1449:Richter
903:Requiem
834:" and "
799:called
737:opera."
629:Austria
606:piccolo
602:cymbals
551:Austria
547:Prussia
506:History
386:Kral TV
83:scholar
1853:Portal
1716:Genres
1676:Wanhal
1671:Viotti
1616:Reicha
1611:Pleyel
1596:Neruda
1571:Kuhlau
1546:Hummel
1526:Gossec
1516:Dussek
1506:Czerny
1444:FrÀnzl
1412:Mozart
1161:
854:Others
769:cellos
717:Mozart
656:, and
654:Mozart
621:Vienna
600:, and
596:, the
539:Russia
535:Sultan
531:Poland
453:Thrace
293:MĂŒ-Yap
196:Genres
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1661:Spohr
1656:Soler
1651:Sarti
1581:MĂ©hul
1551:Kraus
1521:Gluck
1407:Haydn
1201:Books
1110:Notes
1096:pedal
876:Gluck
750:piano
746:rondo
668:Haydn
650:Haydn
610:zurna
579:march
575:tempo
239:Tango
90:JSTOR
76:books
1626:Rode
1621:Ries
1466:Abel
1439:Fils
1429:Beck
1159:ISBN
807:Pest
771:and
740:The
631:and
549:and
398:NR 1
234:Jazz
209:Rock
204:Folk
62:news
1795:Art
214:Pop
45:by
1870::
1310:A
1284::
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922:.
914:,
910:,
878:â
870:,
862:,
849:).
838:".
652:,
640:.
616:.
581:.
537:.
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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