2382:. Imouraren, scheduled to open in 2012, will replace Areva's current Arlit Uranium mine, and as planned will be the largest Uranium mine in the world. Tandja drove through the streets of Agadez, met with local leaders, and for the first time, met with representatives of the rebel groups. The President broadcast as statement saying "We have asked them to put down their weapons and come build the country with us. We forgive them because we want peace in Niger", promising for the first time amnesty for rebels who disarmed. Prior to the meeting, the MNJ released the last FAN prisoner it had held, an Army captain taken in July 2007, whom rebels had previously accused of killing civilians. Rebels and government continued negotiations, now reportedly on the practical process of turning in weapons. While all sides released positive statements, an FFR spokesman warned "The process of turning in weapons will be a rather long one." The MNJ briefly announced it would not agree to any disarmament until several of its political demands had been met, but later backed away from this statement. Four party talks between the Nigerien minister of the Interior and the leadership of the
903:
2923:(1) The marginalization of Tuareg people must end; the government of Niger must support the diversity of its citizens; decentralization must be accelerated; Tuaregs must be recruited into the military and incorporated into governance so as to achieve ethnic balance; (2) the state's scarce resources must be more evenly allocated so as to permit Tuaregs to establish effective socio-economic infrastructures in Tuareg regions; in particular, revenues from the uranium mining activities in Tuareg regions must be used primarily for economic growth in both Tuareg regions and the rest of Niger; and (3) security in the North should be focused on protection from outside threats; the armed forces in Tuareg regions in the North should be recruited from the Tuareg population, so that it will be viewed by the Tuaregs as an extension of society, and not an army consisting mainly of members of other ethnic clans who serve their own purposes, and who do not identify with the Tuareg people.
1400:, was not reported to have been vocal on the conflict, but his radio station had been banned by the government in 1998, and rebroadcasts western news reports in Niger, where western reporters have been highly restricted by the government and Radio France was accused by the government (July 2007) of siding with the rebels. The neighborhood is also reported to house many Army officers (which might conceivably have made it a target for the rebels), and another mine was found some 200m from the blast site. The government blamed the MNJ. The government's press chief Ben Omar Mohammed called on the population to set up "vigilance brigades" to fight against "these new types of assassins". The MNJ denied the attack, and said it blamed "Niger army militias".
2423:. The governments of Niger and Mali, as well as Tuareg rebel groups, had come under unusual international pressure over the taking of these seven hostages under mysterious circumstances, even prior to the acknowledged involvement of the AQIM. The original two abduction incidents (two Canadian diplomats, their driver, and four European tourists seized weeks later) were blamed by Niger on rebels, and by the MNJ on the Niger government. Western news sources quoted a variety of observers who believed the hostages were taken by Tuareg smugglers, perhaps associated with rebel groups, who then sold them to the AQIM. Two of the four European tourists were later released. One of the two remaining, British tourist
2167:, returned to ceasefire and cantonment near Kidal. According to the Malian military, Fagaga came into cantonment with 400 ADC fighters. On 26 January, Fagaga and the remained of the cease-fire ADC announced that they would transfer their headquarters and bases south of Kidal. With all other ADC forces remaining on ceasefire, it was unclear how many fighters chose to remain with Ag Bahanga and his ATNMC faction, especially as the faction itself claimed in late 2007 to have no more than 165 men under arms. On 6 February, the Malian Armed Forces claimed they had taken the last of the ATNMC positions, while Ag Bahanga and an unknown number of fighters had crossed the border into Algeria.
2307:" for sending "a strong signal in the direction af a return to peace" On 15 April, the Nigerien government released a positive statement, saying that negotiations gave the government a chance to assure the rebels of their desire for peace. Meetings were headed by the Libyan mediators, Albadé Abouba for Niger, Aghali Alambo for the MNJ, Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska (FFR), and Aklou Sidi Sidi, president of the FPN. The FPN leadership continued to release positive statements, but they, like the Nigerien government, accused the remaining MNJ leadership of dragging their feet over the remaining FAN prisoner, an army officer captured in 2007 and accused by the rebels of war crimes.
517:, as well as to the south of Niger and Mali in the 1990s returned only in the late 1990s. Former fighters were to be integrated into national militaries, but the process has been slow and caused increased resentment. Malian Tuaregs had conducted some raids in 2005–2006, which ended in a renewed peace agreement. Fighting in both nations was carried on largely in parallel, but not in concert. While fighting was mostly confined to guerrilla attacks and army counterattacks, large portions of the desert north of each nation were no-go zones for the military and civilians fled to regional capitals like
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Beginning in
February 2009, there was intensive involvement with the Nigerien government and the rebel groups by the UN, Canada, and later by Algeria and Mali, and finally Libya. Canadian and other sources floated rumors of Tuareg rebel and even Nigerien government involvement in the kidnappings, which all sides united to deny. Malian and Algerian government mediators, as well as informal groups representing Tuareg interests and the Nigerien government met at a Malian organised conference in Niamey on 25 and 26 February. Press in Bamako and Niamey began to talk of the "Malian Approach" to peace.
2060:: "Enough is enough. We cannot continue to suffer, we cannot keep counting our dead... We cannot keep searching for peace... They are firing on anything that moves. They are firing on soldiers, they're firing on civilians, what does all this mean?" He claimed that while Nampala had no strategic importance, it was "close to the different routes and paths that take drugs across the Sahara-Sahel strip". This was a reiteration of the government contention that elements of the rebels were motivated not by political motives, but by their supposed involvement in the lucrative Saharan smuggling trade.
3726:"The Malian Red Cross estimates that 21,000 people were affected by floods in Mali this year, stretching from small communities around Gao in the desert areas in the north, to the far west region of Kayes, one of the poorest and most isolated regions of Mali. While the overall number is relatively small compared to the 1.5 million people aid agencies say were affected by floods across the continent, Mali lies on a West African fault-line of natural disasters that makes it more likely than not that almost every community will be hit by one if not more natural disasters or epidemics every year."
1175:, Mali, where the town remained surrounded by rebel forces for at least four days. A C-130 aircraft was air-dropping supplies to Malian troops when it was hit, but returned safely to base. United States officials did not say if they would continue to re-supply the Malian Army, but one official said the "occurrence was not regular". The same reports also alleged that several unnamed army posts in the far northeast were similarly surrounded. The international press reported that Tin-Zaouatene was being reinforced by the Malian army on 18 September, and that the rebels had withdrawn.
2140:—reputedly Ibrahim Ag Bahanga's lieutenant—called on the government to accept Algerian mediation and an immediate cease fire. The group had previously rejected an Algerian peace deal accepted by the remainder of the ADC, and on 25 January, Ag Bahanga had told an Algerian paper that their only alternative was armed conflict. The Malian Armed Forces stated on that same day that they would not engage in talks with Ag Bahanga's fighters, describing them as "bandits". Malian forces set up a forward base in the Kidal Region and say they have killed 31 ATNM fighters since 22 January.
995:. The government expected a greater share of the proceeds of these new mines than it has received from the Arlit operations dominated by the former colonial power. More than a dozen prospecting contracts have been offered to companies from Canada and Europe as well, and there are also worries amongst the French that the Arlit mines, nearing the end of their useful life, must soon be replaced by new concessions. Areva has begun work on a new mine outside Arlit, but even prior to this conflict, it was not expected to be operational for a number of years.
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2007–2008, beginning at the end of 2007 and ending in May 2008. Major conflict in Mali spiked in August and
September 2007 as the rains ended and pastoralists moved their herds. Following the siege of Kidal, fighting remained sporadic in Mali after the beginning of 2008, but continued heavily in Niger. As the dry season began, unusual rains struck Mali and Niger with particular ferocity. As a result, the governments of the two nations began to take markedly different strategies for confronting the Tuareg rebellion.
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2095:) in which it said it killed 20 fighters and took 8 prisoners, one of whom later died. El Khabar of Algeria reported that the initial assaults by the Malian Army in January were led by former ADC fighters and commanded by a former associate of Ag Bahanga's Colonel Mohamed Oueld Midou. Other Malian press reports claimed that the Malian forces were led by Arab militias recruited by the government. One editorial in Le Republican (Bamako) argued that this, along with the growing resurgence of former
1837:, well away from any previous rebel attacks. The MNJ denied involvement, but a statement attributed to Ag Boula took responsibility for the kidnapping in the name of the FFR. Mohamed Awtchiki Kriska, on the other hand, denied that the FFR was responsible. Previous kidnappings acknowledged by the MNJ in the conflict—those of a Chinese mining executive in 2007, a Nigerien parliamentarian and Red Cross head, a Nigerien Prefect, and four Areva officials, all in 2008—were all quickly resolved.
1702:. The MNJ claimed that Bocar Mohamed Sougouma, (alias Warabé) had joined the rebellion with a group of former Toubou rebels in January 2008, but that the MNJ had suspected him of being a government agent, and banished him in June 2008 from their bases on the Tamgak Plateau near Iferaouane. The MNJ denied from the beginning of 2008 the use of landmines, while the government charged the rebels with widespread attacks on civilians by indiscriminate use of landmines as far south as
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nuclear power station for Niger. While Areva officials earlier in the year admitted that the security situation made it impossible to prospect at night, and that the fighting had frightened off prospecting for new sites, the operations of the mines were, by
December, unaffected by the Tuareg rebellion. Despite the awarding of nearly 100 prospecting contracts to firms other than Areva in 2007, the high-profile Chinese and Canadian projects were not yet formalised as of 2009.
1815:(CRA) rebel front, was announced as the president of the new group, and Ag Boula was named as "Commissioner of War". Kriska had only joined the MNJ in November 2007. One writer on Tuareg affairs speculated that the group, because of the familial ties of its leaders, might have close relationships with Libyan Tuaregs. One journalist speculated that Ag Boula's faction might be in Libya of along the Malian border, postulating a close relationship with
2402:) had begun, with the first of 1200 expected FLN fighters arriving at a cantonment center 45 km outside Agadez. Their announced plan was to gather fighters there, and begin turning in arms within two weeks. In a 4 June 2009 interview, the President of the FPN said that their group had 2403 men under arms. FFR had not announced the number of their forces, and it is unknown what the MNJ force strength was after the FPN splintered from them.
1780:-based French mining company Areva. The MNJ did not publish or respond to Ag Boula's statement, and he had not previously spoken for the group. No attack on the Areva installations was immediately forthcoming, and observers noted that while attacks took place in early 2007 and in June 2008, the MNJ had largely refrained from attacking both of the mining operations, as well as the economically critical transport of Uranium ore over the highways.
866:. Unlike the Niger ex-combatants, who appeared successfully integrated into national the Nigerien Armed Forces, small numbers of Malian Tuaregs remained restive, complaining of the Kidal region's poverty. Some were involved in cross border smuggling, and crime was endemic in the region. A splinter faction of the Tuareg ex-combatants rose as the ADC in 2006. After agreeing to a ceasefire, these forces apparently splintered further in 2007.
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2008, with the help of Libya, a formal ceasefire was declared, though it was quickly followed by new, retributive attacks from both sides. Resumed diplomatic and military pressure, with the intervention of
Algerian diplomacy, brought what appeared to be a final reintegration of the Malian rebel factions in July 2008, along much the same lines of the 2006 peace plan. After both Libyan and Algerian sponsored peace talks, Malian rebel leader
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1795:) brought into the Nigerien government after the end of the 1990s rebellion. In the 1990s, he had coordinated a dozen rebel factions in the FLAA (Front de Libération de l'Azawak et de l'Aïr) and then signed the peace deal with the Niamey authorities on their behalf. Afterwards, he headed his own political party, the UDPS (Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social) Ag Boula was appointed in December 1997 as
1378:, areas previously far from the fighting. The MNJ denied targeting civilians, and made counter claims that government militia had continued indiscriminate attacks on Tuareg communities in the north. Western press sources claimed that the rebels were responsible for laying mines that hit Army vehicles, as well as a spike in mines laid in populated areas. On 9 January 2008, the first violence was reported in
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1109:, near the meeting of the Mali, Algerian, and Niger borders. On 22 May 2006, a number of former Tuareg rebel, including Hassan ag Fagaga and Ibrahim ag Bahanga intensified their campaign with the simultaneous seizing of arms and material from the military bases in Menaka and Kidal, after which the assailants took to the former rebel bases from the 1990s in the Tigharghar mountains of the Kidal region.
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976:, a retired colonel in the French Army and former military attaché to the French embassy in Niger, came into the spotlight. Pin admitted that the April attacks had caused them to cease operations for a month, and his security chief said that landmines prevented ore shipments. The MNJ, on the other hand, claimed that the government had been laying Chinese-made landmines throughout the region.
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1053:, giving the security forces extra powers to fight the insurgency. This marks only the third such declaration in the history of the Republic. It was unclear by late September whether the violence had lessened in northern Niger as a result of negotiations with the MNJ, or whether new violence was simply being effectively suppressed. Organisations such as the
1285:, Malian Minister of the Interior, for the Malian government. 92 prisoners held by the rebels would be released, amnesties were promised for rebels, and re-integration into the military along the lines of the 2006 deal was promised for Tuareg fighters. This agreement held throughout 2008, and by the end of the year the Malian conflict seemed resolved.
1440:) was reported by both sides as resulting in civilian casualties. The government reported that army forces fired on civilian vehicles who wandered into fighting with MNJ units who had been ambushed laying mines. The MNJ countered that government militias attacked a civilian convoy, killing a number of civilians, including two Libyan foreign workers.
2435:, to a military cooperative agreement to secure the Saharan borders where Tuareg rebels, AQIM militants, as well as smugglers and criminal gangs, operated. Discussions with the governments of Niger and Mauritania were proposed. Under the agreement, states would receive arms from Algeria and engage in joint operations against AQIM and other threats.
1678:. The current peace deal in the Malian conflict took place in July under the auspices of Libya's regional rival Algeria. Aghaly ag Alambo released a statement saying that although they were willing to engage in peace negotiations, they would not lay down their arms unilaterally, and the Malian and Nigerien rebels cannot speak for one another.
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1674:, announcing that the Tuareg would lay down arms in both Mali and Niger following a peace brokered by Libya. The MNJ later discounted this as a hoax. This was likely a film of Malian rebel leader Ibrahim Ag Bahanga discussing the April peace talks with the Malian government in Libya, hence the reference to Malian leadership and Colonel
1903:, as well as Nigerien press groups including The Nigerien National Union of Press Workers (SYNATIC) and Le Republicain newspaper. Despite his release, several journalists remain jailed for alleged contact with the rebels, and at least three radio stations (Nigeriens main source of news) have been closed by the authorities.
619:, rejecting any negotiations, pursued a crackdown on rebel forces and declared a state of emergency in the north which by December 2007 threatened to spark a humanitarian crisis. High-profile arrests of domestic and foreign media, the expulsion of European NGOs from the area, and the reported human rights practices of the
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1345:, with the entire civilian population apparently fleeing after the army and rebels started fighting in the area in mid-2007. Humanitarian sources were quoted saying that the army was operating with little control and adding to—rather than suppressing—banditry, drug-trafficking and lawlessness in the north.
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59:
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In Niger, the government strategy was to continue military pressure on the MNJ, declaring them criminal gangs with whom they will have no negotiations. As the MNJ was apparently the larger and more organized of the two rebel forces, much of the northern regions of the country remained under emergency
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In Mali, where the government combined military reinforcement of northern towns with diplomatic efforts using Malian Tuareg intermediaries, attacks subsided. Mali, continuing to suffer from flooding in the south, as well as global hikes in food prices, turned to international support, especially from
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In early June, rebels killed 25 soldiers in an attack on a Kidal base, and in late June the Malian Army killed 20 rebels near the
Algerian border, which the army claimed was home to a major rebel base. But just days later, President Amadou Toumani Touré announced that he remained open to negotiations
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of Libya negotiated the release of Malian army prisoners held by the rebels, and sporadic talks were held with Libyan mediation. Malian armed forces remained in control of all the major settlements, but Malian rebels staged a series of raids, the largest taking place at the end of March. Rebel forces
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In
September 2007, fighting shifted to Mali, with a portion of the Tuareg groups which had come under a 2006 ceasefire returning to combat. A swift Malian military response, coupled with the diplomatic intervention of other Malian Tuaregs, led to a new, unofficial ceasefire in December 2007. In April
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Le président de la République, son excellence Tandja
Mamadou, vient ainsi d'envoyer à travers cet acte un signal fort en direction du retour de la paix. C'est pourquoi toutes les parties prenantes investies de cette mission portent désormais sur elles la responsabilité historique de surmonter toutes
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had fled from the MNJ encampment with all but one of the remaining FAN prisoners. The remainder of the MNJ leadership announced that they were forming the FPN, and announced in their first statement their desire for direct peace talks with the government and a ceasefire. The FPN announced leadership
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weekly was arrested on 30 July 2008 and charged with "divulging a defence secret" after reporting that an army officer had been linked to an arms cache that was discovered in the capital. The government press regulation body, the High
Council for Communication (CSC), closed Niamey-based TV and radio
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charge in 2005. His supporters believed at the time that the 2004 arrest was planned to induce a rebellion among Ag Boula's supporters. Ag Boula's brother subsequently led a 2005 raid on a
Nigerien military patrol which killed ten. The conviction took place in absentia in a trial on 12–13 July 2008.
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Beginning in
February and March 2008, mine attacks in the south ended, major rebel incursions out of Aïr and the desert regions subsided, and the Nigerien military went on the offensive, retaking a major rebel position in the far northwest. The rebels launched a daring raid into the Areva facilities
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as a mediator by the Malian government led many to believe that low-scale fighting with those Tuareg factions who had renounced the 2006 accords might end completely. The Malian government also called on neighboring Algeria to help negotiate peace, patrol the deserted border region, and resupply its
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Little evidence of the motivation or make up of the Niger-based rebels was public by the summer of 2007 aside from the statements released by the MNJ and the Nigerien government. The government of Niger claimed that these attacks were the work of small-scale "bandits" and drug-trafficking gangs, and
1826:
In April 2008, the government of Niger requested that Ag Boula be extradited by the French government; however, by this time, he was no longer in France. The Nigerien courts convicted him of planning the murder of a ruling party activist, for which he had been arrested in 2004, but released without
1738:
The Nigerien government denied that any fighting or any attacks on civilians took place in Elmeki. The government did, however, confirm that an MNJ raid on a convoy between Elmiki and Dabaga killed four soldiers, and that a landmine attack in the desert between Agadez and Bilma occurred later; both
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Press and international aid agencies complained that they had been prevented from monitoring the situation or delivering aid as both sides in the fighting reported that the conflict was continuing to escalate. Humanitarian agencies in Niamey estimated in early December that there were around 11,000
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This was also a success for Algeria as a regional power, and rival of the Libyan government for influence in the Sahara. Throughout the process, the Malian government, as well as Tuareg leaders on both sides of the conflict, publicly pushed for a negotiated settlement, in contrast with the Nigerien
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prisoners home. The new Nigerien Patriotic Front (FPN), which contained much of the MNJ's fighters and leadership, called for a negotiated peace. They, along with an earlier splinter, entered into four-party talks with the Nigerien government under Libyan auspices from March to June 2009. All sides
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On 5 February, the Malian Armed forces concluded negotiations for 180 of the ADC fighters, all former Malian Armed Forces deserters, to re-enter the cantonment area at Camp Kidal. These fighters maintained control of their arms. The government, rebels and Algerian interlocutors held off on a final
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near Arlit. At a projected output of five thousand tonnes of ore a year, it would be largest uranium mine in the world by 2012, as the SOMAIR and COMINAK mines were to be phased out. The deal would make Niger the second largest uranium producer in the world, and included plans to construct a civil
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Mali saw the more dramatic upsurge in August 2007, as a spate of attacks began in northeast Mali against members of the Malian military. The Niger-based MNJ said that it has formally allied splinter elements of Tuareg rebel group which has remained on ceasefire since reaching a settlement with the
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issued a statement condemning the ecological impact and lack of jobs from the Arlit-based mining industry. The MNJ has echoed these statements repeatedly, and attacked the power station for a mining facility near Arlit in April 2007. In June 2007, land mines were laid on the main route the uranium
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and promised them a bigger share of the region's mineral wealth. Nigerien Tuareg leaders and some Non Government Organisations have claimed the violence of February 2007 was the culmination of widespread disaffection amongst Tuareg ex-combatants with the slow progress of promised benefits, lack of
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The return and then splintering away from the main rebel group of factional leaders from the 1990s conflict complicated the situation in 2008. One group joined the rebels, only to be expelled and sign a peace deal with the government of Niger. Another faction, which seemed to have been involved in
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have led to criticism of the Nigerien government abroad, and continued fighting in the north. Despite government military victories in early 2008, and condemnation for a hostage seizure and land-mine attacks (for which the rebels deny responsibility), the MNJ appeared no closer to either defeat or
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As Niger edged towards the 2008 rainy season, the MNJ rebels discounted reports that they had begun a ceasefire, but fighting was sporadic, occurring around the rebel strongholds of the Tamgak Plateau near Iferaouane. The Nigerien government and the MNJ issued dramatically different accounts, but
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reported the arrest without trial of over 100 northerners in the wake of the declaration, including those who tried to lead a peace march in Agadez. In July, the only daily paper in Agadez was shut down by the government for publishing news of the rebellion, and Bamako based journalists have been
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The Nigerien rebels pursued a strategy of expanding the ethnic makeup of their forces, and attempted—with little success in the south—to broaden the insurgency into a social movement to replace the current government and provide the population with a share in Niger's growing mining sector. By the
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accompanied six former prisoners to Niamey, where they were repatriated to the Nigerien government on 13 March. On 15 March Gaddafi called on all rebel groups in Niger to lay down arms, and pledged his help to prevent smuggling and lawlessness in the area. On 26 March, the FPN announced it would
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Movement towards peace in Niger, which seemed unlikely at the beginning of 2009, progressed rapidly following the Malian peace deal. The taking of hostages by the AQIM in Niger, especially Canadian diplomat Robert Fowler, brought intense international interest in the security situation in Niger.
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until he was charged with ordering the death of a political rival in 2004, a charge he claimed was a political fabrication. Released after 13 months in prison without charge, Ag Boula largely disappeared from public life, but remained one of the most well-known Tuareg figures in Niger. After his
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was closed by the government for three months, while at the same time sending formal warnings to three other newspapers (Libération, L'Opinion and L'Evènement) for reporting on the conflict in the north, which the government said were "trying to justify criminal activity and violence". Aïr-Info
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which had been operating since 2005. MSF was subsequently ejected from the country by the Nigerien government. The rebroadcasting of foreign radio broadcasts in Niger has been interupped several times since mid-2007 by government order. Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local
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between 12 and 16 November. The rebels claimed to have killed 8 and wounded at least two dozen Nigerien soldiers, destroyed vehicles, and driven the FAN out of the area. The MNJ further claimed that the Nigerien government had arrested six civilians and destroyed civilian property in the mainly
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Despite the series of escalating attacks, the government of Niger offered a number of concessions to foreign (especially French) interests in January 2008. Two French journalists, arrested on charges of espionage and aiding the rebels on 17 December, were formally charged with threatening state
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to the north of the Tamgak plateau. There, at a desert army outpost which had been seized by the rebels in June 2007, a combined ground and air operation retook these positions and killed a number of MNJ fighters, including Rebel Vice President Acharif Ag Mohamed El Moctar. The MNJ claimed the
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was ejected from the country for a month on 19 July 2007, and in short succession both Pin and Denamur were ordered to leave Niger. On 1 August, the Niamey government announced it would end all contracts with Areva, and bring in the Chinese to manage the existing operations. High level French
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passed a new anti-terror law giving broader powers of detention to the police and military. The law also strengthened penalties on a wide range offenses, including the manufacture or possession of explosive devices, hostage-taking, attacks on transport and unlawful possession of radioactive
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Any military action in the Sahel region is constrained by the tropical rain cycles, with the May to September rainy season making communication and transport in the region south of the Sahara difficult at the best of times. Both the Malian and Niger conflicts peaked during the dry season on
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conflict. Cherif Ouazani was quoted in Algeria as describing the talks as "Malians talking to Malians" While the last of the rebel-held prisoners were released in August, and the ceasefire held as of the end of that month, there continued to be speculation on the role played by presumed
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Outside observers noted the weakness of Bahanga's position, with his surprise return to fighting in December resulting in political isolation from both the ADC and foreign mediators, military defeat at the hands of the army, and a string of defections which left his forces even weaker.
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in the east, killing 7 and capturing 20 soldiers and four military vehicles. On 4 April ceasefire and prisoner exchange was negotiated again through Libya, but each side accused the others of failing to end hostilities, and more sporadic attacks on Army positions occurred in May.
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The economy of northern Niger is largely dependent on tourism and uranium mining. While tourism was threatened by the insurgency, uranium mining, which accounts for 16 percent of Niger's GDP and 72 percent of national export proceeds, became of central importance in the conflict.
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might be behind the rebel group were threatened with legal action by the Libyan government. On the other hand, the MNJ statements portrayed their movement as Niger-wide (as opposed to Tuareg nationalism) and limited to the demand for economic, political and environmental reforms.
1735:. The MNJ further claimed seven men from the village had been arrested on 19 October and later found dead. They claimed in early December that the state of emergency in the north was used by the government to cover up attacks on civilians and clashes between MNJ and army troops.
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had fully participated in the eventual peace process, which seemed to have resolved the conflict since August 2008. Meanwhile, a smaller group around Ag Bahanga had been holding out for Libyan-sponsored mediation, and eventually abandoned the talks and sought refuge in Libya.
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On 6 July 2007, an official from Sino-U was kidnapped by the rebels, but later released, and all work at Teguida stopped. Throughout July, the Niger government and Areva came into direct conflict, each accusing the other of supporting the rebels. The French state broadcaster
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claimed these attackers had formally confederated with the Niger-based MNJ. The MNJ formally denied this, but witnesses of one kidnapping attack in Mali said the rebels had moved back towards the Niger border. Former Malian rebel leaders, notably the 1990s commander
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The MNJ did not publicly comment on the creation of this faction, but they did announce the removal of two members of its European support network: Chehna Ag Hamate and Kaocen Seydou Maïga. Other former rebel leaders from the 1990s condemned Ag Boula's statements.
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was held over a year on charges stemming from a radio interview of Rebel leaders, before being provisionally released. Kaka has been at the center of a campaign in France and elsewhere demanding his freedom, spearheaded by Radio France International and its CEO
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Since mid-2007, there have been a number of arrests of foreign and local journalists. Two local journalists were imprisoned in 2007 under charge of aiding the Tuareg insurgency in the north, and several radio stations have been closed. The journalist
899:. On 18 April, the MNJ was formally announced as having organised, and attacks picked up in June and July. Landmines on the road between Iférouane and Arlit cut off both towns and threatened the bring the lucrative uranium mining industry to a halt.
1809:, created an official website, but fewer than half a dozen press releases were released over the next six months, and no attacks or operations by this new group were reported. The aging Mohamed Awtchiki Kriska, a former spokesperson for the 1990s
3104:, both from Pederson, Nicholas R. The French Desire for Uranium and its Effects on French Foreign Policy in Africa. Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security: Occasional Papers. PED:1. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2000)
604:, who held their victims somewhere in northern Mali. Libya, Algeria, Mali, and Niger pledged in March 2009 to cooperate to secure the Saharan borders where Tuareg rebels and AQIM militants, as well as smugglers and criminal gangs, operated.
533:. Algeria helped negotiate an August 2008 Malian peace deal, which was broken by a rebel faction in December, crushed by the Malian military and wholescale defections of rebels to the government. Niger saw heavy fighting and disruption of
1028:, and a center of both Tuareg culture and tourist visits had up to 80 percent of its population moved south by the government in August. The MNJ and the government promised safe access to refugees and aid, and on 4 August, Libyan leader
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On 2 March, as series of dramatic events occurred on the side of the Nigerien rebels. A group of most of the named MNJ leadership and their European based supporters announced they had broken from the MNJ. The Nigerien Patriotic Front
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Fin de la visite de travail du ministre d'Etat, ministre de l'Intérieur, de la Sécurité Publique et de la Décentralisation, en Grande Jamahiriya Arabe Libyenne, Populaire et Socialiste: des résultats réconfortants à tous points de
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813:, then the political secretary of the MNJ, outlined the group's demands as decentralization and "ethnic balance", a greater share and transparency in the extraction of northern resources, with government and military in the north "
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On 18 July, just two days after rebels overran a military post, a peace deal was announced, revealing that Algeria had been hosting talks between the government of Mali and the leadership of the "Alliance démocratique du 23 mai".
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and foreign economic interests. The group said they were fighting for greater economic development and a share in the region's mineral wealth, an end to alleged pollution caused by and poverty surrounding the mining operations at
378:
2135:
Facing these setbacks, the ATNM made a series of concessions to the government. On 25 January they released the final three Malian soldiers they had held, and requested the government release seven ATNM fighters. On 2 February,
4400:
2151:
January 2009 also appeared to also have marked the final break between Ag Bahanga's faction and the remainder of the ADC. According to the 2006 and 2008 Algiers Accords, the ADC elements on cease fire were headquartered in
1058:
similarly threatened. Domestic human rights groups claim there has been an effort to keep foreign journalists from reporting on the crisis in Niger, and this could account for the seeming shift of rebel violence to Mali.
746:
industry. By 2000, sporadic banditry and attacks, ascribed to disaffected ex-combatants, began in the north. In 2007, a unified force of ex-combatants repudiated the 1995 accords and declared the formation of the MNJ.
1739:
incidents were blamed on continued activity of so-called criminal gangs involved in smuggling and intimidation. The MNJ, for their part, claimed at least two more attacks on army convoys during the month of November.
1151:
Bahanga, a former rebel from the May 2006 and 1990 insurgencies, announced on 31 August that his group would negotiate with the government, and intermediaries from former Tuareg rebel groups headed by 1990s commander
592:
pledged support to end rebel attacks and support negotiations. ADC fighters negotiated a return to the disarmament agreed in 2008, and began being processed for integration into the Malian Armed Forces in camps near
5190:
5140:
1017:
2410:
The larger Tuareg conflicts were brought under increased international attention following the kidnapping in late 2008 in Niger of two Canadian diplomats and four European tourists by groups associated with
2316:
5312:
717:, the final armed group signing up in 1998. The peace deal repatriating thousands of refugees and fighters, mostly from camps across the Libyan border. Large numbers of fighters were integrated into the
580:, ATNMC) returned to conflict in a series of attacks and counterattacks in the far north. This splinter group, despite a series of daring raids deep into populated areas, were decisively defeated by the
721:
and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Controversy continued to revolve around Tuareg leaders brought into government, with the arrest of the Minister of Tourism
2198:
1796:
1715:
1105:
In March 2006, Malian army officer Hassan ag Fagaga, of Tuareg origins, defected from his post with a number of his men, also of Tuareg origins, On 17 May, an attack was launched on the Malian Army at
3537:
1784:
1409:
1038:
On 30 August, the largest tourist air carrier running flights from Europe to Agadez announced it would suspend flights for the 2007 tourist season, and the MNJ released a communique saying the Tuareg
1621:
5485:
Niger: Des groupes de rebelles touaregs et une délégation du gouvernement nigérien ont affirmé leur engagement pour la paix, lors d'une rencontre avec le numéro un libyen Mouammar Kadhafi à Tripoli
2272:
made several personal interventions in both the Malian and Nigerien conflicts, providing refuge for Malian rebels in 2008 and 2009, and serving as an emissary during the 2009 Niger ceasefire talks.
751:
1952:
in October, and Diallo was again arrested in October while trying to board a flight to Europe aon charges of "membership of a criminal gang". Diallo was released pending trial in February 2008.
1906:
While Kaka received the longest imprisonment for a journalist since the beginning of the rebellion, several other cases have come to the attention of the international media. French journalists
600:
Both conflicts were brought under increased international attention following the kidnapping in late 2008 in Niger of two Canadian diplomats and four European tourists by groups associated with
2114:), killing 31 and capturing 8. The attack, unlike the previous assault, was reported to have been carried out by regular units of the armed forces. Special forces units of the Malian military (
1311:
5168:
1182:. These storms caused unusually severe flooding and damage and endangered those internally displaced by the conflict in Mali and Niger, as well as displaced persons fleeing other conflicts in
1417:
2018:
soldiers were killed along with an unknown number of rebels in the bloodiest fighting since June 2007. The attack was prefaced by the killing of an aide to a pro-government Tuareg leader in
4847:
4606:
3632:
1662:, in place for more than a year, which places great limits on public gatherings, press and personal speech, movement, while giving broad powers of detention and seizure to the government.
1080:
to conduct anti-terrorist operations in 2003–2006. There have also been reports that this same unit had been used to guard the mining operations in Arlit by the French mining conglomerate
4591:
2354:
would receive food and resettlement centres to ease the transition. Despite this, the government in Niamey announced on 23 May that it had renewed the "state of emergency" in the entire
1874:
5071:
1726:
The heaviest fighting reported through the end of the year occurred in November. The MNJ claimed that they repulsed a concerted attempt by the FAN to establish a base near the town of
1641:
fighting had produced heavy losses on the government side as well, saying that 26 soldiers had been killed, along with several vehicles, including a MIG helicopter, had been destroyed.
632:
the political front, appeared and quickly split in early 2008. Irregular fighting and raids occurred throughout late 2008, but these were mostly limited to the rebel strongholds in the
385:
4649:
1420:
Rebel armed forces leader Amoumene Kalakouawa fought in the last Tuareg uprising during the 1990s. He says the state still neglects nomads despite a decade-old peace deal. April 2008 (
2143:
On 6 February, the Malian Armed Forces claimed they had taken the last of the ATNMC positions, while Ag Bahanga and an unknown number of fighters had crossed the border into Algeria.
815:
recruited from the Tuareg population... and not an army consisting mainly of members of other ethnic clans who serve their own purposes, and who do not identify with the Tuareg people
2241:
NGO head and rebel Aklou Sidi Sidi as president, former Nigerien military officer and MNJ military commander Kindo Zada announcing his support from a previously unannounced exile in
1939:, for an indefinite period on 22 April 2008 for broadcasting interviews with people who had claimed they were the victims of abuses by government troops. In June 2007, Agadez weekly
5704:
2070:
militants were active "north of Timbuktu", and that his forces were "in a state of war" with the GSPC. Some Malian sources initially blamed the kidnapping on Ag Bahanga's forces.
509:. It is one of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic Tuareg populations, which had last appeared in the mid-1990s, and date back at least to 1916. Populations dispersed to
2182:, set up under the 2008 accord, would negotiate the movement of rebel forces into disarmament, possible reintegration into security services, and final cantonment at a base near
1851:
A consequence of the conflict in Niger was a series of arrests of domestic journalists, and expulsions or closings of foreign press and aid groups. The state of emergency in the
1297:, who had not participated in the Algerian sponsored tripartite talks. Press speculation theorised a split in the already fractured movement, in which Toureg groups loyal to the
1020:
A Tuareg man walks through an abandoned village. The rebellion has scattered civilians deeper into the Aïr Mountains of Niger, or to the regional capital of Agadez. January 2008.
734:
region died in a suspicious plane crash in 1995. Niger's Tuaregs continued to watch the development and economic activities of the government closely, especially in regards the
652:
hosting thousands of refugees, economic activity outside the towns grinding to a halt, and the destruction of a burgeoning foreign tourist industry in the north of the country.
5468:
7127:
5187:
3595:
3488:
1755:
uranium mines and in the transport of uranium by highway to ports in Benin. At the beginning of 2009, Niger and the French state mining company agreed on a deal to build the
1698:). In the process, they report, an accidental explosion of landmines which were being handed into the government killed one and wounded two, including Zinder Region Governor
4028:" as a derogatory term for the Niger Army. While it literally means "militia", it retains strong negative connotations as the name of the pro-German auxiliary police of the
1830:
Ag Boula released a statement condemning the verdict, but disappeared from press reports soon thereafter. Reporters at the time speculated he was either in Europe or Libya.
854:
Malian Tuareg former insurgents took part in a long series of peace processes, splintering, and raids between formal peace in 1995 and 2006. The peace deals which ended the
702:
562:
deposits, and the French operated uranium mines of the desert town of Arlit account for a fifth of the world's uranium deposits and most of Niger's foreign exchange income.
537:
production in the mountainous north, before a Libyan backed peace deal, aided by a factional split among the rebels, brought a negotiated ceasefire and amnesty in May 2009.
5137:
4236:
4198:
2936:
1148:
officer of Tuareg origins who had deserted early in the summer of 2007. The government also claimed that rebel forces were involved in organized crime and drug smuggling.
4298:
3135:
5610:
5571:
5209:
5109:
2612:
918:, the second most important in the country and a center of Niger's tourism industry, though they did little damage. On 22 June rebels attacked an isolated army post at
869:
Attacks in the extreme northeast of Mali began to grow in number and intensity in August 2007, as reports appeared that the ADC splinter group, led by former combatant
5928:
2254:
5309:
4275:
1084:, or that it (and the rebel movement) had been created by the government itself in order to ratchet up tension in the region and thereby secure Western military aid.
6070:
4317:
3048:
2778:
1035:
Despite that hopeful sign, it appeared that the tourist center of Agadez (well to the southeast of Arlit) could be empty during the fall/winter 2007 tourist season.
796:
also suggested "foreign interests" (or the French mining company Areva, specifically) were funding the rebel forces. Three newspapers in Niger which speculated that
4217:
5583:
3768:, 10 December 2007 FEWS NET Monthly Report for Mali beginning the period October 2007. Shows ONLY areas of fighting in the far northeast as "Highly Food Insecure".
2063:
In this same period, a group of foreign tourists were seized in southeastern Mali by unknown captors. Ag Bahanga denied any involvement. He had previously claimed
1687:
1504:
1066:
By August 2007 the MNJ claimed defections from the army had increased their numbers to over 2000 fighters. Some sources claim that defections included the entire
1383:
1004:
diplomats flew to Niger and brokered a climb down, in which the Areva contracts would be extended in exchange for greater French aid to Niamey. The French paper
310:
3761:
3561:
3452:
1314:
A group of Nigerien rebel fighters in northern Niger, January–February 2008. Some wear United States style desert camouflage distributed to Malian Armed forces.
3359:
1945:
5841:
5673:
5090:
4549:
3613:
3533:
2633:
1551:
had been in offering security guarantees to Niger. At the same time, the government of Niger renewed Uranium contracts with the French government controlled
891:
After the February 2007 attack on a Nigerian Army detachment in the north of the country that killed 3 soldiers, sporadic attacks occurred around Iférouane,
2394:
On 15 June 2009, the Nigerien government announced a plan for cantonment and disarming agreed in Libya with the coalition of FFR and FPN groups (called the
5919:
5156:
5040:
5021:
4144:
3416:
3397:
3116:
2797:
648:
production had, according to mining officials, little effect. The effects on the population of the north has been pronounced, with the regional capitol of
979:
Tensions between the French company and the government were longstanding. The government of Niger had concluded a deal with a Chinese state owned company
2323:
journalists. She says army officers killed and dismembered her younger brother, Imola Kalakouawa when they suspected him of planting a mine in June 2007.
935:
810:
2835:
1923:
5689:
5595:
5256:
5225:
5009:), but which was only updated three times in May–June 2008 and is since inactive. "Nord Mali" seems both the logical and official name of this faction.
4682:
Jeremy Keenan. Uranium Goes Critical in Niger: Tuareg Rebellions Threaten Sahelian Conflagration. Review of African Political Economy, No. 117:449–466.
1671:
1270:
1161:
775:
371:
5487:
3097:
3086:
6950:
6637:
6129:
4665:
2137:
1911:
785:
3748:
The Global Water Initiative (GWI), a partnership of seven charities and relief organisations which will be given US$ 15 million a year for 10 years.
3704:
In Mali, one of the hardest hit countries where the government estimates 30,000 people have been affected, no flood contingency plans were in place.
4797:
2816:
2654:
In the period September 2007 – January 2008 press have been barred from reporting in N. Niger. Rebels claim hundreds of civilians have been killed.
2189:
Former ADC fighters continued to move in cantonment areas, be processed by the military, and dispose their arms in stages through early June 2009.
2164:
1907:
1699:
973:
726:
in February 2004 and his March 2005 release after being held in jail for more than a year on suspicion of involvement in a political murder, while
5721:
Retour de la paix dans la zone nord du pays: Lancement de l'opération de cantonnement des: combattants du Front pour la libération nationale (FLN)
5068:
1800:
public support for the MNJ came out, it was speculated by African journalists that Ag Boula represented a faction close to the Libyan government.
914:
Between 18 and 22 June, Niger experienced the most daring and deadliest attacks to that point in the conflict. MNJ rebels attacked the airport at
878:, denounced the 2007 violence and called on the Bahanga group to cease their attacks and offered to negotiate on behalf of the Bamako government.
6594:
6589:
5740:
INTERVIEW EXCLUSIVE: " Les armes se sont tues mais il y a un travail à faire pour qu'elles soient remises ", affirme Aklou SIDI, président du FPN
4844:
4603:
2233:
1274:
1257:
Algeria, and seemed eager to engage domestic Tuaregs who continued to honor the 2006 cease-fire. The high-profile support of former rebel leader
980:
969:
875:
5765:
2025:
The ATNMC released communiqués claiming that their patrols had destroyed two Army vehicles far south into the populated regions of Mali, on the
1866:
584:
during January 2009, supported by an increasing number of former rebels. In February 2009, elements surrounding Ag Bahanga again fled Mali for
2570:
1215:. The Malian government, along with Tuareg leaders who had kept the 2006 ceasefire, pushed both a military and diplomatic strategy. In March,
780:
6601:
6063:
4646:
2464:
2120:, ETIA) were led by Kidal Region military commander, Colonel El Hadji Gamou, but also drafting in Col Sidi Ahmed Kounta, commanding the ETIA
1555:, obtaining a 50% increase in payments to the Nigerien state. This comes at a time when security concerns have made the diminishing mines at
1337:
claimed that no aid was being delivered by the government in the north, while 2,500 to 4,000 displaced people were estimated to have come to
5750:
2735:
2704:
1940:
6219:
5538:
les contradictions et d'aller vers la concrétisation des ces engagements, concrétisation qui doit se traduire par un accord formel de paix.
2459:
2415:, who held their victims somewhere in northern Mali. Late April 2009 saw the release in northern Mali of the Western hostages taken by the
2412:
2096:
2067:
1988:, ADC) group and current leader of the last remaining faction of the group which had not signed the Algerian brokered peace agreement: The
1024:
While the situation calmed diplomatically, the attacks by the MNJ escalated and ebbed unpredictably. Iférouane, on the western cusp of the
601:
574:
and the remaining Malian rebels and government concluded a settlement to the conflict. In December 2008, Ag Bahanga's faction of the ADC (
6761:
6436:
6161:
1932:
835:
303:
174:
5701:
6441:
6195:
4716:
3378:
3366:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 7 October 2004.
2511:
2183:
2103:
1429:
3584:
3329:
2030:
698:
functioning democratic institutions, and a perceived special status given to foreign mining interests and southern political leaders.
6871:
6123:
5525:
5506:
5465:
5407:
5388:
4828:
4087:
3896:
3437:
3299:
3026:
3015:
2970:
1855:, re-authorised every six months since November 2007, has barred foreign press or aid from the area. In mid-2008, the French charity
1391:
1211:
In March 2008, Mali again saw an upsurge in attacks committed by fragments of former Tuareg combatant groups in the far-northeastern
984:
4778:
4336:
4125:
3996:
3812:
3676:
3624:
3516:
3242:
3154:
2883:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 17 May 2007.
2386:(MNJ) Front of Forces for Rectification (FFR) and Niger Patriotic Front (FPN) continued through May and into June, hosted by Libya.
1803:
On 30 May, Ag Boula released a statement which claimed that a faction of MNJ fighters had broken from the movement. This group, the
6056:
4283:
3834:
3592:
3485:
1727:
1484:
6032:
An educational website for study and research on the Tuareg people, with articles directly concerning the Second Tuareg Rebellion.
5240:
2893:
Le MNJ milite pour l'avènement d'un Niger uni dans lequel chaque citoyen trouve tous les jours des raisons d'être fier de son pays
1864:
authorities. The north, under a state of emergency, has become off-limits to both domestic and foreign press, and the independent
847:, ADC), ex-combatants who led a short campaign in the north of Mali from May to July 2006, when they signed a peace deal with the
7040:
6003:
4470:
2759:
5056:
4744:
4244:
4233:
4195:
4163:
3965:
3954:
3853:
3739:
3717:
3695:
3577:
3280:
2933:
2876:
1772:, the most prominent of the remaining leaders of the 1990s rebellion, reappeared in the press. In France, he was interviewed by
1572:
in Arlit, seizing four French hostages. International human rights groups condemned the move, and the four were released to the
6755:
6260:
5293:
4759:
4295:
3881:
3132:
1604:
On 22 June, the MNJ launched a raid on the outskirts of Arlit, capturing five people, including four European employees of the
640:
by the government has meant that there was little independent confirmation of the situation in northern Niger throughout 2008.
296:
5924:
5803:
5607:
5206:
5106:
4964:
4945:
4926:
4907:
4888:
4869:
2609:
6968:
4732:
4045:
3181:
2485:
6038:
Jeremy Keenan (2006) Security and Insecurity in North Africa. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) No. 108: 269–296.
5868:
5822:
3935:
6985:
6689:
5900:
5658:
5637:
4434:
4272:
4068:
3788:
3657:
3646:
3067:
2991:
4314:
4260:
4248:
4183:
3261:
3045:
2804:
Jeremy Keenan (2006) Security and Insecurity in North Africa. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) No. 108: 280–281
2775:
6991:
6820:
6507:
5350:
5331:
4634:
4214:
4106:
3915:
3869:
2895:
2857:
2673:
1451:, in which seven were killed and 11 kidnapped. The rebels claimed they had captured several high-ranking officers of the
4367:
1686:
In late August, the Nigerien government reported that a faction of the MNJ led by Toubou rebel commander from the 1990s
6632:
6291:
6026:. Two part BBC Radio documentary on US involvement and potential instability in the Sahel. First broadcast August 2005.
6017:
5927:. An Al-Jazeera news special report from Niger and Mali, 21 July 2008. Includes several video reports, articles, and a
5449:
5369:
4845:
AFFAIRE MOUSSA KAKA/ MAÎTRE COULIBALY MOUSSA FACE À LA PRESSE. Grémah, Ben Omar et Yandaka bientôt devant les tribunaux
2914:
2261:
that the MNJ were seeking immediate peace talks under Libyan auspices, and would repatriate their prisoners to Niamey.
2245:, and former MNJ spokesman Boutali Tchiwerin as the spokesman of the new organisation. The 2008 MNJ splinter, the FPR (
1833:
On Sunday 14 December 2008, a Canadian UN official was kidnapped while traveling on a highway just 40 km north of
1819:'s faction of the Malian rebels, who, after walking out on peace talks with the Malian government, relocated to Libya.
5784:
7090:
6962:
6655:
6626:
5274:
4151:, MNJ Statement, 10 December 2007, claiming "5 Nigerien and 2 Libyans civilians were summarily executed by the army".
3758:
3558:
3449:
2289:
1496:
46:
5348:
Situation dans la région de l'adrar des ifoghas: 180 déserteurs de l'armée autorisés à rentrer dans le camp de Kidal
4694:
3981:
3468:
For background on the US involvement in the 2004 Algeria-based Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat pursuit see:
3356:
1948:, after attempting to open a new weekly paper, was arrested and released. One of his reporters was also arrested in
1776:
as a spokesperson for the MNJ, stating that a "Battle of Uranium" was soon to be launched by the rebels against the
419:
7251:
7053:
6825:
6311:
6166:
6151:
5838:
5670:
5087:
4813:
4546:
2156:, both the political leadership, and the former fighters integrated in their own units of the Malian Armed forces.
1994:(ATNMC) This faction took credit in communiqués for a series of attacks in northern Mali beginning on 18 December.
1412:
A Nigerien rebel fighter mans a gun in northern Niger, from the Niger Movement for Justice. January- February 2008.
1068:
1054:
694:
546:
340:
335:
24:
20:
4522:
4388:
3611:
2629:
6832:
6804:
6106:
5037:
5018:
4141:
3470:
Pursuing Terrorists in the Great Desert. The U.S. Military's $ 500 Million Gamble to Prevent the Next Afghanistan
2545:
1670:
On 19 August 2008, it was announced by the Nigerien television broadcast someone they claimed to be rebel leader
6035:
4534:
3413:
3394:
3113:
2794:
2597:
As of 21 January attack, estimation from MNJ Communiques and press, have been barred from reporting in N. Niger.
2566:
High figure comes from MNJ communiques (as of 1 July 2008). No Nigerien government figures have been given. See
2334:
announced it would begin aiding the repatriation of 20,000 people internally displaced since 2007. The towns of
6916:
6905:
6815:
5920:
Tuareg Rebels on Brink of Shutting Down Niger's Uranium Mining. James Finch, stockinterview.com: July 20, 2007.
5207:
Forte offensive contre Bahanga: Col Gamou a fait hier 20 morts, 10 otages ... dans les rangs des bandits armés
4566:
4510:
1128:
Both the Malian government and the general populace appeared shocked by the level of violence in the north of
7133:
6554:
6267:
6254:
4498:
2832:
2257:, later announced they would join with the new FPN peace initiative. Agli Alambo for his part announced from
1333:
people displaced by the fighting, in addition to the 9,000 Nigeriens who lost their homes in heavy flooding.
2955:
1366:
The Nigerien government reported that the MNJ began mine attacks against civilians in the southern towns of
636:. Suppression of domestic and international press access, as well as the expulsion of aid agencies from the
441:
7241:
6666:
5484:
5329:
Après s'être démarqué de Bahanga: L'Alliance du 23 mai transfère sa base à Tombouctou en accord avec l'Etat
4486:
3094:
3083:
1650:
neither side described fighting as either decisive, particularly long lasting, or outside the Aïr plateau.
395:
1518:
By December 2007, fighting had begun to spiral out of control, ending the nascent tourist industry in the
7271:
7236:
6865:
6660:
6278:
6083:
4998:". A substantial name change which seems sourced from what was reputed to be the official ATMNC website (
4794:
6023:
5002:
4175:
4015:
3218:
3197:
2813:
2581:
1394:, a suburb west of Niamey. Mahamane, who was also the vice president of the national press association,
7246:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7112:
7095:
6944:
6900:
6853:
6771:
6749:
6448:
4886:
Detained journalist's wife gives news conference in Paris, asks French government to help get him freed
2383:
1354:
1000:
962:
763:
660:
615:
attacks and incursions reaching areas in the south and center of the nation previously unaffected. The
178:
161:
5426:
1596:
Nigerien rebels have reported air attacks on their bases in the mountains, but major fighting calmed.
7216:
6932:
6848:
6776:
6374:
6284:
5762:
2449:
1896:
473:
5977:
2567:
1718:
Rebels with the Movement of Nigeriens for Justice, published April 2008, likely taken January 2008 (
1576:. While the Nigerien Armed Forces have staged attacks in the Aïr, there appeared to be a stalemate.
7211:
7035:
6910:
6400:
6369:
6112:
5405:
Forum de Niamey sur la paix au nord du Niger et du Mali: Malentendu autour de «l'approche malienne»
2420:
1278:
50:
3170:
431:
7030:
6766:
6567:
6418:
6395:
6321:
6184:
6156:
3340:
3310:
2727:
2696:
2132:
coordinated a series of attacks on suspected rebel positions in Kidal Region through 5 February.
1856:
1334:
1032:
brokered the release of soldiers kidnapped by the MNJ, and the situation appeared to be calming.
958:
862:, and provided opportunities for Malian Tuaregs to join the central government in Bamako and the
817:". This seemed to step back from the previous demands for the removal of the current government.
350:
28:
6043:
2053:
7231:
7226:
7221:
6743:
6561:
6350:
4358:
1229:
with the Tuareg rebels, while at the same time agreeing to a joint-security deal with Algeria.
1077:
855:
468:
5985:– humanitarian news and analysis including frequent reports on the situation in northern Niger
3674:
Floods in Africa kill dozens and wipe out crops 14 September 2007 16:55:08 GMT Source: Reuters
3622:
Tuareg rebels in Mali besiege northern garrison 14 September 2007 16:36:05 GMT Source: Reuters
2083:
The Malian army quickly responded in January 2009 with an attack on a rebel camp just west of
1787:
MNJ rebels shown in desert combat by a press photographer, near Aïr Mountains in January 2008.
1140:, as well as by the effectiveness of the rebel force, which the government claimed was led by
693:
Niger rebels claimed that their government failed to honor a 1995 peace deal, which ended the
672:
in May 2009, while pursuing talks for a permanent peace and an amnesty for all former rebels.
7266:
7261:
7256:
6695:
6272:
4826:
Niger: Amnesty International calls for the immediate and unconditional release of Moussa Kaka
2493:
1900:
1846:
1773:
1016:
789:
718:
664:
620:
550:
463:
4713:
3375:
2508:
2176:
agreement that would bring the remaining 220 or more rebels into cantonment. The tripartite
1160:, offered to mediate. At the same time, former rebel commander—and father-in-law of Bahanga—
436:
7084:
7024:
6737:
5237:
4622:
3581:
3433:
3326:
2432:
2428:
2331:
2315:
2102:
On 22 January, the Malian armed forces claimed to have destroyed Ag Bahanga's main base at
1252:, 2004. The United States aided in the resupply of Malian forces during the siege of Kidal.
5942:
Emerson, Stephen A. (2011). "Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion".
5522:
5503:
5404:
5385:
5125:
4825:
4084:
3893:
3296:
3198:
Les Nigériens apprécient diversement l'état de mise en demeure décrété à Agadez par Tandja
2366:
On 3 May President Tandja made his first visit to Agadez in over two years. He joined the
2280:
accept Libyan mediation with the Nigerien government, in order to seek a "lasting peace".
8:
7048:
6424:
6224:
6146:
5982:
4775:
4333:
4184:
Trois morts et cinq personnes enlevées lors d'une attaque de bandits armés à Tanout Niger
4122:
3993:
3809:
3673:
3621:
3513:
3239:
3151:
2015:
2003:
1531:
security and released on bail 18 January, to face trial later. French press reports that
1522:, and destabilising areas of Niger not directly involved in the insurgency of the 1990s.
1249:
1145:
863:
710:
616:
451:
446:
5989:
The Niger Movement for Justice (Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice, MNJ) Press site
4455:
3831:
2205:
Niger, Mohamed Houma. His town was largely abandoned by civilians from mid-2007 to 2009.
1751:
and the Nigerien government were, by late 2008, unhindered in their exploitation of the
7206:
6430:
6213:
6190:
6008:
5959:
4579:
2731:
2700:
2669:
2358:
for another three months, allowing preventive detention and banning public gatherings.
2276:
2269:
1969:
1892:
1816:
1536:
1294:
1141:
1029:
870:
567:
211:
4467:
4042:
3633:
Mali's tuareg rebels attack northern border town, Friday, September 14, 2007, AFP Wire
3504:
Michel Vallet, "Chronologie de la vie au Sahara". In, Le Saharien, 3rd trimester 2006.
3023:
3012:
2967:
2902:
Interview with Ahmed Akoli (political secretary of the MNJ), Temoust, 21 December 2007
2756:
2482:
2197:
1714:
1282:
655:
The 2009 peace in Mali was seen as a model for a February civil society conference in
7170:
7014:
6684:
6543:
6478:
6039:
5963:
4756:
4160:
3962:
3951:
3850:
3736:
3714:
3692:
3277:
2873:
2088:
2049:
2042:
1918:
for a month in 2007 by Nigerien military forces before being released. The editor of
1881:
was arrested and held for over a year by the government for interviewing MNJ leaders.
1783:
1408:
6859:
6048:
5800:
5290:
4104:
Reuters – Abdoulaye Massalatchi Niger blames desert rebels for mine death in capital
2099:
militia activities in Gao risked adding a greater ethnic dimension to the conflict.
1171:
On 13 September, a United States military aircraft was fired on by Tuareg rebels at
628:
overthrow of the Nigerien government as the rainy season approached in August 2008.
7118:
7018:
6810:
6513:
6117:
5951:
4980:
4961:
4942:
4923:
4904:
4885:
4866:
4053:
3655:
Situation au Nord: Bahanga viole sa trêve et donne l'occasion à l'armée de le mater
2320:
2045:
road on 24 and 25 December. There was no government confirmation of these attacks.
1732:
1719:
1620:
1421:
1121:
On 28 August, Tuareg gunmen captured a military convoy 50 km from the town of
215:
5929:
geotagged interactive map of the reporters journey through northern Mali and Niger
4867:
One-month ban on RFI broadcasts fuels concern about rapid decline in press freedom
4043:
Naomi Schwarz. Nigeriens Search for Landmines in Capital After Explosion Kills One
3178:
2956:"Mali: Peut-être la fin d'un conflit larvé de dix mois appelé rébellion touarègue"
2921:
English translation, Tuareg Culture and News. 22 December 2007. Quote in full is:
2292:
1584:
1519:
1178:
At the same time, a series of storms hit the Sahel region, running all the way to
1042:
festival, which draws increasing numbers of foreign tourists, should be canceled.
1025:
755:
750:
735:
663:
leadership resulted in the former MNJ head fleeing to Libya, who aided delivering
633:
7069:
6877:
6501:
6345:
5955:
5858:
5845:
5826:
5819:
5807:
5788:
5769:
5746:
5727:
5708:
5677:
5614:
5559:
5529:
5510:
5491:
5472:
5453:
5430:
5411:
5392:
5373:
5354:
5335:
5316:
5297:
5278:
5244:
5213:
5175:
5113:
5094:
5044:
5025:
5006:
4968:
4949:
4930:
4911:
4892:
4873:
4851:
4832:
4801:
4782:
4763:
4720:
4698:
4668:. Rob Foulkes and Daniel Litvin: Critical Resource. mineweb.com 19 September 2008
4653:
4610:
4553:
4474:
4407:
4340:
4321:
4302:
4279:
4240:
4221:
4202:
4179:
4167:
4148:
4129:
4110:
4091:
4072:
4049:
4019:
4000:
3969:
3958:
3939:
3932:
3919:
3913:
Situation au Nord-Mali: Comment Bahanga a rompu avec l'Algérie et épousé la Libye
3900:
3857:
3838:
3816:
3765:
3743:
3721:
3699:
3680:
3661:
3650:
3628:
3617:
3599:
3588:
3565:
3520:
3492:
3456:
3432:
Some of a number of US Military articles detailing such continued training. See:
3420:
3401:
3382:
3363:
3344:
3333:
3314:
3303:
3284:
3265:
3246:
3185:
3158:
3139:
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3090:
3071:
3052:
3030:
3019:
2974:
2940:
2918:
2899:
2880:
2861:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2616:
2585:
2574:
2536:
2515:
2489:
2371:
2250:
2225:
2121:
1769:
1675:
1488:
1216:
1157:
840:
767:
723:
5890:
5627:
5446:
5366:
4424:
4065:
3994:
Abdoulaye Massalatchi (Reuters) Niger rebels kill 3 soldiers in attack on convoy
3778:
3654:
3643:
3404:. Jon R. Anderson, Stars and Stripes European edition, Wednesday, 17 March 2004.
3064:
2987:
2351:
2264:
363:
6997:
6730:
6725:
6537:
6531:
6519:
6463:
5781:
3258:
2379:
2375:
2328:
2296:
2034:
1756:
1540:
1511:) had ordered former rebels to rally to the MNJ-controlled Tamgak Plateau near
1483:
army officers. While there was no independent confirmation of this, the Toubou
1475:
At the beginning of January, MNJ rebels claimed they had been joined by ethnic
1073:
1046:
288:
5347:
5328:
5271:
4103:
3912:
2892:
2854:
2665:
1310:
7185:
7155:
6956:
6938:
6894:
6786:
6549:
6525:
6029:
5194:
5144:
5075:
4723:. Zowenmanogo Dieudonné Zoungrana. L'Observateur (Burkina Faso). 17 July 2008
4353:
4261:
La présidente d'Areva a parlé des reporters français avec le président Tandja
2911:
2518:. Interview with Hama Ag Sidahmed, 13 October 2007, occitan-touareg (France).
2444:
2355:
2327:
In Agadez Region, several events signaled a return to peace. On 28 April the
2304:
1860:
1852:
1695:
1659:
1625:
1375:
1258:
1172:
1153:
1050:
907:
637:
624:
530:
498:
494:
330:
1658:
On 20 August, the government of Niger renewed its state of emergency in the
1416:
1386:, the director of Niger's first independent radio station, Radio R & M (
754:
Nigerien Rebel President Aghaly Ag Alambo, giving an interview in the MNJ's
6091:
4924:
Radio and TV broadcaster Dounia suspended for one month without explanation
4029:
2610:
Mali: brève "offensive" de l'armée contre des rebelles touareg dans le nord
2431:
agreed, after talks between Mali's defence minister and Algerian President
2303:. In a statement after the meetings, the FPN congratulated "His excellency
2242:
2163:
In mid January, the former Ag Bahanga faction military commander, Lt. Col.
2092:
1579:
1480:
1460:
1371:
1212:
1168:), though this was denied by another group, claiming to represent the ARC.
1137:
859:
526:
5414:. L'Indépendant (Bamako) 2 March 2009. Also quotes Le Republicain (Niamey)
5216:. Abdoulaye Diakité Markatié Daou, L'indicateur Renouveau, 23 January 2009
3395:
EUCOM-based troops training Mali, Mauritania militaries for border patrols
2814:
Six éléments des Forces Armées nigériennes rejoignent les rebelles au Nord
2335:
1637:
1629:
1563:—scheduled to be complete in 2010 yet still not begun—extremely unlikely.
919:
7165:
7160:
6710:
6484:
6239:
4691:
1887:
1878:
1122:
1106:
714:
581:
5300:
San Evariste Barro, L'Observateur Paalga (Ouagadougou). 4 February 2009.
5088:
Mali: un responsable humanitaire veut rencontrer les prisonniers touareg
3423:. Charlie Coon, Stars and Stripes European edition, Sunday, 15 May 2005.
1859:(MSF) was forced to close a childhood malnutrition treatment program in
1382:, the capital, some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from the conflict zone.
6781:
3114:
Niger looking to China to break French control of uranium mining sector
2427:, was killed by his captors in June 2009. In May 2009 Malian President
2424:
2107:
2011:
1960:
1873:
1792:
1636:
Also in late June, the military of Niger launched a major offensive at
1544:
1512:
1443:
On 21 January, both sides reported an attack by the MNJ on the town of
1092:
1039:
988:
727:
490:
58:
2531:
943:. All of Arlit's ore is processed and transported by a French company
5991:.: three to ten communiqués a week have been posted since April 2007.
4766:. TONDA MACCHARLES, JOANNA SMITH, the Toronto Star. 16 December 2008.
3414:
U.S. Special Ops troops preparing to train foreign soldiers in Africa
2202:
1928:
1573:
1342:
1305:
1298:
826:
730:, a Tuareg leader and negotiator who led the Tuareg rebellion in the
669:
612:
105:
3737:
SAHEL: Foundation money to allow long-term approach to water problem
1591:
1133:
558:. The area of Niger affected is home to some of the world's largest
283:
At least 10 Malian and tens to hundreds of Nigerien civilians killed
6607:
6328:
6080:
5978:
All Peace and Ceasefire Agreements for Mali, UN Peacemaker database
5895:
5863:
5632:
4429:
4401:
La mise en garde reconduite pour trois mois dans la région d'Agadez
3870:
Le gouvernement et les rebelles d'accord pour cesser les hostilités
3783:
2339:
2319:
Fatimana Imola, a Tuareg woman in Northern Niger is interviewed by
2111:
2084:
2064:
1748:
1624:
MNJ rebel Vice President Acharif Ag Mohamed El Moctar, killed in a
1244:
1233:
1221:
1191:
1179:
1087:
1081:
1005:
944:
3559:
Mali: Indignation dominates reaction as attacks in north escalate.
2038:
1691:
1008:
expressed doubts about this deal, calling it "Expensive uranium."
4363:
2541:
2454:
2007:
1791:
Ag Boula had been one of two prominent Rebel leaders (along with
1548:
1464:
1433:
987:, in the midst of the Tuareg winter pasturing lands and the fall
743:
645:
608:
589:
559:
534:
510:
109:
5028:
Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement. 27 December 2008.
4714:
Condamnation de Rhissa Ag Boula: Les "hommes bleus" voient rouge
4296:
Niger: Four expatriated AREVA employees kidnapped by MNJ members
2048:
The attack on Nampala pushed the fighting far to the south. The
5523:
Niamey et les rebelles touaregs s'engagent en faveur de la paix
5047:
Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement 28 December 2008.
3357:
NIGER: Five killed as army clashes with Tuaregs in desert north
2347:
2238:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1899:(both organisations for which Kaka is Niger Correspondent) and
1834:
1703:
1609:
1608:
uranium mining company. They were released to the Red Cross in
1559:
impossible to operate, and construction of their new mine near
1476:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1379:
1367:
1338:
1187:
992:
915:
896:
848:
731:
706:
705:, the peace accords of 15 April 1995 with all Tuareg (and some
656:
649:
522:
5988:
5572:
Le FPN annonce des avancées vers la paix dans le nord du Niger
5376:. Bassaro Touré, Nouvelle République (Bamako), 6 February 2009
4999:
4835:, AFR 43/002/2007 (Public), Bulletin n° 184, 26 September 2007
4196:
Après les Touaregs, les Toubous. Jeune Afrique, 6 January 2008
4172:
4013:
3210:
2578:
1318:
685:
5994:
5423:
The original communiques were posted on the group's website,
5107:
Algeria lifts hands on Bahanga and Mali plots liquidating him
4943:
Aïr Info correspondent freed after six days in police custody
3297:
In Niger, government bans live broadcasts on Tuareg rebellion
2968:"Pour Bamako, le MNJ et les rebelles du nord ont partie liée"
2367:
2343:
2300:
2258:
2153:
2129:
2057:
2022:
in a grenade attack on the politician's home on 18 December.
1973:
1949:
1777:
1752:
1742:
1605:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1532:
1500:
1129:
948:
940:
892:
797:
739:
594:
585:
571:
555:
518:
514:
506:
139:
102:
Peace deals brokered by Mali in August 2008 and February 2009
85:
4161:
NIGER: Rebels raid town in south east. IRIN, 22 January 2008
3963:
NIGER: News filtering out of north suggests grave conditions
1164:
announced the creation of a Niger-Mali Tuareg alliance (the
968:
In June and July 2007, the head of Areva's Niger operations
5424:
5169:
La principale base du rebelle Ibrahim Ag Bahanga "détruite"
4795:
Niger: Press harassment hinders development, watchdogs warn
3851:
Mali: Western diplomats warn about "deterioration" in north
2416:
2026:
1495:, FARS) had risen against the government in the 1990s (see
1452:
1248:
A United States 10th Special Forces Group soldier training
1183:
830:
644:
beginning of 2009, rebel attempts to impinge upon Nigerien
502:
151:
89:
75:(2 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
6009:
Reuters/alertnet.org: Articles on Niger-Mali Tuareg unrest
5447:
Appel de Kadhafi aux rebelles touaregs du Niger et du Mali
4981:
Agadez-based journalist to be released conditionally today
3693:
WEST Africa: Floods prompt greater focus on risk reduction
3327:
NIGER: Government cracks down on coverage of rebel attacks
1955:
1731:
Tuareg village of Elmiki, which they called an attempt at
5226:
Tuareg leader demands release of rebels held by Mali army
5138:
Insécurité au nord: L'Etat entretient le conflit ethnique
4625:. Reuters, Abdoulaye Massalatchi. Friday 30 January 2009.
2125:
2019:
6020:: Updated news at France based Tuareg nationalist group.
5584:
Le PAM réinstalle 20.000 personnes dans le Nord du Niger
4637:. Anne-Sylvaine Chassany, Bloomberg News. 25 March 2008.
4273:
Niger: Four French citizens released under ICRC auspices
3534:"Mort du rebelle touareg Ibrahim Ag Bahanga - France 24"
4487:
Gouré : mort et désolation suite à une mesquinerie
3894:
Otages enlevés au nord-est de Kidal: Tous libres !
2509:
La nouvelle Alliance Touareg du Niger et du Mali (ATNM)
1763:
2988:"Tuareg conflict spreads to Mali. BBC: 28 August 2007"
2073:
525:, Niger. Fighting was largely contained within Mali's
6078:
5730:. H. Hafizou, Louisiana GRIFFE N° 318. 15 June 2009.
5188:
Sécurité: Enfin, l'armée régulière prend l'initiative
4995:
Alliance Touaregue du Niger – Mali Pour Le Changement
3931:
These numbers were also reported by the Nigerien NGO
3337:
3307:
2532:"Gunmen attack Mali outpost, seize soldiers, weapons"
1543:
on their behalf. It was also reported that President
906:
Nigerien soldiers from the 322nd Parachute Regiment,
845:
23 May 2006; Alliance démocratique pour le changement
5257:
Mali army refuses truce with Tuareg rebels: ministry
4905:
Newspaper editor freed after being held for 48 hours
4123:
Niger army says killed 7 Tuareg civilians by mistake
3602:
Yaya SIDIBE. L'Indépendant (Mali), 3 September 2007.
2776:
La crise touareg due à "l'échec" des accords de 1995
1985:
l'Alliance Démocratique du 23 mai pour le Changement
1236:, taking 20 prisoners in addition to many supplies.
951:
group, itself a state owned operation of the French
493:
that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the
5116:. El Khabar: A.K/ Translation A.A. 14 January 2009.
4992:
Note, the ATNMC has at times been reported as the "
4814:
Niger: la libération de Moussa Kaka très incertaine
4623:
Niger insecurity hits uranium prospecting -minister
4468:
One killed, two hurt by mine at Niger arms handover
3922:, Abdrahamane Keïta – Aurore (Mali), 26 August 2008
3832:
Gunmen attack Mali outpost, seize soldiers, weapons
3514:
Suspected Tuareg rebels ambush Mali military convoy
3278:
NIGER: Dozens arrested in north as critics targeted
2010:500 km (310 mi) north of Bamako near the
1840:
781:
Front de libération de l'Aïr et de l'Azawagh (FLAA)
5386:Niger/Mali: forum à Niamey sur la question touareg
4692:Regards croisés sur la question touarègue au Niger
4458:, Abdoulaye Massalatchi (Reuters), 19 August 2008.
4389:Niger says a rebel leader killed in army operation
4315:Niger Tuareg rebels kidnap 4 Areva uranium workers
4094:. Committee to Protect Journalists 9 January 2008.
3810:Mali, Algeria plan joint patrols on Saharan border
3046:Iférouane, prise en étau, se vide de ses habitants
2405:
1665:
1306:Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008
1206:
829:in northern Niger, was apparently inspired by the
5338:. Chahana TAKIOU- L'Indépendant, 30 January 2009.
5291:Mali: Peut-on enfin faire confiance à Ag Bahanga?
4776:Mali, Niger armies hit back against Tuareg rebels
4733:Scission au sein du mouvement rebelle touareg MNJ
4635:Areva Will Post Loss From Niger Uranium This Year
4477:, Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 24 August 2008.
3759:Erratic end of season rains may affect some crops
3249:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 25 August 2007.
3240:Niger seeks help from Sudan, Libya against rebels
3152:France sees Areva progress, offers Niger mine aid
3041:
3039:
2568:tuaregcultureandnews summaries of MNJ communiques
1592:Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate
393:
7183:
5829:. AllAfrica. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
5791:. John Thorne, The National (Canada). 1 May 2009
5671:Niger government and rebels in disarmament talks
5659:State TV: Tuareg rebels in Niger release hostage
5596:Niger extends state of emergency in Tuareg north
5319:. Jeune Afrique, Cherif Ouazani. 27 January 2009
5247:. "R. N.", El-Watan (Algeria). 4 February 2009.
5238:Ag Bahanga demande à réintégrer l'Accord d'Alger
5128:. "R. N.", El-Watan (Algeria). 8 February 2009.
5126:La confiance tarde à régner dans le nord du Mali
4678:
4676:
4674:
4592:Uranium-rich Niger eyes nuclear power generation
3161:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 4 August 2007.
3123:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 1 August 2007.
2766:. Phuong Tran, Voice of America: 21 August 2007.
2299:to begin joint meetings with the FPN and MNJ at
2288:On 3 April, a Nigerien delegation headed by the
1968:Sometime before the beginning of December 2008,
1870:in the north has been closed by the government.
1088:Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008
659:. In March 2009 a dramatic split of much of the
318:
5357:L'indépendant, Chahana TAKIOU. 5 February 2009.
5267:
5265:
3984:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 20 April 2008
3827:
3825:
3715:Mali: After the deluge the real struggle begins
3385:: American Forces Press Service, 10 March 2006.
3033:. Radio France International, 3 September 2007.
2977:. Radio France International, 2 September 2007.
2912:Ahmed Akoli (MNJ) – Exclusive Temoust Interview
1991:Alliance Touaregue Nord Mali Pour Le Changement
1653:
1525:
981:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation
689:Areas where significant numbers of Tuaregs live
5078:. B.S. Diarra. Aurore (Bamako) 26 January 2009
4391:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 28 June 2008
4343:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 22 June 2007
4324:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 22 June 2008
3036:
3022:Radio France International, 1 September 2007.
3013:"Confusion chez les anciens rebelles touaregs"
1566:
1390:) was killed after driving over a landmine in
1232:On 18 July, rebels overran a military post at
922:, killing 15 soldiers and taking 70 hostages.
701:As part of an initiative started under a 1991
165:Front of Forces for Rectification (2008 split)
6064:
5839:British hostage executed by Islamists in Mali
5466:Niger: Scission au sein des rebelles touaregs
5272:Mali: les rebelles touaregs fuient en Algérie
4709:
4707:
4671:
4173:MNJ Communique: Attaque de la ville de Tanout
3495:. Jeune Afrique, Cherif Ouazani: 20 May 2007.
3459:. Sam Urquhart, Dissident Voice: 5 July 2007.
2605:
2603:
2504:
2502:
858:in Mali created a new self-governing region,
577:Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement
379:
304:
5782:Kidnappings a ‘message' from rebels in Sahel
5535:
5262:
5197:. A. Keïta. Aurore (Bamako). 26 January 2009
5147:. B. Daou. Le Républicain du 16 janvier 2009
4993:
4547:Niger government denies Tuareg rebel clashes
4456:Niger Tuareg rebel rejects talk of ceasefire
4346:
4334:Niger rebels kill 15 soldiers in desert raid
4186:. XINHUA News Agency, China: 22 January 2008
4023:
3822:
3578:Mali Tuaregs deny alliance with Niger rebels
3268:, HEIDI VOGT Associated Press, 25 July 2007.
2483:Dominique Derda. La révolte des hommes bleus
2413:Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb
2374:and French Minister of Overseas Cooperation
2177:
2115:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1810:
1804:
1503:. The MNJ claimed the former FARS commander
1395:
952:
602:Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb
575:
115:Integration of some rebels into the military
5562:. Adine Ag Aglasse, Le Sahel. 15 April 2009
5513:. Radio France Internationale. 4 April 2009
4862:
4860:
4604:La course à l'uranium reprend dans le monde
4085:CPJ mourns the loss of Niger radio director
3450:Fake Terror and Instability in North Africa
2419:, including the Canadian diplomat to Niger
1319:Escalating violence and humanitarian crisis
836:May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change
6071:
6057:
5848:. AFP. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
5702:Cease-fire truce reached with Niger rebels
5150:
4704:
4489:. MNJ Official communique, 25 August 2008.
2850:
2848:
2697:"Desertification threatens Niger's nomads"
2600:
2499:
2237:consisted of much of the MNJ, with former
2192:
2186:, 50 km (31 mi) south of Kidal.
1743:2009: Nigerien uranium industry unhindered
965:, is dependent on uranium mined at Arlit.
804:
545:Attacks beginning in February 2007 by the
386:
372:
311:
297:
3438:Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative
3211:"Mouvement des Nigeriens pour la Justice"
2874:Niger: New Touareg rebel group speaks out
2526:
2524:
2465:Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara
1976:. Ag Bahanga is the former leader of the
1931:for one month in August 2008, and closed
1797:Minister of Tourism and Artisanal Affairs
1615:
959:system of French nuclear power generation
6220:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
5608:Founding ceremony for Niger uranium mine
5367:Situation au Nord: Bahanga, la débandade
5069:Nord-Mali: De la rébellion au terrorisme
4857:
4701:. Stéphanie Plasse, Afrik. 5 April 2008.
4666:Areva feels uranium mining heat in Niger
3536:(in French). France 24. 27 August 2011.
2460:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
2314:
2263:
2196:
2078:
1972:returned from his self-imposed exile in
1959:
1872:
1782:
1747:Despite the violence in the Aïr Massif,
1713:
1619:
1578:
1493:Forces armées révolutionnaires du Sahara
1485:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara
1415:
1407:
1361:
1309:
1243:
1239:
1091:
1015:
901:
792:who defected to the rebels in May 2007.
749:
684:
6762:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
6437:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
6036:Security and Insecurity in North Africa
5941:
4142:Le massacre continue: Black or White II
3952:NIGER: Humanitarian access cut to north
3819:. 15 July 2008 Reuters, Tiemoko Diallo.
3259:Niger Gov't Tries to Contain Rebel News
3055:. Agence France-Presse: 27 August 2007.
2845:
2795:Security and Insecurity in North Africa
2785:. Agence France-Presse: 25 August 2007.
2146:
1956:Mali December 2008: Ag Bahanga's return
1327:
1197:
1100:
925:
772:Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice
7184:
5690:Niger's Tuareg rebels refuse to disarm
5435:Création du Front Patriotique Nigérien
4785:. Tiemoko Diallo, Reuters. 23 May 2008
2521:
2378:in placing the first stone in the new
2170:
1112:
1061:
6951:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
6872:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
6052:
6004:Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks
3664:. Inter De Bamako, 17 September 2007.
3376:American Forces Train Nigerien Troops
2757:Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks
2725:
2694:
2676:from the original on 23 November 2010
2663:
1964:The Mali–Niger–Algeria border region.
1681:
1096:The Mali–Niger–Algeria border region.
939:ore from Arlit takes to the ports of
675:
367:
292:
5903:from the original on 3 February 2012
5820:Mali: Al-Qaeda Group Executes Briton
5504:Vers une médiation avec les touaregs
4656:. Areva press release (January 2009)
4041:For the 9 January 2008 attack, see:
3791:from the original on 4 February 2014
3593:Bahanga prêt à arrêter ses attaques?
3591:. Serge Daniel, AFP, 28 August 2007
3540:from the original on 8 February 2018
3336:. Committee to Protect Journalists.
3306:. Committee to Protect Journalists.
3221:from the original on 26 October 2015
3133:Nuclear executive kidnapped in Niger
2389:
2128:and Colonel Takini head of the ETIA
2056:, vowed harsh action in a speech at
1764:Rhissa Ag Boula and the FFR splinter
1709:
1599:
1403:
1045:On 24 August 2007 Niger's president
709:) rebel groups were negotiated with
7041:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
6992:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
6508:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
4745:Journo remains behind bars in Niger
4437:from the original on 3 January 2009
4425:"Niger rebels deny ceasefire claim"
2855:Point Afrique cancels tour flights.
2707:from the original on 18 August 2017
2310:
2074:Mali 2009: offensive and peace deal
1812:Coordination de la résistance armée
1470:
1273:, had negotiated the deal, between
1011:
16:Tuareg insurgency in Mali and Niger
13:
6756:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
6292:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
5935:
5891:"Algeria and Mali target al-Qaeda"
5859:"Al-Qaeda 'kills British hostage'"
5661:. DALATOU MAMANE. AFP. 4 May 2009.
5628:"Niger leader meets Tuareg rebels"
5057:Mali president warns Tuareg rebels
4305:. AREVA press office. 22 June 2008
3779:"Tuareg rebels attack Mali convoy"
3582:Mali rebels renege on peace accord
3065:"Rebels attack army base in Niger"
2728:"Niger's natural wealth exploited"
2548:from the original on 19 March 2009
1348:
607:In Niger, fighting flared after a
167:Niger Patriotic Front (2009 split)
14:
7283:
6986:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
6690:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5971:
5871:from the original on 4 March 2011
4370:from the original on 16 June 2011
4066:Niger reporter killed by landmine
3884:, Jeune Afrique, 20 juillet 2008.
3882:"Les Maliens parlent aux Maliens"
2994:from the original on 6 April 2008
2738:from the original on 29 July 2016
2290:Nigerien Minister of the Interior
2247:Front of Forces for Rectification
2232:, FPN) announced that MNJ leader
1997:
1457:Nigerien Internal Security Forces
1269:The Algerian ambassador to Mali,
1166:Alliance-Touareg-Niger-Mali, ATNM
1049:declared a state of alert in the
954:Commissariat à l'énergie atomique
6816:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
5883:
5851:
5832:
5813:
5801:Crisis began with nomadic rebels
5794:
5775:
5756:
5733:
5714:
5695:
5683:
5664:
5652:
5620:
5617:. World Nuclear News. 5 May 2009
5601:
5589:
5577:
5565:
5545:
5516:
5497:
5478:
5459:
5440:
5417:
5398:
5379:
5360:
5341:
5322:
5303:
5284:
5250:
5231:
5219:
5200:
5181:
5162:
5157:Rebel chief says war only option
5131:
5119:
5100:
5081:
5062:
5050:
5031:
5012:
4986:
4974:
4955:
4936:
4917:
4898:
4879:
4838:
4819:
4807:
4788:
4769:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4685:
4659:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4567:"MNJ Comunique 19 November 2008"
4559:
3644:Mali boosts army to fight Tuareg
2842:. Alex Harrowell: 6 August 2007.
2726:Welsh, May Ying (16 July 2008).
2695:Welsh, May Ying (15 July 2008).
2664:Welsh, May Ying (14 July 2008).
2636:from the original on 9 July 2008
1841:Impact on Nigerien press freedom
1806:Front des Forces de redressement
1125:, near the border with Algeria.
1118:Malian government in July 2007.
1069:Niger Rapid Intervention Company
1055:Committee to Protect Journalists
886:
738:' burgeoning tourist trade, and
547:Niger Movement for Justice (MNJ)
237:
228:
192:
144:
132:
57:
6833:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
5640:from the original on 7 May 2009
4540:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4461:
4449:
4417:
4394:
4382:
4327:
4308:
4289:
4266:
4254:
4245:Juene Afrique, 11 November 2007
4227:
4208:
4189:
4154:
4135:
4116:
4097:
4078:
4059:
4035:
4006:
3987:
3975:
3945:
3925:
3906:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3844:
3803:
3771:
3752:
3730:
3708:
3686:
3667:
3637:
3605:
3571:
3552:
3526:
3507:
3498:
3479:
3462:
3443:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3350:
3320:
3290:
3271:
3252:
3233:
3203:
3191:
3164:
3145:
3126:
3107:
3077:
3058:
3006:
2980:
2961:
2949:
2927:
2905:
2886:
2867:
2826:
2807:
2788:
2769:
2750:
2719:
2688:
2406:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
2361:
2209:
1666:Reports of ceasefire discounted
1341:from the mostly Tuareg town of
1277:(a Malian Tuareg Deputy in the
1207:March–July 2008 rebel offensive
934:In October 2006, Tuareg leader
4580:MNJ Comunique 17 November 2008
4535:MNJ Comunique 11 December 2008
3933:l'Association NORD NIGER SANTE
2657:
2648:
2622:
2591:
2560:
2476:
2283:
963:French nuclear weapons program
201:(Nigerien Army Chief of Staff)
1:
7134:2014 Lesotho political crisis
7091:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
6255:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
5997:ALLIANCE TOUAREGUE NIGER-Mali
5944:Small Wars & Insurgencies
5810:. Toronto Star. 23 April 2009
5753:(Agadez) N°97–98. 5 June 2009
4594:. Reuters. Fri 9 January 2009
4523:MNJ Comunique 9 November 2008
4511:MNJ Comunique 9 November 2008
4132:, 10 December 2007 (Reuters).
3580:. IOL.co.za, 26 August 2007.
3200:. APA-Niamey: 25 August 2007.
2470:
2124:, Commandant Barek from ETIA
1281:) for the rebels and General
881:
397:Tuareg rebellions (2006-2009)
112:declared in Niger in May 2009
7128:SADC intervention in Lesotho
6731:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
6685:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
6442:ECOWAS military intervention
6162:2011–2014 factional violence
5956:10.1080/09592318.2011.573406
5586:. PANA Press. 28 April 2009.
5574:. Pana Press. 26 March 2009.
4816:, France Info – 23 juin 2008
4757:Confusion over missing envoy
4354:"Niger army kills 17 rebels"
3982:Niger adopts anti-terror law
2934:"Jusqu'où ira la rébellion?"
2396:Front of National Liberation
2218:
2179:Groupe Technique de Sécurité
1935:, the main radio station in
1654:State of emergency continues
1644:
1526:Niger: international support
758:base, January–February 2008.
320:Tuareg rebellions since 1900
73:6 February 2007 – 3 May 2009
25:Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
21:Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)
7:
6805:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
6661:Insurgency in Northern Chad
5763:Fowler freed from captivity
5000:https://atnmc.blogspot.com/
4499:MNJ Comunique November 2008
4022:have used the French term "
3961:, 10 December 2007 (IRIN).
3860:, 11 September 2007 (IRIN).
3472:, by Raffi Khatchadourian,
3095:French Involvement in Niger
2438:
2117:Echelon tactique inter-arme
1567:Niger: February – June 2008
1156:, as well as Libyan leader
983:(SinoU) to begin mining at
540:
10:
7288:
7096:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
6917:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
6772:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
6638:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
6449:Western Togoland Rebellion
5995:Reputed press site of the
4962:Niger – Annual Report 2008
3972:, 10 December 2007 (IRIN).
3746:, 25 October 2007 (IRIN).
3702:, 3 September 2007 (IRIN).
3653:. BBC, 17 September 2007.
3523:. Reuters: 28 August 2007.
2579:http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/
2384:Niger Movement for Justice
2230:Front Patriotique Nigérien
2014:border. Between 11 and 20
2006:a desert garrison post at
1844:
1539:intervened with President
1499:) in the far southeast of
1479:rebel leaders and several
1432:escarpment area (south of
1428:A 9 December clash in the
1355:National Assembly of Niger
788:, a former captain in the
764:Niger Movement for Justice
487:2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion
162:Niger Movement for Justice
40:2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion
18:
7148:
7105:
7077:
7068:
7007:
6978:
6933:Second Sudanese Civil War
6925:
6887:
6841:
6797:
6718:
6709:
6677:
6648:
6617:
6577:
6494:
6471:
6462:
6411:
6385:
6359:
6338:
6301:
6247:
6238:
6206:
6177:
6139:
6099:
6090:
6000:: created 31 August 2007.
5772:. Winnipeg Sun. 23 April.
5532:. Reuters. 8 April 2009.
5456:. Reuters. 15 March 2009.
4971:, Reports Without Borders
4613:.LE MONDE 10 January 2009
4249:Juene Afrique, 19 January
3724:, 1 October 2007 (IRIN).
3616:16 September 2007 at the
3491:30 September 2007 at the
3486:Les dessous d'une attaque
3455:29 September 2007 at the
3419:29 September 2007 at the
3400:26 September 2007 at the
3381:15 September 2007 at the
3343:22 September 2007 at the
3313:22 September 2007 at the
3287:. IRIN 18 September 2007.
3184:11 September 2007 at the
3138:12 September 2007 at the
3119:29 September 2007 at the
3084:France and Nuclear Energy
3051:30 September 2007 at the
2939:27 September 2007 at the
2879:29 September 2007 at the
2860:29 September 2007 at the
2781:30 September 2007 at the
2450:List of wars 2003-current
1897:Reporters Without Borders
778:, a former member of the
549:targeted outposts of the
474:Insurgency in the Maghreb
405:
326:
277:
250:
221:
185:
125:
65:
56:
44:
39:
7036:2008 invasion of Anjouan
6633:Civil War (2012–present)
6602:Pool Department conflict
6018:temoust.org current news
5844:30 December 2010 at the
5768:15 February 2012 at the
5490:16 February 2009 at the
5437:, F.P.N., 10 March 2009.
5334:24 December 2008 at the
5277:10 February 2009 at the
5243:10 February 2009 at the
5059:. AFP. 22 December 2008.
4831:22 November 2018 at the
4804:, 15 January 2008 (IRIN)
4800:17 February 2008 at the
4747:. AFP. 12 February 2008.
4652:25 February 2009 at the
4406:1 September 2008 at the
4234:Juene Afrique, 6 January
4128:12 December 2007 at the
3968:12 December 2007 at the
3957:12 December 2007 at the
3938:8 September 2008 at the
3856:16 December 2007 at the
3764:12 December 2007 at the
3720:16 December 2007 at the
3698:19 December 2007 at the
3564:5 September 2007 at the
3332:29 December 2007 at the
3302:30 December 2007 at the
3283:16 December 2007 at the
3264:17 December 2007 at the
3029:5 September 2007 at the
3024:"La peur de la scission"
3018:4 September 2007 at the
2973:5 September 2007 at the
2800:27 February 2008 at the
2762:7 September 2007 at the
2488:18 November 2008 at the
2255:Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska
1279:Malian National Assembly
1262:northern military bases
680:
51:Operation Juniper Shield
7252:21st-century rebellions
7031:Hanish Islands conflict
6568:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
6419:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
6261:Herder–farmer conflicts
6185:Western Sahara conflict
6030:Tuareg Culture and News
5806:16 October 2012 at the
5395:. AFP. 25 February 2009
5372:7 February 2009 at the
5315:1 February 2009 at the
5296:6 February 2009 at the
5259:. AFP. 2 February 2009.
5174:24 January 2009 at the
5097:. AFP. 13 January 2009
5093:5 February 2009 at the
4948:5 December 2007 at the
4762:12 October 2012 at the
4609:18 January 2009 at the
4556:. AFP. 18 November 2008
4552:5 February 2009 at the
4263:. AFP, 17 January 2008.
4166:24 January 2008 at the
4147:29 January 2008 at the
4071:12 January 2008 at the
4048:11 January 2008 at the
4012:The MNJ press releases
3999:7 December 2007 at the
3903:L'Essor, 19 August 2008
3742:12 January 2008 at the
3157:15 October 2008 at the
3089:16 October 2007 at the
2838:5 December 2007 at the
2833:Next Up: Northern Niger
2630:"English.aljazeera.net"
2193:Niger: 2009 peace talks
2002:On 20 December, rebels
1857:Doctors without borders
1447:, 150 km north of
1335:Doctors Without Borders
1220:attacked a convoy near
972:and his security chief
856:1990s Tuareg insurgency
820:
805:Tuareg demands in Niger
695:1990s Tuareg insurgency
588:, while both Libya and
29:Tuareg rebellion (2012)
6854:Somali–Kenyan conflict
6750:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
6744:Second Afar insurgency
6351:Sierra Leone Civil War
5542:
5536:
5228:. AFP. 26 January 2009
5005:12 August 2018 at the
4994:
4359:Television New Zealand
4075:, BBC, 9 January 2008.
4024:
3142:. Xinhua: 7 July 2007.
2615:5 January 2009 at the
2324:
2273:
2229:
2206:
2178:
2116:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1965:
1882:
1811:
1805:
1788:
1723:
1688:Bocar Mohamed Sougouma
1633:
1616:Army retakes Tezirzaït
1588:
1505:Bocar Mohamed Sougouma
1492:
1425:
1413:
1396:
1315:
1253:
1097:
1078:United States Military
1021:
953:
911:
844:
771:
759:
690:
576:
469:Algiers Accords (2006)
186:Commanders and leaders
7113:Bophuthatswana crisis
6777:Oromia–Somali clashes
6696:Boko Haram insurgency
6656:Civil War (2005–2010)
6273:Boko Haram insurgency
6196:Clashes, 2020–present
5676:19 March 2011 at the
5533:
5471:14 April 2009 at the
5452:17 March 2009 at the
5410:31 March 2009 at the
5391:31 March 2009 at the
5178:. ARP 21 January 2009
5159:. AFP. 25 January 200
5038:Communiqué de l'ATNMC
5019:Communiqué de l'ATNMC
4967:22 March 2009 at the
4929:22 March 2009 at the
4910:22 March 2009 at the
4891:22 March 2009 at the
4781:22 March 2009 at the
4473:22 March 2009 at the
4339:22 March 2009 at the
4278:22 March 2009 at the
4220:23 March 2008 at the
3872:21 juillet 2008 – AFP
3627:22 March 2009 at the
3587:7 August 2018 at the
3568:IRIN: 31 August 2007.
3519:22 March 2009 at the
3245:22 March 2009 at the
2619:. AFP. 2 January 2009
2577:and the originals at
2494:Le Nouvel Observateur
2318:
2267:
2200:
2079:Army assault in north
1963:
1901:Amnesty International
1876:
1847:Human Rights in Niger
1786:
1774:le Nouvel Observateur
1717:
1690:had surrendered near
1623:
1582:
1419:
1411:
1384:Abdou Mohamed Jeannot
1362:Mine attacks in south
1313:
1247:
1240:August 2008 ceasefire
1095:
1019:
905:
809:On 21 December 2007,
790:Nigerien Armed Forces
753:
719:Nigerien Armed Forces
688:
668:pledged an immediate
665:Nigerien Armed Forces
621:Nigerien Armed Forces
551:Nigerien Armed Forces
464:2006 Tuareg rebellion
251:Casualties and losses
7085:Mozambican Civil War
7045:Burundian conflicts
7025:Djiboutian Civil War
6738:Insurgency in Ogaden
6366:Liberian Civil Wars
6279:Niger Delta conflict
5925:Unrest in the Sahara
5787:4 March 2016 at the
5745:16 July 2011 at the
5726:19 June 2009 at the
5558:27 July 2011 at the
5528:16 July 2011 at the
5509:16 July 2011 at the
5494:. AFP. 7 April 2009.
5475:. RFI 13 March 2009.
5433:. See communique #1:
5429:20 July 2011 at the
5353:3 March 2016 at the
5281:Afrik.com – 06/02/09
5212:16 July 2011 at the
5112:3 March 2016 at the
5074:4 September 2012 at
4872:2 March 2009 at the
4850:15 July 2011 at the
4719:2 March 2009 at the
4697:11 June 2008 at the
4320:23 June 2008 at the
4301:2 March 2009 at the
4239:8 April 2008 at the
4201:8 April 2008 at the
4182:. 21 January 2008.
4109:3 March 2016 at the
4090:4 March 2008 at the
3942:on 17 November 2007.
3918:3 March 2016 at the
3899:16 July 2011 at the
3841:19 July 2008 Reuters
3837:22 July 2008 at the
3815:22 July 2008 at the
3679:3 April 2008 at the
3660:16 July 2011 at the
3649:6 April 2008 at the
3598:21 July 2011 at the
3434:Pan Sahel Initiative
3070:6 April 2008 at the
2958:. APA, 14 June 2007.
2898:3 March 2016 at the
2864:AFP: 31 August 2007.
2819:5 March 2008 at the
2666:"Niger's Nomad Army"
2514:15 July 2011 at the
2433:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
2429:Amadou Toumani Toure
2332:World Food Programme
2147:Malian faction split
2054:Amadou Toumani Touré
1946:Ibrahim Manzo Diallo
1877:Nigerien journalist
1583:Map of the southern
1328:Aid and press barred
1198:Seasonal constraints
1101:Early unrest in 2006
1076:unit trained by the
926:Uranium mines crises
833:-based Tuareg group
611:truce in 2007, with
501:regions of northern
7242:Civil wars in Niger
7124:Lesothan conflicts
7049:1993–2005 Civil War
6767:Afar–Somali clashes
6555:2022–2024 offensive
6550:2012–2013 rebellion
6392:Ivorian Civil Wars
6225:Tunisian revolution
6167:2014–2020 civil war
6147:2008 Kufra conflict
6084:conflicts in Africa
6024:Secrets in the Sand
5825:5 June 2009 at the
5711:. UPI. 15 May 2009.
5707:5 June 2011 at the
5598:. AFP. 24 May 2009.
5043:8 July 2011 at the
5024:8 July 2011 at the
4735:. AFP. 31 May 2008.
4178:16 May 2008 at the
4018:16 May 2008 at the
3179:English Translation
3100:4 July 2007 at the
3074:. BBC: 22 June 2007
2917:12 May 2011 at the
2823:. APA, 24 May 2007.
2584:16 May 2008 at the
2573:8 July 2011 at the
2171:Rebels dispose arms
2110:and to the east of
2016:Malian Armed Forces
1397:Maison de la Presse
1250:Malian Armed Forces
1146:Malian Armed Forces
1113:Upsurge of violence
1062:Military defections
947:, a holding of the
864:Malian Armed Forces
825:Agaly Alambo, from
711:Government of Niger
703:National Conference
617:Nigerien government
346:2007–2009 rebellion
341:1990–1995 rebellion
336:1962–1964 rebellion
331:1916–1917 rebellion
279:Civilian casualties
7272:Rebellions in Mali
7237:Civil wars in Mali
7171:Colour revolutions
6969:Sudanese civil war
6821:2009–present phase
6562:Batwa–Luba clashes
6431:Casamance conflict
6308:Tuareg rebellions
6268:Religious violence
6214:Algerian Civil War
6130:Terrorism in Egypt
5692:. AFP. 12 May2009.
5680:. AFP. 5 May 2009.
5613:9 May 2009 at the
5310:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
4952:, 2 November 2007.
4433:. 19 August 2008.
4215:Jurist, 17 January
4003:. 5 December 2007.
3476:, 31 January 2006.
3362:4 May 2008 at the
3338:http://www.cpj.org
3308:http://www.cpj.org
3215:m-n-j.blogspot.com
3177:: 4 August 2007. (
2325:
2277:Muammar al-Gaddafi
2274:
2270:Muammar al-Gaddafi
2207:
1970:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
1966:
1893:Alain de Pouzilhac
1883:
1817:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
1789:
1724:
1682:Sougouma surrender
1634:
1589:
1537:Omar Bongo Ondimba
1426:
1414:
1353:In April 2008 the
1316:
1295:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
1254:
1142:Ibrahim ag Bahanga
1098:
1030:Muammar al-Gaddafi
1022:
912:
871:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
774:, MNJ) was led by
760:
691:
676:Causes of conflict
568:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
212:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
7247:Conflicts in 2009
7202:Tuareg rebellions
7197:Conflicts in 2008
7192:Conflicts in 2007
7179:
7178:
7144:
7143:
7064:
7063:
7015:Rwandan Civil War
6963:Blue Nile clashes
6945:Nomadic conflicts
6901:Nomadic conflicts
6705:
6704:
6544:March 23 Movement
6479:Angolan Civil War
6458:
6457:
6234:
6233:
4983:, 6 February 2008
4113:, 9 January 2008.
4056:, 9 January 2008.
3787:. 22 March 2008.
3474:The Village Voice
3317:, 30 August 2007.
2390:Disposing of arms
2089:Adrar des Ifoghas
2050:President of Mali
1914:were detained in
1768:In January 2008,
1710:November fighting
1600:Areva kidnappings
1404:Continued clashes
961:, as well as the
936:Boutali Tchiwerin
811:Ahmed Akoli Akoli
482:
481:
359:
358:
287:
286:
246:In Mali: 165–400+
121:
120:
47:Tuareg rebellions
7279:
7217:Berbers in Niger
7119:Caprivi conflict
7075:
7074:
7054:2015–2018 unrest
6860:Likoni massacres
6849:Ethnic conflicts
6811:Somali Civil War
6716:
6715:
6514:Second Congo War
6469:
6468:
6245:
6244:
6124:Post-coup unrest
6118:Sinai insurgency
6097:
6096:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6050:
6049:
6016:
5967:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5855:
5849:
5836:
5830:
5817:
5811:
5798:
5792:
5779:
5773:
5760:
5754:
5737:
5731:
5718:
5712:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5624:
5618:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5520:
5514:
5501:
5495:
5482:
5476:
5463:
5457:
5444:
5438:
5421:
5415:
5402:
5396:
5383:
5377:
5364:
5358:
5345:
5339:
5326:
5320:
5307:
5301:
5288:
5282:
5269:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5204:
5198:
5193:21 July 2012 at
5185:
5179:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5143:30 July 2012 at
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5104:
5098:
5085:
5079:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5035:
5029:
5016:
5010:
4997:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4959:
4953:
4940:
4934:
4933:, 20 August 2008
4921:
4915:
4902:
4896:
4883:
4877:
4864:
4855:
4842:
4836:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4792:
4786:
4773:
4767:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4711:
4702:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4421:
4415:
4414:, 21 August 2008
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4366:. 28 June 2008.
4350:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4312:
4306:
4293:
4287:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4231:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4193:
4187:
4158:
4152:
4139:
4133:
4120:
4114:
4101:
4095:
4082:
4076:
4063:
4057:
4054:Voice of America
4039:
4033:
4027:
4010:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3949:
3943:
3929:
3923:
3910:
3904:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3848:
3842:
3829:
3820:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3775:
3769:
3756:
3750:
3734:
3728:
3712:
3706:
3690:
3684:
3671:
3665:
3641:
3635:
3609:
3603:
3575:
3569:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3524:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3483:
3477:
3466:
3460:
3447:
3441:
3436:(2002–2004) and
3430:
3424:
3411:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3373:
3367:
3354:
3348:
3324:
3318:
3294:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3256:
3250:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3168:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3130:
3124:
3111:
3105:
3081:
3075:
3062:
3056:
3043:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2931:
2925:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2852:
2843:
2830:
2824:
2811:
2805:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2607:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2544:. 20 July 2008.
2528:
2519:
2506:
2497:
2480:
2321:Voice of America
2311:Civilian opening
2181:
2119:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1814:
1808:
1733:ethnic cleansing
1720:Voice of America
1672:Aghaly ag Alambo
1497:Tuareg Rebellion
1471:Ethnic expansion
1463:police) and the
1399:
1271:Abdelkrim Ghrieb
1162:Hama Ag Sidahmed
1012:Growing violence
956:
776:Aghaly ag Alambo
579:
420:Kidal and Ménaka
400:
398:
388:
381:
374:
365:
364:
321:
313:
306:
299:
290:
289:
242:
241:
240:
233:
232:
231:
216:Hassan Ag Fagaga
207:Aghaly ag Alambo
202:
198:Mamadou Ousseini
197:
196:
195:
150:
148:
147:
138:
136:
135:
67:
66:
61:
37:
36:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7212:Berbers in Mali
7182:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7140:
7101:
7070:Southern Africa
7060:
7003:
6974:
6921:
6906:Ethnic violence
6883:
6878:Baragoi clashes
6837:
6793:
6701:
6673:
6663:(2016–present)
6644:
6619:
6618:Central African
6613:
6579:
6573:
6502:First Congo War
6490:
6454:
6407:
6381:
6355:
6346:Ndogboyosoi War
6334:
6297:
6281:(2003–present)
6257:(1998–present)
6230:
6202:
6187:(1970–present)
6173:
6135:
6113:2011 revolution
6107:Egyptian Crisis
6086:
6077:
6014:
5974:
5938:
5936:Further reading
5916:
5906:
5904:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5867:. 3 June 2009.
5857:
5856:
5852:
5846:Wayback Machine
5837:
5833:
5827:Wayback Machine
5818:
5814:
5808:Wayback Machine
5799:
5795:
5789:Wayback Machine
5780:
5776:
5770:Wayback Machine
5761:
5757:
5747:Wayback Machine
5738:
5734:
5728:Wayback Machine
5719:
5715:
5709:Wayback Machine
5700:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5678:Wayback Machine
5669:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5641:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5615:Wayback Machine
5606:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5560:Wayback Machine
5550:
5546:
5530:Wayback Machine
5521:
5517:
5511:Wayback Machine
5502:
5498:
5492:Wayback Machine
5483:
5479:
5473:Wayback Machine
5464:
5460:
5454:Wayback Machine
5445:
5441:
5431:Wayback Machine
5422:
5418:
5412:Wayback Machine
5403:
5399:
5393:Wayback Machine
5384:
5380:
5374:Wayback Machine
5365:
5361:
5355:Wayback Machine
5346:
5342:
5336:Wayback Machine
5327:
5323:
5317:Wayback Machine
5308:
5304:
5298:Wayback Machine
5289:
5285:
5279:Wayback Machine
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5245:Wayback Machine
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5214:Wayback Machine
5205:
5201:
5186:
5182:
5176:Wayback Machine
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5114:Wayback Machine
5105:
5101:
5095:Wayback Machine
5086:
5082:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5045:Wayback Machine
5036:
5032:
5026:Wayback Machine
5017:
5013:
5007:Wayback Machine
4991:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4969:Wayback Machine
4960:
4956:
4950:Wayback Machine
4941:
4937:
4931:Wayback Machine
4922:
4918:
4914:, 1 August 2008
4912:Wayback Machine
4903:
4899:
4893:Wayback Machine
4884:
4880:
4876:, 20 July 2007.
4874:Wayback Machine
4865:
4858:
4852:Wayback Machine
4843:
4839:
4833:Wayback Machine
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4802:Wayback Machine
4793:
4789:
4783:Wayback Machine
4774:
4770:
4764:Wayback Machine
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4721:Wayback Machine
4712:
4705:
4699:Wayback Machine
4690:
4686:
4681:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4654:Wayback Machine
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4611:Wayback Machine
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4554:Wayback Machine
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4475:Wayback Machine
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:Wayback Machine
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4341:Wayback Machine
4332:
4328:
4322:Wayback Machine
4313:
4309:
4303:Wayback Machine
4294:
4290:
4286:. 26 June 2008.
4280:Wayback Machine
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4241:Wayback Machine
4232:
4228:
4222:Wayback Machine
4213:
4209:
4203:Wayback Machine
4194:
4190:
4180:Wayback Machine
4171:
4168:Wayback Machine
4159:
4155:
4149:Wayback Machine
4140:
4136:
4130:Wayback Machine
4121:
4117:
4111:Wayback Machine
4102:
4098:
4092:Wayback Machine
4083:
4079:
4073:Wayback Machine
4064:
4060:
4050:Wayback Machine
4040:
4036:
4020:Wayback Machine
4011:
4007:
4001:Wayback Machine
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3970:Wayback Machine
3959:Wayback Machine
3950:
3946:
3940:Wayback Machine
3930:
3926:
3920:Wayback Machine
3911:
3907:
3901:Wayback Machine
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3858:Wayback Machine
3849:
3845:
3839:Wayback Machine
3830:
3823:
3817:Wayback Machine
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3766:Wayback Machine
3757:
3753:
3744:Wayback Machine
3735:
3731:
3722:Wayback Machine
3713:
3709:
3700:Wayback Machine
3691:
3687:
3681:Wayback Machine
3672:
3668:
3662:Wayback Machine
3651:Wayback Machine
3642:
3638:
3629:Wayback Machine
3618:Wayback Machine
3610:
3606:
3600:Wayback Machine
3589:Wayback Machine
3576:
3572:
3566:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3521:Wayback Machine
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3493:Wayback Machine
3484:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3457:Wayback Machine
3448:
3444:
3431:
3427:
3421:Wayback Machine
3412:
3408:
3402:Wayback Machine
3393:
3389:
3383:Wayback Machine
3374:
3370:
3364:Wayback Machine
3355:
3351:
3347:, 13 July 2007.
3345:Wayback Machine
3334:Wayback Machine
3325:
3321:
3315:Wayback Machine
3304:Wayback Machine
3295:
3291:
3285:Wayback Machine
3276:
3272:
3266:Wayback Machine
3257:
3253:
3247:Wayback Machine
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3186:Wayback Machine
3169:
3165:
3159:Wayback Machine
3150:
3146:
3140:Wayback Machine
3131:
3127:
3121:Wayback Machine
3112:
3108:
3102:Wayback Machine
3091:Wayback Machine
3082:
3078:
3072:Wayback Machine
3063:
3059:
3053:Wayback Machine
3044:
3037:
3031:Wayback Machine
3020:Wayback Machine
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2975:Wayback Machine
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2941:Wayback Machine
2932:
2928:
2919:Wayback Machine
2910:
2906:
2900:Wayback Machine
2891:
2887:
2881:Wayback Machine
2872:
2868:
2862:Wayback Machine
2853:
2846:
2840:Wayback Machine
2831:
2827:
2821:Wayback Machine
2812:
2808:
2802:Wayback Machine
2793:
2789:
2783:Wayback Machine
2774:
2770:
2764:Wayback Machine
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2617:Wayback Machine
2608:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2586:Wayback Machine
2575:Wayback Machine
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2537:Stuff (company)
2530:
2529:
2522:
2516:Wayback Machine
2507:
2500:
2496:. 26 July 2007.
2490:Wayback Machine
2481:
2477:
2473:
2441:
2408:
2392:
2372:Anne Lauvergeon
2364:
2313:
2286:
2251:Rhissa Ag Boula
2221:
2212:
2195:
2173:
2149:
2138:Amed Ag Oussouf
2081:
2076:
2000:
1958:
1912:Pierre Creisson
1849:
1843:
1770:Rhissa Ag Boula
1766:
1745:
1712:
1684:
1676:Muammar Gaddafi
1668:
1656:
1647:
1618:
1602:
1594:
1569:
1528:
1473:
1406:
1388:Radio and Music
1364:
1351:
1349:Anti-terror law
1330:
1321:
1308:
1283:Kafougouna Koné
1242:
1217:Muammar Gaddafi
1209:
1200:
1158:Muammar Gaddafi
1115:
1103:
1090:
1064:
1014:
928:
889:
884:
823:
807:
786:Mohamed Acharif
724:Rhissa ag Boula
683:
678:
543:
483:
478:
401:
396:
394:
392:
362:
361:
360:
355:
322:
319:
317:
282:
269:
264:
262:
260:
238:
236:
235:
229:
227:
214:
210:
208:
206:
200:
199:
193:
191:
177:
173:
168:
166:
164:
160:
145:
143:
142:
133:
131:
92:
74:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7285:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7150:
7149:Related topics
7146:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7122:
7116:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7098:(2017–present)
7093:
7088:
7081:
7079:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7011:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6998:Kasese clashes
6995:
6994:(1996–present)
6989:
6988:(1987–present)
6982:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6971:(2023–present)
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6947:(2009–present)
6942:
6936:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6856:(1963–present)
6851:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6807:(1998–present)
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6759:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6726:Oromo conflict
6722:
6720:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6698:(2009–present)
6693:
6692:(1987–present)
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6667:2021 offensive
6658:
6652:
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6574:
6572:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6541:
6540:(2009–present)
6538:Ituri conflict
6535:
6532:Dongo conflict
6529:
6528:(2004–present)
6523:
6520:Ituri conflict
6517:
6511:
6510:(1996–present)
6505:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6487:(1975–present)
6482:
6475:
6473:
6466:
6464:Central Africa
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6451:(2020–present)
6446:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6433:(1982–present)
6428:
6425:Guinea clashes
6422:
6415:
6413:
6409:
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6398:
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6331:(2012–present)
6326:
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6305:
6303:
6299:
6298:
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6294:(2021–present)
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6275:(2009–present)
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6191:War, 1975–1991
6181:
6179:
6178:Western Sahara
6175:
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6172:
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6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6157:2011 civil war
6149:
6143:
6141:
6137:
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6134:
6133:
6132:(2013–present)
6127:
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6120:(2011–present)
6115:
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5972:External links
5970:
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5968:
5950:(4): 669–687.
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5922:
5915:
5914:
5899:. 6 May 2009.
5882:
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5713:
5694:
5682:
5663:
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5636:. 4 May 2009.
5619:
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4647:AREVA in Niger
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2380:Imouraren mine
2376:Alain Joyandet
2363:
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2329:United Nations
2312:
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2285:
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2268:Libyan leader
2220:
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2201:Vice Mayor of
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2172:
2169:
2165:Hassane Fagaga
2148:
2145:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
1999:
1998:Nampala attack
1996:
1957:
1954:
1908:Thomas Dandois
1845:Main article:
1842:
1839:
1765:
1762:
1757:Imouraren mine
1744:
1741:
1711:
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1700:Yahaya Yandaka
1683:
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1541:Mamadou Tandja
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1074:special forces
1063:
1060:
1047:Mamadou Tandja
1013:
1010:
974:Gilles Denamur
927:
924:
888:
885:
883:
880:
822:
819:
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742:'s recovering
682:
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497:living in the
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351:2012 rebellion
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261:~70–159 killed
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88:and Northeast
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35:
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15:
9:
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7232:2009 in Niger
7230:
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7227:2008 in Niger
7225:
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7222:2007 in Niger
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7156:War on terror
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6957:Heglig Crisis
6955:
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6939:War in Darfur
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6895:Heglig Crisis
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6866:Kenyan crisis
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6787:War in Amhara
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6526:Kivu conflict
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6386:Côte d'Ivoire
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6285:2016 conflict
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6152:Libyan Crisis
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3323:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3009:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2946:15 July 2007.
2945:
2944:Jeune Afrique
2942:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2901:
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2894:
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2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2675:
2671:
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2651:
2635:
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2625:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Tuareg people
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:Robert Fowler
2418:
2414:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2356:Agadez Region
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2305:Tanja Mamadou
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:Albadé Abouba
2291:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2234:Aghali Alambo
2231:
2227:
2216:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:road and the
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:Maradi Region
1858:
1854:
1853:Agadez Region
1848:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Zinder Region
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1660:Agadez Region
1651:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1628:offensive at
1627:
1626:Nigerien Army
1622:
1613:
1612:on the 25th.
1611:
1607:
1597:
1586:
1585:Aïr Mountains
1581:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1521:
1520:Aïr Mountains
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
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1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:Amada Ag Bibi
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:Iyad Ag Ghaly
1251:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:Tin-Zaouatene
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:Iyad Ag Ghaly
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:Agadez Region
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:Aïr Mountains
1018:
1009:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
970:Dominique Pin
966:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
923:
921:
917:
910:, April 2007.
909:
908:Maradi, Niger
904:
900:
898:
894:
887:February–July
879:
877:
876:Lyad Ag Ghaly
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
818:
816:
812:
802:
799:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
756:Aïr Mountains
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
736:Aïr Mountains
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
696:
687:
673:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
641:
639:
638:Agadez Region
635:
634:Aïr Mountains
629:
626:
625:Agadez Region
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
587:
583:
578:
573:
570:relocated to
569:
563:
561:
557:
552:
548:
538:
536:
532:
531:Agadez Region
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Sahara desert
496:
495:Tuareg people
492:
488:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:2nd Tezerzaït
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:1st Tezerzaït
430:
429:
428:
427:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
408:
407:
404:
399:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
366:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
325:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:
291:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:100+ captured
258:
255:
254:
249:
245:
226:
225:
220:
217:
213:
204:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
171:
163:
158:
155:
153:
141:
130:
129:
124:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
78:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
7267:2009 in Mali
7262:2008 in Mali
7257:2007 in Mali
7017: /
6580:of the Congo
6339:Sierra Leone
6316:
6092:North Africa
5996:
5947:
5943:
5905:. Retrieved
5894:
5885:
5873:. Retrieved
5862:
5853:
5834:
5815:
5796:
5777:
5758:
5735:
5716:
5697:
5685:
5666:
5654:
5642:. Retrieved
5631:
5622:
5603:
5591:
5579:
5567:
5547:
5534:
5518:
5499:
5480:
5461:
5442:
5434:
5419:
5400:
5381:
5362:
5343:
5324:
5305:
5286:
5252:
5233:
5221:
5202:
5183:
5164:
5152:
5133:
5121:
5102:
5083:
5064:
5052:
5033:
5014:
4988:
4976:
4957:
4938:
4919:
4900:
4881:
4840:
4821:
4809:
4790:
4771:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4687:
4661:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4561:
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4463:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4428:
4419:
4411:
4396:
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4357:
4348:
4329:
4310:
4291:
4268:
4256:
4229:
4210:
4191:
4156:
4137:
4118:
4099:
4080:
4061:
4037:
4030:Vichy regime
4008:
3989:
3977:
3947:
3927:
3908:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3846:
3805:
3793:. Retrieved
3782:
3773:
3754:
3747:
3732:
3725:
3710:
3703:
3688:
3669:
3639:
3607:
3573:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3528:
3509:
3500:
3481:
3473:
3464:
3445:
3428:
3409:
3390:
3371:
3352:
3322:
3292:
3273:
3254:
3235:
3225:26 September
3223:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3193:
3174:
3171:Cher uranium
3166:
3147:
3128:
3109:
3079:
3060:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2982:
2963:
2951:
2943:
2929:
2922:
2907:
2888:
2869:
2828:
2809:
2790:
2771:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2624:
2593:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2535:
2478:
2409:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2365:
2362:May meetings
2352:Tchirozérine
2326:
2287:
2275:
2249:) headed by
2246:
2222:
2213:
2210:Malian model
2188:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2101:
2093:Kidal Region
2082:
2062:
2047:
2024:
2001:
1967:
1905:
1884:
1867:Radio Agadez
1865:
1850:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1802:
1790:
1767:
1746:
1737:
1725:
1685:
1669:
1657:
1648:
1635:
1632:, June 2008.
1603:
1595:
1570:
1529:
1517:
1508:
1474:
1461:paramilitary
1456:
1442:
1436:and east of
1427:
1387:
1365:
1352:
1331:
1322:
1290:
1287:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1231:
1227:
1213:Kidal region
1210:
1201:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1150:
1138:Sahel region
1127:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1067:
1065:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1023:
997:
991:festival at
978:
967:
933:
929:
913:
890:
868:
860:Kidal Region
853:
851:government.
834:
824:
814:
808:
794:
779:
761:
700:
692:
654:
642:
630:
606:
599:
564:
544:
529:and Niger's
527:Kidal Region
486:
484:
452:Toulousimine
425:
424:
413:
412:
345:
278:
265:
256:
181:(2008 split)
169:
156:
126:Belligerents
45:Part of the
32:
7166:Arab Winter
7161:Arab Spring
7130:(1998–1999)
7121:(1994–1999)
7087:(1977–1992)
7027:(1991–1994)
7021:(1990–1994)
6965:(2022–2023)
6953:(2011–2020)
6941:(2003–2020)
6935:(1983–2005)
6913:(2013–2020)
6888:South Sudan
6874:(2012–2013)
6868:(2007–2008)
6758:(2000–2018)
6752:(1998–2000)
6746:(1995–2018)
6740:(1994–2018)
6711:East Africa
6629:(2004–2007)
6610:(2016–2017)
6604:(2002–2003)
6586:Civil wars
6570:(2016–2019)
6564:(2013–2018)
6522:(1999–2007)
6516:(1998–2003)
6504:(1996–1997)
6485:Cabinda War
6481:(1975–2002)
6421:(1998–1999)
6240:West Africa
6227:(2010–2011)
6216:(1991–2002)
6126:(2013–2014)
6109:(2011–2014)
6015:(in French)
5907:25 November
5875:25 November
5644:25 November
4895:20 May 2008
4441:25 November
4374:25 November
3795:25 November
2552:25 November
2295:arrived in
2284:Peace talks
2012:Mauritanian
1924:L'Evénement
1888:Moussa Kaka
1879:Moussa Kaka
1467:of Tanout.
1358:materials.
1123:Tinsawatene
1107:Tin Zawaten
957:(CEA). The
715:Ouagadougou
582:Malian Army
521:, Mali and
273:~200 killed
7186:Categories
7078:Mozambique
6782:Tigray War
3544:7 February
2998:10 January
2732:Al Jazeera
2701:Al Jazeera
2670:Al Jazeera
2471:References
2425:Edwin Dyer
2108:Tigharghar
2097:Ghanda Koy
2043:Tombouctou
1793:Mano Dayak
1545:Bouteflika
1535:President
1513:Iferaouane
1040:Cure Salee
989:Cure Salee
882:Niger 2007
728:Mano Dayak
491:insurgency
270:~60 killed
19:See also:
7207:Berberism
6911:Civil War
6595:1997–1999
6590:1993–1994
6546:conflict
6401:2010–2011
6396:2002–2007
6375:1999–2003
6370:1989–1996
6317:2007–2009
6312:1990–1995
6044:0305-6244
5964:144592351
2336:Iférouane
2243:N'Djamena
2219:MNJ split
2203:Iferouane
1933:Sahara FM
1929:Dounia TV
1645:Stalemate
1638:Tezirzaït
1630:Tezirzaït
1574:Red Cross
1507:, (alias
1343:Iferouane
1324:decrees.
1299:Kel Adagh
920:Tezirzaït
827:Iferouane
670:ceasefire
613:land-mine
426:2007-2009
205:In Niger:
106:Ceasefire
84:Northern
7019:genocide
6719:Ethiopia
6627:Bush War
6620:Republic
6608:Pool War
6578:Republic
6495:DR Congo
6329:Mali War
6081:Cold War
5901:Archived
5896:BBC News
5869:Archived
5864:BBC News
5842:Archived
5823:Archived
5804:Archived
5785:Archived
5766:Archived
5751:AÏR-INFO
5743:Archived
5724:Archived
5705:Archived
5674:Archived
5638:Archived
5633:BBC News
5611:Archived
5556:Archived
5526:Archived
5507:Archived
5488:Archived
5469:Archived
5450:Archived
5427:Archived
5408:Archived
5389:Archived
5370:Archived
5351:Archived
5332:Archived
5313:Archived
5294:Archived
5275:Archived
5241:Archived
5210:Archived
5191:Archived
5172:Archived
5141:Archived
5110:Archived
5091:Archived
5072:Archived
5041:Archived
5022:Archived
5003:Archived
4965:Archived
4946:Archived
4927:Archived
4908:Archived
4889:Archived
4870:Archived
4848:Archived
4829:Archived
4798:Archived
4779:Archived
4760:Archived
4717:Archived
4695:Archived
4650:Archived
4607:Archived
4550:Archived
4471:Archived
4435:Archived
4430:BBC News
4412:Le Sahel
4404:Archived
4368:Archived
4337:Archived
4318:Archived
4299:Archived
4276:Archived
4237:Archived
4218:Archived
4199:Archived
4176:Archived
4164:Archived
4145:Archived
4126:Archived
4107:Archived
4088:Archived
4069:Archived
4046:Archived
4016:Archived
3997:Archived
3966:Archived
3955:Archived
3936:Archived
3916:Archived
3897:Archived
3854:Archived
3835:Archived
3813:Archived
3789:Archived
3784:BBC News
3762:Archived
3740:Archived
3718:Archived
3696:Archived
3677:Archived
3658:Archived
3647:Archived
3625:Archived
3614:Archived
3596:Archived
3585:Archived
3562:Archived
3538:Archived
3517:Archived
3489:Archived
3453:Archived
3440:(2005–).
3417:Archived
3398:Archived
3379:Archived
3360:Archived
3341:Archived
3330:Archived
3311:Archived
3300:Archived
3281:Archived
3262:Archived
3243:Archived
3219:Archived
3182:Archived
3175:Le Monde
3155:Archived
3136:Archived
3117:Archived
3098:Archived
3087:Archived
3068:Archived
3049:Archived
3027:Archived
3016:Archived
2992:Archived
2971:Archived
2937:Archived
2915:Archived
2896:Archived
2877:Archived
2858:Archived
2836:Archived
2817:Archived
2798:Archived
2779:Archived
2760:Archived
2736:Archived
2705:Archived
2674:Archived
2634:Archived
2613:Archived
2582:Archived
2571:Archived
2546:Archived
2512:Archived
2486:Archived
2439:See also
2340:Gougaram
2184:Agharous
2112:Tessalit
2104:Tinsalak
2087:(In the
2085:Aguelhoc
2065:Islamist
2004:attacked
1941:Aïr-Info
1927:station
1749:Areva NC
1533:Gabonese
1430:Tiguidit
1234:Tessalit
1222:Abeibara
1192:Ethiopia
1180:Ethiopia
1136:and the
1082:Areva NC
1006:Le Monde
945:Areva NC
541:Timeline
437:Abeïbara
222:Strength
209:In Mali:
157:In Niger
80:Location
6798:Somalia
6360:Liberia
6248:Nigeria
5749:. DIM,
4364:Reuters
2742:16 July
2711:15 July
2680:14 July
2542:Reuters
2455:Azawagh
2297:Tripoli
2008:Nampala
1944:editor
1549:Algeria
1465:Prefect
1434:In-Gall
1392:Yantala
1293:leader
985:Teguida
744:uranium
646:uranium
623:in the
609:Ramadan
590:Algeria
560:uranium
535:uranium
511:Algeria
489:was an
458:Related
447:Nampala
409:Battles
243:Unknown
170:In Mali
110:amnesty
7115:(1994)
7106:Others
7008:Others
7000:(2016)
6979:Uganda
6959:(2012)
6897:(2012)
6880:(2012)
6862:(1997)
6826:AMISOM
6678:Others
6534:(2009)
6472:Angola
6427:(2013)
6412:Others
6207:Others
6042:
5962:
4025:milice
2640:8 June
2348:Dabaga
2239:Agadez
2226:French
2106:(near
1979:23 Mai
1937:Agadez
1920:Niamey
1916:Agadez
1835:Niamey
1728:Elmiki
1704:Niamey
1610:Agadez
1509:Warabé
1489:French
1477:Toubou
1449:Zinder
1445:Tanout
1438:Agadez
1380:Niamey
1376:Maradi
1368:Tahoua
1339:Agadez
1291:Mai 23
1188:Darfur
1134:Ménaka
993:Ingall
916:Agadez
897:Ingall
849:Bamako
841:French
784:, and
768:French
732:Tenere
707:Toubou
657:Niamey
650:Agadez
523:Agadez
149:
137:
97:Result
27:, and
6926:Sudan
6842:Kenya
6140:Libya
6100:Egypt
6079:Post–
5960:S2CID
2368:Areva
2344:Danet
2301:Sirte
2259:Libya
2154:Kidal
2130:Kidal
2058:Kayes
2039:Ségou
2035:Nioro
2031:Diéma
1974:Libya
1950:Ingal
1778:Arlit
1753:Arlit
1692:Gouré
1606:Areva
1561:Ingal
1557:Arlit
1553:Areva
1501:Niger
1481:Hausa
1372:Dosso
1130:Kidal
949:Areva
941:Benin
893:Arlit
798:Libya
740:Arlit
681:Niger
595:Kidal
586:Libya
572:Libya
556:Arlit
519:Kidal
515:Libya
507:Niger
257:Niger
234:4,000
140:Niger
86:Niger
6649:Chad
6322:2012
6302:Mali
6040:ISSN
5983:IRIN
5909:2011
5877:2011
5646:2011
4443:2011
4376:2011
4284:ICRC
3797:2011
3546:2018
3227:2015
3093:and
3000:2008
2744:2008
2713:2008
2682:2008
2642:2018
2554:2011
2417:AQIM
2370:CEO
2350:and
2253:and
2122:Léré
2068:GSPC
2027:Kati
1910:and
1453:FNIS
1374:and
1190:and
1184:Chad
1144:, a
1072:, a
895:and
831:Mali
821:Mali
762:The
513:and
505:and
503:Mali
485:The
414:2006
266:Mali
179:ATNM
152:Mali
108:and
90:Mali
70:Date
49:and
5952:doi
5553:vue
2400:FLN
2398:or
2126:Gao
2041:to
2020:Gao
1922:'s
1547:of
1422:VOA
1001:RFI
713:in
661:MNJ
175:ADC
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