Culture of Tunisia

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stories based on vulgar but intelligent and witty character named Jha. Other narrators specialize in Hikaye or Hikayat, a Tunisian term to describe the epic sagas that recall the history of Tunisian towns and villages, particularly from the eleventh century. The latter emphasize the female characters, in which the character of Zazi represents the archetype of Tunisian women, and are a fundamental part of oral tradition as they include elements of local Arab epics. As for the Qissa, it can be defined in terms of classical Koranic stories. Didactic in nature, it is considered part of Arab-Islamic religious literature Finally, the Khurafi is the most imaginative and popular oral tradition of Tunisia. Functioning as a kind of collective memory, it results from an interaction between the narrators and the public.

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time, Habib Laroussi, who also played in many national and international TV movies and TV series. Two of the hit plays of the 1960s were "Rabeh Zmim El Houma" (Rabeh the neighborhood leader) directed by Jamil El Joudi and starred by Habib Laroussi, and "Hares El Mahattah" (The train station attendant) directed by Jamil El Joudi and starred by Mohieddin and Habib Laroussi. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Laroussi collaborated heavily with Jamil El Joudi and the prominent Sfaxien playwright Ameur Tounsi, who discovered and mentored Laroussi in the early 1950s. Tounsi wrote several hit plays that were broadcast by radio Sfax, such as "Intikam El Zaman" (revenge of time)starred by Laroussi and other actors from the Sfax theater community.

2605:, white veil of silk or fine wool that covers the head with a blouse and baggy pants. These figures of women wearing sefseri is engrained in the traditional culture of Tunisia as much as the blue and white houses of Sidi Bou Said. In rural areas, women still wear brightly colored dresses, often in the Berber style and made of blue or red cotton, representing their region or their village. The fabric is opened on the side and is held at the waist with a belt and at the shoulders by two clasps. Women of all ages typically wear a massive amount of jewelry with the clothing and it is common to see women with tens, even hundreds of gold sovereigns, necklaces and other trimmings around their necks and from the sides of the headdress. 2013: 933:

large companies – but also in the craft centres, army, prisons and youth centres. The lessons of this institute include, in addition to reading, writing and arithmetic lessons, geography, history, civics, law, and social and religious education. There are also opportunities provided to take additional courses of vocational training. The length of the main course is two years with five sessions of one hour and a half per day, a total of 450 hours, culminating with a certificate of social education. A third year bilingual course was created in 1968 for those wishing to continue their studies. Some 1,090 people attended this course during the 1968–1969 school year, resulting in the institute being awarded the

2819: 510: 2757:(Public Health) as leaders. Today the proportions of female representation in legislative and advisory bodies are: 22.7% in the Chamber of Deputies, over 15% in the Chamber of Advisors, over 27% in municipal councils, 18% in the Economic and Social Council, 13.3% in the Higher Council of the Judiciary, 12% among ministry departmental staff. In some areas, women outnumber men, for instance in the pharmaceutical sector women represent more than 72% of all Tunisian Pharmacists. In addition, Tunisian Women are present in key national domains such Education where they constitute half of the educational body and 40% of university professors. 2028:, Tunisian gradually moved into a better position, and during the inter-war years Arabic publishing began to flourish. Before Tunisian independence was proclaimed in 1956, the publication of Tunisian literature was provided by the booksellers, printers and a few publishing houses run by the private French press; subsequently, the state commanded the creation of a major new publishing structure, with the aim of establishing a modern national culture as part of its general culture and education targets. Thus, the state produced over 70% of the books between 1956 and 1987, leaving private publishing little opportunity to evolve. 3025: 303: 2463: 2737:

code establishes in particular the principle of equality between man and woman in terms of citizenship, forbade polygamy, allows women to divorce, established the minimum age for marriage at 15 for women and 18 for men and requires the consent of both spouses as a rule of validity of any marriage. Later, in 1964, the minimum age for marriage was advanced to 17 years for women and 20 years for men. Later, on the 50th anniversary of the CSP, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali decided to unify this age for young men and women in 2007.

886: 1909: 1689:, but by the end of the 15th century they were increasingly subject to the influence of Andalusian dance and urban music. The time at which Oriental dance arrived in Tunisia is disputed: it is generally believed to have arrived at a later date with the Ottomans, but some experts in the history of North African art have said it was brought to Tunisia by the first Turkish corsairs in the sixteenth century, and others claim that it originated even earlier, founded by the early Phoenicians during the era of matriarchy in 205: 675: 6194: 2052: 2921: 2356: 1033: 2594: 1571: 2964:. There is an old wives' tale that says a husband can judge his wife's affections by the amount of hot peppers she uses when preparing his food. If the food becomes bland then a man may believe that his wife no longer loves him. However, when the food is prepared for guests the hot peppers are often toned down to suit the possibly more delicate palate of the visitor. Like harissa or chili peppers, the tomato is also an ingredient that cannot be separated from the cuisine of Tunisia. 2448: 1260:

composers and performers of Arab and Western musical training who believed that Tunisian music needed new song writing techniques. The emergence of new patterns of racial and improvised music since the late 1990s changed the musical landscape of Tunisia. At the same time, the majority of the population is attracted by the music of Arab origin (Egyptian, Lebanese or Syrian). Popular western music has also had major success with the emergence of many groups and festivals, including

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is sanctioned by a diploma of graduation from basic education to enable graduates to access secondary education (always free) taught in high schools for four years after the 1995 reform. Students are then directed to a second cycle of three years with five subjects (letters, science, technology, computer science and economics and management) and sanctioned by the BA for access to higher education. Tunisia has twelve universities – five in Tunis, one in

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Tunisian is 87%. Attendance remains strong despite high tuition fees (from 1.400 to 1.800 dinars per year in the cycle). Originally intended to educate the children of expatriates and a Francophile elite, they now attract a majority of Tunisians (over 60% of the 3,000 students today); the Tunisian bourgeoisie, in particular, are attracted by the multicultural courses and the possibility of pursuing higher studies in France. As a result, the

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male, are usually housed in places such as caves, hills, springs or points on the coast. Through meditation, these characters were supposed to heal the sick and blind. Their graves are still key to the relationship between the human and the divine in the context of festivals bringing together members of a particular community (a village, or extended family or tribe). Today, some Tunisians continue to pray and to ask them for favors.

1817: 30: 2729: 255:. There is much evidence of Phoenician and western artwork and glass work found in Punic tombs, notably in masks which the Phoenician used to drive out evil spirits or demons of death with their decorations, such as the lotus motifs found on many objects or in the artistic design buildings. The paintings and sculptures of the lids of sarcophagi from the necropolis of Carthage and El Alia, the architecture of the mausoleum of 1921: 268: 1004:

vocational aptitude (CAP) which is a course lasting a minimum of one year after basic education, certification as professional engineer (construction) which is a course lasting a minimum of one year after the first cycle of secondary education after obtaining a CPC, and a higher technical certificate (BTP) from a course lasting a minimum of two years after the baccalaureate or after obtaining the construction certificate.

860:, although this version has no legal value and can not be considered official. In this context, the use of French seemed to be on the decline despite the increased number of graduates of the educational system, which leads to the fact that much of French remains an important social indicator. Since it is widely practiced in the business, the medical world and cultural world, we can even consider that it has gentrified. 3104: 1136:. Tunisian artists are known for their mosaics and pottery. Their mosaics use a variety of colors in repetitive patterns to adorn walls and floors by depicting a story or person. Mosaics are often used in architecture by implementing the use of geometric shapes and accenting with gold. Though, the displays of some artwork can be seen on buildings and architecture, one could find many sources of art in one place in the 290:, the capital of Dougga, the Baths of Antoninus at Carthage and the Triumphal Arch of Caracalla. Subsequently, when Christianity was founded in Carthage, numerous monuments were erected. The Church in Africa, having been illustrated with famous martyrs such as St. Cyprian of Carthage or bishops as Saint Augustin d'Hippone, grew quickly in prestige. Many Christian monuments are erected including the catacombs of 1750: 440: 1645:(TNT), and took charge of renovating a neglected theatre, Le Paris, located in the heart of Tunis. He acquired a stage, employed a team of modern architects to rebuild it, and renamed it the "Fourth Art". Opened in 1996, it alternates between cycles of TNT theater and ballet, circus and song. Each cultural season lasts from October 1 to June 30; the theatre has hosted more than 80 theatrical performances. 1023: 2270: 154: 2929: 1080: 1159: 929:

education and culture from then on. This is one reason why the Tunisian government specifically created a body dedicated to culture, then called "Ministry of Cultural Affairs and Information". The second reason was the need to separate culture and education, the latter no longer the only means of transmitting culture. The third reason was the responsibility to the nation.

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small area has produced estates, overlapping of cultures, and a confrontation of morals and doctrines throughout its history. Janice Rhodes Deledalle has referred to Tunisia as "cosmopolitan" and has said that "Tunisia cannot be considered in the category of as other colonies", because of the diversity of cultures embedded in Tunisia's heritage throughout the ages.

812:. Tunisian Arabic is not understood by most Arab speaking countries as it does derive from a mixture of a few languages. Tunisian is spoken mostly in the context of a daily dialogue between Tunisians and within the family. The chelha, meanwhile, is spoken by less than 1% of the population, mainly in the semi-Berber villages of the south, including 1789:, it aimed to incorporate native themes and reject the influence of Orientalist colonial painting, bringing together French and Tunisian Muslims, Christians and Jews. Some members of the school have turned to the Arab-Muslim sources for inspiration, such as miniature Islamic architecture. The school includes both Expressionist painters such as 2074:, which had replaced the defunct RTT 2), four national radio stations (Radio Tunis, Tunisia Radio Culture, Youth and Radio RTCI), and five regional (Sfax, Monastir, Gafsa, Le Kef and Tataouine). Most programs are in Arabic, with a minority in French. Since 2003, a growth in private sector broadcasting is underway, including the creation of 492:. It differs from the Turkish flag, however, in the color of the crescent and the position of the star and circle. The crescent is white on the Turkish flag, but red on the Tunisian flag. On the Turkish flag, the star is off-centered, while on the Tunisian flag, the star and circle is located in the center of the flag. 1076:. It provides four types of museum: museums synthesis, regional museums, local museums and specialized museums. The Bardo Museum is a good example of museum synthesis since this type of museum is expected to house objects from all periods of the history of Tunisia without taking into account the origin of these. 421:

fight against the French protectorate and the construction of the modern state that followed from the 1950s. This is celebrated through national holidays, in the names of streets recalling historical figures or key dates or the subject of films or documentaries. With the start of the rule of President

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However, while Kairouan's ambition is to become the "capital of Islamic culture" in 2009, MPs criticize some of the poor quality of artistic productions. Some regret the delay in the excavation of sites such as Salakta or El Haouaria and criticize the dilapidated state of some buildings, particularly

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Gradually after independence, gender roles and behavioral norms views start to change in Tunisian culture with the development of gender equality inside the society. In 1957 the Code of Personal Status (CSP) came into force, which gives women a new status, unprecedented in the Arab-Muslim world. This

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In rural areas, the jebba is considered a ceremonial garment. White in summer and grey in winter, it is a sleeveless tunic that a man wears over a shirt, vest and baggy trousers (called seroual). On ordinary days, the men merely wear simple trousers and shirts, or/and a woollen tunic of a slimmer fit

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Tunisian television has long been controlled by the Establishment of the Broadcasting Authority Tunisia (ERTT) and its predecessor, the Tunisian Radio and Television, founded in 1957. On November 7, 2006, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali announced the demerger of the business, which became effective

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The non-compulsory preschool education, which is for children 3 to 6 years of age, is provided in kindergartens. Basic education is compulsory and free, from 6 to 16 years, and is divided into two cycles: primary school for the first six years, followed by college for another three years. This course

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There was, until the nineteenth century, no modern state education in Tunisia. There was actually a score of European schools run by religious institutions while traditional learning was taught in the Zaytuna mosque and the kouttab, particularly the religious sciences studied from commentaries on the

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are some others. These religious groups are promised their rights of practicing their religion by Tunisian government. The country is characterized by its tolerance and openness to other cultures. For instance, the teaching of Islam is compulsory in public schools but the program of religious studies

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Thanks to its long coastline and numerous fishing ports, Tunisia can serve an abundant, varied and exceptionally fresh supply of fish in its restaurants. Many diners will be content to have their fish simply grilled and served filleted or sliced with lemon juice and a little olive oil. Fish can also

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The official government policies and programs for decades has strongly emphasized on gender equality and on promoting social development, translating into concrete results. According to latest figures, women make up 26% of the working population and more than 10,000 women are heads of businesses. At

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Today, the position of women in Tunisia is among the most privileged in North Africa, and can be compared to that of European women. In 2002, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women commended Tunisia for "its great strides forward in promoting equality between

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In urban areas, the ceremonial dress consists of a linen shirt with collar and long sleeves. The seroual is adorned at the bottom of the legs with decorative pockets. A wide belt, cut from the same material keeps the seroual in shape. A jebba, a wool and silk full dress is worn in winter. The shoes,

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In 2007, some 245 newspapers and magazines (compared to only 91 in 1987) are 90% owned by private groups and independents. The Tunisian political parties have the right to publish their own newspapers, but those of the opposition parties (such as Al Mawkif or Mouwatinoun) have very limited editions.

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It was not until the early 1990s that the state abandoned its role in centralising publishing. Private publishing companies quickly sprang up in reaction; the editorial production between 1987 and 1996 amounted to 6,068 titles. Most of Tunisia's present book production comes from the private sector,

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Tunisian literature exists in two forms: Arabic and French. Arabic literature dates back to the seventh century with the arrival of Arab civilization in the region. It is more significant in both volume and literary quality than French literature, introduced during the French protectorate from 1881.

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brought with them their songs and dances, whose traces can still be seen in Tunisian dance; on the other hand, the Roman occupation had little influence on Tunisian dance, especially compared to its significant architectural legacy. The arrival of the Banu Hilal in the eleventh century completed the

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In addition to the activities in Tunis other large cities had professional theater groups, most notably Sfax, which boasted of a modern theater venue built post World War II. Many hit plays were produced by the theater group of Sfax in the 1960s and 1970s featuring one of their leading actors at the

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and the Tunis International School. New updates to the educational curriculum have been implemented during the last 20 years, so that it is now qualified to be an international system. 80% of Tunisians hold some kind of degree, almost 66% holding a bachelor's. The penetration rate of education among

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in 1986 for population movements between Tunisia and France. Beginning in October 1999, commercial establishments were forced to give twice the space for Arabic characters as Latin characters. At the same time, the administration of Tunisia was forced to communicate only in Arabic, although only the

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Although Tunisia is considered to be one of the more modern and liberal countries in the Arab world, homosexuality is still considered a criminal offense except. Under Article 230 of the penal code of 1913, male or female acts of homosexuality are forbidden in the Republic of Tunisia and penalized

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El Teatro is the first private theatre in Tunisia. Founded in 1987 by Taoufik Jebali, in a wing of the hotel El Mechtel Tunis, El Teatro consists of the main hall of representatives with some 200 seats, an annex called the Carré d'Art, and a gallery called Free Area. El Teatro is directed by Zeineb

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The Tunisian theater was mostly developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during the French protectorate. Theaters grew up, such as the French Theater, Politeama Rossini, Arena, Theater Tunisia, the Gringa, Paradiso, etc. Some wooden theaters have since been destroyed by fire,

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museum, entirely devoted to the medieval Tunisia. In the second category, two projects were selected: the mosaic museum and a Paleo-Christian museum. The mosaic museum is fully justified by the richness of Tunisia in art museums and provides an evolution both thematically and chronologically on the

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On December 31, 1966, there were 21 public libraries for children and independent public libraries for adults, the former run by women. Mobile teachers and librarians were employed to ensure the promotion of culture in rural areas, and some 52 centers of literature were established with the purpose

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In 1966, as part of increasing political literacy of the workforce, the Institute of Adult Education became responsible for making some 150,000 people literate in a period of five years. It conducted these activities mainly in the productive sectors – agricultural cooperatives, factories, mines and

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said in 1958: "Living on the margins of institutions and harassing the protectorate system for recognition of our rights, I told myself that if the government passed into our hands, we'd address primarily the problem of education." This "problem" was so vast that the state gave priority to national

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During the French protectorate in Tunisia, the French introduced many institutions, especially in education. These became a strong vehicle for dissemination of the French language, which quickly became a marker of social advancement and openness to more modern and liberal values. From independence,

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rite, the rest being attached to the Hanafi school of thought. There is also a small community of Muslim Sufis but there are no statistics regarding its size. The country is also dotted with small white mausoleums scattered in rural and urban areas and called marabouts. These tombs of saints, often

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The Tunisian Constitution provides freedom of thoughts and beliefs, as well as the free exercise of religion, as long as it does not affect public order. The government generally respects this right but do not allow the establishment of political parties based on religion. Muslim religious holidays

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describes Tunisia as a country that "did not develop truly original art" but is "strongly marked by various influences and is engrained with monuments which illustrate the various stages of its history ". In his thesis study on Cultural Policy in Tunisia, Rafik Said has mused that, "this relatively

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The narratives are institutionalized into different types: Nadira, the Hikaye, the Qissa and Khurafi. The Nadira (story), as well as recitations of the Koran was considered the oral genre par excellence by the Tunisian elite and working classes. It consists of cycles, relating a vast repertoire of

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was founded well known thanks to artists from the Jewish community. The founding in 1934 of a musical school help revive Arab Andalusian music largely to a social and cultural revival led by the elite of the time who became aware of the risks of loss of the musical heritage and which they believed

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, musical activity was dominated by the liturgical repertoire associated with different religious brotherhoods and secular repertoire which consisted of instrumental pieces and songs in different Andalusian forms and styles of origins, essentially borrowing

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as an accompaniment. The performance would often include the technique of imitating various characters in the context of Halqa, when two or three other narrators are involved and invite the public to participate. Other forms of narrative are the stories told by the cyclic meddah, the character of

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The influential role of the various dynasties that ruled the country, particularly in building cities and princes of Raqqada Mahdia, illuminates the role of the geopolitical context in the architectural history of the country. Thus, many original fortresses that protected the coast from Byzantine

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influences overlapping Roman and Punic culture. In sculpture found in Tunisia, there has been a distinct, almost symbolic evolution towards a style which is a representative, idealized perfection of a body, state, etc. Greek pottery is also emulated, and it is a fact that potters from Greece were

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Finally, Tunisia has a rich tradition of mosaics dating back to ancient times. Punic mosaics were found at sites around Kerkouane or Byrsa hill at Carthage dating to Roman times, a mosacis with pictorial representation, combined with high quality marble, has been found, especially on the site of

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In the 1970s, a new wave of artists appeared, who were less homogeneous in their academic formation. Many of them had received an artistic education almost exclusively provided by Tunisian professors at the Tunis Institute of Fine Arts or at the National School of Architecture and Urbanism; such

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As for the national coat of arms, they are officially adopted in 1861 and include revised versions on June 21, 1956 and May 30, 1963. The top has a Carthaginian galley sailing on the sea while the lower part is divided vertically and on the right depicts a black lion seizing a silver scimitar. A

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are languages that are not spoken anymore. National identity is strong and Tunisian efforts to create a national culture have proved stronger than in the nineteenth century. National culture and heritage is constantly referred to with reference to the country's modern history, in particular, the

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In the field of marriage, partners may be selected by agreement between the family or an individual selection. Mothers often go in search of a bride for their son. Once a commitment is made it usually follows a series of visits between the two families, but disputes can lead to a rupture of the

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The festive ceremonial costumes differ somewhat across regions. In the Sahel, the centerpiece of the ceremonial dress is a dress draped in wool or cotton, drawn to a bodice embroidered with silk and silver, a velvet jacket decorated with gold, lace pants and a silk belt. Until the middle of the

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or the Makthar baptistery. Basilicas in multiple aisles, like St. Cyprian, were built based on the Syrian influences. However, the Church suffered persecution under a long reign of the Vandals who confiscated some of its properties. The arrival of the Byzantines lead to the disappearance of the

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In 1999, the budget allocated to 0.6% to culture and reached 1.25% in 2009 and is set to reach 1.5% in 2010. 50% of this increase is linked to a policy of decentralization of culture through the promotion in the areas of cultural institutions such as houses of culture, cultural committees and

3161:. This department, created on December 11, 1961, is, according to the decree n ° 2005-1707 of June 6, 2005, "responsible, under the general policy of the state to run national choices in the fields of culture and heritage preservation and establish plans and programs to promote these areas ". 2512:

The ironwork in Tunisia dates back to the Andalusian era when the studded ornamental wrought iron doors become a characteristic. Blue is the tradition with the window shutters, intended to beautify the homes and preserve the privacy of residents and ward off evil spirits. The grids recall the

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Because of the Muslim prohibition on reproducing the human image, the ruling dynasties of Tunisia stifled pictorial art for centuries; painters therefore often turned to calligraphy. Painting as a Tunisian art form was not reborn until the French protectorate. Although at the beginning of the

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The Nuba, more rooted in popular practice, is linked to the dancers, and to a lesser extent the Kerkennah Djerba. Some experts say that the associated dress is of Greek origin. The dance, which is structured into several scenes, is often accompanied by acrobatic games involving jars of water.

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The 1960s and 1970s witnessed the emergence of composers and performers working mostly in the orchestra of the Tunisian Radio and Television. Song using melodies and popular rhythms experienced a significant rise. From the 1980s, the music scene saw the emergence of a generation of musicians,

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The existence of these museums is justified by the fact that they illustrate the evolution of artistic creation over the civilizations. Regional museums are limited to chief towns and governorates, specializing in the history of each region. As for local museums, they are part of a policy of

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Vocational training is provided by a group of public operators which include the Tunisian Agency for Vocational Training, which provides instructional supervision of all public and private operators. The diplomas issued after an initial training are given at three levels: the certificate of

1061:, founded in 1951, has the second largest collection of mosaics after the Bardo. The Oceanographic Museum of Salammbo, with its 11 rooms, is the main Tunisian museum dedicated to the sea. The National Museum of Islamic Art in Tunisia has several collections of pottery, pieces of Korans and 2023:

At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, there was a close relationship between the bourgeois elite and business associations and the Khaldounia Alumni College Sadiki printing press. The French protectorate controlled the press, and affected the publication and

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The dance reflects a social phenomenon born in the working classes of Tunisian cities. The male dance is typically accompanied by love songs which evoke libertine seduction, attraction and the carnal pleasures of life; it has long been performed in cafes backed by music, typically the

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In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, poets, scholars, historians increased in number in Tunisia. Zitouna Mosque, in the medina of Tunis housed the first Islamic university, and replaced Kairouan as an active center of intellectuals that included doctors and scholars, such as

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Given the cosmopolitan nature of cities in Tunisia, they have retained a diversity and juxtaposition of styles. Many buildings were designed by many different architects, artisans and entrepreneurs during the French protectorate. Among the most famous architects of that time were

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were also made in Kairouan. The Arabs then erected buildings specific to Islamic architecture. While some retain a Byzantine essence, such as Three Doors Mosque in Kairouan (built in the ninth century) or ribat Sousse, many of the ancient columns are purely Arab such as the great

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region. However, in the aftermath of independence, the authorities have banned the ritual and closed many of the sanctuaries. While followers still continue their rituals at home, the dance has subsequently been adopted by the Jews and lost its connection to its Islamic origins.

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Furthermore, jasmine is the subject of a specific sign language. A man who wears jasmine on his left ear indicates that he is single and in addition, offering white jasmine is seen as a proof of love while on the contrary, offering odorless winter jasmine is a sign of insolence.

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the country gradually became Arabized even if the administration, justice and education had long been bilingual, while the knowledge of European languages had been enhanced by exposure of Tunisia to the continent through television. Visas were introduced by the French minister

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associations. During 2007, seven libraries were established and 30 public libraries managed. Ten houses of culture were under construction, half completed in 2008, and another 40 houses are under maintenance. The year 2008 was also proclaimed "national year of translation".

1599:(whose brother, Mohamed Bourguiba, was a playwright), devoted his speech to theater, which he considers "a powerful means of disseminating culture and a most effective means of popular education". From this date, November 7 is regarded as the Tunisian National Day of drama. 380:

The French protectorate in turn left its mark on local architecture by adding a new urban style that can be found in the construction of a new city plan juxtaposed against the old medina of Tunis. Heavily influenced by Paris, with the Avenue Bourguiba, the style is known as

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Tunisian cinema is today recognized as one of the most liberal, inventive, and prize-winning cinemas of the Arab world. Beginning in the 1990s, Tunisia became an attractive place for filming, and numerous successful companies have emerged serving the foreign film industry.

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Despite Tunisia being an African country, racism and acts of hate crime are still prominent. It was only recently that Tunisia criminalized racial discrimination. In 2018 Law 50 or Loi 50 was passed after the society's long term denial of the existence of racism.

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Prize during the third International Day of Literacy, on September 8, 1969, "for decisive contribution to the launch and implementation of a national adult literacy in which is developed, tested and has implemented an effective methodology for literacy and education ".

2700:, a district of Tunis. Karakouz was once played in Turkish until the beginning of the nineteenth century before moving to the Tunisian dialect. The main characters are lively and include officials, a smoker of hashish, the French Madama, Salbi, Nina and ethnic 2155:, celebrated annually at the end of December, honors the cultural traditions associated with the Tunisian desert. This attracts many tourists and musicians from all around the world, as well as horsemen who flaunt their saddles and local fabrics and skills. 2637:

still wear a kaftan with elbow-length sleeves, an open front, and varying in length from the knee to the mid calf. The richness and originality of the costumes are typically based less on the cut or the fabric as they are on woven patterns or embroidery.

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is one of the largest institutions of its kind in the Mediterranean, consisting of archaeological treasures from over several millennia by many cultures. The museum officially opened on May 7, 1888, and offers one of the finest and largest collections of

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In 2001, 19.9% of the Tunisian national budget was spent on education. In 2005, the literacy rate was 76.2%, and the enrollment of children 12 to 17 years was 66% among both boys and girls. Access to higher education is 27% of the age group it concerns.

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with floral patterns. Although the workshops in each city and some villages produce textiles typical of the region such as Gabes, the quantity sold is low compared to centers such as Kairouan which is still the national center of carpet production. The

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men and women". Nevertheless, in rural places where life to some degree remains traditional, Tunisian women still have a long way to go to reach genuine equality. The man is still considered the head of family and inheritance is completely unequal.

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Freedom of the press is guaranteed by the constitution, but almost all newspapers following the government line report uncritically on the activities of the president, government and the Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (in power) through the

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Domestic Tunisian productions were rare. The few movies which were produced since 1967 tried to reflect the new social dynamics, development, identity research and modernity shock. Some of them achieved relative success outside Tunisia, including

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The National Troupe Folk Art Center and the National Dance of Ariana continue practice the traditional Tunisian dances. The national archives notably suffer from a lack of documents related to these dances, as well as to folk arts more broadly.

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while others have simply changed their function; only one is still in use as a theater, the Municipal Theater of Tunis. In over a century of existence, the theater has hosted big names of the Tunisian and international theatrical scene, such as

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was a major civilization crossing through history; different cultures, civilizations and multiple successive dynasties contributed to the culture of the country over centuries with varying degrees of influence. Among these cultures were the

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departments of Defense and Justice and the legislature are actually fully Arabized. Like many other documents produced by the administration, the Official Journal of the Republic of Tunisia, which enacts laws and decrees, is written in

1500:, 1986), director and writer Nouri Bouzid depicts controversial issues in Tunisian society, addressing social issues like prostitution, pedophilia and inter-faith relations between Tunisian Muslims and Tunisian Jews. In the 1991 film 316:

became a renowned intellectual center, attracting many scholars. It played an important role in translation and research, particularly in the dissemination of medical science knowledge. In mathematics, contributions to computational

2516:

At the beginning of the twentieth century, each region and often even each village had its own costume. Today, traditional dress is mostly reserved for only weddings and other national or native ceremonies. On a national level, the

523:

has become the national flower of Tunisia. The gathering takes place at dawn and then, upon nightfall, when young boys collect small bouquets, and later sell them to passersby on the street or to motorists stopped at intersections.

3128:

In May 2007, the country had 1,673 registered sports clubs whose main assets are in football (250) and taekwondo (206). Then come karate and its derivatives (166), wheelchair sports (140), handball (85), athletics (80), judo (66)

1399:), which controlled cinema and filming productions in the country at the time. Nevertheless, during the 1980s, private production companies and studios emerged and wanted to make Tunisia the Mediterranean Hollywood. The producer 1104:. Finally, specialized museums themselves can be divided into two other categories of museums: the museums dedicated to a historical period and museums specializing in a given subject. In the first category, there is already the 2585:

leather slippers, leave the heel exposed. Finally, the headdress is a chechia, a red felt hat which is sometimes adorned with a tassel of black thread. For a casual ceremony, during leisure hours, often just a jebba is worn.

6238:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2134:, Africa and the Middle East. In order to be eligible for the competition, a film must have a director of African or Middle Eastern nationality, and have been produced at least two years before entry. The grand prize is the 2668:). The narrator, known under the terms of Rawi, or fdaoui meddah was highly respected and appreciated by both the Islamic elite and by the popular classes. Often itinerant, traveling from city to city on foot, they used a 1831:

After independence in 1956, the art movement in Tunisia was propelled by the dynamics of nation building and by artists serving the state. A Ministry of Culture was established, under the leadership of ministers such as

1396: 5124: 3169:

that of Borj Zouara and Bab Saadoun. Moreover, the Tunisian museums should, according to some, be the subject of more attention, notably by addressing the problem of low attendance caused by the high cost of tickets.

2692:, has been present in North Africa from the fourteenth century, and the Teatro dei Pupi (originating in Sicily), enjoyed popularity until the early twentieth century. The performances took place during the month of 2036:

for the purchase of Tunisian and foreign books and periodicals. 2003 was proclaimed "National Book Year" in Tunisia, and celebrated with fairs, exhibitions, meetings for reflection and debate, and writing contests.

982:

There are two secondary schools in Tunisia run by the French government: the Lycée Pierre Mendes-France and the Lycée Gustave Flaubert. These apply methods and programs similar to those in France. There is also the

1677:, and its multitude of forms, each region having its own "style". It is therefore difficult to speak of a Tunisian dance, especially since the Egyptian influence appears to have long proven itself in major cities. 3002:. Today tabil, closely associated with the cooking of Tunisia, features garlic, cayenne pepper, caraway and coriander seeds pounded in a mortar and then dried in the sun and is often used in cooking beef or veal. 2797:

agreement. The wedding ceremony itself involves the passage of the bride to the house of her husband who waits outside. After consummation of the marriage it is followed by a period of isolation of the couple.

671:

such as Eid el-Adha, Eid el-Fitr or Mouled are considered national holidays. The government also recognizes the sanctity of religious holidays for non-Muslims, particularly those of the monotheistic religions.

2904:

Many of the cooking styles and utensils began to take shape when the ancient tribes were nomads. Nomadic people were limited in their cooking by what locally made pots and pans they could carry with them. A

2521:

has become traditional dress, a wide coat covering the whole body, which differs depending on the quality of its fabric, its colors and its trimmings. The men's slippers are usually the natural color of the

780:

which is the mother-tongue of almost all Tunisians. Tunisian Arabic is actually a dialect – or more accurately a set of dialects, for which there is no official body of standards. It is established on a

5229:"Refworld | Tunisia: The status of homosexual men and women, including their treatment; the laws dealing with homosexuality, protection offered by the State and the availability of support services" 2601:

Women's clothing is much more diverse than that of men. In the towns, the vast majority of young women have adopted the European style but women of a certain age, even in urban areas, often wrap a

1992:

lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic. In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500; in 2007, to 1,700. Nearly a third of these are children's books.

1392:

which has been taking place since 1966. The festival, which gives priority to films from Arab and African countries, is the oldest film festival on the African continent and the Arab World.

585:

and wall hangings. Depicting the open right hand, an image recognized and used as a sign of protection in many times throughout history, the hamsa is believed to provide defense against the

2294:

forms the epicenter of an architectural movement expressing the relationship between buildings and spirituality with the ornamental decoration of religious buildings in the holy city. In

2130:

is held in October and November of every other year, alternating with the Carthage Theatre Festival. It was created in 1966 by the Tunisian Minister of Culture to showcase films from the

2912:

Like all countries in the Mediterranean basin, Tunisia offers a "sun cuisine", based mainly on olive oil, spices, tomatoes, seafood (a wide range of fish) and meat from rearing (lamb).

6224: 2716:. Among the themes addressed are superstition, sexuality or women. The Teatro dei Pupi, executed in Tunisian dialect, account for its three main characters: Nina the Jew, Nekula the 1334: 2120: 1058: 2837:

and desert dweller's culinary traditions. Its distinctive spicy fieriness comes from neighbouring Mediterranean countries and the many civilizations who have ruled Tunisian land:

1637:, retained the themes of bloody violence. Increasingly, more and more shows are restricted for the benefit of a more sophisticated audience. The New Theater of Tunis grew up with 1603: 1481:

showed a flashback of typical community life in the eponymous small suburb, during a period when Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together in tolerance and peace. Boughedir's

704: 2645:

is not widespread in Tunisia although the country has seen a relative increase since the early 2000s. Indeed, the state prohibited it in schools and in the government offices.

2071: 3064:(ten national team championship wins in Africa) are also among the sports most represented. Handball is the second most popular sport in Tunisia. In 2005, Tunisia held the 1242:

threatened the foundations of Tunisian national identity. The institution did not take long to assemble an elite group of musicians and poets and scholars. The creation of

3364: 2804:

within which the tasks are assigned according to age and sex and personal skills. Developments in education and employment, however, have somewhat altered this situation.

2414:, and ksours and cave dwellings of Matmata are characterized by their response to the hostile environment arising from the heat and dryness of the desert or semi-desert. 1894:

There are currently fifty art galleries housing exhibitions of Tunisian and international artists. These include Gallery Yahia in Tunis and the Carthage Essaadi gallery.

1520:

in France and their struggle against racism. The film won the Golden Tanit for the best picture in the Carthage Film Festival in 1976 and the special jury award from the

4827: 4819: 1088:

decentralization of culture to participate through museum education of the masses by encouraigng more and more people to visit the museums. Some local museums exist in

1673:, weddings, festivals, concerts, and football games. Tunisian dance resembles Egyptian dance, and is distinguished mainly by its dynamic, which is faster with more 2116:

Hundreds of international festivals, national, regional or local punctuate the calendar year. Music and theatrical festivals dominate the national cultural scene.

2990:, pronounced "table", is a word in Tunisian Arabic meaning "seasoning" and refers to a particular Tunisian spice mix, although earlier it meant ground coriander. 184:

The important elements of Tunisian culture are diverse and represent a unique, mixed heritage. This heritage can be experienced first-hand in museums such as the

5330: 1945:, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s, causing a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect; and others such as 2384: 1925: 1765:

The birth of a Tunisian contemporary style of painting is strongly linked to the School of Tunis. Established in 1949 by a group of Tunisian artists headed by

481:

with the signing of the Constitution of Tunisia on June 1, 1959. It was not until June 30, 1999 that its proportions and design were clearly specified in law.

1872: 1794: 1685:

implementation of the Arab Maghreb in Tunisia, introducing the traditions, music and dance of the nomads of Upper Egypt. Religious dances were influenced by

3010:(kamoun). Squid, cuttlefish, and octopus are often served in hot crispy batter with slices of lemon, as a cooked salad or stuffed and served with couscous. 1435:

was seduced by the natural beauty and authentic old architecture of some southern Tunisian towns, where he decided to film the important Tatooine scenes of

173:. This shift in power allowed the local government of the new Ottoman Province to gain more independence, which was maintained until the institution of the 2745:

the same time, over one third of the approximately 56,000 graduates emerging annually from Tunisian universities are girls. On November 1, 1983, President

1709:. Since the 1970s, however, the dance has declined in cafes and is more often displayed at festivals, circumcision ceremonies, and weddings in big cities. 1680:

The variety of dances performed by the Tunisians probably reflects the migration flows that have traversed the country throughout the centuries. The early

1549:, won several international jury awards for her work. The movie shows the daily life in an aristocratic palace in Tunis through the eyes of a young woman. 1395:

In 1927, the first Tunisian film distribution company, Tunis-Film, started its activities. After independence, movies were exclusively produced by SATPEC (

1112:

Other specialized museums are also considered as museums of culture and science museums. These are used to trace the history and evolution of technology.

2075: 750:

at the secondary level also includes the history of Judaism and Christianity. The Tunisians also retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the

295:

latter and the restoration of a dense network of Orthodox bishops. During this period, many hills were crowned with Byzantine fortifications, such as in

2800:

The Tunisian household is based on the patriarchal model where the man is placed in the dominant role. Most households are based upon the model of the

1954: 1766: 1404: 1653:

Farhat. Throughout the year, El Teatro offers theater, dance performances, jazz concerts, galas of Arabic music, art exhibitions and poetry readings.

1198:

in Tunisian music, and finally the use of forms such as Turkish, Samai and Bashraf. Also influenced by Western culture, it is relatively diversified.

3097: 1849: 1786: 6241:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

5037:

Folaron, Deborah (2002). "Oral Narrating and Performing Traditions in the History of Modern Middle Eastern and Maghrebian Theatre and Drama". NITLE.

979:– but it also has 178 other institutions, including 24 colleges for Technology Studies (ISET) and six higher institutes of teacher training (ISFM). 3407: 2664:

Until the beginning of the twentieth century, Tunisia was characterized by the existence of a popular culture of oral narratives and puppet shows (

2368: 2123:

in July, the International Festival of Arts of Mahr from late July to early August, and the International Festival of Hammamet in July and August.

1946: 1942: 1802: 1790: 2509:, etc. Yellow, green or brown enamel is the trademark of Nabeul for example. Shaping, baking and decoration of pottery however, remain primitive. 339: 6093: 5863: 4993: 2936:

Unlike other North African cuisine, Tunisian food is quite spicy. A popular condiment and ingredient which is used extensively Tunisian cooking,

2376: 1853: 1697:, movement highlighted by the elevation of the arms to horizontal, and feet moving in rhythm and transferring weight onto the right or left leg. 1280: 942:

of loaning books for home study. This measure was aimed at increasing the development of reading habits into the customs of the Tunisian people.

2865:, made of minuscule grains that are cooked and usually served with meat and vegetables. In cooking they also use a variety of flavors such as: 2380: 1982: 1614: 1606: 347: 343: 723:

and other sacred texts, opposed to some unorthodox practices developed and reached its climax with the formation of a political movement, the

2372: 1970: 1845: 1381: 1312: 1965:, who predicted that Tunisian literature was sentenced to die young, many Tunisian writers have been successful traveling abroad, including 1879:, and subsequently settled permanently in Tunisia, producing some 3,000 paintings representing aspects of Tunisia before his death in 1949. 4900: 4876: 4848: 2697: 2083: 1938: 1806: 1517: 871:

was also taught from the age of 15 from 1970, from the age of 10 from 1994, from the age of 14 from 1997, and from the age of 12 in 2000.

3824: 3563:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites

2578: 1868:, Abdelmajid Ben Messaoud, Fethi Ben Zakour, Adel Megdiche, Noureddine El Hani, Raouf Gara, Brahim Azzabi, Mohamed Njeh, and Habib Bida. 1729: 425:

on November 7, 1987, the official reference to the figure 7 and the theme of "Change" contributes to the perpetuation of that tradition.

2032:

with over a hundred publishers in operation. The budget devoted to literature by the Ministry of Culture in 2003 exceeded three million

5201: 3985: 3944: 2689: 2498: 1725: 5602:

Hosni, Sellami (1996). "La danse en Tunisie. Les danses dans le monde arabe ou l'héritage des almées" (in French). L’Harmattan, Paris.

4652: 244:. The Hermaïon of El Guettar, discovered near the city of El Guettar in the south, is the oldest extant religious display discovered. 5728: 4306: 3065: 283: 5254: 4724: 4699: 2462: 1875:, often regarded as the "painter of Tunisia". He arrived in Tunis in 1914 through a grant from the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in 4927: 3638: 3482: 3469: 3421: 132: 6008: 5084: 1732:, a devout Sudanese Muslim who arrived in Tunisia with his followers in the sixteenth century. Today his shrine is located in the 5848: 5493:

Adel Latrech, « Tunisie : débats budgétaires — La création du Conseil supérieur de la culture, un grand acquis »,

5472:« Tunisie : réponses des membres du gouvernement — Le ministre de la culture et de la sauvegarde du patrimoine », 5432:« Tunisie : réponses des membres du gouvernement — Le ministre de la culture et de la sauvegarde du patrimoine », 4581: 5721: 4762: 4550: 4044: 3368: 5785: 4816: 4157: 3681: 2513:

lattices of the Arab-Andalusian tradition, and carved wood panels, which enabled women to watch the street without being seen.

3113:

The Tunisian sports year is punctuated by major competitions such as the championships in football, handball, volleyball, and

2577:

than the jebba and fitted with long sleeves. In winter, they wear a heavy wool cloak which is often hooded, or in the north a

4975: 4951: 4626: 4605: 4505: 4203: 4126: 3595: 3506: 3178: 2494:

Tunisia is also known for its many craft products and many of the regions of Tunisia have different specialities and trades.

992: 393: 4347: 4230: 792:, influenced by the languages of the people that lived or administered the region, during the course of history, including: 5868: 5291: 4290: 2152: 984: 196:, cuisine such as French cheeses and croissants, music reflecting Ottoman influences, and other areas of Tunisian culture. 5112:

Souad Chater, « La Femme tunisienne : citoyenne ou sujet », éd. Maison tunisienne de l’édition, Tunis, 1978

2395:, etc..) Between 1881 and 1900 and then again until 1920 the style was neo-Mauresque, between 1925 and 1940 it was in the 2177:

and folk groups from Tunisia and elsewhere which takes place near the beach of Boujaafar, at the eve of the beginning of '

1521: 6249: 5741:"A Passion for Creativity." Middle East 304 (2000): 2. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. University of Minnesota, Duluth. 3096:

are less represented in contrast, because of lack of infrastructure and equipment but competitors still compete in the

2261:

designates rain only in certain urban areas. Each housewife then pours a little water on the statuette, invoking rain.

1661: 5699: 3570: 3340: 3291: 3045:

has 14 teams that compete against one another for a trophy, also a chance to qualify for the Champions league of the

1372:), making him one of the first native filmmakers on the African continent. In 1966, the first feature Tunisian film, 772:

Tunisia is homogeneous in terms of language, since nearly all of the population masters French and Arabic (the state

473:

on October 20, 1827, which was adopted in 1831 or 1835. It remained the country's official flag during its time as a

6262:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

5309: 1205:

in the 15th century, it is a particular type of Arab-Andalusian music. In urban areas it uses stringed instruments (

6311: 4800:

Noura Borsali, « Le mois du patrimoine. Que soit sauvegardée la richesse architecturale de nos villes »,

3042: 2649: 1669:

Dancing in Tunisia is characterized by the multitude of forms it takes and contexts in which it appears, including

988: 5327: 3389: 5141: 3050: 2158:

There are also a number of musical festivals; some honor traditional Tunisian music, while others, including the

1190:. The legacy of its three phases are illustrated respectively in the creation of Tunisian traditional music, the 2861:. Tunisian food uses a variety of ingredients and in different ways. The main dish that is served in Tunisia is 1887:

also visited Tunisia in 1914 and left a lasting impression. Macke is noted for his series of watercolors in the

1758:

twentieth century galleries were reserved for European painters, native Tunisian artists such as Moses Levy and

3157:

The political culture of Tunisia is governed by the Ministry of Culture and Heritage Preservation, directed by

1871:

Many European painters have also been influenced by Tunisia; the most famous of these being the Franco-Russian

1427: 6119: 5402:"Décret du 6 juin 2005 fixant les attributions du ministère de la culture et de la sauvegarde du patrimoine, 1045: 5511:

Bellahsen, Fabien; Rouche, Daniel; Bizos, Didier (2005). "Cuisine de Tunisie" (in French). éd. Auzou, Paris.

4100: 5883: 4746: 2994:

makes the plausible claim that tabil is one of the spice mixes brought to Tunisia by Muslims expelled from

2387:. Five distinct architectural and decorative styles are particularly popular: those of the eclectic style ( 2111: 2067: 1961:, while French Tunisian literature is most notable for its critical approach. Contrary to the pessimism of 691:

is the main official religion of Tunisia with a rate of around 99% of the population. 99% of Tunisians are

17: 5567:

Fontaine, Jean (2003). "Histoire de la littérature tunisienne" (in French). tomes 1 à 3, éd. Cérès, Tunis.

5447: 3720:

Garmadi-Le Cloirec, Juliette (1977). "Remarques sur la syntaxe du français de Tunisie, Langue française".

2818: 2633:

and richly embroidered with gold and enriched with precious stones. Nowadays, some marrying in Sousse and

2012: 1693:. Characteristic features of oriental dance as performed in Tunisia include the rhythmic movements of the 1349: 111:

reveals this rich past where different successive Mediterranean cultures had a strong presence. After the

6301: 6166: 6162: 2099: 2017: 1642: 278:

The works of Roman Tunisia do not differ greatly from those of Europe. Among those handed down to us are

5170:(Press release). United Nations, Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women. June 14, 2002 4675: 2340:

of UNESCO, and is a typical example of Islamic architecture. However, in the areas between the ports of

1891:

style, while Klee is noted for his advocation of light and colors to illustrate the Tunisian landscape.

509: 5778: 5328:

Coupe du monde de football des moins de 20 ans 1977 (Fédération internationale de football association)

1457: 5168:"Committee experts commend Tunisia's 'Great Strides Forward' in promoting equality between women, men" 4784: 3706:« Travaux de phonologie. Parlers de Djemmal, Gabès, Mahdia (Tunisie) et Tréviso (Italie) », 2447: 1957:. Tunisian poetry is characterized by nonconformity and innovation, such as that seen in the works of 100:, with its strategic geographical location in the Mediterranean, the core of several civilizations of 6175: 3746:

Tilmatine Mohand, « Substrat et convergences : Le berbère et l'arabe nord-africain »,

2388: 2148:; the award is in the shape of her symbol, a trapezium surmounted by a horizontal line and a circle. 997: 5735: 5675: 5620: 5585: 5559: 5529: 5055: 2257:, "Amek tango, o women, ask God to rain". This song varies according to the region because the term 6257: 6206: 5923: 3183: 2202: 1941:, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays; 558: 362:, Tunisia for centuries became a major cultural center in the Arab-Muslim world and Mediterranean. 331: 306: 5378:« Tunisie : remaniement du gouvernement, six postes socio-économiques concernés », 5289:

Statistiques du sport en Tunisie (Ministère de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de l’Éducation physique)

2909:

is the name of a conical-lidded pot, and today a dish cooked in this pot is also called a tagine.

867:; thereafter, the second cycle of primary and secondary education is half Arabic and half French. 6271: 6158: 6033: 6023: 5828: 3324: 2352:

fleeing Andalusia were reconquered by Catholic sovereigns and has more of a Christian influence.

2278: 1508: 1133: 466: 422: 259:

are characterized by the combined influence of Greece and Egypt. In addition, we find a trace of

4897: 4873: 4845: 3024: 2501:, a city behind the creation of other pottery centers on the coast of Tunisia, including Tunis, 174: 6038: 5928: 5858: 4186: 3122: 3046: 2681:

boussadia and Stambali shows, both of which are linked to communities from sub-Saharan Africa.

2127: 1950: 1913: 1537: 1389: 327: 143: 139: 5744: 3828: 2432: 6306: 6278: 6098: 6018: 5983: 5968: 5953: 5908: 5843: 5771: 5662: 5649:(in French). Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture, Paris 5607: 5572: 5546: 5516: 5401: 5042: 3496: 3332: 3317: 2834: 2420: 2159: 1989: 1908: 1348:

Cinema has been present in Tunisia since its first world appearance. Starting from 1896, the

1026: 934: 789: 247:

The dawning era of Tunisian cultural history was shaped by Carthaginian influences including

6149: 5643: 5205: 3989: 3951: 3588:

Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature

2984:, herbs and spices are also ingredients which are featured prominently in Tunisian cooking. 754:. A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits. 5973: 5471: 4649: 3825:"Diversité linguistique en Tunisie : le français a-t-il perdu de sa suprématie ?" 3616: 3390:

Auzias, Dominique; Boschero, Laurent; Richemont, Blanche de et Calonne, Christiane (2008).

3243: 3038: 2283: 2057: 1529: 1167: 1037: 880: 763: 5167: 4721: 4696: 4310: 1552:

In 2007, several films were produced and grabbed public attention, such as Nouri Bouzid's

8: 6073: 6048: 5898: 5893: 5873: 5838: 5823: 5538: 3158: 2337: 2220: 2198: 1958: 1903: 1417: 651: 478: 389: 359: 128: 5125:

Roderic Beaujot, « Libération de la femme et marché matrimonial en Tunisie »,

4969: 4945: 4921: 4130: 3642: 3425: 3117:. The country also organizes international competitions. Thus, the first edition of the 1201:

Of major note in Tunisian classical music is the Malouf. Deriving from the reign of the

6145: 6136: 6127: 6028: 6013: 5998: 5988: 5978: 5943: 5938: 5888: 5833: 5808: 5537:

Hamadi Ben Halima (1974). "Un demi siècle de théâtre arabe en Tunisie. 1907–1957". éd.

3781: 3401: 3085: 2287: 2166: 1292: 1214: 1017: 828:, mainly Guellala/Iquallalen, Ajim, Sedouikech / Azdyuch and Ouirsighen / At Ursighen. 638:

and by extant the one of the modern country and its people to the Carthaginian goddess

470: 366: 302: 108: 48: 4578: 4284: 3367:(in French). Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Archived from 119:

came and left a lasting effect on the land with various monuments and cities such the

6253: 6068: 6063: 6003: 5958: 5918: 5813: 5794: 5695: 5368:

Coupe d’Afrique des nations de football 2004 (Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation)

5357:

Coupe d’Afrique des nations de football 1994 (Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation)

5346:

Coupe d’Afrique des nations de football 1965 (Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation)

4554: 4048: 3785: 3591: 3566: 3502: 3346: 3336: 3297: 3287: 2634: 2322: 1966: 1448: 1422: 1408: 1328: 1101: 972: 773: 459: 5492: 5431: 4154: 3685: 3447: 2243:), which is carried in procession between the houses of a village during periods of 1844:

gained international recognition and influenced a new generation of young painters.

1833: 1626: 1588: 885: 6123: 6043: 5993: 5948: 5933: 5913: 5903: 5878: 5818: 3773: 3729: 3255: 3146: 3028: 3019: 2813: 2656:/Amazigh identities especially on the island of Djerba up to the mid-20th century. 2046: 1778: 1407:, succeeded in attracting some big production companies to shoot in his studios in 1296: 1191: 1153: 1000:

is considering opening an office in Tunisia in 2009 to accommodate 1,000 students.

903: 868: 821: 805: 801: 797: 782: 619: 612: 454:

is predominantly red and consists of a white circle in the middle containing a red

417: 409: 112: 44: 4650:

Littérature tunisienne (Ministère de la Culture et de la Sauvegarde du patrimoine)

4623: 4602: 4502: 4200: 4175: 2454: 626:, are still frequently used within Tunisian culture such as with the tradition of 204: 6053: 5963: 5853: 5334: 5295: 4931: 4904: 4880: 4852: 4823: 4750: 4728: 4703: 4656: 4630: 4609: 4585: 4509: 4351: 4341: 4234: 4224: 4207: 4161: 3950:(in French). Tunisia: Ministère de l’Éducation et de la Formation. Archived from 2746: 2701: 2186: 2051: 2025: 1774: 1596: 1580: 1474: 1400: 1385: 1300: 925: 864: 857: 840: 809: 777: 767: 734: 674: 474: 451: 443: 434: 405: 193: 5288: 5228: 2617:

nineteenth century, the brides of the wealthy aristocracy of Tunis often wore a

731:) in the 1980s. Most of their leaders were arrested or exiled during the 1990s. 312:

With the Arab conquest, specifically during the reign of the dynasty Aghlabids,

3244:"L'iconographie du timbre-poste tunisien pendant et après la période coloniale" 3118: 2898: 2850: 2801: 2754: 2355: 2033: 1974: 1876: 1837: 1584: 1546: 1452: 1412: 1316: 1304: 1288: 1183: 1093: 921: 848: 786: 742: 682: 660: 489: 370: 365:

During the Turkish conquest in the sixteenth century, mosques, such as that of

323: 279: 162: 85: 61: 5593:

Ghorbal, Samy (April 27, 2008). "Le français a-t-il encore un avenir ?".

4994:

Thierry Oberlé, « La Tunisie en guerre contre le voile islamique »,

4421:

Unité et diversité. Les identités culturelles dans le jeu de la mondialisation

4370: 3549: 1865: 1641:

as one of the most prolific authors. In 1988, Driss was appointed head of the

1364:), was filmed in Tunisia. In 1924, Zohra directed a medium-length film called 1284: 1246:

in 1938 allowed musicians are greater opportunity to disseminate their works.

1032: 177:(which was later seen as occupation). The protectorate introduced elements of 120: 6295: 4979: 4955: 4294: 2991: 2858: 2593: 2136: 2066:

on August 31, 2007. Until then, ERTT managed all public television stations (

1841: 1798: 1638: 1625:

was translated into Arabic, to great popular success. Other works written by

1570: 1558: 1443: 1356:. In 1919, the first feature-length movie produced on the African continent, 1308: 1253: 631: 606: 413: 237: 189: 93: 4722:

L’édition du livre en Tunisie : de l’État éditeur à l’État gestionnaire

3777: 3350: 3125:

in 1965, 1994, and 2004, and the last edition was won by the national team.

2920: 2720:

and Ismail Pasha, a valiant warrior who fought against the Christian kings.

2704:

amongst others. This type of show relies heavily on double entendres, puns,

1535:

The first feature film ever to be directed by a woman in the Arab World was

3301: 3138: 2941: 2842: 2750: 2709: 2439: 2345: 1962: 1884: 1857: 1824: 1782: 1694: 1670: 1622: 1513: 1432: 1337: 1238: 1221:) while in rural areas, it may also be accompanied by instruments like the 1137: 1109:

subject. As for the Paleo-Christian Museum, it is now located in Carthage.

1054: 692: 642:('Tanit or Tanut), as many ancient cities were named after patron deities. 485: 463: 185: 116: 101: 57: 43:

is a product of more than three thousand years of history and an important

5757: 3733: 3286:(in French). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 31. 2788: 138:

After a few centuries of the presence of Christianity, represented by the

3328: 3107: 3093: 3069: 2665: 2216: 2087: 1770: 1759: 1690: 1681: 1592: 1397:

Société Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et d'Expansion Cinématographique

1243: 1105: 1062: 863:

Kindergarten and the first three grades of school are taught entirely in

746: 627: 355: 5367: 5356: 5345: 5255:"The Limits of Confronting Racial Discrimination in Tunisia with Law 50" 6260:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

5188: 3134: 3114: 3057: 2969: 2713: 2608: 2194: 2079: 2005: 1810: 1712: 1261: 890: 73: 5751: 5145: 3068:

and won fourth place in the competition. Other notable sports include

2483: 1985:. Their writing focuses on themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak. 296: 228:

Tunisia's cultural life dates to prehistoric times, as illustrated by

5448:"nnée nationale de la traduction : création de l'école de Tunis" 5085:

Samir Gharbi et Sonia Mabrouk, « Vingt ans, vingt dates »,

3284:

Relations internationales et sous-développement: la Tunisie 1857–1864

3260: 3073: 2995: 2957: 2949: 2874: 2866: 2838: 2826: 2309: 2236: 2206: 2182: 2091: 1978: 1880: 1749: 1437: 1249: 1202: 1179: 910: 831: 488:

and is therefore an indication of Tunisia's history as a part of the

351: 318: 248: 233: 5763: 3761: 2290:

are expressed in various facets in Tunisia. Through many buildings,

2000: 719:

In the 1970s, an Islamist movement, based on close adherence to the

656: 5010:

Le bijou traditionnel en Tunisie: femmes parées, femmes enchaînées.

4522: 3061: 2886: 2862: 2822: 2728: 2652:

made of silver, beads and other applications was a common trait of

2648:

Among other cultural and artistic traditions of women's adornment,

2396: 2314: 2291: 2145: 1816: 1674: 1333: 1187: 1097: 976: 960: 751: 713: 664: 593:(modern-day Tunisia) and may have been associated with the Goddess 590: 586: 455: 313: 170: 147: 124: 53: 29: 4676:« 2009, l’année des rendez-vous culturels importants », 4419:

Bedhioufi Hafsi, « Enjeux privés et sociaux du corps »,

3619:. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2007 3032: 1920: 964: 267: 4104: 3130: 3103: 2999: 2937: 2890: 2882: 2870: 2693: 2653: 2626: 2602: 2552: 2523: 2506: 2392: 2341: 2244: 2228: 2210: 2209:

times : the appellation Awussu is a possible deformation of

2174: 2170: 2131: 1706: 1702: 1265: 1222: 1218: 1089: 1066: 817: 813: 724: 678: 582: 578: 574: 546: 520: 513: 229: 97: 81: 65: 40: 37: 6235: 5758:"Tunisia: Location, Population, Religion, Membership, Currency." 5736:"On the Oasis of Douz: Tunisia’S International Sahara Festival." 5199: 5099:

Carmel Camilleri « Famille et modernité en Tunisie »,

4743: 4309:(in French). Government de Municipalité de Tunis. Archived from 3945:"Loi d'orientation de l'éducation et de l'enseignement scolaire" 2581:, which differs from the latter by its brown and white stripes. 4898:

Cuir et maroquinerie (Portail national de l’artisanat tunisien)

4874:

Costume traditionnel (Portail national de l’artisanat tunisien)

4846:

Céramique et poterie (Portail national de l’artisanat tunisien)

3142: 3089: 3081: 2981: 2961: 2945: 2906: 2894: 2854: 2705: 2669: 2622: 2618: 2539: 2531: 2502: 2488: 2407: 2360: 2326: 2299: 2295: 1929: 1888: 1733: 1686: 1602: 1269: 1206: 1175: 1129: 1073: 1050: 952: 914: 853: 836: 825: 793: 696: 615: 570: 439: 382: 374: 291: 287: 272: 260: 256: 252: 241: 209: 178: 89: 69: 4225:

Culture tunisienne, « Théâtre municipal de Tunis »,

3121:

Under-20 was held in Tunisia in 1977, the final stages of the

2269: 1178:, the second coming from Muslim Spain which was the center of 1022: 703: 3007: 2987: 2977: 2973: 2953: 2878: 2717: 2673: 2642: 2547:, an embroidered rug is a legacy of Ottoman rule in Tunisia. 2544: 2518: 2411: 2403: 2349: 2330: 2232: 2224: 2190: 2141: 1353: 1230: 1226: 1171: 1166:

Tunisian music is the result of a cultural mix. According to

1141: 1125: 1121: 968: 720: 708: 688: 635: 623: 594: 537: 166: 150:, a renowned center for religious and intellectual pursuits. 4579:

La littérature tunisienne de langue française (Mémoire vive)

3719: 1120:

Most of the country's older art came from the influences of

1072:

In the 1970s, a program was implemented in cooperation with

920:

The first educational institution of modern Tunisia was the

501:

banner bears the national motto: "Liberty, Order, Justice".

146:

transformed the whole country and founded a new city called

3077: 3041:(European style) is the most popular sport in Tunisia. The 2965: 2846: 2677: 2630: 2535: 2527: 2303: 2240: 1504:, he explores the country's emerging sexual tourism trade. 1273: 1195: 956: 738: 153: 77: 2928: 2399:

style and then the modernist style between 1943 and 1947.

2239:

head of a woman (somewhat resembling the head of a girl's

2169:

is an annual festive and cultural event that unfolds each

1079: 622:

Civilization. Both the symbol and the name of the goddess

1411:. Major foreign movies were filmed in Tunisia, including 1210: 1158: 824:, Tamezrett, etc., and in some villages of the island of 542: 3241: 2568: 2024:

dissemination of newspapers at a local level. After the

377:

generally retain their north African style in Kairouan.

4047:(in French). Le Musée national du Bardo. Archived from 3827:(in French). FIPLV World Congress. 2006. Archived from 1856:

revived the technique of painting on glass and founded

392:

brought about important changes to the intersection of

3523:

Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique

1762:

were able to obtain permission to present their work.

1279:

Among the major Tunisian contemporary artists include

1069:

occupied the Aghlabids capital, from the 9th century.

519:

Imported by the Andalusians in the sixteenth century,

33:

The National Foundation, Beit El-Hikma, Tunis-Carthage

5692:

Behind Closed Doors: Women's Oral Narratives in Tunis

3617:"Tunisia:International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 3223:, éd. Rombaldi / Paris Match, 1970, vol. 12, p. 161-2 3060:(nine national team championship wins in Africa) and 3006:

be baked, fried in olive oil, stuffed, seasoned with

2248: 2119:

Several festivals take place annually in summer: the

1836:

who saw art and education and power. Artists such as

6231: 5715: 5510: 5202:"Women and Human Rights – Tunisian Women in Figures" 4217: 4215: 2760: 634:. Some scholars also relate the name of the capital 6227:

a machine-translated version of the French article.

5760:

Arabic German Consulting. Arabic German Consulting.

3988:(in French). Académie de Nancy-Metz. Archived from 3748:

Estudios de dialectologia norteaafricana y andalusi

123:and the archaeological site of the ancient city of 5008:See, for example, Gargouri-Sethom, Samira (1986). 3396:(in French). éd. Le Petit Futé, Paris. p. 13. 3316: 5716:Information about events and festivals in Tunisia 5536: 4545: 4543: 4285:Culture tunisienne, « Quatrième art », 4212: 4095: 4093: 3663: 3053:won the African Cup of Nations in the year 2004. 2302:reflects the military and spiritual destiny of a 1848:drew his inspiration from national wealth, while 6293: 5485: 5483: 5227:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 5036: 4744:Presse et communication en Tunisie (Tunisie.com) 4277: 4275: 4273: 4129:(in French). Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from 3684:(in French). University of Laval. Archived from 3424:(in French). Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from 2231:traditions involving invocations of the goddess 1728:, which originated as a ritual dance to glorify 1724:The most common religious dance is probably the 1609:, one of the notable figures of Tunisian theatre 589:. It has been theorized that its origins lie in 477:, and was confirmed as the national flag of the 4946:La Tunisie de A à Z, « Le burnous », 3670:(in French). éd. Solilang, Limoges. p. 33. 6256:accompanying your translation by providing an 6218:Click for important translation instructions. 6205:expand this article with text translated from 5424: 5422: 4697:Aux sources de l’édition arabophone en Tunisie 4642: 4640: 4638: 4540: 4090: 4028: 4013: 2468:Buildings of the Place de la Victoire in Tunis 1595:. On November 7, 1962, the Tunisian president 1352:were showing animated films in the streets of 618:present on many archaeological remains of the 369:in Tunis were erected in a manner to those in 5779: 5480: 5462: 4922:La Tunisie de A à Z, « La jebba », 4342:Culture tunisienne, « El-Téatro », 4270: 4127:"La Tunisie de A à Z, Instruments de musique" 2526:, while women's are generally of embroidered 1237:characteristics of musical language. In 1930 1132:and the Near East forming the style known as 5631:, éd. Flammarion (Castor Poche), Paris, 2003 5404:Journal officiel de la République tunisienne 4970:La Tunisie de A à Z, « Chéchia », 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4009: 4007: 3488: 3406:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1524:in the same year, and was classified in the 5419: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 4763:"Carthage Film Festival prepares to launch" 4635: 4245:Yves Lacoste et Camille Lacoste-Dujardin , 4103:(in French). Babnet Tunisie. Archived from 4033:(in French). Jeune Afrique. pp. 81–82. 4018:(in French). Jeune Afrique. pp. 81–82. 3986:"Présentation du système éducatif tunisien" 3462: 2298:, the architecture such as the fortress of 1613:In 1970, under the leadership of the actor 897: 5786: 5772: 5310:« Interview d’Hamadi Tazarki », 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4838: 4836: 4796: 4794: 4595: 4593: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 3759: 3475: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 1665:A man teaching Tunisian dance to children. 157:Reconstruction of a traditional steam bath 5200:National Union of Tunisian Women (2004). 5139: 4785:"Le Carnaval d'Aoussou à Sousse, Tunisie" 4668: 4666: 4664: 4325: 4101:"Les techniques de la musique tunisienne" 4004: 3939: 3937: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3764:Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire 3498:The Esoteric Codex: Amulets and Talismans 3259: 2749:appointed the first two women ministers: 2497:Tunisian pottery is mainly influenced by 1860:calligraphy with its mystical dimension. 264:employed to produce objects in Carthage. 5566: 5272: 4914: 4912: 4714: 4712: 4689: 4687: 4603:Fantaisie arabe et poésie (Guide Tangka) 4551:"Culture de la Tunisie (Tunisia Online)" 4503:Un pays pour les peintres (Guide Tangka) 4415: 4413: 4249:, éd. La Découverte, Paris, 1991, p. 321 3766:de ELIMAM, Abdou (Éd. ANEP, Alger 1997)" 3753: 3539:. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, Tunis. 3494: 3242:Deledalle-Rhodes, Janice (Autumn 2002). 3102: 3023: 2927: 2919: 2817: 2787: 2727: 2607: 2592: 2567: 2482: 2354: 2308: 2268: 2185:of the month of August according to the 2050: 2011: 1999: 1919: 1912:First page of a Tunisian book (1931) by 1907: 1815: 1748: 1711: 1660: 1601: 1569: 1461:in a southwestern oasis of the country. 1332: 1248: 1157: 1083:Ancient Roman mosaic in the Bardo Museum 1078: 1031: 1021: 884: 830: 702: 673: 655: 541: 508: 438: 301: 266: 203: 152: 28: 6268:{{Translated|fr|Culture de la Tunisie}} 5689: 5592: 5015: 4890: 4888: 4857: 4833: 4791: 4590: 4486: 4443: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4363: 4361: 4359: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3195: 2765: 2558: 1162:Tunisian Bendir (frame drum) with snare 96:. This unique mixture of cultures made 14: 6294: 5252: 4661: 4624:Littérature francophone (Guide Tangka) 4423:, éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, 2002, p. 321 4150: 4148: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 3934: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3799: 3740: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3585: 3554: 3534: 3066:2005 World Men's Handball Championship 2940:is a hot red pepper sauce made of red 2774: 2572:Jebbas and chechias in a souk in Tunis 2173:. It's a parade of symbolic chariots, 1040:in the Carthage Paleo-Christian Museum 161:With the annexation of Tunisia by the 5793: 5767: 5722:"Tunisia Celebrates Muslim New Year." 5638:, éd. Anako, Fontenay-sous-Bois, 2003 5601: 5101:Revue tunisienne de sciences sociales 4909: 4709: 4684: 4410: 4037: 3682:"Aménagement linguistique en Tunisie" 3674: 3641:. Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from 3501:. Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com. p. 49. 3314: 3281: 3235: 3179:Art and politics in post-2011 Tunisia 2924:Traditional Tunisian bread being made 2612:A young woman in a marriage in Djerba 2563: 993:British International School of Tunis 945: 469:decided to create the flag after the 408:. Other languages include French and 394:art and politics in post-2011 Tunisia 199: 6187: 5745:"Tunisia Demographics Profile 2007." 5644:"La Politique culturelle en Tunisie" 5641: 5226: 4885: 4520: 4438: 4426: 4356: 3969: 3560: 3308: 2753:(Family and Promotion of Women) and 2588: 2321:invasions evolved into cities, like 2255:amk ṭangu ya nsaʾ tlbt rbi ʿalshta'a 2249: 2235:. It features the ritual use of the 2153:International Festival of the Sahara 985:American Cooperative School of Tunis 562: 5752:"Tunisia: Religions & Peoples." 5140:Nordhagen, Elin M. (June 1, 2004). 4187:Carthage Film Festival Page on IMDB 4145: 4072: 3907: 3880: 3857: 3843: 3604: 3137:(59), basketball (48), bowls (47), 2197:) celebrating the god of the seas, 2140:, or "Golden Tanit," named for the 1522:Locarno International Film Festival 165:, the center of power shifted from 24: 5683: 4201:Un cinéma dynamique (Tangka Guide) 3590:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 281. 3152: 2659: 2250:أمك طانقو يا نساء طلبت ربي عالشتاء 1937:Tunisian literary figures include 1516:, portrayed the life of immigrant 1384:; it was 95 minutes long, shot on 1303:. Other notable musicians include 484:The crescent and star recalls the 25: 6323: 5709: 5253:Bivins, Alyssa (August 4, 2021). 4029:Mabrouk, Sonia (April 27, 2008). 4014:Mabrouk, Sonia (April 27, 2008). 2761:Attitudes towards minority groups 1483:Halfaouine: Child of the Terraces 6192: 6094:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5864:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5440: 5394: 5385: 5372: 5361: 5350: 5339: 5318: 5300: 5246: 3393:Le Petit Futé Tunisie. 2007–2008 2650:jewellery of the Berber cultures 2461: 2446: 2431: 2419: 2247:by children singing the refrain 1821:Paysage des environs de Hammamet 1512:(As-Soufraa, 1975), directed by 1380:), was directed and produced by 989:International School of Carthage 600: 5220: 5193: 5182: 5160: 5133: 5115: 5106: 5093: 5075: 5062: 5002: 4984: 4960: 4936: 4807: 4777: 4755: 4734: 4614: 4569: 4514: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4299: 4261: 4252: 4239: 4191: 4180: 4176:AfriCiné profile of Omar Khlifi 4166: 4119: 4063: 4022: 3925: 3898: 3871: 3817: 3713: 3700: 3657: 3631: 3579: 3543: 3528: 3515: 3051:Tunisian national football team 2833:Tunisian cuisine is a blend of 2771:by 2-3 years of imprisonment. 2723: 2264: 2121:Carthage International Festival 1801:, and abstract artists such as 1059:Archaeological Museum of Sousse 630:or the grand film prize of the 495: 6266:You may also add the template 5406:, n°46, 10 juin 2005, p. 1308" 5189:1983 en Tunisie (Bartleby.com) 5129:, vol. 41, n°4–5, 1986, p. 853 4817:Article sur Guellala (Encarta) 4765:. Magharebia. October 20, 2008 4031:Quand Paris-Dauphine s'exporte 3440: 3414: 3383: 3357: 3275: 3226: 2915: 2783: 326:of Tunis (ninth century), the 13: 1: 5636:Tunisie. Au fil des proverbes 5450:. Bab El Web. January 4, 2008 3639:"La Tunisie de A à Z, Khomsa" 3525:, éd. Brepols, Turnhout, 1992 3422:"La Tunisie de A à Z, Jasmin" 3189: 2807: 2473: 2348:, settlements founded by the 2055:Headquarters of the journal, 1995: 1897: 1182:and the last coming from the 56:– their native civilization, 5694:. Rutgers University Press. 5144:. Afrol News. Archived from 5072:, éd. de Minuit, Paris, 1966 4371:Nicolas Maud, « Ce que 2205:, and might even go back to 2112:List of festivals in Tunisia 2105: 1716:Folklore Troupe of Kerkennah 1492:In earlier films, including 874: 757: 404:The most spoken language is 188:, city architecture such as 7: 5754:LookLex Encyclopedia. 1996. 5333:September 23, 2009, at the 3331:: Millbrook Press. p. 3172: 2402:In the south, the oasis of 2165:In the city of Sousse, the 2100:Agence Tunis Afrique Presse 2018:National Library of Tunisia 2004:Directing Committee of the 1744: 1362:The Five Accursed Gentlemen 645: 414:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 127:, which is classified as a 10: 6328: 6230:Machine translation, like 5294:December 16, 2008, at the 4879:February 16, 2008, at the 4655:December 29, 2005, at the 4584:December 24, 2007, at the 4155:History of Tunisian Cinema 3760:Benramdane, Farid (1998). 3664:Pagès, Jean-Louis (2005). 3565:. McFarland. p. 385. 3092:. Other major sports like 3017: 2998:in 1492 after the fall of 2811: 2276: 2223:which was inherited from 2181:(The word designating the 2109: 2044: 1901: 1574:Municipal Theatre of Tunis 1565: 1431:. After visiting Tunisia, 1358:Les Cinq gentlemen maudits 1326: 1151: 1015: 1011: 901: 878: 761: 649: 604: 577:and more generally in the 535: 504: 432: 354:. Thanks to scholars like 223: 6207:the corresponding article 6107: 6082: 5801: 4930:October 20, 2009, at the 4727:October 11, 2008, at the 4160:October 28, 2008, at the 3495:Cuthbert, Roland (2015). 3013: 2976:and various varieties of 2901:blossom, and rose water. 2478: 2306:influence in the region. 2162:, focus on other genres. 1643:Tunisian National Theater 1528:category during the 1978 1388:. Tunisia also hosts the 1322: 998:Paris Dauphine University 399: 5849:Central African Republic 5738:Washington Report. 2005. 5634:Anne-Sophie Tiberghien, 5142:"Tunisia Gender Profile" 5012:Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. 4702:August 18, 2011, at the 4629:October 7, 2011, at the 4608:October 7, 2011, at the 4508:October 7, 2011, at the 4474:Hosni (1996), p. 151-153 4465:Hosni (1996), p. 148-149 4398:Hosni (1996), p. 143-144 4206:October 7, 2011, at the 4016:Très côtés, trop coûteux 3814:Ghorbal (2008), p. 77-78 3365:"Les Drapeaux d'Ottoman" 3319:Flag Lore Of All Nations 3184:List of Tunisian artists 2336:The medina of Tunis, is 2203:Roman province of Africa 2040: 1656: 1194:the introduction of the 1147: 898:Development of education 611:The sign of Tanit is an 531: 332:Great Mosque of Kairouan 307:Great Mosque of Kairouan 92:, in addition to native 6312:Culture of North Africa 6277:For more guidance, see 5729:"Languages of Tunisia." 5690:Hejaiej, Monia (1996). 5314:, RTCI, 28 octobre 2007 4903:March 30, 2008, at the 4851:March 30, 2008, at the 4749:March 19, 2012, at the 3778:10.4000/insaniyat.12102 3750:, n°4, 1999, pp. 99–119 3468:Bernasek et al., 2008, 3315:Smith, Whitney (2001). 3149:(31), and tennis (30). 2487:Pottery in Houmt Souk, 2279:Architecture of Tunisia 2219:is an ancient Tunisian 2189:). Originally it was a 2072:Télévision Tunisienne 2 2068:Télévision Tunisienne 1 1545:, 1994). The director, 1115: 467:Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud 428: 423:Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali 5670:Cite journal requires 5615:Cite journal requires 5580:Cite journal requires 5554:Cite journal requires 5524:Cite journal requires 5050:Cite journal requires 4978:November 21, 2008, at 4954:November 21, 2008, at 4822:April 8, 2008, at the 4379:, n°35, septembre 2000 3586:Taylor, Isaac (2008). 3535:Rezgui, Sadok (1989). 3450:(in French). Au jardin 3141:(45), volleyball (40) 3123:African Cup of Nations 3110: 3047:African Cup of Nations 3043:Ligue Professionelle 1 3035: 2933: 2925: 2830: 2793: 2733: 2613: 2598: 2597:Tunisian women's shoes 2573: 2491: 2363: 2317: 2274: 2128:Carthage Film Festival 2062: 2020: 2009: 1951:Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad 1933: 1917: 1914:Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad 1828: 1754: 1717: 1666: 1610: 1575: 1538:The Silences of Palace 1390:Carthage Film Festival 1370:The Girl from Carthage 1341: 1256: 1163: 1084: 1041: 1029: 894: 843: 716: 685: 667: 550: 516: 447: 328:Great Mosque of Mahdia 309: 286:, the amphitheater of 275: 212: 158: 34: 6279:Knowledge:Translation 6250:copyright attribution 6009:São Tomé and Príncipe 5869:Republic of the Congo 5070:L’économie du Maghreb 4350:May 28, 2008, at the 4233:May 28, 2008, at the 3734:10.3406/lfr.1977.4828 3561:Room, Adrian (2006). 3282:Bdira, Mezri (1978). 3106: 3056:However, sports like 3027: 2931: 2923: 2835:Mediterranean cuisine 2821: 2791: 2731: 2611: 2596: 2571: 2486: 2358: 2312: 2272: 2160:Tabarka Jazz Festival 2054: 2015: 2003: 1990:national bibliography 1923: 1911: 1819: 1752: 1715: 1664: 1605: 1573: 1473:, 1996). Directed by 1336: 1252: 1186:and whose center was 1161: 1082: 1046:Bardo National Museum 1035: 1027:Bardo National Museum 1025: 935:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 888: 856:but is translated in 834: 706: 677: 659: 581:and commonly used in 545: 512: 442: 305: 270: 207: 156: 113:Carthaginian Republic 32: 5734:Keating, Michael J. 5642:Saïd, Rafik (1970). 5629:15 contes de Tunisie 5495:La Presse de Tunisie 5474:La Presse de Tunisie 5434:La Presse de Tunisie 5380:Agence France-Presse 4804:, n°1062, 4 mai 2006 4557:on February 10, 2001 4483:Hosni (1996), p. 153 4456:Hosni (1996), p. 148 4447:Hosni (1996), p. 150 4435:Hosni (1996), p. 149 4389:Hosni (1996), p. 143 4133:on November 21, 2008 3537:Les chants tunisiens 2766:The LGBTQ+ community 2559:Traditional clothing 2385:Jean-Emile Resplandy 2284:Islamic architecture 2058:La Presse de Tunisie 1926:Abou el Kacem Chebbi 1556:and Nejib Belkadi's 1530:Cannes Film Festival 1168:Mohammed Abdel Wahab 881:Education in Tunisia 764:Languages of Tunisia 569:), is a palm-shaped 358:and writers such as 6084:States with limited 5727:Gordon, Raymond G. 5539:University of Tunis 4972:Saisons tunisiennes 4948:Saisons tunisiennes 4924:Saisons tunisiennes 4407:Hosni (1996), p.144 4344:Saisons tunisiennes 4287:Saisons tunisiennes 4227:Saisons tunisiennes 4107:on December 6, 2000 4051:on December 1, 2008 4045:"Histoire du musée" 3957:on January 17, 2009 3645:on October 20, 2009 3428:on October 20, 2009 3159:Abderraouf El Basti 2775:The Black community 2338:World Heritage Site 2221:rainmaking festival 1959:Aboul-Qacem Echebbi 1904:Tunisian literature 1873:Alexander Roubtzoff 1852:turned to fantasy. 1795:Jellal Ben Abdallah 1458:The English Patient 712:symbol against the 652:Religion in Tunisia 479:Republic of Tunisia 475:French protectorate 390:Tunisian revolution 360:Aboul-Qacem Echebbi 175:French Protectorate 129:World Heritage Site 121:El-Jem Amphitheater 6302:Culture of Tunisia 6258:interlanguage link 5795:Culture of Africa 5497:, 30 novembre 2007 5391:Saïd (1970), p. 20 4680:, 18 novembre 2008 4375:veut dire », 4293:July 15, 2011, at 4267:Saïd (1970), p. 54 4258:Saïd (1970), p. 53 4087:Saïd (1970), p. 43 4069:Saïd (1970), p. 42 3931:Saïd (1970), p. 45 3922:Saïd (1970), p. 44 3904:Saïd (1970), p. 31 3895:Saïd (1970), p. 27 3877:Saïd (1970), p. 19 3868:Saïd (1970), p. 18 3854:Saïd (1970), p. 17 3521:Edward Lipinski , 3232:Saïd (1970), p. 11 3111: 3036: 2934: 2926: 2831: 2794: 2734: 2688:The puppet called 2614: 2599: 2574: 2564:Masculine clothing 2492: 2364: 2318: 2288:Roman architecture 2275: 2253:(transliteration: 2167:Carnival of Awussu 2063: 2021: 2010: 1934: 1918: 1829: 1755: 1718: 1667: 1611: 1576: 1342: 1293:Belgacem Bouguenna 1257: 1217:) and percussion ( 1164: 1085: 1042: 1030: 1018:Museums in Tunisia 946:Educational system 895: 844: 717: 686: 668: 551: 517: 471:Battle of Navarino 448: 367:Sidi Mahrez Mosque 310: 276: 213: 200:Cultural diversity 159: 135:found in Tunisia. 109:history of Tunisia 35: 6290: 6289: 6219: 6215: 6185: 6184: 6111:other territories 5884:Equatorial Guinea 5731:Ethnologue. 2005. 5476:, 2 décembre 2007 5436:, 2 décembre 2007 5089:, 22 octobre 2007 4998:, 20 octobre 2006 4830:October 31, 2009. 4523:"regards actuels" 4247:L’état du Maghreb 3992:on April 27, 2009 3597:978-0-559-29668-0 3508:978-1-329-50204-8 2948:, flavoured with 2857:, and the native 2589:Feminine clothing 2426:Ksar Ouled Debbab 2076:Radio Mosaique FM 1967:Abdelwahab Meddeb 1864:artists included 1753:Tunisian painting 1635:The Time of Buraq 1526:Un Certain Regard 1449:Anthony Minghella 1428:Jesus of Nazareth 1423:Franco Zeffirelli 1329:Cinema of Tunisia 1065:dating from when 774:Official language 565:, also romanized 460:five-pointed star 16:(Redirected from 6319: 6269: 6263: 6236:Google Translate 6217: 6213: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6172: 6171:(United Kingdom) 6167:Tristan da Cunha 6163:Ascension Island 6155: 6142: 6133: 6109:Dependencies and 5802:Sovereign states 5788: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5720:Arfaoui, Jamel. 5705: 5679: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5624: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5533: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5287: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5204:. 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Archived from 4547: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4527:www.academia.edu 4521:Bourkhis, Wafa. 4518: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4436: 4433: 4424: 4417: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4369: 4365: 4354: 4340: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4313:on July 15, 2009 4303: 4297: 4283: 4279: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4088: 4085: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3855: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3831:on July 22, 2011 3821: 3815: 3812: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3722:Langue Française 3717: 3711: 3708:Cahiers du CERES 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3613: 3602: 3601: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3492: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3448:"Jasmin d'hiver" 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3371:on July 12, 2014 3361: 3355: 3354: 3322: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261:10.7202/006732ar 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221:Encyclopédie 360 3218: 3072:, martial arts ( 3029:Stade 7 November 3020:Sport in Tunisia 2814:Tunisian cuisine 2792:Tunisian wedding 2465: 2450: 2435: 2423: 2252: 2251: 2047:Media of Tunisia 1955:Mahmoud Messaadi 1767:Pierre Boucherle 1451:filmed the nine 1405:Wasila Bourguiba 1350:Lumière brothers 1154:Music of Tunisia 904:Women in Tunisia 620:Ancient Carthage 564: 240:of the Tunisian 217:Encyclopédie 360 144:Islamic conquest 140:Church of Africa 21: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6267: 6261: 6220: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6153: 6140: 6131: 6112: 6110: 6103: 6087: 6085: 6078: 5797: 5792: 5750:Kjeilen, Tore. 5712: 5702: 5686: 5684:Further reading 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5581: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5335:Wayback Machine 5324: 5323: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5296:Wayback Machine 5285: 5284: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5138: 5134: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5016: 5007: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4932:Wayback Machine 4918: 4917: 4910: 4905:Wayback Machine 4894: 4893: 4886: 4881:Wayback Machine 4870: 4869: 4858: 4853:Wayback Machine 4842: 4841: 4834: 4824:Wayback Machine 4813: 4812: 4808: 4799: 4792: 4787:. 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dinars 2026:First World War 1998: 1928:in Ras El Aïn ( 1906: 1900: 1850:Moncef Ben Amor 1787:Jules Lellouche 1775:Abdelaziz Gorgi 1747: 1659: 1597:Habib Bourguiba 1581:Sarah Bernhardt 1568: 1509:The Ambassadors 1475:Ferid Boughedir 1401:Tarak Ben Ammar 1331: 1325: 1156: 1150: 1118: 1020: 1014: 948: 926:Habib Bourguiba 906: 900: 883: 877: 778:Tunisian Arabic 770: 768:Tunisian Arabic 762:Main articles: 760: 735:Roman Catholics 654: 648: 609: 603: 559:Tunisian Arabic 540: 534: 507: 498: 452:flag of Tunisia 444:Flag of Tunisia 437: 435:Flag of Tunisia 431: 406:Tunisian Arabic 402: 373:, although the 226: 202: 194:medina of Tunis 49:Ancient Tunisia 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6325: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6275: 6264: 6242: 6239: 6228: 6221: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176:Western Sahara 6173: 6156: 6143: 6134: 6120:Canary Islands 6116: 6115: 6113: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 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1450: 1446: 1445: 1444:Indiana Jones 1441:, as well as 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366:Ain Al-Ghazal 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:Anouar Brahem 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:Sonia M'barek 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281:Hedi Habbouba 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1254:Anouar Brahem 1251: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1036:Statuette of 1034: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1009: 1005: 1001: 999: 994: 990: 986: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 943: 939: 936: 930: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 905: 892: 887: 882: 872: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 850: 842: 838: 833: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 784: 779: 776:) and speaks 775: 769: 765: 755: 753: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 715: 711: 710: 705: 701: 698: 694: 693:Sunni Muslims 690: 684: 680: 676: 672: 666: 662: 658: 653: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 613:anthropomorph 608: 607:Sign of Tanit 601:Sign of Tanit 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 560: 556: 548: 544: 539: 529: 525: 522: 515: 511: 502: 493: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450:The national 445: 441: 436: 426: 424: 419: 415: 411: 407: 397: 395: 391: 386: 384: 378: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 335: 333: 329: 325: 320: 315: 308: 304: 300: 298: 293: 289: 285: 281: 274: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 239: 238:rock carvings 235: 231: 221: 218: 211: 206: 197: 195: 191: 190:Sidi Bou Said 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 50: 46: 42: 39: 31: 27: 19: 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Moreover, 1442: 1436: 1433:George Lucas 1426: 1416: 1394: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1343: 1338:Naceur Ktari 1278: 1258: 1239:The Rachidia 1235: 1200: 1165: 1138:Bardo Museum 1119: 1111: 1086: 1071: 1055:ancient Rome 1043: 1006: 1002: 981: 949: 940: 931: 919: 907: 862: 845: 771: 733: 728: 718: 707: 687: 669: 639: 610: 566: 554: 552: 526: 518: 499: 496:Coat of arms 486:Ottoman flag 483: 464:Bey of Tunis 449: 403: 387: 385:Tunisian ". 379: 364: 348:Ibn Al Gafsi 344:Ibn Al Abhar 336: 311: 277: 271:Panorama of 246: 227: 216: 214: 183: 160: 137: 117:Roman Empire 106: 102:Mare Nostrum 54:Carthaginian 45:multi-ethnic 36: 26: 18:Tunisian art 6086:recognition 6039:South Sudan 5929:Ivory Coast 5724:Magharebia. 5627:Jean Muzi, 5490:(in French) 5469:(in French) 5429:(in French) 5325:(in French) 5307:(in French) 5286:(in French) 5264:December 1, 5238:December 1, 5212:February 1, 5174:February 1, 5152:February 1, 5122:(in French) 5082:(in French) 4991:(in French) 4967:(in French) 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the Arab 6296:Categories 6141:(Portugal) 6099:Somaliland 6019:Seychelles 5984:Mozambique 5969:Mauritania 5954:Madagascar 5909:The Gambia 5844:Cape Verde 5312:Tir au but 5127:Population 4307:"Théâtres" 3325:Brookfield 3190:References 3135:kickboxing 3115:basketball 3058:volleyball 2960:and often 2839:Phoenician 2808:Gastronomy 2714:caricature 2698:Halfaouine 2474:Traditions 2359:Medina of 2313:Mosque in 2207:Phoenician 2195:Neptunalia 2137:Tanit d'or 2084:Zaytuna FM 2080:Jawhara FM 2006:Khaldounia 1996:Publishing 1939:Douagi Ali 1898:Literature 1811:Hedi Turki 1807:Nello Levy 1779:Moses Levy 1629:, such as 1518:Maghrebins 1498:Rih Essedd 1386:35 mm film 1262:rock music 902:See also: 891:Khaldounia 790:substratum 632:Tanit d'or 319:algorithms 249:Phoenician 6272:talk page 6209:in French 5974:Mauritius 4996:Le Figaro 3786:161182954 3770:Insaniyat 3402:cite book 3086:athletics 3074:taekwondo 2996:Andalusia 2958:olive oil 2950:coriander 2875:coriander 2867:olive oil 2827:Kerkennah 2702:Albanians 2676:and some 2579:kachabiya 2453:Alley of 2183:heat wave 2106:Festivals 2092:Nessma TV 1979:Hele Beji 1881:Paul Klee 1730:Sidi Saad 1631:Murad III 1554:Making Of 1438:Star Wars 1203:Aghlabids 1180:Andalusia 1134:Arabesque 971:, one in 967:, one in 963:, one in 959:, one at 955:, one in 889:Class of 875:Education 758:Languages 458:around a 352:Ibn Arafa 234:Bou Salem 208:Tunisian 181:culture. 131:, one of 74:Christian 6248:provide 6165: / 6161: / 6154:(France) 6148: / 6126: / 6122: / 6074:Zimbabwe 6049:Tanzania 5899:Ethiopia 5894:Eswatini 5874:Djibouti 5839:Cameroon 5824:Botswana 5541:, Tunis. 5331:Archived 5292:Archived 5233:Refworld 4976:Archived 4952:Archived 4928:Archived 4901:Archived 4877:Archived 4849:Archived 4828:Archived 4820:Archived 4802:Réalités 4747:Archived 4725:Archived 4700:Archived 4678:Réalités 4653:Archived 4627:Archived 4606:Archived 4582:Archived 4506:Archived 4348:Archived 4291:Archived 4231:Archived 4204:Archived 4158:Archived 3351:45330090 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