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in the traditional tummo-practicing group were expert meditators from a monastery in eastern Tibet. The participants in the breathing technique-only group were from a
Western background and did not have experience like the traditional group. However the Western group did have experience with several other forms of yoga. For the traditional tummo-practicing group the years of experience ranged from 6 to 32 years. EEG activity, left fifth finger temperature, and core body temperature were measured in 4 different conditions for the traditional practice group. The conditions were 1) baseline forceful breathing, where participants were asked to breathe and perform in the way in which they would normally during forceful breathing, but without the visualization, 2) Baseline gentle breathing, where participants performed gentle breathing as usual, but without the visualization, 3) meditation forceful breathing, where participants performed forceful breathing along with the visualization practice, and 4) meditation gentle breathing, where the participants practiced gentle breathing along with the visualization practice.
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syllable AH . The four become of one inseparable nature. One then fixes the mind on the drop , the nature of which is the innate ecstasy. If one can do so, then from the drop comes the tongue of a tiny flame of the inner heat. One fixes the mind on it. Light from this flame rises up the central channel, where it melts the drop of white bodhimind substance abiding within the crown chakra. This drips down like nectar, filling the AH-stroke mantric syllable at the navel chakra. One meditates single-pointedly on the AH-stroke, until the signs of stability arise. When meditative stability has been achieved then the radiance of the light from the inner fire will illuminate the inside and outside of one's body, as well as one's dwelling place and so forth, rendering them as transparent as a piece of kyurura fruit held in the hand.
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the lower back, the chest, the left forearm, the left fifth fingernail bed, and lastly, the forehead. In the first monk a temperature increase of 5.9°C was registered in his finger during a 55-minute tummo practice; the toe temperature increased by 7°C; the air temperature went up from 22°C to 23.5°C. Finger temperature in the second monk increased by 7.2°C, the toe temperature increased by 4.0°C; the air temperature increased from 16°C to 19.2°C. In the third monk a temperature increase of 3.15°C was registered in his finger; toe temperature increased by 8.3°C; the room temperature decreased from 20°C to 18.5°C but then increased again to 19.5°C. These results showcase that the practice of tummo yoga can lead to large increases in toe and finger temperature.
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which time their temperatures were measured. In the traditional condition rises in temperature varying from 1.2°C to 6.8°C were observed. It was also discovered that when those in the traditional condition also applied their visualisation techniques, the rise in temperature could be sustained for a longer period of time. In those in the
Western condition temperatures rose to the same degree as that observed in those in the traditional condition. These findings reveal that, when tummo is practiced in the right form, both experienced and newly-trained practitioners are able to raise their body temperature. When, in addition, visualisation methods are implemented, this rise in temperature can be maintained for a longer period of time.
2020:; one first visualizes the three channels (right is red, left is white and central channel is blue) and then the four chakras at the crown (multicolored with 32 petals), throat (red with 16 petals), heart (white with 6 petals) and below the navel (red with 64 petals). One fixes the mind on each chakra and with practice they become increasingly clear. If this is too difficult, one can just meditate on the channels first, or on the point where they meet below the navel. The goal is to achieve a stable clarity of the radiant appearance of the channels and chakras for a prolonged period of time. One can also join this practice with the vase breathing exercise (i.e.
2126:, two monks from the Buddhist tradition wore sensors that recorded changes in heat production and metabolism. However, this study has not been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and has been criticized by peers: "The visual effect of steaming sheets reported by eye-witnesses of the g-tummo ceremony cannot be taken as evidence of elevated body temperature. Wet sheets wrapped around a practitioner's body would steam and dry due to the significant temperature difference between the wet sheets (heated by a human body) and the cold air outside, even if the practitioners simply maintain their normal body temperature."
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they reach the heart, the third bliss arises ("special bliss") and when they reach the navel, the fourth "innate bliss" arises. If one can hold the mind at the chakras for extended periods, one will gain the ability to control the movement of the energy drops. Then one can also bring the drop back up the central channel, experiencing the blisses again but starting from the navel chakra. One then continues to practice by moving the drop up and down the central channel, experiencing the four descending and the four rising blisses again and again.
1986:) between the eyebrows. This bindu descends and ascends through the central channel, spreading a sensation of bliss-emptiness along the way. Regarding post-meditation, the yogi is "instructed to train in experiencing all sensory impressions as blissful and to maintain a constant sense of inner heat and the soothing, cooling bliss of the descending bodhicitta. It is said that the experience of everything as being blissful will automatically give rise to the experience of non-thought (
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2006:'s system, inner heat is the foundation stone for the whole six dharmas (along with meditation on emptiness). Every time one practices one of these six dharmas, one must first generate inner heat, along with the four blisses and merge this with meditation on emptiness. Once mastered, tummo is then applied to the practice of illusory body, and based on illusory body yoga, one practices radiance/clear light yoga.
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et al. three monks, who were practitioners of tummo yoga, were researched. All three monks had been practicing tummo for six years on a daily basis. On top of that, they lived in barely insulated, unheated stone sheds. Their skin temperature was measured at different points, namely, around the navel,
1966:), which is stored in this cakra, to trickle down through the central channel. As it fills up the different cakras on its way down, it generates different experiences of bliss. After reaching and filling the navel-cakra, the bodhicitta is visualized as flowing back up, while yogi continues to use the
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The practice begins by visualizing the body's energy channels, winds, drops, and chakras. Inner heat, generated through specific breath-holding exercises, helps vital winds enter the central channel, leading to blissful experiences. The practice also involves focusing on seed syllables at the chakras
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The participants in the
Western group received extensive instruction in the techniques involved in the performance of the different forms of breathing used in the practice of tummo, after which all the participants in the Western group practiced these tummo techniques for about 45–60 minutes, during
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To meditate on innate wisdom, one lets the drop melt all the way down to the chakra at the secret place ("tip of the jewel"). Then one meditates on emptiness and rests in that ecstasy - emptiness meditation. Then one brings the drop back to the crown chakra, which meditates on "the sphere of ecstasy
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visualization and exercises were able to increase body temperature the most. This study researched the effects of tummo combined with the visualization practice that accompanies the traditional technique compared with tummo yoga in which the breathing technique alone is implicated. The participants
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Then the energies residing in the chakra at the secret place cause the AH-stroke syllable at the navel chakra, which is in nature the inner fire, to blaze with light. This light rises up the central channel avadhuti and melts the other three syllables, HAM, OM and HUM . These melt and fall into the
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Tsongkhapa further states: "During the post-meditation periods one must consciously cultivate mindfulness of the experience of ecstasy and emptiness, and stamp all objects and events that appear and occur with the seal of this ecstasy and emptiness. This application causes a special ecstasy to be
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Tummo practice is also said to generate the four blisses. Tsongkhapa explains that the first bliss arises when the energy drop in the crown chakra is melted when the vital winds are brought to the crown by tummo. When the energies reach the throat, this is the second bliss ("supreme bliss"), when
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According to Glenn Mullin, tantric scriptures state that the tantric bliss experienced in this practice is "a hundred times more intense than ordinary sexual orgasm, gives rise to a special state of consciousness." This ecstatic state of mind is then used to contemplate emptiness. This "ecstasy
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Scientific studies have explored the effects of tummo, demonstrating notable increases in body temperature, metabolism, and thermal power output among expert meditators. While the practice's effects on body temperature have been investigated, its primary purpose within
Tibetan Buddhism remains
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To practice vase breath, breathe a long deep breath through the nose. Then swallow and press down with the abdomen. Retains the air for as long as possible. Then one releases the breath gently and quietly. According to
Tsongkhapa, until some progress has been made in this practice, one should
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The yogic body, a collection of energy channels, coarse and subtle, possessing the energy fields, is to be brought under control. The method begins with the physical exercises. The vital airs are drawn in, filled, retained and dissolved. There are the two side channels, the central channel
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This practice will cause the vital winds to enter the central channel. Tsongkhapa describes various signs that this has occurred, mainly that the breath flows smoothly and evenly through the nostrils, then it becomes increasingly subtle, and then it stops altogether.
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it is instructed that the practitioner should hold the breath below the navel to make the A-letter flare up like a flame, the fire reaching so high that the flames strike the letter Ham visualized in the great-bliss-cakra. This causes an energy called bodhicitta
2034:; Tsongkhapa states: "one should concentrate on the syllables of the upper three chakras for just a short period of time, and then dedicate most of the session to meditating on the Ah-stroke at the navel chakra." The other syllables are: An upside down white
1936:, the text outlines the four chakras which are to be visualized along the central channel with various spokes radiating out of each chakra like an open umbrella. The four chakras described by Gampopa are:
924:, which are tiny spheres of subtle energy) causing great bliss. This powerful bliss experience "is said to constitute a similitude of the actual bliss experienced in spiritual awakening (
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A 2013 study by
Kozhevnikov and colleagues showed increases in core body temperature in both expert meditators from eastern Tibet and Western non-meditators. The expert meditators using
920:), then applying visualization of a fiery short stroke AH syllable on the navel. This practice leads the vital winds into the central channel, where they are said to melt the drops (
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literally meaning "fierce, hot or savage woman") practice is the foundation for the rest of the six dharmas and is the first of the six dharmas. This practice works with the
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and combining them with meditation on emptiness. Over time, practitioners aim to master this process, achieving heightened states of clarity, inner heat, and bliss.
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that generally involves sitting with a straight back, visualizing the channels, holding the breath deep in the abdomen for extended periods (called "vase breath",
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focused on spiritual development, combining visualization, breath, and meditation to harness the inner fire and achieve profound states of enlightenment.
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breathing technique of holding the breath for as long as possible in the abdomen. At the end of the practice, the practitioner stops visualizing (
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at the crown, invoking the four joys. There are four results, like that similar to the cause, and six exercises that expand them.
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Tibetan Yoga and
Mysticism: A Textual Study of the Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra Meditation in the Medieval Tradition of Dags po
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Studies on
Tibetan monks and a Western control group have demonstrated the effect of increased thermal power output using the
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Tibet's Great Yogi
Milarepa: A Biography from the Tibetan being the Jetsün-Kabbum or Biographical History of Jetsün-Milarepa
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Tsongkhapa describes the outcome of the full method (with all three elements described above practiced at once) as follows:
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Ding-E Young, John; Taylor, Eugene (June 1998). "Meditation as a
Voluntary Hypometabolic State of Biological Estivation".
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2672:. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies.
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practice gently without forcefulness. There should be no discomfort. One should also practice on an empty stomach.
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2901:"Neurocognitive and Somatic Components of Temperature Increases during Tummo Meditation: Legend and Reality"
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Mahasiddha Practice: From Mitrayogin and Other Masters, Volume 16 (The Treasury of Precious Instructions)
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2052:, though Tsongkhapa states that one can start imagining them as larger than that and then shrink them.
906:), causing the four blisses or joys which is then unified with the wisdom that understands emptiness.
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Another meditation manual by Gampopa also mentions a practice that relies on visualizing a drop (
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Meditation on the chakras, syllables and channels joined with the vase breathing technique.
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The Yogins of Ladakh: A Pilgrimage Among the Hermits of the Buddhist Himalayas
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Tilopa's verses of the six dharmas briefly outlines the practice as follows:
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may also be rendered in English, approximating its phonemic pronunciation as
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2825:(1982). "Body temperature changes during the practice of g Tum-mo yoga".
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Ulrich Timme Kragh outlines the progression of this practice from one of
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124:. The purpose of tummo is to gain control over body processes during the
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conjoined with (the wisdom of) emptiness" is what is referred to as
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Becoming the Compassion Buddha: Tantric Mahamudra for Everyday Life
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fire at the navel. A stream of nectar drips down from the syllable
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83:) is the fierce goddess of heat and passion. Tummo is found in the
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The Bliss of Inner Fire: Heart Practice of the Six Yogas of Naropa
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The Bliss of Inner Fire: Heart Practice of the Six Yogas of Naropa
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2262:. The Treasury of Precious Instructions. Shambhala. p. 198.
2013:, divides the practice of inner heat into three main components:
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2987:. Translated by Lama Kazi Dawa-Samdup. Oxford University Press.
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Kozhevnikov, M; Elliott, J; Shephard, J; Gramann, K (2013).
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The All-Pervading Melodious Drumbeat: The Life of Ra Lotsawa
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technique that depends in part on meditative visualization.
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In the throat, there is the enjoyment-cakra with 16 spokes.
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Treasures of the Sakya Lineage: Teachings from the Masters
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At the navel, there is the emanation-cakra with 64 spokes.
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At the heart, there is the Dharmacakra with 8 spokes.
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2962:"Meditation dramatically changes body temperatures"
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2256:Taye, J.K.L.; Padmakara Translation Group (2022).
2295:
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3492:Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience
3028:
1900:
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29:Temple depicting both Tummo (inner fire) and
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1932:. After describing the visualization of the
951:Upside down Tibetan script Haṃ seed syllable
25:A section of the Northern wall mural at the
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964:and the four chakras. Flames rise from the
849:is also the Tibetan word for 'inner fire.'
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1907:
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2067:The Ah stroke syllable as taught in Gelug
2038:at the crown chakra, an upside down blue
2024:) and with the hollow body visualization.
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2626:
2173:
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1957:Kragh outlines the practice as follows:
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20:
3006:The Practice of the Six Yogas of Naropa
3939:
2959:
2884:10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.3.149
2821:
2762:
2729:. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.
2721:
2686:
2612:. New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group.
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2689:"Readings on the Six Yogas of Naropa"
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2405:
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2301:
2289:
2197:
2116:In a 2002 experiment reported by the
1976:phyag rgya chen po ma bcos pa'i ngang
1949:At the top of the head, there is the
2687:Mullin, Glenn (tr.) (Spring 1997).
2249:
2215:
2093:ignited, which one should foster."
845:word, literally meaning 'fierce '.
13:
2960:Cromie, William (April 18, 2002).
2953:
1377:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
14:
3968:
2651:Mahayana Tantra: An Introduction
2627:Crook, John; Low, James (1997).
2042:ཧཱུྃ at the heart chakra, a red
1997:
1002:
976:
475:Thought forms and visualisation:
173:
2789:. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
2222:Yeshe, T.; Courtin, R. (2003).
33:(transference of consciousness)
2872:News in Physiological Sciences
2595:
1:
2153:
16:Vajrayana meditation practice
2926:10.1371/journal.pone.0058244
2668:Kragh, Ulrich Timme (2015).
2158:
2032:on the center of each chakra
287:Gateway of the Hidden Flower
211:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
147:
7:
3952:Tibetan Buddhist meditation
2141:
2089:conjoined with emptiness."
1323:
909:This practice is a kind of
860:
832:
742:Ordination and transmission
79:
10:
3973:
2767:. Shambhala Publications.
2600:
2018:Meditating on the channels
217:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism
3957:Tibetan words and phrases
3883:International Day of Yoga
3863:
3784:
3775:
3641:
3603:
3563:
3554:
3439:
3382:
3191:
3150:
3114:
3105:
3050:
3008:. Snow Lion Publications.
3004:Mullin, Glenn H. (2006).
2999:. Shambhala Publications.
2575:Kozhevnikov et al. (2013)
136:('highest yoga tantra').
68:
52:
3903:Yoga scholars (template)
3168:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3042:
2744:Senge, Ra Yeshe (2015).
2097:Scientific investigation
2009:Tsongkhapa's commentary
1406:Practices and attainment
1394:Pointing-out instruction
1305:Three marks of existence
755:Pointing-out instruction
308:True Awakening Tradition
3541:Yogasopana Purvacatuska
2804:Yeshe, Thubten (2005).
2763:Tseten, Migmar (2008).
2727:The Six Yogas Of Naropa
2631:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2228:. Wisdom Publications.
1930:Closely Stringed Pearls
2608:Chang, G.C.C. (1993).
2174:Crook & Low (1997)
2078:
2068:
2028:Meditating on mantric
2011:The Three Inspirations
1980:
1920:Gampopa's presentation
1775:Tibetan Buddhist canon
974:
952:
881:) system of channels (
188:Historical traditions:
34:
2808:. Simon and Schuster.
2073:
2066:
1959:
1928:'s manuals, entitled
1350:Dependent origination
957:
950:
816:Wylie transliteration
748:Esoteric transmission
671:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra
106:Six Dharmas of Naropa
87:Krishnacarya and the
24:
3888:List of yoga schools
3654:Kriyayoga (Buddhist)
3485:Hatha Yoga Pradipika
2696:Snow Lion Newsletter
2355:, pp. 345, 351.
1849:History and overview
1248:Samding Dorje Phagmo
1113:Second dissemination
294:New Kadampa Buddhism
3689:Six Yogas of Naropa
3471:Hathabhyasapaddhati
2997:Way Of White Clouds
2966:The Harvard Gazette
2917:2013PLoSO...858244K
2839:1982Natur.295..234B
2543:, pp. 159–166.
2519:, pp. 154–155.
2483:, pp. 150–152.
2444:, pp. 143–144.
2343:, pp. 139–140.
2212:, pp. 126–127.
2188:, pp. 252–254.
2108:In a 1982 study by
1636:Institutional roles
1075:First dissemination
877:(also known as the
664:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti
657:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
629:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra
622:Anuttarayoga Tantra
134:Anuttarayoga Tantra
3578:Samadhi (Buddhism)
3450:Amaraugha Prabodha
2993:Govinda, Anagarika
2981:Evans-Wentz, W. Y.
2815:Scientific studies
2210:Dharmakirti (2002)
2069:
1827:Tree of physiology
1367:Four Tenets system
953:
678:Vajrasekhara Sutra
636:Guhyagarbha Tantra
448:Anuttarayogatantra
420:Fourfold division:
412:Tantric techniques
301:Shambhala Buddhism
166:Vajrayana Buddhism
35:
3947:Tantric practices
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3893:Modern yoga gurus
3771:
3770:
3550:
3549:
3527:Vasishtha Samhita
2833:(5846): 234–235.
2796:978-0-86171-136-9
2679:978-4-90626-772-9
2653:. Penguin Books.
2647:Dharmakirti, Shri
2638:978-81-208-1479-0
2372:, pp. 62–63.
2269:978-1-61180-893-3
2235:978-0-86171-343-1
2176:, pp. 89–90.
1951:great-bliss-cakra
1917:
1916:
1879:Index of articles
1495:Major monasteries
1453:Tantra techniques
1372:Rangtong-Shentong
1280:10th Panchen Lama
1069:Key personalities
805:
804:
697:Symbols and tools
643:Kulayarāja Tantra
457:
455:Twofold division:
422:
77:
3964:
3782:
3781:
3561:
3560:
3534:Vimanarcanakalpa
3499:Gheranda Samhita
3412:Shaiva Siddhanta
3182:Yoga Yajnavalkya
3112:
3111:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2895:
2866:
2847:10.1038/295234a0
2809:
2800:
2778:
2759:
2740:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2693:
2683:
2664:
2642:
2623:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2124:Normandy, France
1984:thig le, *bindu
1909:
1902:
1895:
1832:Festival thangka
1326:
1299:General Buddhist
1006:
996:
995:Tibetan Buddhism
981:
980:
944:('Great Seal').
835:
797:
790:
783:
685:Yuthok Nyingthig
453:
418:
393:Completion stage
388:Generation stage
177:
167:
152:
151:
126:completion stage
98:tantric practice
96:Tummo is also a
82:
72:
70:
54:
39:Tibetan Buddhism
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3859:
3838:Yoga as therapy
3804:Standing asanas
3767:
3637:
3599:
3546:
3478:Hatha Ratnavali
3435:
3378:
3300:Viparita Karani
3187:
3146:
3101:
3046:
3041:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2956:
2954:Further reading
2951:
2823:Benson, Herbert
2817:
2812:
2797:
2775:
2756:
2737:
2712:
2710:
2691:
2680:
2661:
2639:
2620:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2144:
2122:, conducted in
2119:Harvard Gazette
2103:forceful breath
2099:
2000:
1953:with 32 spokes.
1922:
1913:
1884:
1883:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1782:Mahayana sutras
1758:
1748:
1747:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1275:14th Dalai Lama
1270:13th Dalai Lama
1254:
1243:
1225:
1207:
1189:
1172:Patrul Rinpoche
1114:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1016:
994:
979:
863:
818:, also spelled
801:
772:
771:
743:
735:
734:
698:
690:
689:
650:Mahāmāyā Tantra
617:
609:
608:
594:
586:
585:
560:Luminosity yoga
383:
375:
374:
353:
345:
344:
321:
313:
312:
185:
165:
150:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3843:Yoga for women
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3831:Hasta Vinyasas
3823:
3821:Sun Salutation
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3809:List of asanas
3806:
3801:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3520:Sritattvanidhi
3516:
3509:
3506:Joga Pradipika
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:Lotus position
3211:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2989:
2983:, ed. (2000).
2977:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2896:
2878:(3): 149–153.
2867:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2783:Yeshe, Thubten
2779:
2774:978-1590304884
2773:
2760:
2755:978-0142422618
2754:
2741:
2735:
2719:
2684:
2678:
2665:
2660:978-0143028536
2659:
2643:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2560:
2558:, p. 164.
2545:
2533:
2531:, p. 155.
2521:
2509:
2497:
2495:, p. 153.
2485:
2473:
2471:, p. 148.
2458:
2456:, p. 145.
2446:
2434:
2422:
2420:, p. 170.
2410:
2408:, p. 370.
2398:
2396:, p. 352.
2386:
2374:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2268:
2248:
2234:
2214:
2202:
2200:, p. 242.
2190:
2178:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2098:
2095:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2030:seed syllables
2025:
1999:
1996:
1972:yid la mi byed
1955:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1934:three channels
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Wall paintings
1814:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:Nyingma Gyubum
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Galdan Namchot
1715:
1710:
1708:Chotrul Duchen
1704:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:Avalokiteśvara
1426:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:5th Dalai Lama
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1200:Rangjung Dorje
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:Trisong Detsen
1099:
1097:Songtsen Gampo
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
978:
975:
862:
859:
803:
802:
800:
799:
792:
785:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
764:
758:
757:
751:
750:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
722:
716:
715:
710:
705:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
681:
680:
674:
673:
667:
666:
660:
659:
653:
652:
646:
645:
639:
638:
632:
631:
625:
624:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
604:Ullambana Puja
601:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
570:
569:
563:
562:
556:
555:
549:
548:
541:
540:
534:
533:
527:
526:
512:
511:
505:
504:
498:
497:
491:
490:
484:
483:
472:
471:
465:
464:
451:
450:
444:
443:
437:
436:
430:
429:
408:
407:
402:
396:
395:
390:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
366:
365:
360:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
304:
303:
297:
296:
290:
289:
278:
277:
276:
275:
256:
245:
244:
238:
237:
236:
235:
230:
221:
220:
214:
207:
206:
205:
204:
199:
196:Burmese-Bengal
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
170:
169:
161:
160:
149:
146:
90:Hevajra Tantra
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:Asana Journal
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3854:Light on Yoga
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3594:Visuddhimagga
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:Shiva Samhita
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:Bahr al-Hayat
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:Yoga Vasistha
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:Bhagavad Gita
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3139:and sometimes
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
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3019:
3018:
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2986:
2982:
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2967:
2963:
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2922:
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2914:
2911:(3): e58244.
2910:
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2766:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2736:1-55939-058-1
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:Mullin, Glenn
2720:
2713:September 19,
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2619:0-8065-1453-1
2615:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2588:
2587:Benson (1982)
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2556:Mullin (2005)
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:Mullin (2005)
2537:
2530:
2529:Mullin (2005)
2525:
2518:
2517:Mullin (2005)
2513:
2507:, p. 65.
2506:
2505:Mullin (2005)
2501:
2494:
2493:Mullin (2005)
2489:
2482:
2481:Mullin (2005)
2477:
2470:
2469:Mullin (2005)
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:Mullin (2005)
2450:
2443:
2442:Mullin (2005)
2438:
2432:, p. 64.
2431:
2430:Mullin (2005)
2426:
2419:
2418:Mullin (2005)
2414:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2382:Mullin (1997)
2378:
2371:
2370:Mullin (2005)
2366:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2341:Mullin (2005)
2337:
2331:, p. 36.
2330:
2329:Mullin (2005)
2325:
2319:, p. 22.
2318:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2292:, p. 22.
2291:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2186:Tseten (2008)
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
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2077:
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2065:
2057:
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2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1998:Gelug lineage
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
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1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1686:Western tulku
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
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1471:
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1445:
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1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
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1260:Je Tsongkhapa
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Sakya Pandita
1229:
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1223:
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1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1187:
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1180:
1178:
1177:Dudjom Lingpa
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
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1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Yeshe Tsogyal
1155:
1154:
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1128:
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1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Padmasambhāva
1080:
1079:
1074:
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1065:
1064:
1057:
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1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
992:
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:Kagyu lineage
973:
971:
967:
963:
956:
949:
945:
943:
942:
935:
933:
932:
927:
923:
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648:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:Tantric texts
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
590:
589:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
571:
568:
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550:
546:
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536:
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532:
529:
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522:
521:
520:
519:
517:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
470:
469:Outer Tantras
467:
466:
463:
462:Inner Tantras
460:
459:
458:
456:
449:
446:
445:
442:
439:
438:
435:
432:
431:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
416:
415:
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406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
309:
306:
305:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:New branches:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
252:
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250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
239:
234:
231:
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176:
172:
171:
168:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:teachings of
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
91:
86:
81:
75:
66:
62:
58:
50:
46:
45:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
3919:Yoga Journal
3917:
3910:
3876:Mindful Yoga
3871:Yoga hybrids
3852:
3799:Downward dog
3693:
3664:Anuttarayoga
3592:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3457:Amritasiddhi
3455:
3448:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3138:
3065:Five sheaths
3060:Three bodies
3005:
2996:
2984:
2971:February 23,
2969:. Retrieved
2965:
2908:
2904:
2875:
2871:
2830:
2826:
2805:
2786:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2711:. Retrieved
2699:
2695:
2669:
2650:
2628:
2610:Tibetan Yoga
2609:
2582:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2406:Kragh (2015)
2401:
2394:Kragh (2015)
2389:
2377:
2353:Kragh (2015)
2348:
2336:
2324:
2317:Yeshe (2005)
2304:, p. 7.
2302:Chang (1993)
2297:
2290:Yeshe (1998)
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2258:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2224:
2217:
2205:
2198:Senge (2015)
2193:
2181:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2055:
2050:mustard seed
2044:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1929:
1923:
1822:Ashtamangala
1807:Sand mandala
1647:Panchen Lama
1614:Tashi Lhunpo
1246:
1167:Jigme Lingpa
1087:Śāntarakṣita
969:
965:
961:
958:
954:
939:
936:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
903:
895:
888:
882:
878:
870:
866:
865:Inner heat (
864:
854:
850:
846:
838:
830:
823:
819:
811:
807:
806:
552:
514:
513:
474:
473:
454:
452:
419:
417:
410:
409:
280:
279:
192:Ari-Acharya
187:
142:
138:
101:
95:
88:
60:
43:
42:
36:
18:
3786:As exercise
3684:Yantra yoga
3679:Devata yoga
3588:Anapanasati
3431:Sexual Yoga
3352:Kapalabhati
3322:Sama vritti
3273:Surat Shabd
3199:Eight limbs
3129:Bhakti yoga
3116:Three Yogas
3052:Subtle body
2748:. Penguin.
2596:Works cited
2148:Kapalabhati
1541:Mindrolling
1338:Bodhisattva
1140:Sukhasiddhi
1130:Abhayakirti
875:subtle body
767:Vajracharya
363:Bodhisattva
249:Inner Asian
224:East Asian
3941:Categories
3898:Yoga Nidra
3704:Karmamudra
3669:Sahajayana
3441:Hatha yoga
3407:Mahasiddha
3327:Shatkarmas
3278:Aghor Yoga
3231:Pratyahara
3152:Philosophy
3134:Jnana yoga
3124:Karma yoga
2154:References
2004:Tsongkhapa
1992:nirvikalpa
1988:mi rtog pa
1964:byang sems
1837:Mani stone
1642:Dalai Lama
1482:Buddhahood
1470:Dream yoga
1460:Deity yoga
1436:Meditation
1424:Bodhicitta
1162:Longchenpa
1092:Kamalaśīla
926:byang chub
894:), drops (
887:), winds (
879:vajra-body
599:Ganachakra
574:Death yoga
567:Dream yoga
553:Inner heat
538:Deity yoga
441:Yogatantra
434:Charyayoga
370:Kalachakra
358:Buddhahood
333:Mahasiddha
184:Traditions
114:Kalachakra
102:inner heat
85:Mahasiddha
3907:Journals
3741:Mahamudra
3659:Caryayoga
3643:Vajrayana
3616:Yogachara
3583:Vipassana
3565:Theravada
3424:Kundalini
3419:Laya Yoga
3357:Bhastrika
3295:Mahamudra
3226:Pranayama
3142:Rāja yoga
2708:1059-3691
2159:Citations
1701:Festivals
1465:Guru yoga
1448:Vajrayana
1417:Pāramitās
1317:Cosmology
1293:Teachings
1218:Taranatha
962:avadhuti,
941:Mahamudra
912:pranayama
871:chandali,
593:Festivals
545:Six yogas
531:Guru yoga
427:Kriyayoga
382:Practices
148:Etymology
122:Vajrayana
74:romanized
3726:Mahayoga
3605:Mahayana
3556:Buddhism
3317:Kumbhaka
3192:Concepts
3107:Hinduism
3085:Sushumna
2995:(1988).
2945:23555572
2905:PLOS ONE
2892:11390779
2785:(1998).
2725:(2005).
2649:(2002).
2142:See also
2022:kumbhaka
1860:Timeline
1728:Dosmoche
1664:Rinpoche
1553:Narthang
1512:Dzogchen
1389:Dzogchen
1242:Bodongpa
1145:Milarepa
1107:Ralpacan
986:a series
984:Part of
966:chandali
918:kumbhaka
904:avadhuti
861:Practice
839:chandali
828:Sanskrit
581:Sex yoga
326:Tantrism
258:Altaic (
242:Nepalese
233:Japanese
157:a series
155:Part of
65:Sanskrit
3864:Related
3826:Vinyāsa
3816:Drishti
3761:Shingon
3736:Atiyoga
3731:Anuyoga
3573:Samatha
3374:Sādhanā
3362:Trataka
3263:Pranava
3246:Samadhi
3236:Dhāraṇā
3090:Pingala
2936:3612090
2913:Bibcode
2863:4272584
2855:7035966
2835:Bibcode
2601:General
2275:May 13,
2241:May 13,
1968:gtum mo
1926:Gampopa
1872:Culture
1867:Outline
1855:History
1812:Thangka
1768:Tengyur
1763:Kangyur
1743:Losoong
1738:Sho Dun
1659:Karmapa
1619:Tsurphu
1580:Ramoche
1563:Pabonka
1558:Nechung
1546:Namgyal
1536:Labrang
1524:Jokhang
1507:Drepung
1502:Tradruk
1477:Thukdam
1383:Nyingma
1361:Tibetan
1333:Rebirth
1324:Saṃsāra
1312:Skandha
1253:Gelugpa
1236:Gorampa
1213:Dolpopa
1151:Nyingma
1021:Nyingma
1014:Schools
900:chakras
869:, skt.
867:gtum mo
843:Tibetan
841:) is a
833:caṇḍālī
812:gTum mo
730:Yab-Yum
524:Ngöndro
502:Thangka
481:Mandala
352:Pursuit
320:History
268:b, t, k
254:Tibetan
228:Chinese
130:Anuyoga
118:Anuyoga
93:texts.
80:caṇḍālī
76::
69:चण्डाली
61:gtum-mo
53:གཏུམ་མོ
49:Tibetan
27:Lukhang
3777:Modern
3757:Japan
3751:Tangmi
3747:China
3675:Tibet
3650:India
3626:Tendai
3622:Japan
3612:India
3402:Siddhi
3397:Yogini
3384:Tantra
3337:Dhauti
3290:Bandha
3285:Mudras
3258:Mantra
3241:Dhyana
3209:Niyama
3070:Chakra
2943:
2933:
2890:
2861:
2853:
2827:Nature
2793:
2771:
2752:
2733:
2706:
2676:
2657:
2635:
2616:
2266:
2232:
2110:Benson
1733:Monlam
1713:Dajyur
1676:Tertön
1575:Ralung
1570:Palcho
1529:Kumbum
1519:Ganden
1412:Lamrim
1343:Dharma
1206:Jonang
1182:Mipham
1135:Niguma
1125:Talika
1046:Jonang
1036:Bodong
922:bindus
898:) and
896:bindus
892:, vayu
824:tum-mo
762:Samaya
720:Phurba
713:Melong
708:Ghanta
703:Damaru
509:Yantra
488:Mantra
405:Tukdam
340:Sahaja
202:Yunnan
116:, and
110:Lamdre
3848:Props
3794:Asana
3719:Phowa
3714:Bardo
3709:Milam
3694:Tummo
3631:Zazen
3369:Tapas
3347:Basti
3342:Nauli
3312:Nyasa
3253:Kriyā
3214:Asana
3097:Prana
2859:S2CID
2702:(2).
2692:(PDF)
2131:tummo
1756:Texts
1723:Losar
1681:Tulku
1671:Geshe
1624:Yerpa
1607:Shalu
1597:Sanga
1592:Sakya
1441:Laity
1355:Karma
1224:Sakya
1195:Marpa
1188:Kagyu
1120:Atiśa
1051:Gelug
1041:Kagyu
1031:Sakya
1026:Kadam
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