503:
545:
557:
1968:
915:
Iran's classical art music is vocal based, and the vocalist plays a crucial role, as he or she decides what mood to express and which dastgah relates to that mood. In many cases, the vocalist is also responsible for choosing the lyrics. If the performance requires a singer, the singer is accompanied
635:
was a great patron of music, and his most famous court musician, Barbod, was said to have developed a musical system with seven modal structures (known as the Royal Modes), thirty derivative modes, and 365 melodies, associated with the days of the week, month and year".
724:
influences in the early contemporary era was criticized by traditionalists, who felt that traditional music was becoming endangered. It was prior to the 1950s that Iran's music industry was dominated by classical musicians. In 1968,
928:. There could be an ensemble of instruments, though the primary vocalist must maintain his or her role. In some tasnif songs, the musicians may accompany the singer by singing along several verses.
697:
master and one of the most respected musicians of the court of the late Qajar period, is considered a major influence on the teaching of classical
Iranian music in Iran's contemporary
1144:
The following articles on the
Persian Knowledge (easily translated with a browser such as Chrome) cover material not yet included in the English Knowledge. It is easy to gloss over
451:
Iran's classical art music continues to function as a spiritual tool, as it has throughout history, and much less of a recreational activity. It belongs, for the most part, to the
1190:
1187:. "Instrument" in traditional Iranian music, refers to a collection of several melodies (corners) that are in harmony with each other in steps, tunes, and intervals of notes.
1754:
1193:. "Song", here is: A special kind of musical form of song, which does not have a specific meter (in contrast to percussion songs and compositions that have a specific meter)
1160:
1572:
2006:
1588:
867:
system of classification was reconstructed into the radif system. Today, rhythmic pieces are performed in beats of 2 to 7, with some exceptions. The
1184:
299:
2508:
1927:
2258:
2911:
492:
1175:. Corner or "gūsheh" in Iranian music theory: a "row" is a collection of songs and melodies, and each of these songs is called a corner.
2304:
1999:
1178:
1172:
749:
1163:. "Reng", is a Persian musical form, type of music for joy and dance performances, usually played in 6/8 time, a subset of "corner."
1064:
Some instruments, such as the sorna, neyanban, dohol, and naqare, are usually not used in the classical repertoire, but are used in
525:. However, an elaborate musical scene is revealed through various fragmentary documents, including those that were observed at the
1156:
as having the same meanings that they have in western musical theory, when they have specific meanings in
Persian musical theory.
1761:
713:
periods, numerous musical compositions were produced within the parameters of classical
Iranian modes, and many involved western
391:
912:(a rhythmic closing composition). A performance forms a sort of suite. Unconventionally, these parts may be varied or omitted.
463:, in which the society as a whole participates. However, components of Iran's classical music have also been incorporated into
579:
is better documented than the earlier periods, and the names of various instruments and court musicians from the reign of the
1711:
1249:
1222:
738:
685:, the classical melody types were developed, alongside the introduction of modern technologies and principles from the West.
2916:
1992:
1169:. "Rhythm" also called "Multiplication" consists of songs or "corners" that have a specific meter and a fixed beat pattern.
1068:. Up until the middle of the Safavid Empire, the chang was an important part of Iranian music. It was then replaced by the
1181:. A "row" in the theory of Iranian music, is the arrangement of songs and melodies. Each of these songs, called a corner.
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1891:
229:
2712:
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1644:
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845:, more complex musical movements in 10, 14, and 16 beats stopped being performed. In the early Qajar era, the
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709:
system, and is regarded as a rearrangement of the older 12 maqam system. During the late Qajar and the early
1080:. The tar functions as the primary string instrument in a performance. The setar is especially common among
2139:
2921:
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2177:
2015:
1948:
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1317:
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784:. Compositions can vary immensely from start to finish, usually alternating between low, contemplative
705:, the repertoire that he developed in the 19th century, is the oldest documented version of the seven
2536:
1953:
1118:
832:, of which there are several versions, each in accordance with the teachings of a particular master (
655:
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throughout history, many of Iran's classical modes are related to those of its neighboring cultures.
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The incorporation of religious texts as lyrics has largely been replaced by the works of medieval
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509:, an Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum.
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603:. He has been credited to have organized a musical system consisting of seven "royal
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in 2009, described as "the traditional repertoire of the classical music of Iran".
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1917:
1907:
1729:"World Routes, Simon Broughton in Iran, Iranian classical music ‐ Kayhan Kahor"
1238:
Koen, Benjamin; Lloyd, Jacqueline; Barz, Gregory; Brummel-Smith, Karen (2011).
1096:, is being re-introduced to the classical music after many years of exclusion.
816:). Two of these modes have secondary modes branching from them that are called
795:
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686:
576:
568:
255:
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1984:
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is also used, with an alternative tuning preferred by
Iranian musicians. The
986:
957:
Indigenous
Iranian musical instruments used in the traditional music include
864:
856:
846:
825:
702:
682:
600:
596:
433:). It consists of characteristics developed through the country's classical,
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The history of musical development in Iran dates back thousands of years.
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2811:
2441:
2436:
1972:
1932:
932:
734:
640:
526:
480:
434:
513:
Little is known about the music of the classical
Iranian empires of the
2803:
2674:
2659:
2576:
2486:
876:
A typical
Iranian classical performance consists of five parts, namely
647:
632:
496:
464:
139:
94:
2102:
1678:
Music of a
Thousand Years: A New History of Persian Musical Traditions
741:, an act that is credited with saving traditional music in the 1970s.
587:
was developed by a highly celebrated poet-musician of the court named
2294:
2198:
2049:
1006:
663:
468:
420:
2044:
1089:
659:
595:
and the musical tradition that was to transform into the forms of
2847:
2842:
2548:
2411:
2406:
2268:
2151:
1054:
1050:
809:
777:
706:
677:
It is also linked directly to the music of the 16th–18th-century
534:
452:
353:
38:
1739:
1625:Āvāz: A Study of the Rhythmic Aspects in Classical Iranian Music
1268:Āvāz: A Study of the Rhythmic Aspects in Classical Iranian Music
591:, who is remembered in many documents. He may have invented the
2862:
2416:
2319:
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2203:
2117:
1912:
1093:
1085:
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1073:
1038:
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974:
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185:
160:
155:
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2401:
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2349:
2314:
2309:
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2238:
2161:
2112:
2107:
2087:
1507:
1077:
1058:
1018:
1014:
998:
994:
936:
744:
The "Radif of
Iranian music" was officially inscribed on the
694:
514:
506:
2426:
2082:
966:
940:
729:
and Nur-Ali Borumand helped form an institution called the
639:
Iran's academic classical music, in addition to preserving
592:
488:
424:
1237:
2446:
2421:
2391:
2299:
2156:
2146:
1046:
1042:
1026:
982:
978:
892:(a fast, metric piece with a repeated rhythmic pattern),
794:. The common repertoire consists of more than 200 short
731:
Center for Preservation and Propagation of Iranian Music
907:
900:
893:
887:
877:
868:
850:
833:
826:
818:
810:
799:
789:
624:
614:
608:
1425:. Vol. IV. 15 December 1990. pp. 649–650.
1407:. Vol. III. 15 December 1988. pp. 757–758.
1342:. Vol. VII. 18 November 2011. pp. 102–103.
548:
Dancers and musicians depicted on a 5th-7th century
495:
in the northeast, demonstrate musical traditions in
1360:. Vol. Xi. 17 February 2012. pp. 167–170.
1579:. Vol. III. 22 August 2011. pp. 379–380.
1298:. Vol. XIII. 30 March 2012. pp. 474–480.
1139:
906:(a composed metric song of classical poetry), and
643:attributed to Sasanian musicians, is based on the
529:and in public theaters and those that accompanied
2893:
1476:. Vol. XV. 19 April 2012. pp. 377–380.
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
2014:
1607:. Cambridge University Press (published 2004).
1591:, Persian Traditional Music, Iran Review, 2020
1480:
1241:The Oxford Handbook of Medical Ethnomusicology
2502:
2000:
1755:
1535:. Intangible Cultural Heritage – Unesco
1275:
788:and athletic displays of musicianship called
583:have been attested. Under the Sasanian rule,
541:, is credited with the "invention" of music.
385:
1660:(2nd ed.). Tehran University of Arts.
1383:Catalogue of the Festival of Oriental Music
1210:
2509:
2495:
2007:
1993:
1762:
1748:
1328:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
760:Iran's classical art music relies on both
392:
378:
1653:
1636:Music and Song in Persia: The Art of Āvāz
1315:
1211:Bithell, Caroline; Hill, Juniper (2014).
2516:
2379:
1244:. Oxford University Press. p. 362.
1217:. Oxford University Press. p. 277.
750:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
555:
543:
501:
1699:Philosophies of Music in Medieval Islam
1695:
1557:[Nowruz Became International].
1462:
1302:
2894:
2342:
1632:
1600:
1505:
1370:
681:. Under the reign of the 19th-century
656:Muslim conquest of the Sasanian Empire
2490:
1988:
1743:
1674:
1621:
1264:
739:National Iranian Radio and Television
650:as expounded by the likes of Iranian
1604:The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music
1486:
1346:
1214:The Oxford Handbook of Music Revival
654:in the early centuries of after the
1657:Rhythmic structure in Iranian music
1506:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
1458:(online ed.). 21 January 2014.
804:), which are classified into seven
720:The introduction and popularity of
13:
2912:Classical and art music traditions
1892:Tehran Contemporary Music Festival
1681:. University of California Press.
1594:
1508:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1376:"An Introduction to Persian Music"
755:
230:Tehran Contemporary Music Festival
14:
2933:
1769:
1721:
1654:Azadehfar, Mohammad Reza (2011).
276:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
1966:
1561:(in Persian). 30 September 2009.
1487:Saba, Sadeq (26 November 2003).
898:(the improvised central piece),
873:are always in a 6/8 time frame.
1565:
1547:
1525:
1499:
1444:
1411:
1140:Concepts from Persian Knowledge
1393:
1364:
1258:
1231:
1204:
946:
768:, and is based on a series of
1:
2466:Azerbaijani traditional music
1197:
886:"; a composed metric piece),
1639:. University of Utah Press.
1076:), and later by the western
824:. This whole body is called
7:
2917:Maqam-based music tradition
2016:Iranian musical instruments
1489:"Obituary: Vigen Derderian"
1114:Persian musical instruments
1110:("The Great Book of Music")
1099:
953:Persian musical instruments
924:, and at least one type of
908:
901:
894:
888:
878:
869:
851:
834:
827:
819:
811:
800:
790:
748:Representative List of the
625:
615:
609:
485:"pre-Iranian" civilizations
10:
2938:
950:
474:
409:Iranian traditional music
2791:
2683:
2524:
2474:Persian traditional music
2470:Kurdish traditional music
2459:
2362:
2332:
2287:
2231:
2216:
2186:
2170:
2065:
2037:
2022:
1962:
1941:
1900:
1864:
1824:Ethnic and regional music
1823:
1777:
1119:List of Iranian musicians
533:and battle preparations.
405:Persian traditional music
16:Aspect of Iranian culture
2462:Afghan traditional music
1696:Shehadi, Fadlou (1995).
1628:. University Microfilms.
1622:Tsuge, Gen'ichi (1991).
1533:"Radif of Iranian music"
1271:. University Microfilms.
1265:Tsuge, Gen'ichi (1991).
1107:Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir
491:in the southwest and of
2902:Persian classical music
2478:Tajik traditional music
1601:Farhat, Hormoz (1990).
1129:Rhythm in Persian music
1084:musicians. The western
444:Due to the exchange of
427:(historically known as
417:Iranian classical music
413:Persian classical music
1675:Lucas, Ann E. (2019).
1633:Miller, Lloyd (1999).
1316:Lawergren, Bo (2016).
1035:percussion instruments
572:
553:
510:
483:records attributed to
1877:Junior Music Festival
1322:Encyclopaedia Iranica
855:) were replaced by a
613:), 30 derived modes (
559:
547:
505:
198:Media and performance
2518:Middle Eastern music
1887:Shiraz Arts Festival
1577:Encyclopædia Iranica
1474:Encyclopædia Iranica
1456:Encyclopædia Iranica
1423:Encyclopædia Iranica
1405:Encyclopædia Iranica
1387:University of Durham
1358:Encyclopædia Iranica
1340:Encyclopædia Iranica
1296:Encyclopædia Iranica
1092:, that is a type of
220:Youth Music Festival
1872:Fajr Music Festival
1589:Mirrazavi, Firouzeh
1470:"ḴĀLEQI, RUḤ-ALLĀH"
733:, with the help of
668:Qotb-ed-Din Shirazi
487:, such as those of
324:The Imperial Anthem
215:Fajr Music Festival
2922:Iranian inventions
1735:. 1 December 2001.
1452:"ʿABDALLĀH, MĪRZĀ"
1324:(online ed.).
1134:Zoufonoun Ensemble
959:string instruments
841:By the end of the
737:, director of the
701:and universities.
672:Safi-ed-Din Urmawi
573:
554:
511:
2889:
2888:
2650:Ottoman classical
2640:Iranian classical
2484:
2483:
2455:
2454:
2358:
2357:
2328:
2327:
2212:
2211:
2055:Classical kemençe
1982:
1981:
1713:978-90-04-24721-5
1512:iranicaonline.org
1251:978-0-19-975626-1
1224:978-0-19-976503-4
922:string instrument
776:including twelve
715:musical harmonies
652:musical theorists
645:theories of sonic
539:Iranian mythology
531:religious rituals
402:
401:
369:
368:
271:
270:
193:
192:
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2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1717:
1704:Brill Publishers
1692:
1671:
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1629:
1618:
1581:
1580:
1569:
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1562:
1555:"نوروز جهانی شد"
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1292:"IRAN xi. MUSIC"
1288:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1011:wind instruments
916:by at least one
911:
904:
897:
891:
881:
872:
854:
837:
830:
822:
814:
803:
793:
628:
618:
612:
455:, as opposed to
419:, refers to the
411:, also known as
394:
387:
380:
338:
329:
320:
315:The Royal Salute
311:
305:
296:
282:
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204:
203:
109:
108:
21:
20:
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2515:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2451:
2417:Tonbak (Dombak)
2370:Kūbeheyī/Zarbī)
2369:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2335:
2324:
2283:
2222:(Sāzhāy-e Bādī)
2220:
2219:
2208:
2182:
2166:
2140:Azerbaijani Tar
2061:
2028:(Sāzhāy-e Zehī)
2026:
2025:
2018:
2013:
1983:
1978:
1958:
1937:
1896:
1882:Musicema Awards
1860:
1819:
1773:
1768:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1689:
1668:
1647:
1615:
1597:
1595:Further reading
1585:
1584:
1573:"BADĪHA-SARĀʾĪ"
1571:
1570:
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1538:
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1445:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1336:"DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ"
1334:
1333:
1329:
1318:"MUSIC HISTORY"
1314:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1142:
1102:
955:
949:
847:rhythmic cycles
796:melodic motions
758:
756:Characteristics
722:western musical
658:, most notably
575:The history of
565:musicians plate
477:
446:musical science
421:classical music
398:
336:
330:
327:
321:
318:
312:
307:
306:
303:
300:The Eastern Sun
297:
292:
285:National anthem
225:Musicema Awards
207:Music festivals
17:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2865:
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2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2795:
2793:
2792:Related topics
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112:Ethnic music
64:
39:Modal system
18:
2872:Iraqi maqam
2758:Palestinian
2629:Palestinian
2447:Zarbang Udu
1973:Iran Portal
1949:Instruments
1928:Radio Javan
1841:Azerbaijani
1733:BBC Radio 3
1559:BBC Persian
947:Instruments
889:čahārmezrāb
766:composition
735:Reza Ghotbi
619:), and 360
585:modal music
519:Achaemenids
497:prehistoric
337:(1980–1990)
328:(1933–1979)
319:(1873–1909)
265:Radio Javan
238:Music media
148:Other forms
130:Azerbaijani
49:Instruments
44:Melody type
2896:Categories
2675:Luri music
2364:Percussion
2259:Narmeh-ney
1702:. Leiden:
1385:. Durham:
1198:References
1185:Instrument
1150:instrument
933:Sufi poets
926:percussion
879:pišdarāmad
863:, and the
648:aesthetics
633:Khosrau II
521:, and the
95:A cappella
2733:Jordanian
2684:By region
2532:Arabesque
2380:Auxiliary
2368:(Sāzhāy-e
2300:Nāy (Ney)
2295:Haft Band
2288:End-blown
2279:Ney anban
2199:Shurangiz
2050:Kamāncheh
1954:Musicians
1865:Festivals
1795:Symphonic
1785:Classical
1517:22 August
1495:. London.
1419:"ČAKĀVAK"
610:xosrovāni
581:Sasanians
523:Parthians
469:pop music
181:Symphonic
171:Religious
65:Classical
2748:Lebanese
2701:Egyptian
2691:Bahraini
2625:Lebanese
2606:Egyptian
2582:Assyrian
2525:By style
2218:Woodwind
2194:Sallāneh
2024:Stringed
1856:Southern
1836:Assyrian
1831:Armenian
1401:"BĀRBAD"
1374:(2012).
1100:See also
1090:ghaychak
1031:neyanban
1007:kamanche
778:Dastgahs
660:Avicenna
621:melodies
562:Sasanian
550:Sasanian
435:medieval
294:Current:
176:Southern
125:Assyrian
120:Armenian
2848:Fantezi
2843:Dastgah
2836:Turkish
2828:Persian
2824:Kurdish
2778:Turkish
2743:Kuwaiti
2738:Kurdish
2728:Israeli
2718:Iranian
2713:Emirati
2696:Cypriot
2668:Turkish
2664:Iranian
2633:Turkish
2614:Israeli
2610:Iranian
2597:Hip hop
2590:Turkish
2586:Iranian
2557:khaliji
2553:Bedouin
2549:al-jeel
2537:Turkish
2412:Naqāreh
2343:Natural
2305:Sheypur
2269:Dozaleh
2249:Balaban
2232:Exposed
2152:Shahrud
2066:Plucked
2045:Ghazhak
1846:Kurdish
1815:Hip hop
1439:, etc.)
1427:(Pers.
1354:"GŌSĀN"
884:prelude
812:dastgāh
711:Pahlavi
707:dastgah
597:dastgah
535:Jamshid
499:times.
475:History
354:Ey Iran
309:Former:
156:Bakhshi
135:Kurdish
90:Hip hop
2863:Khigga
2820:Jewish
2783:Yemeni
2773:Syrian
2763:Qatari
2706:Coptic
2660:Arabic
2645:Jewish
2619:Jewish
2602:Arabic
2572:Coptic
2544:Arabic
2432:Dammam
2320:Miskal
2264:Donali
2254:Karnay
2204:Sorāhi
2178:Santur
2171:Struck
2118:Tanbūr
2073:Barbat
1913:GEM TV
1851:Lurish
1778:Genres
1710:
1685:
1664:
1643:
1611:
1539:28 May
1431:, Ar.
1248:
1221:
1173:Corner
1167:Rhythm
1146:rhythm
1094:fiddle
1086:violin
1074:zither
1057:, and
1055:naqare
1051:dayere
1039:tombak
1033:, and
1029:, and
1005:, and
1003:tanbur
987:barbat
975:santur
902:tasnif
791:tahrir
786:pieces
782:Avazes
746:UNESCO
670:, and
664:Farabi
626:dāstān
589:Barbad
517:, the
430:Persia
251:GEM TV
186:Tasnif
161:Katuli
57:Genres
2858:Kanto
2812:belly
2799:Dance
2753:Omani
2723:Iraqi
2561:samri
2402:Dāvūl
2397:Dohol
2387:Darāy
2350:Nafir
2334:Brass
2315:Pisha
2310:Zurna
2274:Kaval
2244:Zurna
2239:Sornā
2162:Mugni
2113:Setār
2108:Nuzhe
2098:Robāb
2093:Qānūn
2088:Dotār
2078:Chang
2038:Bowed
1942:Lists
1933:Avang
1901:Media
1437:naḡma
1379:(PDF)
1078:piano
1070:qanun
1059:dohol
1023:karna
1019:zurna
1015:sorna
999:setar
995:dotar
971:qanun
963:chang
937:Hafez
865:maqam
861:qazal
857:meter
835:ostād
828:radif
806:modes
774:tunes
703:Radif
695:setar
605:modes
601:maqam
552:bowl.
527:court
515:Medes
507:Karna
345:Other
166:Maqam
2881:Usul
2853:Iqa'
2804:Arab
2577:Folk
2565:sawt
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