Turkey vulture - Knowledge

1402:, both livestock diseases, on its feet or bill by cattle ranchers and is therefore occasionally perceived as a threat. However, the virus that causes hog cholera is destroyed when it passes through the turkey vulture's digestive tract. This species also may be perceived as a threat by farmers due to the similar black vulture's tendency to attack and kill newborn cattle. The turkey vulture does not kill live animals but will mix with flocks of black vultures and will scavenge what they leave behind. Nonetheless, its appearance at a location where a calf has been killed gives the incorrect impression that the turkey vulture represents a danger to calves. The droppings produced by turkey vultures and other vultures can harm or kill trees and other vegetation. The turkey vulture can be held in captivity, though the 1289: 589: 1323:, which lack the ability to smell carrion, follow the turkey vulture to carcasses. The turkey vulture arrives first at the carcass, or with greater yellow-headed vultures or lesser yellow-headed vultures, which also share the ability to smell carrion. It displaces the yellow-headed vultures from carcasses due to its larger size, but is displaced in turn by the king vulture and both types of condor, which make the first cut into the skin of the dead animal. This allows the smaller, weaker-billed turkey vulture access to food, because it cannot tear the tough hides of larger animals on its own. This is an example of 109: 633: 426: 1387: 904: 1112: 781: 836: 663: 1096: 162: 825: 734: 1238: 1212: 137: 288: 2157:; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; et al. (2014). 916: 1277:. They rarely, if ever, kill prey themselves; when they do it tends to comprise small weak offspring or very sick individuals of various animals, such as bird eggs and nestlings, as well as reptiles. Turkey vultures have also been observed eating coyote, sea lion and domestic animal dung. The turkey vulture can often be seen along roadsides feeding on 1281:, or near bodies of water, feeding on washed-up fish. They also will feed on fish, tadpoles or insects that have become stranded in shallow water. It sometimes comes to rubbish dumps, but in general, is a rather different kind of scavenger from the black vulture. Like other vultures, it plays an important role in the 1027:, which are important both for nesting and roosting. Furthermore, turkey vultures in North America generally avoid enclosed forested areas that may hamper their ability to take flight and tend to often favor hill or low mountainous areas that make catching flight easier with less effort. This species can be seen over 1421:. In the US it is illegal to take, kill, or possess turkey vultures, their eggs, and any body parts including but not limited to their feathers; violation of the law is punishable by a fine of up to $ 100,000 for individuals or $ 200,000 for organizations, and/or a prison term of 1 year. It is listed as a species of 940:

is relatively shorter-tailed and shorter-winged, which makes it appear rather smaller in flight than the turkey vulture, although the body masses of the two species are roughly the same. The nostrils are not divided by a septum, but rather are perforate; from the side one can see through the beak. It

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The breeding season of the turkey vulture varies according to latitude. In the southern United States, it commences in March, peaks in April to May, and continues into June. In more northerly latitudes, the season starts later and extends into August. Courtship rituals of the turkey vulture involve

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The turkey vulture is gregarious and roosts in large community groups, breaking away to forage independently during the day. Several hundred vultures may roost communally in groups, which sometimes even include black vultures. It roosts often on dead, leafless trees as well as low-density conifers,

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or other low-input farmland for foraging and roosting but they tend to only occur ephemerally as flyovers around row-crop type agriculture. Other manmade habitats can be used, with the species regularly seen over urban areas throughout its range, though they tend to use them more when not breeding,

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on the wings appear to be silvery-gray beneath, contrasting with the darker wing linings. The adult's head is small in proportion to its body and is red in color with few to no feathers. It also has a relatively short, hooked, ivory-colored beak. The irises of the eyes are gray-brown; legs and feet

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food for them, and care for them for 10 to 11 weeks. When adults are threatened while nesting, they may flee, or they may regurgitate on the intruder or feign death. If the chicks are threatened in the nest, they defend themselves by hissing and regurgitating. The young fledge at about nine to ten

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and will also roost on man-made structures such as water or microwave towers. Though it nests in caves, it does not enter them except during the breeding season. The turkey vulture lowers its night-time body temperature by about 6 °C or 11 °F to 34 °C (93 °F), becoming slightly

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Eggs are generally laid in the nesting site in a protected location such as a cliff, a cave, a rock crevice, a burrow, inside a hollow tree, or in a thicket. There is little or no construction of a nest; eggs are laid on a bare surface. Females generally lay two eggs, but sometimes one and rarely

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Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman,

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engaged in by the black vultures when they come in numbers (a behavior turkey vultures are apparently incapable of even when at a carcass in numbers), however pairs or individuals often seem to be able to peaceably share carrion with turkey vultures. However, in the tropics such as Peru, turkey

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may sometimes kill a turkey vulture as well. Its primary form of defense is regurgitating semi-digested meat, a foul-smelling substance, which deters most creatures intent on raiding a vulture nest. It will also sting if the predator is close enough to get the vomit in its face or eyes. In some

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The turkey vulture has a large range, with an estimated global occurrence of 28,000,000 km (11,000,000 sq mi). It is the most widely distributed vulture in the Americas and rivals its cousin the black vulture as the most abundant raptorial bird worldwide. Its global population is

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The two front toes of the foot are long and have small webs at their bases. Tracks are large, between 9.5 and 14 cm (3.7 and 5.5 in) in length and 8.2 and 10.2 cm (3.2 and 4.0 in) in width, both measurements including claw marks. Toes are arranged in the classic,

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and often tips from side to side, frequently causing the gray flight feathers to appear silvery as they catch the light. The flight of the turkey vulture is an example of static soaring flight, in which it flaps its wings very infrequently, and takes advantage of rising

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Tagliarini, Marcella Mergulhão; Pieczarka, Julio Cesar; Nagamachi, Cleusa Yoshiko; Rissino, Jorge & de Oliveira, Edivaldo Herculano C. (2009). "Chromosomal analysis in Cathartidae: distribution of heterochromatic blocks and rDNA, and phylogenetic considerations".

1354:, despite most of these birds being rather smaller in body size than a turkey vulture. Often these raptors tend to engage in dive-bombing or other intimidation displays towards the vulture(s) to displace them from carrion or from perch sites. Presumably all sympatric 923: 874:

A large bird, it has a wingspan of 160–183 cm (63–72 in), a length of 62–81 cm (24–32 in), and weight of 0.8 to 2.41 kg (1.8 to 5.3 lb). Birds in the northern limit of the species' range average larger in size than the vulture from the

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The turkey vulture is awkward on the ground with an ungainly, hopping walk. It requires a great deal of effort to take flight, flapping its wings while pushing off the ground and hopping with its feet. While soaring, the turkey vulture holds its wings in a shallow

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stance. The stance is believed to serve multiple functions: drying the wings, warming the body, and baking off bacteria. It is practiced more often following damp or rainy nights. This same behavior is displayed by other New World vultures, by

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to streak the legs. The turkey vulture has few natural predators and the few recorded predators appear to take them quite infrequently. Fledging, immature and adult vultures, in descending likelihood of predation, may fall prey to

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several individuals gathering in a circle, where they perform hopping movements around the perimeter of the circle with wings partially spread. In the air, one bird closely follows another while flapping and diving.

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as far south as South America. The turkey vulture is widespread over nearly all American habitats but they tend to show particular habitat preferences. It is most commonly found in relatively open areas which

755:, with brown wing edgings which are narrower or absent altogether. The head and neck are dull red with yellow-white or green-white markings. Adults generally have a pale yellow patch on the crown of the head. 4164: 945:

in late winter to early spring. It is a gradual molt, which lasts until early autumn. The immature bird has a gray head with a black beak tip; the colors change to those of the adult as the bird matures.

482:" ("brown-gray vulture, with black wing flight feathers and a white beak"). It is a member of the family Cathartidae, along with the other six species of New World vultures, and included in the genus 1406:

prevents this in the case of uninjured animals or animals capable of returning to the wild. In captivity, it can be fed fresh meat, and younger birds will gorge themselves if given the opportunity.

1429:. Populations appear to remain stable, and it has not reached the threshold of inclusion as a threatened species, which requires a decline of more than 30 percent in 10 years or three generations. 854: 936:

pattern. The feet are flat, relatively weak, and poorly adapted to grasping; the talons are also not designed for grasping, as they are relatively blunt. In flight, the tail is long and slim. The

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of a heavy, undigested meal to take flight to flee from a potential predator. Its life expectancy in the wild ranges upward of 16 years, with a captive life span of over 45 years being possible.

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vultures appeared to prevail regularly over black vultures, in 56% of cases, perhaps due to the smaller size of the region's black vultures. It is further subservient to large hawks such as

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and arrived at Lindsay Wildlife later that year. Another turkey vulture named Nero lived to the age of 47. Nero also hatched in 1974 and was taken from his nest for research studies at the

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Ericson, Per G. P.; Anderson, Cajsa L.; Britton, Tom; Elżanowski, Andrzej; Johansson, Ulf S.; Kallersjö, Mari; Ohlson, Jan I.; Parsons, Thomas J.; Zuccon, Dario & Mayr, Gerald (2006).

385:. It finds its food using its keen eyes and sense of smell, flying low enough to detect the gasses produced by the beginnings of the process of decay in dead animals. In flight, it uses 4950: 2307:

Griffiths, C. S.; Barrowclough, G. F.; Groth, J. G.; Mertz, L. A. (2007-11-06). "Phylogeny, diversity, and classification of the Accipitridae based on DNA sequences of the RAG-1 exon".

4080: 393:—the vocal organ of birds—its only vocalizations are grunts or low hisses. It nests in caves, hollow trees, or thickets. Each year it generally raises two chicks, which it feeds by 852: 3188: 2928: 917: 3474: 1311:, responsible for processing smells, is particularly large compared to that of other animals. This heightened ability to detect odors allows it to search for carrion below the 3970:

In Migrant birds in the neotropics: ecology, behavior, distribution, and conservation., edited by A. Keast and E. S. Morton, 51-65. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Inst. Press.

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The nominate subspecies. This subspecies occasionally overlaps its range with other subspecies. It is the smallest of the subspecies, but is nearly indistinguishable from

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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three. The eggs are cream-colored, with brown or lavender spots around their larger end. Both parents incubate, and the young hatch after 30 to 40 days. Chicks are

1132:. Like storks, the turkey vulture often defecates on its own legs, using the evaporation of the water in the feces and/or urine to cool itself, a process known as 2544: 1561: 1936:

Remsen, J. V. Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. (2007).

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evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world. Some earlier authorities suggested that the New World vultures were more closely related to

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being unable to nest without appropriate habitats, and do not occur as an urban bird nearly as routinely as do black vultures in the tropics and subtropics.

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Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.

1269:. They may rarely feed on plant matter, shoreline vegetation, pumpkin, grape, juniper, coconut and other crops, live frogs, live insects and other 5064: 1772: 1518: 4056: 4020: 1327:

between species. Black vultures tend to be more aggressive and often displace turkey vultures which appear to be intimidated especially by the

723:, and south-central Texas. It is the most migratory subspecies, migrating as far as South America, where it overlaps the range of the smaller 5327: 5129: 2607: 1299:

The turkey vulture forages by smell, an ability that is uncommon in the avian world, often flying low to the ground to pick up the scent of

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Captive longevity is not well known. As of 2022, there is one captive bird over 48 years old: a male named Lord Richard that lives at the

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of South America. It inhabits a variety of open and semi-open areas, including subtropical forests, shrublands, pastures, and deserts.

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Food finding and the influence of information, local enhancement, and communal roosting on foraging success of North American vultures

3763: 3389: 3482: 5261: 5015: 3411: 891:; sexes are identical in plumage and in coloration, and are similar in size. The body feathers are mostly brownish-black, but the 5077: 1942: 5312: 2279: 2007: 1966: 2953: 727:. It differs from the eastern turkey vulture in color, as the edges of the lesser wing coverts are darker brown and narrower. 2654: 1827: 5082: 3348: 3253: 2469: 2438: 1673: 1177:

can occasionally ambush an adult, but species that can climb are more likely to breach and predate nests than adults, while

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Jackson, J. A. (1983). Nesting phenology, nest site selection, and reproductive success of the Black and Turkey vulture.

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The turkey vulture species receives special legal protections under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 in the

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Roost-tree characteristics and abundance of wintering vultures at a communal roost in south central Pennsylvania

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is used by North Americans to refer to this bird, yet in the Old World that term refers to members of the genus

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Communal roosting in vultures and the part played by information exchange in the evolution of avian coloniality

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A retrospective study of bird populations and agriculture: reproduction of birds in agricultural habitats

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to move through the air, flapping its wings infrequently. It roosts in large community groups. Lacking a

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Age-specific resource utilization by wintering migrant Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) in south Florida

2241:"Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA" 993:

Like most other vultures, the turkey vulture has very few vocalization capabilities. Because it lacks a

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The eastern and western turkey vultures differ in tail and wing proportions. It is less migratory than

1765: 1483: 5279: 3821:"The role of greater yellow-headed vultures Cathartes melambrotus as scavengers in neotropical forest" 3711: 161: 5212: 4883: 4048: 3981:

Competition at the carcass - opportunities for social foraging by Turkey Vultures in southern Ontario

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Butcher, G. S., G. P. Senesac, J. D. Lowe, D. L. Tessaglia, D. M. Nutter and R. J. O'Connor. (1991).

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were found to average 1.22 and 1.45 kg (2.7 and 3.2 lb), respectively. It displays minimal

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However, recent genetic studies indicate that neither New World nor Old World vultures are close to

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estimated to be 18,000,000 individuals. It is found in open and semi-open areas throughout the

5069: 4901: 4807: 4609: 2086: 1367: 417:" or "turkey buzzard" and in some areas of the Caribbean as the "John crow" or "carrion crow." 5095: 3640: 3086: 3024:

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, J. E. Fallon, K. L. Pardieck Jr. Ziolkowski, D. J. and W. A. Link.

2874: 2868: 2805: 2742: 2736: 2407: 108: 5194: 4786: 4216: 2496: 1975: 1790: 1386: 1242: 1011: 548:, also containing eagles, kites, and hawks, while New World vultures in Cathartiformes are a 256: 3862: 3334:(Wilbur, S. R. and J. A. Jackson, Eds.) Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp.245-270. 425: 4976: 4906: 4865: 4744: 4735: 4719: 4710: 4569: 4549: 3955:

Reproductive and hunting behavior in Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus, in southern Quebec

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Stolen, E. D. (1996). "Black and turkey vulture interactions with bald eagles in Florida".

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are pink-skinned, although typically stained white. The eye has a single incomplete row of

371: 117: 5186: 5030: 1111: 8: 4114: 2732: 1999: 1714: 1460: 1265:), preferring those recently dead, and avoiding carcasses that have reached the point of 1191: 1087:, where they dwell together with the lesser yellow-headed vulture and the black vulture. 1044: 970: 370:

of Europe, Africa, and Asia. However, the two groups strongly resemble each other due to

126: 3419: 2177: 2102: 632: 5307: 4870: 4694: 4685: 3836: 3784: 3645: 3579: 2783: 2691: 2363: 2202: 2122: 2061: 2034: 1919: 1613: 1363: 514: 502: 315: 156: 1937: 1014:. It is a permanent resident in the southern United States, though northern birds may 977:'s Raptor Center. He remained their only educational vulture until his death in 2022. 5181: 4937: 4559: 4474: 4465: 4451: 4390: 4381: 4272: 4133: 4119: 3868: 3753: 3454: 3243: 3092: 2878: 2847: 2811: 2746: 2650: 2631: 2502: 2411: 2400: 2320: 2271: 2263: 2207: 2114: 2066: 2016: 1979: 1911: 1855: 1796: 1718: 1663: 1324: 1137: 1125: 1068: 1056: 888: 876: 689: 537: 506: 367: 346: 223: 3649: 2240: 2004: 1963: 1923: 5252: 4942: 4669: 4660: 4524: 4515: 4209: 3832: 3635: 3625: 3548: 2949: 2775: 2683: 2355: 2316: 2255: 2197: 2189: 2181: 2126: 2106: 2056: 2048: 1903: 1605: 1478: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1146: 994: 708: 623: 510: 390: 360: 3929:

Competitive interactions within and between species in a guild of avian scavengers

3028:(Version 1.30.15). USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (2014b). Available from 2630:

by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001).

2159:"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" 1835: 1417:, and by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals in 780: 5155: 5007: 4929: 4589: 4499: 4490: 3747: 3344: 3237: 3215: 3036: 2604:"Turkey Vulture, Life History, All About Birds — Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 2463: 2432: 2039: 2011: 1970: 1946: 1776: 1707: 1657: 1362:

confirmed to easily dominate turkey vultures in Florida. However, in the tropics

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by disposing of carrion, which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease.

1158: 553: 5225: 5121: 4955: 2259: 2035:"Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" 662: 4644: 4635: 4599: 3440: 3274:

Coleman, J. S.; Fraser, J.D. (1986). "Predation on black and turkey vultures".

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but are often absent from completely treeless areas such as some parts of the

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A comparative study of bird populations in Illinois, 1906-1909 and 1956-1958

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Fisher, Harvey I. (February 1942). "The Pterylosis of the Andean Condor".

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Behavioral interactions and niche separation in Black and Turkey Vultures

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has been in flux. Though both are similar in appearance and have similar

442: 434: 356: 34: 2215: 969:. He later became an education ambassador at Carpenter Nature Center in 401:. In the United States, the vulture receives legal protection under the 5266: 5220: 5020: 4781: 4443: 3583: 3026:

The North American Breeding Bird Survey, results and analysis 1966-2013

2787: 2695: 2367: 2193: 1617: 1359: 1211: 1154: 866: 720: 453:, meaning "tearer", and is a reference to its feeding habits. The word 79: 44: 544:, with Old World vultures comprising several groups within the family 4989: 4286: 3662: 3029: 2005:

Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution

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Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names

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Turkey vultures coming in to the same roost they use for the season.

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along with the Old World vultures or place them in their own order,

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This bird with its crow-like aspect gave foot to the naming of the

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Birds of the Great Plains: Breeding Species and their Distribution

2087:"A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history" 4981: 4878: 4447: 4232: 3704: 2925:"Maybe US' oldest turkey vulture celebrates birthday in East Bay" 2531: 2529: 1395: 1303:, a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals. The 1250: 1196: 1170: 1166: 1084: 1060: 1036: 897: 880: 763: 712: 654:. The secondary feathers and wing coverts may have gray margins. 505:

placement of the turkey vulture and the remaining six species of

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was identified as a subspecies by Friedman in 1933, but in 1964

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south to Baja California, south-central Arizona, southeastern

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Like all New World vultures, it is not closely related to the

4963: 3449:. Vol. 20 (third ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 3439: 1949:

South American Classification Committee. Retrieved 2007–10–15

1413:, by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in 1355: 1308: 1258: 1129: 942: 883:

averaged 2 kg (4.4 lb) while 65 and 130 birds from

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Evens, J.G. (1991). "Golden eagle attacks turkey vulture".

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from the resemblance of the adult's bald red head and dark

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Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (November 2005).

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Raptors of North America: Natural History and Conservation

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This vulture is often seen standing in a spread-winged or

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One chick immediately hatched and one egg not yet hatched

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Habitat use and home ranges of Black and Turkey vultures

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The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds

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The turkey vulture feeds primarily on a wide variety of

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and rarely migrates to areas south of the United States.

359:, the turkey vulture ranges from southern Canada to the 3673:) in the Pantanal and a review of frugivory by raptors" 1224:, or helpless at birth. Both adults feed the chicks by 980:

The oldest wild captured banded bird was 16 years old.

536:, nor are New World vultures close to storks. Both are 4142:

Kirk, D. A. and M. J. Mossman. 1998. "Turkey Vulture (

4023:. AgNIC Wildlife Damage Management Web. Archived from 3997:. AgNIC Wildlife Damage Management Web. Archived from 3797: 3610:"Dos frutos da palmeira Elaeis guineensis na dieta de 3126:. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 28:383-528. 1939:

A classification of the bird species of South America.

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It is also known in some North American regions as a "

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Galetti, Mauro & Guimarães, Paulo R. Jr. (2004).

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Wright, A. L., R. H. Yahner, and G. L. Storm (1986).

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Kirk, D. A.; Mossman, M. J. (1998). "Turkey Vulture (

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David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008).

463:. The turkey vulture was first formally described by 4270: 3565: 3378: 3212:

Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area

1882:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 86. 1394:

The turkey vulture is sometimes accused of carrying

3481:. Georgia Museum of Natural History. Archived from 2922: 2846:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 456. 1964:

Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World

1847: 3819:Gomez, LG; Houston, DC; Cotton, P; Tye, A (1994). 2399: 1834:. Texas Parks & Wildlife. 2001. Archived from 1742:"Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act" 1706: 1484:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697627A131941613.en 3064:. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, USA. 2649:(2008). John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press. 2402:Birds of Mexico: A Guide for Field Identification 2397: 1659:Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland Washington D.C. 1229:weeks. Family groups remain together until fall. 692:separated the western birds, which took the name 5294: 3510:. Government of British Columbia. Archived from 2302: 2300: 1744:. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from 1136:. It cools the blood vessels in the unfeathered 900:on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid. 3983:. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 (6):1550-1556. 3860: 3607: 2873:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 2431:Peters J. L.; Mayr E.& Cottrell,W. (1979). 1655: 1161:, while eggs and nestlings may be preyed on by 445:, while the name "vulture" is derived from the 3968:Hawk and vulture migrations in the neotropics. 3541:"Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), version 1.0" 3091:. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. p. 112. 2647:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition 2591:Weights and wing areas in North American birds 2543:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. 2009-12-20. 2437:. Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 276. 1705:Snyder, Noel F. R. & Helen Snyder (2006). 1346:black hawks, as well as to large falcons like 696:, which was applied earlier to a migrant from 480:V. fuscogriseus, remigibus nigris, rostro albo 4217: 3979:Prior, K. A. and P. J. Weatherhead. (1991a). 3720:Wiki Aves – A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil 3273: 3239:Animal Physiology: Principles and Adaptations 2354:(4). Cooper Ornithological Society: 413–416. 2297: 2238: 2149: 2147: 567:There are five subspecies of turkey vulture: 3915:. Phd Thesis, Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. 3539:Kirk, David A.; Mossman, Michael J. (2020). 3152:. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:782–792. 1848:Liddell, Henry George; Robert Scott (1980). 1560:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1390:A side view, showing the perforated nostrils 4196:Live Streaming of a Vulture Feeding Station 4075: 4073: 3867:. Cambridge University Press. p. 350. 3752:. Princeton University Press. p. 286. 3538: 3214:. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from 2986: 2799: 2797: 2774:(1). Cooper Ornithological Society: 30–32. 2077: 1381: 1071:is key habitat for turkey vultures, mainly 1000: 4224: 4210: 4043: 4041: 3923: 3921: 3733:"Turkey Vulture | the Peregrine Fund" 3568:"Turkey Vultures Found to Feed on Coconut" 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2759: 2501:. Princeton University Press. p. 87. 2232: 2144: 1587:"Absence of Syrinx in the Turkey Vulture ( 1580: 1578: 286: 135: 107: 4185:Uncommon light morph turkey vulture photo 3927:Wallace, M. P., and S. A. Temple (1987). 3814: 3812: 3639: 3629: 3148:Coleman, J. S., and J. D. Fraser (1989). 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2462:Brown, Leslie & Amadon, Dean (1968). 2334: 2332: 2330: 2201: 2060: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1482: 650:Larger, browner, and slightly paler than 4070: 3854: 3745: 3739: 3418:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 3165:. Phd Thesis, Univ. of Miami, Miami, FL. 3122:Graber, R. R., and J. W. Graber (1963). 2870:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Zoology 2803: 2794: 2669:"Sexual Dimorphism in the Falconiformes" 2490: 2488: 2486: 2457: 2455: 2393: 2391: 1874: 1788: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1584: 1385: 1287: 1236: 1210: 1110: 1094: 914: 902: 823: 424: 4198:at Selu Conservancy, Radford, Virginia. 4038: 3957:. Canadian Field-Naturalist 96:167-171. 3918: 3467: 3446:The International Wildlife Encyclopedia 3324: 3084: 3067: 2999:, PA.: The Birds of North America, Inc. 2841: 2835: 2465:Eagles, Hawks, and Falcons of the World 2406:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1851:Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition 1782: 1575: 1115:Turkey vulture flying in the Everglades 1090: 997:, it can only utter hisses and grunts. 990:") turkey vultures are sometimes seen. 5295: 4018: 3992: 3809: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3475:"Species Description: Turkey Vulture ( 3292: 3235: 3178:. Nat. Wildl. 25 (4; June–July):16-21. 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2866: 2810:. Yale University Press. p. 116. 2765: 2731: 2716: 2338: 2327: 1498: 4806: 4805: 4770: 4441: 4269: 4205: 3311: 2494: 2483: 2452: 2388: 2248:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1736: 1734: 1687: 1638: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 770:. It is also found on the island of 5328:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 3404: 3392:from the original on August 22, 2020 3205: 2923:Jim Taylor; Greg Wong (2022-07-01). 2901:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003. 2666: 1930: 349:. One of three species in the genus 5303:IUCN Red List least concern species 4081:"Game and Wild Birds: Preservation" 3525: 2991:)". In A. Poole and F. Gill (ed.). 2967: 2640: 2568:. Peregrinefund.org. Archived from 2341:"Notes on the Taxonomy of Vultures" 1854:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1547: 1470:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 13: 4771: 4130:A guide to the birds of Costa Rica 3953:Bird, D. M. and Y. Aubry. (1982). 3861:Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (2006). 3837:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01084.x 3641:20.500.12110/hornero_v010_n03_p276 1731: 1585:Miskimen, Mildred (January 1957). 1532: 1043:. Additionally, they may adapt to 957:. Lord Richard hatched in 1974 at 834: 14: 5339: 4158: 3785:"Cathartes aura (Turkey vulture)" 3030:http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/ 2952:. The Raptor Center. 9 May 2022. 2807:The Origin and Evolution of Birds 751:It is darker and more black than 403:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 16:Most widespread New World vulture 3347:. Vulturesociety.homestead.com. 3176:Why vultures make good neighbors 3009:Golden Gate Raptor Observatory. 2498:A Guide to the Birds of Colombia 2434:Check-list of Birds of the World 2321:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03971.x 2285:from the original on 6 June 2011 1182:cases, the vulture must rid its 865:Problems playing this file? See 850: 779: 732: 661: 631: 587: 433:The turkey vulture received its 381:and feeds almost exclusively on 345:) is the most widespread of the 160: 32: 4105: 4091:from the original on 2020-01-10 4059:from the original on 2012-04-24 4012: 3986: 3973: 3960: 3947: 3934: 3905: 3892: 3881:from the original on 2021-07-28 3864:Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates 3777: 3766:from the original on 2016-11-15 3725: 3697: 3669:(Palmae) by Crested caracaras ( 3656: 3601: 3590:from the original on 2015-04-02 3559: 3496: 3433: 3362: 3351:from the original on 2012-06-22 3337: 3332:Vulture biology and management. 3305: 3286: 3267: 3256:from the original on 2021-07-28 3229: 3199: 3181: 3168: 3155: 3142: 3129: 3116: 3105:from the original on 2021-07-28 3054: 3041: 3018: 3003: 2956:from the original on 2023-03-22 2942: 2931:from the original on 2023-06-12 2916: 2905:from the original on 2007-08-14 2891: 2860: 2824:from the original on 2021-08-10 2741:. New York, NY: Knopf. p. 2705:from the original on 2016-03-04 2660: 2621: 2610:from the original on 2020-06-03 2596: 2583: 2558: 2547:from the original on 2004-04-17 2515:from the original on 2021-07-28 2472:from the original on 2021-07-28 2441:from the original on 2021-07-28 2424: 2377:from the original on 2017-08-10 2133:from the original on 2009-09-05 2026: 1989: 1952: 1886: 1868: 1820: 1809:from the original on 2021-08-10 1676:from the original on 2021-07-28 1627:from the original on 2016-03-04 1564:from the original on 2004-04-17 1521:from the original on 2020-08-23 1515:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 1459:BirdLife International (2018). 1759: 1662:Stackpole Books. p. 171. 1253:, from small mammals (such as 986:(sometimes mistakenly called " 819: 1: 5313:Birds of prey of the Americas 5044:turkey-vulture-cathartes-aura 4316:Greater yellow-headed vulture 4019:Paulik, Laurie (2007-08-06). 3993:Paulik, Laurie (2007-08-06). 3722:. Retrieved February 14, 2013 3566:Crafts, Roger C. Jr. (1968). 3088:Lives of North American Birds 3051:. Raptor Research 20:102–107. 1961:and Burt L. Monroe. (1990). 1789:Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003). 1432: 488:greater yellow-headed vulture 4306:Lesser yellow-headed vulture 4231: 4192:at VIREO (Drexel University) 4190:Turkey vulture photo gallery 3686:(2): 133–135. Archived from 2468:. McGraw-Hill. p. 175. 1795:. Timber Press. p. 59. 1261:) to large grazers (such as 805:It ranges from southeastern 492:lesser yellow-headed vulture 7: 5323:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4049:"Migratory Bird Treaty Act" 3388:. University of Minnesota. 3236:Gordon, Malcolm S. (1977). 3208:"NCA – Turkey Vulture" 2260:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 1202: 1140:and feet, and causes white 1099:Adult bird in horaltic pose 951:Lindsay Wildlife Experience 907:An eastern turkey vulture ( 420: 10: 5344: 4148:The Birds of North America 3746:Kritcher, John C. (1999). 3242:. Macmillan. p. 357. 2993:The Birds of North America 2804:Feduccia, J. Alan (1999). 2593:. The Auk, 55(3), 511-517. 2495:Hilty, Stephen L. (1977). 2398:Blake, Emmet Reid (1953). 1713:. Voyageur Press. p. 1292:A turkey vulture eating a 1241:Feeding on a dead gull at 1232: 846:Sounds of a turkey vulture 809:south through the eastern 564:along with Accipitridae). 397:. It has very few natural 5236: 4814: 4777: 4766: 4733: 4708: 4683: 4658: 4633: 4538: 4513: 4488: 4463: 4459: 4437: 4404: 4379: 4354: 4329: 4284: 4280: 4265: 4239: 3612:Cathartes aura ruficollis 3443:; Burton, Robert (2002). 3189:"Quebrada de los Cuervos" 3060:Johnsgard, P. A. (1979). 2015:. Yale University Press. 1908:10.1007/s10709-008-9278-2 1477:: e.T22697627A131941613. 1404:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1374:at carrion, but not over 1047:and subtropical forests, 828:Skull of a turkey vulture 498:chromosome number of 80. 321: 314: 294: 285: 262: 255: 157:Scientific classification 155: 133: 124: 115: 106: 23: 4177:Internet Bird Collection 3995:"Vultures and Livestock" 3608:Pinto, O. M. O. (1965). 3295:Florida Field Naturalist 3139:. Maine: Univ. of Orono. 2867:Allaby, Michael (1992). 2309:Journal of Avian Biology 1656:Fergus, Charles (2003). 1437: 1382:Relationship with humans 1358:are also dominant, with 1010:from southern Canada to 1001:Distribution and habitat 955:Walnut Creek, California 703:It breeds from southern 602:Antillean turkey vulture 478:, and characterised as " 408: 377:The turkey vulture is a 5318:Birds described in 1758 4749:Trigonoceps occipitalis 4395:Gymnogyps californianus 3940:Buckley, N. J. (1996). 3911:Buckley, N. J. (1994). 3902:. Living Bird 17:79–84. 3898:Stewart, P. A. (1978). 3749:A Neotropical Companion 3174:Ferrara, J. L. (1987). 3161:Gaby, S. R. P. (1982). 3015:. Retrieved 2007-09-17. 2186:10.1126/science.1253451 2111:10.1126/science.1157704 2023:. Retrieved 2007-04-11. 1986:. Retrieved 2007-04-11. 1081:Quebrada de los Cuervos 975:University of Minnesota 967:University of Wisconsin 747:tropical turkey vulture 303: Summer only range 4610:Slender-billed vulture 4172:"Turkey vulture media" 4087:. Cornell Law School. 4055:. Cornell Law School. 3966:Smith, N. G. (1980c). 3631:10.56178/eh.v10i3.1325 3386:"Turkey Vulture: Nero" 3195:on September 28, 2013. 3085:Kaufman, Kenn (1996). 2844:Bird Tracks & Sign 2842:Elbroch, Mark (2001). 2053:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 1391: 1368:yellow-headed caracara 1319:, black vultures, and 1296: 1246: 1216: 1116: 1100: 1067:. Evidence indicates 928: 912: 839: 829: 794:eastern turkey vulture 676:western turkey vulture 646:Chilean turkey vulture 430: 309: Year-round range 5195:Paleobiology Database 4787:Indian vulture crisis 4674:Neophron percnopterus 4529:Gypohierax angolensis 4320:Cathartes melambrotus 4310:Cathartes burrovianus 3703:Souza, J. S. (2012). 3553:10.2173/bow.turvul.01 2606:. Allaboutbirds.org. 2589:Poole, E. L. (1938). 2339:Amadon, Dean (1977). 1976:Yale University Press 1389: 1291: 1240: 1214: 1114: 1098: 926: 909:C. a. septentrionalis 906: 838: 827: 787:C. a. septentrionalis 540:members of the clade 428: 4745:White-headed vulture 4720:Lappet-faced vulture 4649:Necrosyrtes monachus 4570:White-backed vulture 4550:White-rumped vulture 3790:Animal Diversity Web 2667:Hill, N. P. (1944). 2628:Raptors of the World 1558:Animal Diversity Web 1091:Ecology and behavior 911:) in flight (Canada) 513:, the New World and 441:to that of the male 372:convergent evolution 118:Orange Walk District 116:A turkey vulture in 4724:Torgos tracheliotos 4128:Stiles and Skutch. 4115:Trinidad and Tobago 3665:"Seed dispersal of 2950:"In memory of Nero" 2178:2014Sci...346.1320J 2172:(6215): 1320–1331. 2103:2008Sci...320.1763H 1779:. peregrinefund.org 1748:on October 10, 2007 971:Hastings, Minnesota 678:, is a synonym for 429:In flight over Cuba 327:Linnaeus, 1758 127:Conservation status 30:Pleistocene–present 4695:Red-headed vulture 4452:Old World vultures 4273:New World vultures 4085:US Code Collection 4053:US Code Collection 3944:. Auk 113:473–488. 3931:. Auk 104:290–295. 3545:Birds of the World 3035:2012-06-09 at the 2682:(April): 228–234. 2010:2020-10-13 at the 1996:Sibley, Charles G. 1969:2021-07-17 at the 1959:Sibley, Charles G. 1945:2009-03-02 at the 1775:2009-04-30 at the 1392: 1297: 1247: 1217: 1126:Old World vultures 1117: 1101: 1083:(Crows Ravine) in 929: 913: 840: 830: 800:C. a. meridionalis 790:Wied-Neuwied, 1839 669:C. a. meridionalis 609:C. a. meridionalis 515:Old World vultures 507:New World vultures 431: 368:Old World vultures 347:New World vultures 5290: 5289: 5182:Open Tree of Life 4808:Taxon identifiers 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4614:Gyps tenuirostris 4580:Rüppell's vulture 4564:Gyps himalayensis 4560:Himalayan vulture 4504:Gypaetus barbatus 4479:Aegypius monachus 4475:Cinereous vulture 4433: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4391:California condor 4370:Sarcoramphus papa 3667:Attalea phalerata 3504:"Turkey Vulture ( 3412:"Turkey vulture, 3375:. raptorrehab.org 3206:Ridenhou, Larry. 2995:. Vol. 339. 2655:978-1-4200-6444-5 2097:(5884): 1763–68. 1876:Linnaeus, Carolus 1828:"Turkey Vultures" 1352:crested caracaras 1348:peregrine falcons 1325:mutual dependence 1199:to stay soaring. 1147:great horned owls 1069:agricultural land 924: 889:sexual dimorphism 879:. 124 birds from 855: 817: 816: 690:Alexander Wetmore 614:It is found from 486:, along with the 333: 332: 150: 5335: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5269: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5229: 5228: 5216: 5215: 5203: 5202: 5190: 5189: 5177: 5176: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5150: 5138: 5137: 5125: 5124: 5122:NHMSYS0001689441 5112: 5111: 5099: 5098: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5072: 5060: 5059: 5047: 5046: 5034: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5010: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4933: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4897: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4884:36B3872DAFE1EC1C 4874: 4873: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4803: 4802: 4768: 4767: 4699:Sarcogyps calvus 4670:Egyptian vulture 4554:Gyps bengalensis 4525:Palm-nut vulture 4461: 4460: 4439: 4438: 4345:Coragyps atratus 4282: 4281: 4267: 4266: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4181: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3839:. Archived from 3816: 3807: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3709:(Linnaeus, 1758) 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3671:Caracara plancus 3660: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3633: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3369:Turkey Vulture ( 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3191:. Archived from 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3082: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3022: 3016: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2984: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2899:"Turkey Vulture" 2895: 2889: 2888: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2729: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2644: 2638: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2566:"Turkey Vulture" 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2405: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2345: 2336: 2325: 2324: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2214:. Archived from 2205: 2163: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2064: 2030: 2024: 1993: 1987: 1956: 1950: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1786: 1780: 1766:Turkey Vulture ( 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1712: 1702: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1653: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1595: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1545: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1511:"Turkey vulture" 1507: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1456: 1364:Swainson's hawks 1334:red-tailed hawks 1159:red-tailed hawks 1157:and potentially 925: 857: 856: 837: 792:is known as the 791: 783: 744: 740:C. a. ruficollis 736: 709:British Columbia 673: 665: 652:C. a. ruficollis 643: 635: 624:Greater Antilles 599: 591: 570: 569: 556:(containing the 511:ecological roles 473:10th edition of 361:southernmost tip 328: 308: 302: 290: 268: 165: 164: 144: 139: 138: 111: 101: 31: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5185: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5159: 5156:Observation.org 5154: 5146: 5141: 5133: 5128: 5120: 5115: 5107: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4905: 4900: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4810: 4800: 4791: 4773: 4754: 4729: 4704: 4679: 4654: 4629: 4624:Gyps coprothere 4590:Griffon vulture 4584:Gyps rueppellii 4534: 4509: 4500:Bearded vulture 4484: 4455: 4425: 4400: 4375: 4350: 4325: 4276: 4261: 4235: 4230: 4170: 4165:Turkey vultures 4161: 4108: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3978: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3675: 3661: 3657: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3572:Wilson Bulletin 3564: 3560: 3537: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3441:Burton, Maurice 3438: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3291: 3287: 3276:Wilson Bulletin 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3234: 3230: 3221: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3099: 3083: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3037:Wayback Machine 3023: 3019: 3008: 3004: 2985: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2818: 2802: 2795: 2780:10.2307/1364195 2764: 2760: 2753: 2730: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2688:10.2307/4079366 2671: 2665: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2535: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2509: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2460: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2396: 2389: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2360:10.2307/1367720 2343: 2337: 2328: 2305: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2161: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2134: 2082: 2078: 2040:Biology Letters 2031: 2027: 2012:Wayback Machine 2000:Jon E. Ahlquist 1994: 1990: 1971:Wayback Machine 1957: 1953: 1947:Wayback Machine 1935: 1931: 1891: 1887: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1841: 1839: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1777:Wayback Machine 1764: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1703: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1670: 1654: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1610:10.2307/4082043 1593: 1583: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1546: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1457: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1384: 1301:ethyl mercaptan 1235: 1205: 1093: 1003: 915: 893:flight feathers 872: 871: 863: 861: 860: 859: 858: 851: 848: 841: 835: 822: 789: 742: 671: 642:Molina, GI 1782 641: 597: 554:Accipitriformes 475:Systema Naturae 423: 411: 326: 310: 306: 304: 300: 281: 270: 264: 251: 159: 151: 140: 136: 129: 102: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5341: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5271: 5258: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226:Cathartes-aura 5217: 5204: 5191: 5178: 5174:turkey-vulture 5165: 5152: 5139: 5126: 5113: 5100: 5087: 5074: 5061: 5048: 5035: 5031:turkey-vulture 5025: 5012: 4999: 4986: 4973: 4960: 4956:cathartes-aura 4947: 4934: 4924: 4911: 4898: 4888: 4875: 4871:Cathartes_aura 4862: 4851: 4846:Cathartes aura 4836: 4820: 4818: 4816:Cathartes aura 4812: 4811: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772:Related topics 4764: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4645:Hooded vulture 4641: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4607: 4600:Indian vulture 4597: 4587: 4577: 4574:Gyps africanus 4567: 4557: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4471: 4469: 4457: 4456: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4420:Vultur gryphus 4412: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4303: 4300:Cathartes aura 4296:Turkey vulture 4292: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4182: 4168: 4167:on eNature.com 4160: 4159:External links 4157: 4156: 4155: 4144:Cathartes aura 4140: 4126: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4069: 4037: 4011: 3985: 3972: 3959: 3946: 3933: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3873: 3853: 3831:(2): 193–196. 3808: 3796: 3776: 3758: 3738: 3724: 3714:2013-04-12 at 3707:Cathartes aura 3696: 3693:on 2010-11-27. 3655: 3624:(3): 276–277. 3600: 3578:(3): 327–328. 3558: 3524: 3506:Cathartes aura 3495: 3477:Cathartes aura 3466: 3459: 3432: 3414:Cathartes aura 3403: 3377: 3371:Cathartes aura 3361: 3336: 3323: 3314:Northwest. Nat 3304: 3285: 3266: 3248: 3228: 3198: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3097: 3066: 3053: 3040: 3017: 3002: 2989:Cathartes aura 2966: 2941: 2915: 2890: 2883: 2859: 2852: 2834: 2816: 2793: 2758: 2751: 2715: 2659: 2639: 2620: 2595: 2582: 2557: 2541:: Information" 2539:Cathartes aura 2525: 2507: 2482: 2451: 2423: 2416: 2387: 2326: 2315:(5): 587–602. 2296: 2254:(2): 327–346. 2231: 2143: 2076: 2025: 1988: 1951: 1929: 1902:(3): 299–304. 1885: 1867: 1860: 1832:Birds of Texas 1819: 1801: 1781: 1768:Cathartes aura 1758: 1730: 1723: 1686: 1668: 1637: 1604:(1): 104–105. 1589:Cathartes aura 1574: 1552:Cathartes aura 1531: 1497: 1463:Cathartes aura 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1383: 1380: 1338:Harris's hawks 1329:feeding frenzy 1305:olfactory lobe 1234: 1231: 1204: 1201: 1092: 1089: 1002: 999: 959:Randall Museum 862: 849: 844: 843: 842: 833: 832: 831: 821: 818: 815: 814: 803: 796: 784: 776: 775: 762:south through 756: 749: 737: 729: 728: 701: 683: 666: 658: 657: 655: 648: 636: 628: 627: 618:south through 612: 605: 598:Linnaeus, 1758 592: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 527:Cathartiformes 422: 419: 410: 407: 355:of the family 342:Cathartes aura 337:turkey vulture 331: 330: 319: 318: 312: 311: 305: 299: 292: 291: 283: 282: 271: 266:Cathartes aura 260: 259: 253: 252: 245: 243: 239: 238: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 214:Cathartiformes 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 153: 152: 134: 131: 130: 125: 122: 121: 113: 112: 104: 103: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 26: 24:Turkey vulture 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5340: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4421: 4417: 4416:Andean condor 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4341:Black vulture 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4271:Cathartidae ( 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4138:0-8014-9600-4 4135: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4124:0-7136-6759-1 4121: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4027:on 2007-08-04 4026: 4022: 4015: 4001:on 2007-08-08 4000: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3876: 3874:0-521-36377-2 3870: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3843:on 2009-02-16 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3761: 3759:0-691-00974-0 3755: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3716:archive.today 3713: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3514:on 2014-07-14 3513: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3485:on 2009-06-19 3484: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3460:0-7614-7286-X 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3422:on 2007-10-15 3421: 3417: 3415: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3365: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3255: 3251: 3249:9780023453601 3245: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3218:on 2007-05-02 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3104: 3100: 3098:0-618-15988-6 3094: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3014: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2884:0-19-286093-3 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2855: 2853:0-8117-2696-7 2849: 2845: 2838: 2823: 2819: 2817:0-226-05641-4 2813: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2752:0-394-46651-9 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2733:Terres, J. K. 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2636:0-618-12762-3 2633: 2629: 2624: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2572:on 2012-01-02 2571: 2567: 2561: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2532: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2508:0-691-08372-X 2504: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2417:0-226-05641-4 2413: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2221:on 2015-02-24 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2155:Jarvis, E. D. 2150: 2148: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2021:0-300-04085-7 2018: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1984:0-300-04969-2 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1861:0-19-910207-4 1857: 1853: 1852: 1838:on 2007-11-30 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1808: 1804: 1802:0-88192-600-0 1798: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1762: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1724:0-7603-2582-0 1720: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1675: 1671: 1669:0-8117-2821-8 1665: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1579: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1430: 1428: 1427:IUCN Red List 1424: 1423:least concern 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:United States 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1377: 1376:common ravens 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:King vultures 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:invertebrates 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1239: 1230: 1227: 1226:regurgitating 1223: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:golden eagles 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 998: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:San Francisco 960: 956: 952: 947: 944: 939: 938:black vulture 935: 910: 905: 901: 899: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 870: 868: 847: 826: 812: 811:United States 808: 804: 801: 797: 795: 788: 785: 782: 778: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 754: 750: 748: 741: 738: 735: 731: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 698:South America 695: 691: 687: 684: 681: 677: 670: 667: 664: 660: 659: 656: 653: 649: 647: 640: 637: 634: 630: 629: 625: 621: 620:South America 617: 613: 610: 606: 603: 596: 593: 590: 586: 585: 582:Distribution 581: 578: 575: 572: 571: 568: 565: 563: 562:secretarybird 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 523:Falconiformes 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476: 470: 466: 465:Carl Linnaeus 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 427: 418: 416: 406: 404: 400: 396: 395:regurgitation 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 338: 329: 325: 320: 317: 313: 298: 293: 289: 284: 279: 275: 269: 267: 261: 258: 257:Binomial name 254: 250: 249: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 154: 148: 143: 142:Least Concern 132: 128: 123: 119: 114: 110: 105: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 22: 19: 5237: 4815: 4748: 4734: 4723: 4709: 4698: 4684: 4673: 4659: 4648: 4634: 4623: 4620:Cape vulture 4613: 4604:Gyps indicus 4603: 4593: 4583: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4539: 4528: 4514: 4503: 4489: 4478: 4464: 4419: 4405: 4394: 4380: 4369: 4366:King vulture 4357:Sarcoramphus 4355: 4344: 4330: 4319: 4309: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4175: 4152:Philadelphia 4147: 4143: 4129: 4112: 4111:Ffrench, R. 4106:Bibliography 4093:. 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