272:(PCR) to detect mycobacterial nucleic acid. These test vary in which nucleic acid sequence they detect and vary in their accuracy. The two most common commercially available tests are the amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test (MTD, Gen-Probe) and Amplicor. In 2007, review concluded that for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis "Individually, the AMTD test appears to perform the best (sensitivity 74% and specificity 98%)", they found the pooled prevalence of TB meningitis to be 29%. The fully automated PCR test using the Cepheid GeneXpert system of the Xpert Ultra MTB/RIF has improved sensitivity of up to 77% in persons with HIV and TB meningitis.
61:
229:
37:
1341:
898:
Cresswell, FV; Tugume, L; Bahr, NC; Kwizera, R; Bangdiwala, AS; Musubire, AK; Rutakingirwa, M; Kagimu, E; Nuwagira, E; Mpoza, E; Rhein, J; Williams, DA; Muzoora, C; Grint, D; Elliott, AM; Meya, DB; Boulware, DR; ASTRO-CM, team (March 2020).
1265:
1246:
260:
testing is not useful for the diagnosis of acute TB meningitis and is often false negative, but may paradoxically become positive after treatment has started, which helps to confirm the diagnosis.
318:
occurs as a complication in about a third of people with TB meningitis. The addition of aspirin may reduce or delay mortality, possibly by reducing complications such as cerebral infarctions.
355:
1387:
200:, but a proportion of patients may get TB meningitis from rupture of a cortical focus in the brain; an even smaller proportion get it from rupture of a bony focus in the spine.
836:
1380:
473:
339:
2062:
1373:
500:
302:
for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin alone for a further ten months. Steroids help reduce the risk of death in those without
1838:
248:
of fluid should be taken (preferably 5 to 10 ml). The CSF usually has a high protein, low glucose and a raised number of lymphocytes.
1833:
1052:
965:
719:
653:
Bahr, NC; Tugume, L; Rajasingham, R; Kiggundu, R; Williams, DA; Morawski, B; Alland, D; Meya, DB; Rhein, J; Boulware, DR (October 2015).
578:
389:
756:
632:
422:
443:
1681:
1467:
608:
537:
1805:
1784:
2055:
1749:
1583:
959:
713:
1871:
1676:
1396:
1160:
1083:
1046:
750:
572:
510:
483:
349:
828:
1651:
256:
is grown in culture. A spiderweb clot in the CSF that has been collected is rare but indicative of TB meningitis.
2144:
2003:
901:"Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculous meningitis: a prospective validation study"
1720:
1710:
1617:
2048:
1356:
1075:
Central
Nervous System Bacterial Infections—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition: ScholarlyBrief
1983:
1828:
1461:
168:
is absent in a fifth of patients with TB meningitis. Patients may also have focal neurological deficits.
1969:
1875:
1814:
1740:
1529:
177:
123:
1860:
1644:
1578:
655:"Improved diagnostic sensitivity for tuberculous meningitis with Xpert(®) MTB/RIF of centrifuged CSF"
269:
181:
of the meninges is the cardinal feature and the inflammation is concentrated towards the base of the
1365:
60:
1997:
1661:
1475:
1284:
1899:
1885:
1666:
1495:
1437:
603:(2 ed.). New Delhi ; St. Louis (USA): Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 505.
197:
216:, are necrotic and expand as the colonies within them multiply. Tubercle (focal) rupture in the
2120:
2108:
2103:
1892:
1846:
1794:
1759:
1671:
1622:
1591:
1176:
Di Bella S, Luzzati R, Principe L, Zerbato V, Meroni E, Giuffrè M, et al. (January 2022).
829:"CDC |TB | ...the Uses of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for the Diagnosis of TB: Background"
281:
136:
1313:
1036:
949:
703:
624:
562:
381:
2183:
2028:
1931:
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1073:
740:
2040:
1150:
414:
2093:
1692:
1656:
1634:
1486:
1453:
1426:
859:"A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection"
451:
8:
2188:
2162:
1927:
1822:
1725:
1705:
1612:
1534:
1446:
1269:
237:
1346:
2139:
2019:
1935:
1772:
1715:
1602:
1204:
1177:
1012:
987:
925:
900:
805:
778:
679:
654:
208:
The pathophysiology of tuberculous meningitis involves bacterial invasion of the brain
148:
69:
1278:
1274:
1152:
Meningitis: New
Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition: ScholarlyBrief
916:
857:
Dinnes J, Deeks J, Kunst H, Gibson A, Cummins E, Waugh N, et al. (January 2007).
2127:
1627:
1551:
1209:
1156:
1132:
1079:
1042:
1017:
955:
930:
880:
810:
746:
709:
684:
604:
568:
543:
533:
506:
479:
345:
306:. Steroids can be used in the first six weeks of treatment, A few people may require
249:
87:
49:
1324:
742:
Gram-Positive
Bacterial Infections: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition
212:
meninges or cortex, causing the formation of small subpial foci. These foci, termed
2115:
1949:
1417:
1199:
1189:
1122:
1112:
1007:
1003:
999:
920:
912:
870:
800:
790:
674:
666:
193:
roots may be affected. The symptoms will mimic those of space-occupying lesions.
1960:
1730:
1510:
1289:
1194:
307:
241:
228:
2132:
1607:
1408:
1400:
1255:
232:
Tuberculous-meningitis-autopsy, showing associated brain oedema and congestion
36:
2177:
2088:
1597:
1519:
1432:
547:
315:
190:
1259:
1117:
1100:
779:"The PCR-Based Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Up to Date"
1918:
1852:
1556:
1543:
1213:
1136:
1021:
934:
884:
814:
688:
527:
295:
217:
795:
670:
1941:
1308:
311:
132:
1238:
244:. When collecting CSF for suspected TB meningitis, a minimum of 1
2080:
2071:
1989:
1975:
1639:
1571:
1547:
299:
291:
245:
213:
209:
186:
118:
1127:
1395:
1319:
1101:"Management of hydrocephalus in patients with tuberculous meningitis"
875:
858:
287:
165:
54:
413:
Gupta G, Taylor BE, Ramachandran TS (2018-05-23). Talavera F (ed.).
1034:
157:
128:
526:
Robbins, Stanley L.; Kumar, Vinay; Cotran, Ramzi S., eds. (2010).
1701:
532:(8 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1301.
257:
196:
Blood-borne spread certainly occurs, presumably by crossing the
1250:
415:"Tuberculous Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
1175:
2070:
652:
182:
153:
382:"Meningitis - tuberculous: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
341:
Handbook of
Pharmacy Healthcare: Diseases and Patient Advice
161:
160:
are the cardinal features; confusion is a late feature and
1035:
Harrison J, Kulkarni K, Baguneid M, Prendergast B (2009).
897:
659:
263:
303:
564:
412:
856:
252:
are sometimes seen on a CSF smear, but more commonly,
988:"Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis"
776:
1228:
525:
951:Diabetes: Best Practice & Research Compendium
2175:
560:
236:Diagnosis of TB meningitis is made by analysing
985:
498:
529:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
444:"Tuberculous Meningitis -- Medical Definition"
2056:
1381:
1078:. ScholarlyEditions. 2012-12-26. p. 28.
745:. ScholarlyEditions. 2012-01-09. p. 77.
1155:. ScholarlyEditions. 2012-01-09. p. 2.
850:
475:Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance
1178:"Aspirin and Infection: A Narrative Review"
992:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
337:
2063:
2049:
1388:
1374:
1098:
561:Nicoll JA, Bone I, Graham D (2006-11-24).
59:
35:
1203:
1193:
1126:
1116:
1011:
986:Prasad K, Singh MB, Ryan H (April 2016).
954:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 146.
924:
874:
804:
794:
708:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 196.
678:
1038:Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence
777:Takahashi T, Tamura M, Takasu T (2012).
705:Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Practice
625:"Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection"
502:Meningitis: Cellular and Molecular Basis
227:
1682:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
947:
264:Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
2176:
1468:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
598:
478:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 101.
408:
406:
100:Antibiotic therapy and corticosteroids
44:CT scan showing tuberculous meningitis
2044:
1369:
701:
631:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
471:
376:
374:
372:
333:
331:
142:
344:. Pharmaceutical Press. p. 93.
30:TB meningitis, Tubercular meningitis
783:Tuberculosis Research and Treatment
403:
13:
1584:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
369:
328:
286:The treatment of TB meningitis is
268:This is a group of tests that use
203:
185:. When the inflammation is in the
117:, is a specific type of bacterial
14:
2200:
1677:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
1397:Gram-positive bacterial infection
1224:
338:Harman RJ, Mason P (2002-01-01).
1652:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
1339:
629:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
2004:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
1169:
1143:
1092:
1066:
1055:from the original on 2023-01-11
1028:
979:
968:from the original on 2023-01-11
941:
905:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
891:
839:from the original on 2015-07-02
821:
770:
759:from the original on 2023-01-11
733:
722:from the original on 2023-01-11
695:
646:
635:from the original on 2015-06-29
617:
581:from the original on 2023-01-11
425:from the original on 2021-10-25
392:from the original on 2016-07-05
358:from the original on 2023-01-11
2074:and other diseases of meninges
1721:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
1711:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
1618:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
1004:10.1002/14651858.cd002244.pub4
601:Textbook of pulmonary medicine
592:
554:
519:
492:
465:
436:
1:
917:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30550-X
321:
1984:Corynebacterium minutissimum
1829:Mycobacterium intracellulare
1462:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
1195:10.3390/biomedicines10020263
863:Health Technology Assessment
275:
223:
7:
1970:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1041:. OUP Oxford. p. 336.
10:
2205:
567:. CRC Press. p. 127.
499:Christodoulides M (2013).
279:
178:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
146:
124:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
82:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2155:
2079:
2018:
1959:
1917:
1870:
1804:
1783:
1748:
1739:
1690:
1645:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
1579:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
1527:
1518:
1509:
1485:
1416:
1407:
1299:
1232:
270:polymerase chain reaction
220:space causes meningitis.
171:
96:
86:
78:
68:
48:
43:
34:
26:
21:
1998:Corynebacterium jeikeium
1662:Tuberculous pericarditis
1476:Actinomyces gerencseriae
164:bears a poor prognosis.
1667:Urogenital tuberculosis
1496:Propionibacterium acnes
1438:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1118:10.4103/0028-3886.55572
472:Leach RM (2010-06-11).
1672:Tuberculous dactylitis
1623:Tuberculous cellulitis
1357:Tuberculous meningitis
282:Tuberculosis treatment
233:
137:central nervous system
107:Tuberculous meningitis
92:Blood culture, CT scan
22:Tuberculous meningitis
2029:Gardnerella vaginalis
1932:Nocardia brasiliensis
1099:Rajshekhar V (2009).
671:10.5588/ijtld.15.0253
505:. CABI. p. 154.
231:
115:tubercular meningitis
1635:Lichen scrofulosorum
1487:Propionibacteriaceae
1427:Actinomyces israelii
2163:Meningoencephalitis
1928:Nocardia asteroides
1823:Mycobacterium avium
1726:Lepromatous leprosy
1706:Tuberculoid leprosy
1447:Tropheryma whipplei
948:Barnett AH (2006).
796:10.1155/2012/831292
599:Behera, D. (2010).
448:www.medilexicon.com
238:cerebrospinal fluid
198:blood–brain barrier
189:subarachnoid area,
2020:Bifidobacteriaceae
1961:Corynebacteriaceae
1936:Nocardia farcinica
1773:Aquarium granuloma
1716:Borderline leprosy
1603:Erythema induratum
1300:External resources
234:
149:Chronic meningitis
143:Signs and symptoms
135:which envelop the
2171:
2170:
2038:
2037:
2014:
2013:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1628:Tuberculous gumma
1511:Corynebacterineae
1505:
1504:
1454:Whipple's disease
1334:
1333:
702:Irani DN (2008).
610:978-81-8448-749-7
539:978-1-4160-3121-5
250:Acid-fast bacilli
127:infection of the
104:
103:
88:Diagnostic method
16:Medical condition
2196:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2041:
1950:Rhodococcus equi
1746:
1745:
1613:Prosector's wart
1525:
1524:
1520:Mycobacteriaceae
1516:
1515:
1418:Actinomycetaceae
1414:
1413:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1343:
1342:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1147:
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1120:
1096:
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1089:
1070:
1064:
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1032:
1026:
1025:
1015:
983:
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974:
973:
945:
939:
938:
928:
895:
889:
888:
878:
876:10.3310/hta11030
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
825:
819:
818:
808:
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764:
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731:
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682:
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640:
621:
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614:
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586:
558:
552:
551:
523:
517:
516:
496:
490:
489:
469:
463:
462:
460:
459:
450:. Archived from
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
410:
401:
400:
398:
397:
378:
367:
366:
364:
363:
335:
308:immunomodulatory
109:, also known as
64:
63:
39:
19:
18:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2151:
2075:
2069:
2039:
2034:
2010:
1955:
1905:
1866:
1800:
1779:
1735:
1731:Histoid leprosy
1686:
1533:
1530:M. tuberculosis
1501:
1481:
1403:
1394:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1295:
1294:
1241:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1105:Neurology India
1097:
1093:
1086:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1033:
1029:
998:(4): CD002244.
984:
980:
971:
969:
962:
946:
942:
896:
892:
855:
851:
842:
840:
827:
826:
822:
775:
771:
762:
760:
753:
739:
738:
734:
725:
723:
716:
700:
696:
665:(10): 1209–15.
651:
647:
638:
636:
623:
622:
618:
611:
597:
593:
584:
582:
575:
559:
555:
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497:
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486:
470:
466:
457:
455:
442:
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428:
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404:
395:
393:
386:www.nlm.nih.gov
380:
379:
370:
361:
359:
352:
336:
329:
324:
310:agents such as
284:
278:
266:
254:M. tuberculosis
242:lumbar puncture
226:
206:
204:Pathophysiology
174:
151:
145:
131:—the system of
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2202:
2192:
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2101:
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2053:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2024:
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2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1980:
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1965:
1963:
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1944:
1923:
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1915:
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1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1861:M. haemophilum
1857:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1741:Nontuberculous
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
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1679:
1674:
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1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Lupus vulgaris
1605:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1552:Ghon's complex
1540:
1538:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
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1479:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1409:Actinomycineae
1405:
1404:
1401:Actinomycetota
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
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1234:
1233:Classification
1226:
1225:External links
1223:
1220:
1219:
1168:
1161:
1142:
1111:(4): 368–374.
1091:
1084:
1065:
1047:
1027:
978:
961:978-0323044011
960:
940:
911:(3): 308–317.
890:
849:
820:
769:
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732:
715:978-1416029083
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2089:Arachnoiditis
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2017:
2005:
2002:
2001:
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316:Hydrocephalus
313:
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111:TB meningitis
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62:
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29:
25:
20:
2184:Tuberculosis
2145:Drug-induced
2133:Cryptococcal
2109:Pneumococcal
2098:
2027:
1996:
1982:
1968:
1948:
1926:
1919:Nocardiaceae
1900:M. abscessus
1898:
1891:
1886:M. fortuitum
1884:
1859:
1853:Buruli ulcer
1845:
1827:
1821:
1815:
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1557:Pott disease
1544:Tuberculosis
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1182:Biomedicines
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452:the original
447:
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340:
296:pyrazinamide
285:
267:
253:
235:
218:subarachnoid
207:
195:
176:
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152:
122:
114:
110:
106:
105:
2121:Herpesviral
2104:Haemophilus
2099:Tuberculous
1942:Nocardiosis
1893:M. chelonae
1847:M. ulcerans
1795:M. gordonae
1760:M. kansasii
1309:MedlinePlus
833:www.cdc.gov
312:thalidomide
27:Other names
2189:Meningitis
2178:Categories
2081:Meningitis
2072:Meningitis
1990:Erythrasma
1976:Diphtheria
1767:M. marinum
1640:Tuberculid
1572:Rich focus
1567:Meningitis
1548:Ghon focus
1188:(2): 263.
1128:1807/56411
1059:2015-06-02
972:2015-06-02
843:2015-06-02
789:: 831292.
763:2015-06-02
726:2015-06-02
639:2015-06-02
585:2015-06-02
458:2015-06-02
429:2015-11-08
396:2015-06-02
362:2020-11-07
322:References
300:ethambutol
292:rifampicin
280:See also:
210:parenchyma
187:brain stem
147:See also:
119:meningitis
2094:Bacterial
1693:M. leprae
1592:cutaneous
1325:neuro/385
1320:eMedicine
548:212375916
288:isoniazid
276:Treatment
224:Diagnosis
214:Rich foci
166:Meningism
133:membranes
97:Treatment
55:Neurology
50:Specialty
1816:M. avium
1535:M. bovis
1214:35203473
1137:19770534
1053:Archived
1022:27121755
966:Archived
935:31924549
885:17266837
837:Archived
815:22666577
757:Archived
720:Archived
689:26459535
633:Archived
579:Archived
423:Archived
419:Medscape
390:Archived
356:Archived
158:headache
129:meninges
70:Symptoms
2140:Aseptic
1818:complex
1702:Leprosy
1657:Miliary
1347:Scholia
1290:D014390
1205:8868581
1013:4916936
926:7045085
806:3359676
680:4768484
258:ELISPOT
2128:Fungal
1349:has a
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172:Causes
79:Causes
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2156:Other
2116:Viral
1562:brain
1351:topic
1279:322.9
1275:013.0
1256:A17.0
183:brain
154:Fever
74:Fever
1285:MeSH
1270:9-CM
1210:PMID
1157:ISBN
1133:PMID
1080:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1018:PMID
996:2016
956:ISBN
931:PMID
881:PMID
811:PMID
787:2012
747:ISBN
710:ISBN
685:PMID
605:ISBN
569:ISBN
544:OCLC
534:ISBN
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480:ISBN
346:ISBN
298:and
162:coma
156:and
1834:MAP
1266:ICD
1260:G01
1247:ICD
1200:PMC
1190:doi
1123:hdl
1113:doi
1008:PMC
1000:doi
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801:PMC
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675:PMC
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