809:'Eightfold Battle Formations' (八陣圖), Ma Long built ‘flat box carts’ (偏箱車; a cart with a board on one side which acts like a shield) for his soldiers to use. When fighting in the open, he employed 'deer-antlered carts' (鹿角車; a cart with spears and halberds on the front, giving it an antler-like shape), and when passing through narrow roads, he built wooden roofs over the carts. His soldiers were able to move while fighting, and the enemy arrows were unable to hit them. More questionably, another tactic that Ma Long used was placing down large amounts of '
822:
his troops killed and injured many of the rebels. After reaching Wuwei, Shujineng's allied chieftains, Cubahan (猝跋韓) and
Zuwanneng (且萬能), surrendered to him along with ten thousand troops under them. In December 279, Ma Long, with the help of Meiguneng (沒骨能) and other friendly tribal leaders, won a great battle over Shujineng and killed him. Another account states that after Shujineng was defeated, he was assassinated by his subordinates, who then submitted to Ma Long. Tufa Shujineng's rebellion was at its end.
775:, to recapture the province, but decided not to out of fear that he would also rebel. Instead, a junior Jin general by the name of Ma Long volunteered to lead a Jin army and defeat Shujineng. Emperor Wu agreed and appointed him Protector-General Who Campaigns Against The Caitiffs and Administrator of Wuwei, despite objections from his minister. Before the campaign, Ma Long sought out around 3,000 strong men who were able to draw bows that were four
759:, but was defeated and beheaded. As Shujineng continued to harass Jin's borders, the Jin minister Li Xi (李憙) suggested that they send an army to defeat Shujineng, but the emperor's advisers disagreed, believing the situation was not as serious as Li thought. However, by the beginning of 279, Shujineng captured Liang. Emperor Wu regretted the situation to the point that records claim he was unable to eat until late in the evening.
642:, to attack Shujineng. However, Du Yu remonstrated with him, stating that the enemies were still in high spirits after their recent victories, as opposed to the demoralized Jin troops. He instead suggested that they wait until the following spring to attack, building up strength and storing up grains in the meantime. Shi Jian thought that Du Yu was trying to jeopardize the campaign, so he had Du Yu sent back to
733:, led a combined force from Liang, Qin and Yong to threaten the rebels. Shujineng sent Houdanbo and twenty tribesmen to submit to Jin, each sending their sons as hostages. Wen Yang also received the surrender of 200,000 tribal people from Anding, Beidi and Jincheng including the chieftains Jikeluo (吉軻羅), Houjinduo (侯金多) and Rejiong (熱冏). Meanwhile, the Wu and Ji Colonel, Ma Xun (馬循), who was based in the
681:, Yin Qu (尹璩), died. Yang Xin petitioned that the Prefect of Dunhuang, Liang Cheng (梁澄), succeed to Yin Qu's office. However, an Officer of Merit, Song Zhi (宋質), deposed Liang Cheng and replaced him with the Consultant, Linghu Feng (令狐豐). Yang Xin led his soldiers to campaign against Linghu Feng, but he was defeated by Song Zhi's army.
821:
While Ma Long fought in the west, a rumour began circulating in the court that he and his men had been cut off, but it was quickly dispelled after his messenger arrived at the court. Emperor Wu was pleased with Ma Long and further appointed him
General Who Exhibits Might. As Ma Long marched to Wuwei,
646:
in a prison cart for him to face the
Minister of Justice. Shi Jian then carried out his original plans, but he could not defeat Shujineng. In September 270, Sima Jun was appointed Grand General Who Guards The West and Chief Controller of Yong, Liang and the other western provinces, and he was tasked
740:
In 276, Linghu Feng died and was succeeded by his younger brother, Linghu Hong (令狐宏). Yang Xin launched another attack on
Dunhuang, and this time, he killed Linghu Hong and recaptured the commandery. Afterwards, Sima Jun campaigned against the northern Hu (北胡) and killed one of their leaders, Tudun
754:
Peace between Jin and
Shujineng did not last, as Shujineng and the tribes revolted again in 277. He initially suffered another defeat to Wen Yang, but later that year, Sima Jun was recalled to the capital and replaced with Sima Tai (司馬泰) in Guanzhong. By 278, Yang Xin would also lose the tribes'
830:
As
Shujineng's defeat became assured, Emperor Wu began his conquest of Wu one month before the rebellion was quelled and unified China in May 280. Shujineng's cousin, Tufa Wuwan (禿髮務丸), was installed as the new chieftain of the Tufa. Despite their victories, Shujineng's rebellion, along with a
728:
After the failed attempts at quelling the rebellion, Sima Jun focused his soldiers on agriculture in
Guanzhong. In 274, rebels from Liang attacked Jincheng again, but Sima Jun defeated them and killed one of their leaders, Qiwenni (乞文泥). In 275, he campaigned against Shujineng and defeated his
602:
A rebellion soon broke out in Qin in June or July 270 after Hu Lie lost the support of the tribes. The rebellion's leader was Tufa
Shujineng, the chieftain of the Tufa-Xianbei tribe from Hexi. Although Shujineng was a Xianbei, historical records indicate that the rebellion consisted of various
729:
forces, killing 3,000 rebels. Later that year, when Sima Jun was ordered to lead 7,000 soldiers to strengthen the garrison in Liang, Shujineng, Houdanbo (侯彈勃) and their followers planned to raid the military-agricultural colonies in
Guanzhong in his absence. However, his subordinate,
741:(吐敦). Later, a Xianbei leader, Aluoduo (阿羅多) attacked the Jin border. Ma Xun commanded his troops to defeat him, killing 4,000 and capturing 9,000 of them, which prompted Aluoduo to surrender. Near the end of the year, Sima Jun was promoted to Senior General Who Attacks the West.
843:
in 272, raised concerns among a few ministers regarding the tribal peoples living in the
Chinese interior. After the conquest, the minister, Guo Qin (郭欽) sent a petition to the court calling for the tribes to be relocated outside the border, but was rejected.
813:' on the ground to slow down the enemy advances, the reason being that the rebels and their horses often wore iron armor while his men wore armor made of rhinoceros hides. The rebels were taken by surprise and thought the Jin soldiers were divine beings.
874:(其五曰，臣以為胡夷獸心，不與華同，鮮卑最甚。本鄧艾苟欲取一時之利，不慮後患，使鮮卑數萬散居人間，此必為害之勢也。秦州刺史胡烈素有恩信於西方，今烈往，諸胡雖已無惡，必且消弭，然獸心難保，不必其可久安也。若後有動釁，烈計能制之。惟恐胡虜適困於討擊，便能東入安定，西赴武威，外名為降，可動復動。此二郡非烈所制，則惡胡東西有窟穴浮游之地，故復為患，無以禁之也。宜更置一郡于高平川，因安定西州都尉募樂徙民，重其復除以充之，以通北道，漸以實邊。詳議此二郡及新置郡，皆使並屬秦州，令烈得專禦邊之宜。)
700:, by recommending to Emperor Wu that he be sent to lead the fight against Shujineng. Emperor Wu agreed and even issued an edict appointing Jia Chong to the necessary positions. Jia Chong was distressed by Emperor Wu's decision, but with
789:
s (approx. 238 kilograms). In the end, he was able to find 3,500 men, and he had them practice their accuracy by shooting targets. Ma Long then requested and received fresh military supplies that would last him up to three years.
577:
exemptions. The commandery, along with Anding and Wuwei, would be transferred to Qin under Hu Lie. Fu Xuan also suggested opening a new northbound passage to encourage migration and gradually strengthen their hold on the border.
637:
With the removal of Sima Liang, Emperor Wu sent the General Who Maintains the West, Shi Jian (石鑒) and Protector-General of Vehement Might, Tian Zheng (田章) to put down the revolt. Shi Jian ordered his subordinate,
688:
and built many forts in Liang and Yong provinces for defensive purposes during his time. After Shujineng's rebellion broke out, many officials and local residents took refuge in these forts.
670:
troops within Qian's army, dissatisfied by his mistreatment of them, rebelled and join Shujineng. Shujineng, Baihuwen and Yaolanni defeated and killed Qian Hong at Mount Qing (青山; located in
589:, as provincial inspectors. He argued that while the two were strong generals, they were both tactless and not suited to maintain order around the borders. However, his advice was ignored.
557:
be tasked in quelling a future revolt due to his reputation in the west. He was concerned that even if Hu Lie defeated the rebels, they could easily escape to the commanderies of
1059:(賈充將之鎭，公卿餞於夕陽亭。充私問計於荀勗，勗曰：「公爲宰相，乃爲一夫所制，不亦鄙乎！然是行也，辭之實難，獨有結婚太子，可不辭而自留矣。」充曰：「然則孰可寄懷？」勗曰︰「勗請言之。」因謂馮紞曰：「賈公遠出，吾等失勢；太子婚尚未定，何不勸帝納賈公之女乎！」紞亦然之... 后固以爲請，荀顗、荀勗、馮紞皆稱充女絕美，且有才德，帝遂從之。留充復居舊任。)
696:
The rebellion in Qin and Liang caused much worry for Emperor Wu. In 271, two of his ministers, Ren Kai (任愷) and Yu Chun (庾純), attempted to undermine their political enemy,
802:), Shujineng responded by having tens of thousands of his rebels occupy the passes to block Ma Long's front, while the others set up ambushes to intercept his rear.
582:
161:
135:
614:) to campaign against Shujineng. However, Shujineng and the chieftains, Baihuwen (白虎文) and Yaolanni (藥蘭泥), surrounded Hu Lie's army and killed him. The Prince of
847:
For the remainder of Emperor Wu's reign, the northwest remained mostly in peace. However, in 296, due to poor governance, the tribes, led by the Di chieftain,
243:
498:, where they would often rebel due to oppressive policies by the local Han governors. The immigration of tribal people was further encouraged during the
151:
622:, was supposed to send reinforcements to help Hu Lie through his subordinates Liu Qi (劉旂) and Jing Yan (敬琰), but the two refused to move their troops.
1267:(後秦涼覆沒，帝疇咨將帥，上党李憙曰：「陛下誠能發匈奴五部之眾，假元海一將軍之號，鼓行而西，可指期而定。」孔恂曰：「李公之言，未盡殄患之理也。」憙勃然曰：「以匈奴之勁悍，元海之曉兵，奉宣聖威，何不盡之有！」恂曰：「元海若能平涼州，斬樹機能，恐涼州方有難耳。蛟龍得雲雨，非復池中物也。」帝乃止。)
720:, he was strongly opposed by many other ministers, who argued that quelling the rebellion in Qin and Liang should be of greater priority.
1428:
554:
236:
119:
798:
In November 279, Ma Long set out west to fight the rebels. After the Jin troops crossed the Wen River (溫水; east of present-day
253:
297:
466:
living in northwestern China. The rebellion lasted nearly a decade and reached its peak in 279 when rebel forces captured
357:
282:
229:
384:
287:
626:
wanted to punish Liu Qi, but Sima Liang defended him and lost his post in the process. Later, the Inspector of Liang,
470:. However, that same year would also see its end as Jin forces decisively defeated Shujineng and pacified the tribes.
549:
feared that the tribes in the northwest, particularly the Xianbei, would rebel. He proposed that the Inspector of
1433:
994:(屬虜兵強盛，石鑒時為安西將軍，使預出兵擊之。預以虜乘勝馬肥，而官軍懸乏，宜並力大運，須春進討，陳五不可、四不須。鑒大怒，復奏預擅飾城門官舍，稽乏軍興，遣御史檻車征詣廷尉。以預尚主，在八議，以侯贖論。其後隴右之事卒如預策。)
852:
271:
327:
1438:
369:
855:. Jia Nanfeng and Sima Zhong's marriage, prompted by Shujineng's rebellion, also laid the seeds for the
851:, once again rebelled in Guanzhong, this time with more dire consequences that contributed towards the
805:
During his battles with Shujineng, Ma Long employed a number of unorthodox tactics. In accordance with
730:
667:
483:
479:
459:
352:
155:
96:
856:
539:
399:
332:
20:
1423:
666:, Gansu). The Inspector of Liang, Qian Hong, led his troops to fight Shujineng's forces, but the
586:
139:
799:
562:
499:
394:
389:
755:
support. That year, he fought with Ruoluobaneng (若羅拔能) and others on the Dang Ranges (丹嶺) in
1124:(樹機能、侯彈勃等欲先劫佃兵，駿命平虜護軍文俶督涼、秦、雍諸軍各進屯以威之。機能乃遣所領二十部彈勃面縛軍門，各遣入質子。安定、北地、金城諸胡吉軻羅、侯金多及北虜熱冏等二十萬口又來降。)
603:
different tribal people, with the rebels being collectively referred to as "Qiang" or "Di".
565:), so he also suggested setting up a new commandery around Gaopingchuan (高平川; in present-day
419:
379:
322:
317:
312:
173:
511:
463:
347:
100:
8:
772:
495:
443:
404:
674:, Gansu) after surrounding his army. Yang Xin was then made the new Inspector of Liang.
840:
709:
704:
help, he was able to remain in Luoyang after securing a marriage between his daughter,
374:
292:
277:
782:
955:(都督雍、涼州諸軍事扶風王亮遣將軍劉旂救之，旂觀望不進。亮坐貶爲平西將軍，旂當斬。亮上言：「節度之咎，由亮而出，乞丐其死。」詔曰：「若罪不在旂，當有所在。」乃免亮官。)
623:
558:
342:
302:
550:
655:
545:
In 268, parts of northern China were hit by floods and droughts, and the minister,
439:
414:
197:
183:
165:
143:
123:
734:
659:
615:
362:
337:
1390:
663:
631:
535:
503:
467:
455:
447:
257:
179:
1417:
1369:
836:
607:
531:
515:
482:, northwestern China was home to many tribal ethnic groups. The neighbouring
307:
221:
777:
630:, led forces who were also routed by Shujineng at Mount Jin (金山; located in
1402:
756:
716:, submitted his petition advocating for the invasion of Jin's rival state,
1374:
806:
705:
671:
627:
131:
86:
1385:
848:
767:
The emperor's advisers initially considered sending the Jin general of
717:
619:
506:
period as manpower was needed for labour and war. The Han chancellor,
810:
697:
648:
491:
574:
1397:
678:
107:
57:
518:
to the Guanzhong region in 219. Sometime between 256 and 263, the
832:
768:
713:
685:
643:
606:
Hu Lie led his troops and camped at Wanhu Mound (萬斛堆; located in
570:
546:
527:
523:
519:
507:
451:
92:
701:
566:
887:(騫因入朝，言於帝曰：「胡烈、牽弘皆勇而無謀，強于自用，非綏邊之材，將為國恥。願陛下詳之。」時弘為揚州刺史，不承順騫命。)
1345:(隆到武威，虜大人猝跋韓、且萬能等率萬餘落歸降，前後誅殺及降附者以萬計。又率善戎沒骨能等與樹機能大戰，斬之，涼州遂平。)
737:, campaigned against Xianbei rebels and killed their leader.
662:, Gansu) in his invasion of Jincheng (金城; around present-day
639:
611:
487:
458:, who was joined by several tribal ethnic groups such as the
61:
53:
1072:(而朝議方以秦、涼爲憂，祜復表曰：「吳平則胡自定，但當速濟大功耳。」議者多有不同，賈充、荀勗、馮紞尤以伐吳爲不可。)
654:
In April or May 271, Shujineng was joined by the tribes of
573:), where settlers will be recruited and supplemented with
1033:(敦煌太守尹璩卒。涼州刺史楊欣表敦煌令梁澄領太守。功曹宋質輒廢澄，表議郎令狐豐爲太守。楊欣遣兵擊之，爲質所敗。)
1215:(司馬督東平馬隆上言：「涼州刺史楊欣失羌戎之和，必敗。」夏，六月，欣與樹機能之黨若羅拔能等戰于武威，敗死。)
486:
people to the west had been migrating inwards into the
585:
warned against appointing Hu Lie and another general,
1046:(艾在西時，修治障塞，築起城塢。泰始中，羗虜大叛，頻殺刺史，涼州道斷。吏民安全者，皆保艾所築塢焉。)
16:Tribal rebellion against the Western Jin (270-279)
1415:
1306:(奇謀間發，出敵不意。或夾道累磁石，賊負鐵鎧，行不得前，隆卒悉被犀甲，無所留礙，賊咸以為神。)
1293:(隆依八陣圖作偏箱車，地廣則鹿角車營，路狹則為木屋施于車上，且戰且前，弓矢所及，應弦而倒。)
1085:(八月，涼州虜寇金城諸郡，鎮西將軍、汝陰王駿討之，斬其帥乞文泥等。戊申，葬元皇后于峻陽陵。)
526:received the surrender of tens of thousands of
251:
1020:(泰始七年夏四月，北地胡寇金城，凉州刺史牵弘讨之。群虏内叛，围弘于青山，弘军败，死之。)
237:
442:: 秦涼之變), was a tribal rebellion against the
1280:(隆募限腰引弩三十六鈞、弓四鈞，立標簡試。自旦至中，得三千五百人，隆曰：「足矣。」)
744:
1176:(鮮卑阿羅多等寇邊，西域戊己校尉馬循討之，斬首四千餘級，獲生九千餘人，於是來降。)
244:
230:
1007:(遷鎮西大將軍、使持節、都督雍涼等州諸軍事，代汝南王亮鎮關中，加袞冕侍中之服。)
749:
691:
816:
534:, resettling them in the areas between
1416:
1228:(鮮卑樹機能久爲邊患，僕射李憙請發兵討之，朝議皆以爲出兵重事，虜不足憂。)
597:
225:
942:(一曰，昔歲及此年，藥蘭泥、白虎文秦涼殺刺史胡烈、牽弘，遣田璋討泥。)
938:
936:
793:
723:
1319:(自隆之西，音問斷絕，朝廷憂之，或謂已沒。後隆使夜到，帝撫掌歡笑。)
762:
13:
781:s (approx. 26 kilograms) and use '
14:
1450:
933:
926:(烈為秦州刺史，及涼州叛，烈屯于萬斛堆，為虜所圍，無援，遇害。)
684:Previously, Deng Ai had repaired
436:Qin and Liang Provinces Rebellion
1189:(冬十月，以汝陰王駿爲征西大將軍，平南將軍羊祜爲征南大將軍。)
592:
1429:Campaigns of the Three Kingdoms
1352:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1001:
988:
853:upheaval of the Five Barbarians
44:June or July 270 – December 279
975:
962:
949:
920:
907:
894:
881:
868:
561:or Wuwei (武威郡; in present-day
1:
862:
677:In 272, the Administrator of
473:
41:
1163:(夏五月，鎮西大將軍、汝陰王駿討北胡，斬其渠帥吐敦。)
825:
7:
900:(及氐羌反叛，時帝深以爲慮，愷因進説，請充鎮關中。)
446:from 270 to 279 during the
10:
1455:
1098:(咸甯初，羌虜樹機能等叛，遣眾討之，斬三千餘級。)
450:period. It was led by the
432:Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion
29:Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion
18:
708:, and Emperor Wu's heir,
265:
207:
113:
80:
33:
28:
1202:(三月，平虜護軍文淑討叛虜樹機能等，並破之。)
1137:(西域戊己校尉馬循討叛鮮卑，破之，斬其渠帥。)
857:War of the Eight Princes
745:Battle of Liang Province
510:relocated around 50,000
494:regions as early as the
103:and other tribal rebels
21:Liang Province rebellion
581:However, one minister,
191:Various tribal leaders
1434:3rd-century rebellions
968:(叛虜寇秦、涼，刺史胡烈、蘇愉並為所害。)
800:Jingyuan County, Gansu
750:Fall of Liang province
692:Reactions in Jin court
563:Jingyuan County, Gansu
114:Commanders and leaders
1150:(春，令狐豐卒，弟宏繼立，楊欣討斬之。)
785:' (腰引弩) that were 36
1358:(樹機能後為馬隆所敗，部下殺之以降。)
817:End of the rebellion
783:waist-spun crossbows
712:. When the general,
658:(北地; in present-day
434:, also known as the
298:Northern Expeditions
19:For other uses, see
1439:Rebellions in China
1241:(五年春正月，虜帥樹機能攻陷涼州。)
981:(樹機能敗涼州刺史蘇愉于金山...)
598:Early rebel success
496:Western Han dynasty
480:Western Jin dynasty
444:Western Jin dynasty
358:Jiang's Expeditions
108:Dunhuang Commandery
72:Western Jin victory
1111:(二月...叛虜樹機能送質請降。)
913:(會秦州刺史胡烈為羌虜所害...)
647:in protecting the
272:End of Han dynasty
196:Linghu Hong
1254:(盡有涼州之地，武帝為之旰食。)
794:Ma Long's tactics
724:Jin counterattack
624:Emperor Wu of Jin
428:
427:
366:
288:Southern Campaign
220:
219:
76:
75:
1446:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
992:
986:
979:
973:
966:
960:
953:
947:
940:
931:
924:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
885:
879:
872:
763:Jin preparations
530:people from the
360:
260:
246:
239:
232:
223:
222:
202:
188:
170:
148:
128:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1414:
1413:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
980:
976:
967:
963:
954:
950:
941:
934:
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
886:
882:
873:
869:
865:
828:
819:
811:magnetic stones
796:
765:
752:
747:
735:Western Regions
726:
694:
600:
595:
516:Wudu Commandery
476:
429:
424:
261:
252:
250:
213:3,500 (Ma Long)
198:
195:
193:
190:
184:
172:
166:
160:
158:
154:
150:
144:
138:
134:
130:
124:
105:
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:270s conflicts
1412:
1411:
1395:
1391:Zizhi Tongjian
1383:
1370:Fang, Xuanling
1365:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1332:(轉戰千里，殺傷以千數。)
1325:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1230:Zizhi Tongjian
1221:
1217:Zizhi Tongjian
1208:
1195:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1152:Zizhi Tongjian
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1074:Zizhi Tongjian
1065:
1061:Zizhi Tongjian
1052:
1039:
1035:Zizhi Tongjian
1026:
1013:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
957:Zizhi Tongjian
948:
932:
919:
906:
893:
880:
866:
864:
861:
827:
824:
818:
815:
795:
792:
764:
761:
751:
748:
746:
743:
725:
722:
693:
690:
664:Yuzhong County
632:Shandan county
599:
596:
594:
591:
504:Three Kingdoms
475:
472:
468:Liang province
456:Tufa Shujineng
448:Three Kingdoms
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:Tufa Shujineng
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:Fancheng (241)
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
283:Invasion of Wu
280:
275:
266:
263:
262:
258:Three Kingdoms
249:
248:
241:
234:
226:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
205:
204:
180:Tufa Shujineng
176:
116:
115:
111:
110:
89:
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
52:
50:
46:
45:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:(ed.) (648).
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
984:
978:
971:
965:
958:
952:
945:
939:
937:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
871:
867:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
837:Bing province
834:
823:
814:
812:
808:
807:Zhuge Liang's
803:
801:
791:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
760:
758:
742:
738:
736:
732:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
645:
641:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Gaolan County
604:
593:The rebellion
590:
588:
584:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:Hexi Corridor
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Jiao Province
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
364:
359:
356:
354:
353:Gaoping Tombs
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:
268:
267:
264:
259:
255:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
227:
224:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
192:
189:
187:
181:
177:
175:
171:
169:
163:
157:
153:
149:
147:
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
88:
85:
84:
79:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
40:
37:
36:
32:
27:
22:
1407:
1403:Book of Song
1401:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
995:
990:
982:
977:
969:
964:
956:
951:
943:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
875:
870:
846:
829:
820:
804:
797:
786:
776:
766:
753:
739:
727:
695:
683:
676:
653:
636:
605:
601:
580:
551:Qin province
544:
542:provinces.
514:people from
477:
435:
431:
430:
409:
270:
199:
185:
178:
167:
145:
125:
91:
81:Belligerents
1386:Sima, Guang
1375:Book of Jin
771:ethnicity,
706:Jia Nanfeng
672:Huan county
500:fall of Han
478:During the
395:Fall of Shu
380:Hefei (253)
323:Hefei (234)
318:Hefei (233)
313:Hefei (231)
194:Linghu Feng
87:Western Jin
1418:Categories
863:References
849:Qi Wannian
835:revolt in
718:Eastern Wu
710:Sima Zhong
634:, Gansu).
620:Sima Liang
474:Background
454:chieftain
420:Fall of Wu
106:Rebels in
1398:Shen, Yue
1362:, vol.126
1271:, vol.101
1258:, vol.126
1048:Sanguozhi
985:, vol.126
826:Aftermath
698:Jia Chong
649:Guanzhong
587:Qian Hong
583:Chen Qian
522:general,
492:Guanzhong
400:Zhong Hui
140:Qian Hong
1408:Song Shu
1400:(493 ).
1388:(1084).
1349:, vol.57
1336:, vol.57
1323:, vol.57
1310:, vol.57
1297:, vol.57
1284:, vol.57
1232:, vol.80
1219:, vol.80
1154:, vol.80
1128:, vol.38
1102:, vol.38
1076:, vol.79
1063:, vol.79
1050:, vol.28
1037:, vol.79
1011:, vol.38
998:, vol.34
972:, vol.34
970:Song Shu
959:, vol.79
946:, vol.33
944:Song Shu
930:, vol.57
917:, vol.59
904:, vol.40
891:, vol.35
878:, vol.47
841:Liu Meng
773:Liu Yuan
731:Wen Yang
702:Xun Xu's
686:parapets
679:Dunhuang
660:Qingyang
375:Dongxing
370:Shouchun
348:Goguryeo
328:Liaodong
293:Xincheng
278:Xiaoting
216:200,000+
208:Strength
162:Yang Xin
156:Wen Yang
152:Sima Jun
136:Shi Jian
58:Xinjiang
49:Location
1380:Jin Shu
1360:Jin Shu
1347:Jin Shu
1334:Jin Shu
1321:Jin Shu
1308:Jin Shu
1295:Jin Shu
1282:Jin Shu
1269:Jin Shu
1256:Jin Shu
1245:, vol.3
1243:Jin Shu
1206:, vol.3
1204:Jin Shu
1193:, vol.3
1191:Jin Shu
1180:, vol.3
1178:Jin Shu
1167:, vol.3
1165:Jin Shu
1141:, vol.3
1139:Jin Shu
1126:Jin Shu
1115:, vol.3
1113:Jin Shu
1100:Jin Shu
1089:, vol.3
1087:Jin Shu
1024:, vol.3
1022:Jin Shu
1009:Jin Shu
996:Jin Shu
983:Jin Shu
928:Jin Shu
915:Jin Shu
902:Jin Shu
889:Jin Shu
876:Jin Shu
839:led by
833:Xiongnu
769:Xiongnu
714:Yang Hu
644:Luoyang
571:Ningxia
547:Fu Xuan
528:Xianbei
524:Deng Ai
520:Cao Wei
508:Cao Cao
452:Xianbei
440:Chinese
405:Yong'an
385:Cao Mao
343:Xingshi
303:Shiting
256:of the
200:†
186:†
174:Ma Long
168:†
146:†
126:†
93:Xianbei
616:Fufeng
575:corvée
567:Guyuan
559:Anding
555:Hu Lie
488:Longxi
415:Xiling
338:Quebei
182:
164:
159:Ma Xun
142:
122:
120:Hu Lie
69:Result
757:Wuwei
668:Qiang
656:Beidi
640:Du Yu
628:Su Yu
612:Gansu
536:Liang
484:Qiang
460:Qiang
363:Didao
132:Su Yu
97:Qiang
62:China
54:Gansu
540:Yong
538:and
502:and
490:and
462:and
308:Ziwu
254:Wars
56:and
38:Date
787:jun
778:jun
1420::
1410:).
1382:).
935:^
859:.
651:.
618:,
610:,
569:,
553:,
512:Di
464:Di
269:←
101:Di
99:,
95:,
60:,
42:c.
1406:(
1394:.
1378:(
438:(
365:)
361:(
245:e
238:t
231:v
23:.
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