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as well as humans, and efforts were taken to please and avoid the revenge of hunted animals. The first kill of a young boy would be "neutralized" by public ritual, in which each adult member of the community had to make an incision into the head of the game, or eat a piece from it. Thus, the belief
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with the bones used to make a tupilaq, singing and chanting during the entire process, which could take several days. The myth states that the making of a tupilaq was risky to its own maker if the attacked person made it rebound: in this case, public confession was the only rescue. The magic
89:
The use of tupilaq was considered risky, as if it was sent to destroy someone who had greater magical powers than the one who had formed it, it could be sent back to kill its maker instead, although the maker of the tupilaq could escape by public confession of their deed.
277:
The tupilaq was manifested in the physical, human-made object. It was made by people to the detriment of their enemies. It was a puppet-like thing, but was thought of have magical power onto the victim. It might be made from mixed parts of dead animals and dead children.
256:
The tupilaq was an invisible ghost. Only the angakkuq could notice it. It was the soul of a dead person, which became restless because the breach of some death taboo. It scared game away from the vicinity. Thus, the angakkuq had to help by scaring it away with a knife.
228:
had and continue to have similar concepts to the tupilaq. These variants varied, with some being man-made objects, ghost-like beings or souls haunting the living; in some Inuit cultures, related concepts to the tupilaq were dealt with solely by the angakkuq.
86:) by using various objects such as animal parts (bone, skin, hair, sinew, etc.) and even parts taken from the corpses of children. The creature was given life by ritualistic chants. It was then placed into the sea to seek and destroy a specific enemy.
93:
Because tupilaq were made in secret, in isolated places and from perishable materials, none have been preserved. Early
European visitors to Greenland, fascinated by the native legend, were eager to see what tupilaq looked like, so
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consequences of situations of concealment, and the neutralizing effect of public confession was believed also in several other areas of life, thus, this is an example of the more general topic of secrecy versus publicity.
269:-like creature, with human head and parts from different species of animals. It was dangerous, it could attack the settlement. Then, the angakkuq had to combat it and devour it with their helping spirits.
585:. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill.
1015:
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Concealment was seen as a preliminary for several magical effects. If this was broken, unintentionally or intentionally, the effect could lose its power.
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The tupilaq was also an invisible being. Like a tupilaq of the
Igloolik, also the angakkuq was the only one who could see it. It was a
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627:. edited and rendered into English by W. Worster, with illustrations by native Eskimo artists. London • Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
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in some groups resolved the consequence of taboo breach by achieving public confession of the breacher.
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was that public and communal partaking in a dangerous act reduced and neutralized the danger.
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Today, tupilaq of many different shapes and sizes are carved from various materials such as
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Concealment or secrecy was believed to create magic consequences in several areas of life:
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Ohokak, Gwen; Kadlun, Margo; Harnum, Betty (27 March 2014). Agulalik, Gwen (ed.).
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Concealed miscarriage or infanticide could give birth to a monster called
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when in danger, need, hunting, and in practical everyday situations).
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The making of a tupilaq started most often at night, in secrecy. The
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Animals killed in the course of hunting were believed to have
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Secrecy was also preliminary for the functioning of so-called
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knew the concept of tupilaq, but the details differed:
74:, a tupilaq was an avenging monster fabricated by an
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Meanings of the same term in various Inuit cultures
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558:Burch, Ernest S. (junior); Forman, Werner (1988).
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120:antler. They are an important part of Greenlandic
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31:
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25:A carved representation of a tupilak, Greenland
435:Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 23; Plate XLIII, XLV
98:began to carve representations of them out of
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16:A monster or carving of one in Inuit religion
566:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
410:This Cold Heaven: Seven Seasons in Greenland
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124:, and are highly prized as collectibles.
63:) is a monster or carving of a monster.
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194:Neutralizing effect of public confession
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638:. New York • London: G.P. Putnams sons.
606:. New York • London: G.P. Putnams sons.
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412:. Random House. pp. 33–34, 341.
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618:Rasmussen, Knud (collected) (1921).
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340:Schultz, Martin (2 November 2021).
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174:could bring harm on the community.
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372:Inuinnaqtun to English Dictionary
581:Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985).
495:Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 26, 28
290:(Inuinnait), the tupilaq, spelt
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531:Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 22–23
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583:Eskimos: Greenland and Canada
486:: 136–137 (= 206, 209 in PDF)
474:Kleivan & Sonne 1985:9–10
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181:(texts or songs used like an
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140:(shaman) would don their
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632:Rasmussen, Knud (1927).
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128:Publicity versus secrecy
377:Nunavut Arctic College
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170:A concealed breach of
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1119:Mythological monsters
888:Creatures and spirits
635:Across Arctic America
603:Across Arctic America
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1109:Culture of Greenland
1104:American witchcraft
294:was similar to the
78:(a practitioner of
53:Inuktitut syllabics
1124:Ivory works of art
242:Iglulingmiut Inuit
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621:Eskimo Folk-Tales
419:978-0-679-75852-5
238:Greenlandic Inuit
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552:Bibliography
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381:. Retrieved
379:. p. 92
371:
349:. Retrieved
345:
335:
300:Christianity
291:
288:Copper Inuit
285:
276:
264:
261:Kivallirmiut
255:
246:Copper Inuit
234:Kivallirmiut
231:
223:
197:
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131:
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92:
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65:
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38:
30:
28:
18:
1037:i'noGo tied
819:Eeyeekalduk
758:Pukkeenegak
703:Arnakuagsak
562:The Eskimos
351:11 December
153:Concealment
116:, wood and
100:sperm whale
1088:Categories
1052:Silap Inua
1016:Atanarjuat
970:Saumen Kar
879:Tuluŋigraq
869:Torngarsuk
849:Silap Inua
789:Aipaloovik
342:"Tupiliat"
328:References
322:Torngarsuk
312:Anchimayen
80:witchcraft
1114:Inuit art
1011:Apanuugak
975:Tariaksuq
950:Kigatilik
910:Ahkiyyini
839:Nootaikok
681:Goddesses
383:13 August
317:Tikoloshe
282:Inuinnait
273:Greenland
204:Angakkuit
122:Inuit art
84:shamanism
72:Greenland
55:, plural
1006:Angakkuq
985:Tizheruk
905:Agloolik
874:Tulugaak
834:Negafook
824:Ignirtoq
809:Aulanerk
748:Nuliajuk
738:Nerrivik
408:(2001).
306:See also
252:Igloolik
179:formulae
136:angakkuq
76:angakkuq
59:tupilait
1047:Kikituk
990:Tupilaq
940:Ishigaq
935:Ijirait
900:Adlivun
829:Issitoq
814:Aumanil
794:Alignak
773:Tootega
743:Nujalik
718:Ataksak
292:tupilak
286:To the
267:chimera
164:anngiaq
118:caribou
107:narwhal
102:teeth.
41:tupilak
33:tupilaq
1021:Kiviuq
999:People
960:Qiqirn
955:Nanook
945:Keelut
925:Atshen
920:Amarok
915:Akhlut
864:Tornat
804:Anguta
799:Amaguq
698:Akycha
589:
570:
416:
244:, and
111:walrus
1066:Tales
895:Adlet
768:Sedna
753:Pinga
733:Kadlu
713:Asiaq
625:(PDF)
296:devil
224:Many
212:souls
187:spell
183:charm
172:taboo
142:parka
96:Inuit
1057:Nuna
1042:Inua
844:Pana
782:Gods
693:Akna
587:ISBN
568:ISBN
414:ISBN
385:2024
353:2023
114:tusk
109:and
48:ᑐᐱᓚᒃ
298:of
185:or
82:or
66:In
51:in
45:or
1090::
536:^
449:^
428:^
393:^
375:.
361:^
344:.
302:.
240:,
236:,
29:A
666:e
659:t
652:v
595:.
576:.
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355:.
167:.
37:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
