771:
individuals reach 45 metres (148 ft) tall, and one tree has been measured in the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park to 52.8 m (173 ft 3 in) tall, though this tree is now dead from hemlock woolly adelgids; the tallest now surviving, the "Noland Mountain tree", is 51.8 m (169 ft 11 in) tall. Altogether, ENTS has confirmed four trees to heights of 51 m (167 ft) or more by climb and tape drop. In the Northeast, the tallest accurately measured tree is 44 m (144 ft). This tree, named the Seneca hemlock, grows in Cook Forest State Park, PA. Above 43°N latitude, the maximum height of the species is less, under 39 m (128 ft). In New England, ENTS has measured hemlocks to 42 m (138 ft), although trees above 39 m (128 ft) are extremely rare in New England. By 44°N, the maximum height is probably not more than 35 m (115 ft). Diameters of mature hemlocks range from 0.75–1.8 m (2 ft 6 in – 5 ft 11 in), with trees over 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) in diameter being very rare. In New England, the maximum diameter is 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in).
530:
791:. In cultivation, it prefers sites that are slightly acidic to neutral with nutrient-rich and moist but well-drained soil. It is most often used as a specimen, for a screen, or in small group plantings, though it can also be trained as a dense formal hedge. It should not be used on roadsides where salt is used in winter, as its foliage is sensitive to salt spray. It is also poorly adapted as a windbreak tree, as wind exposure causes dieback in winter. It has several drawbacks, such as a fairly low tolerance of urban stress, intolerance for very wet or very dry soils, and susceptibility to attack by the hemlock woolly adelgid, though this is treatable. Its tendency to shed needles rapidly after being cut down renders it unsuitable as a
598:
heavy snowfall; the higher number is common in southerly areas with high summer rainfall. Near the
Atlantic coast and in the southern Appalachians where the trees often reach their greatest heights, annual rainfall often exceeds 1,520 mm (60 in). In the north of its range, the temperatures in January average −12 °C (10 °F), while in July they average only 16 °C (61 °F). In these areas, the frost-free season can last fewer than 80 days. In contrast, the southern end of the range experiences up to 200 days without frost and January temperatures as high as 6 °C (43 °F).
829:
274:
602:
260:
246:
105:
382:
615:
60:
690:
33:
82:
869:'Gentsch White' – a dwarf shrub growing to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) tall with an equal spread and new spring growth that turns creamy-white in autumn through winter, creating a dramatic contrast with the dark green old growth, it is easily scorched by the sun and requires partial shade. It is recommend to feather shear annually to keep it compact and create more tip growth.
396:, being at least 554 years old. The tree generally reaches heights of about 31 m (102 ft), but exceptional trees have been recorded up to 53 m (174 ft). The diameter of the trunk at breast height is often 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), but again, outstanding trees have been recorded up to 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in). The trunk is usually straight and
686:, the pest could kill most of the region's hemlock trees within the next decade. According to the study, researchers found "hemlock woolly adelgid infestation is rapidly impacting the carbon cycle in tree stands," and "adelgid-infested hemlock trees in the South are declining much faster than the reported 9-year decline of some infested hemlock trees in the Northeast."
723:, which is native to the Pacific Northwest, naturally preys on the hemlock wooly adelgid. The particular site near Lansing was chosen because its hemlocks are only lightly infested with the woolly adelgid, and enough trees are found to sustain a long-term study. The site will be left untreated with pesticides for 10 years to study how well the
761:
analyses show the hemlock population experienced a pronounced decline approximately 5,500 BP that lasted for about 1,000 years. Continued research points to other, though less dramatic, dips in
Holocene hemlock populations. Pathogens, insects, and climatic change, and a combination of these, have all
641:
to the United States in 1924, and first found in the native range of eastern hemlock in the late 1960s. The adelgid has spread very rapidly in southern parts of the range once becoming established, while its expansion northward is much slower. Virtually all the hemlocks in the southern
Appalachian
597:
Eastern hemlock is generally confined to areas with highland climates, with cool and humid conditions. Precipitation in the areas where it grows is typically 740 mm (29 in) to more than 1,270 mm (50 in) per year. The lower number is more typical of northern forests that receive
425:
The leaves are typically 15 to 20 mm (0.59 to 0.79 in) in length, but may be as short as 5 mm (0.20 in) or as long as 25 mm (1 in).The leaves are arranged on little stalks, a characteristic that does not appear in the other evergreen trees. They are flattened and are
786:
has long been a popular tree in cultivation. The tree's preference for partial shade and tolerance of full shade allows it to be planted in areas where other conifers would not easily grow. In addition, its very fine-textured foliage that droops to the ground, its pyramidal growth habit, and its
642:
Mountains have seen infestations of the insect within the last five to seven years, with thousands of hectares of stands dying within the last two to three years. Attempts to save representative examples on both public and private lands are on-going. A project named "Tsuga Search", funded by the
774:
Trunk volume is the third dimension to receive attention by ENTS. Many eastern hemlocks have been modeled to over 30 m (1,100 cu ft) trunk volume, and the largest has been calculated to be 44.8 m (1,580 cu ft), making it the largest natural evergreen conifer in the
520:
The wood is soft, coarse-grained, and light buff in color. Air-dried, a cubic foot (0.028 m) weighs 28 pounds (13 kg). The lumber is used for general construction and crates. Because of its unusual power of holding spikes, it is also used for railroad ties. Untreated, the wood is not
770:
Due to it being a long-lived tree, several very large or otherwise impressive trees exist along the east coast of North
America. One organization, the Eastern Native Tree Society (ENTS), has been particularly active in discovering and measuring these trees. In the southern Appalachians, many
646:, is being conducted to save the largest and tallest remaining eastern hemlocks in the Park. Through Tsuga Search, hemlocks have been found with trunk volumes up to 44.8 m³ within the park, making it the largest eastern evergreen conifer, eclipsing in volume both eastern white pine (
892:'Sargentii' – a popular large weeping shrub that grows to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall with a wide spread up to 6 m (20 ft), it features numerous pendulous branches and is most effectively employed near water, in rock gardens, or on embankments.
360:
Eastern hemlocks are long lived trees, with many examples living for more than 500 years. They can grow to heights of more than 30 metres (100 ft), and are tolerant of shade, moist soil, and slopes. Hemlock wood is used in construction, and for
901:
American pioneers made tea from the tree's leafy twigs and used its branches as brooms. Tea can be made from the needles. The inner bark, which is best in winter and coming into spring, can be eaten raw or boiled; it can also be used to make flour.
889:'Pendula' – an upright weeping form whose height is dependent on how long it is staked, but is typically seen 0.6–1.5 m (2 ft 0 in – 4 ft 11 in) tall with a 1.5-metre (4.9 ft) spread. It has also won the AGM.
924:. Author Edith Wharton described "hemlock boughs bent inward to their trunks by the weight of the snow," "intensely blue shadows of hemlocks on sunlit snow," and darkness "dropping down like a black veil from the heavy hemlock boughs."
851:'Bennett' – a dwarf shrub reaching 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) wide, with upper branchlets that first ascend and then arch upper, this selection prefers partial shade.
580:, as well as western Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota. In Canada, it is present in Ontario and all provinces to the east except Newfoundland and Labrador. Its range completely overlaps that of the closely related
872:'Jeddeloh' – a dwarf shrub reaching to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) wide, showing a small concavity in the centre, it is an alternative to the bird's-nest spruce (
1602:
Zhao, Yan; Yu, Zicheng; Zhao, Cheng (23 April 2010). "Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) declines at 9800 and 5300 cal. yr BP caused by
Holocene climatic shifts in northeastern North America".
373:
industry. Eastern hemlocks are popular as ornamental trees, thanks to their tolerance of a wide variety of soil and light conditions, as well as their characteristic drooping branches.
727:
beetles become established; if the experiment proves successful, researchers expect the population will take two to three years to build to levels where they can be readily detected.
866:, it slowly grows to only 30 cm (12 in) tall with a 1.3-metre (4.3 ft) spread, with the central stems eventually becoming visible. It also prefers partial shade.
802:, it is encountered frequently in gardens both large and small, as well as some parks, and is most common in the eastern areas of the country. It is sometimes employed as a
762:
been proposed to explain these anomalies. The eastern hemlock increased again after the major decline, but did not recover its former place as a dominant species.
548:
occurs at sea level in the north of its distribution, but is found primarily at elevations of 600–1,800 m (2,000–5,900 ft). It ranges from northeastern
753:
decline of hemlock populations is a much-studied phenomenon. From its foundation in the early
Holocene (around 16,000 BP) in what is now the southeastern US,
2577:
1523:
2269:
848:'Beehive' – a very small dwarf shrub typically growing to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high and 1.5 m wide, resembling a spreading beehive in form
812:(western hemlock); it is not well adapted to the UK climate and as a consequence often has a poorly developed, forked and sinuous trunk there. In
775:
eastern United States. The center of maximum size development for the species is the southern
Appalachians, especially the Great Smoky Mountains.
2455:
2120:
2537:
2532:
430:
bands, while the top is a shiny green to yellow-green in color. The leaf margins are very slightly toothed, especially near the apex. The seed
2208:
666:, but this is based largely on its wide distribution and because the adelgid populations have not reached the northern areas of its range.
2572:
2562:
2552:
676:
suggests the hemlock woolly adelgid is killing hemlock trees faster than expected in the southern
Appalachians, and rapidly altering the
2290:
2416:
2068:
1058:
529:
2582:
2468:
2429:
2133:
2081:
1352:
1015:
521:
durable if exposed to the elements. As a fuel, it is low in value. The wood is also a source of pulp for paper manufacturing.
2174:
1843:
1586:
2473:
2138:
1198:
706:
643:
2557:
2032:
349:, which infests and eventually kills trees. Declines in population from hemlock wooly adelgid infestation have led to
2592:
1812:
1742:
1721:
1685:
1237:
1049:
844:
have been selected for use, many of them being dwarf forms and shrubs. A partial list of popular cultivars includes:
278:
2567:
2213:
990:
2547:
2442:
2107:
345:
Eastern hemlock populations in North
America are threatened in much of their range by the spread of the invasive
89:
1175:
1334:
1295:
Atlas of Relations Between Climatic Parameters and Distributions of Important Trees and Shrubs in North America
404:
is scaly and deeply fissured, especially with age. The twigs are a yellow-brown in color with darker red-brown
2486:
2308:
1159:
Gove, J.H.; Fairweather, S.E. (1988). "Tree-ring analysis of a 500-year old hemlock in central Pennsylvania".
2195:
1326:
1135:
392:
The eastern hemlock grows well in shade and is very long lived, with the oldest recorded specimen, found in
2060:
1975:
1348:
1102:
426:
typically distichous, or two-ranked. The bottom of the leaf is glaucous with two broad and clearly visible
1267:. American Forestry Association. Washington, District of Columbia. 374 pp. ("EASTERN HEMLOCK", pp. 88-89.)
1250:
2316:
1120:
879:
504: in) in width. The apex is more or less rounded and is often projected outward. Twenty-four diploid
1777:
1755:
2481:
2434:
2303:
2086:
1951:
589:
It is found primarily on rocky ridges, ravines, and hillsides with relatively high levels of moisture.
331:
2587:
2223:
2169:
1116:
673:
2047:
569:
319:
2187:
1374:
968:
104:
1894:
1445:
1434:
538:
236:
2354:
2295:
1902:
1019:
2460:
2125:
2055:
1913:
1868:
1578:
1572:
1302:
737:
626:
619:
393:
346:
1292:
Thompson, Robert S.; Anderson, Katherine H.; Bartlein, Patrick J. (1999). "Tsuga canadensis".
1524:"Middle-Holocene dynamics of Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) in northern New England, USA"
1291:
883:
561:
327:
215:
2249:
2151:
2006:
1611:
565:
464: in) in width. The scales are ovate to cuneate in shape and measure 8 to 12 mm (
8:
1835:
1648:
711:
670:
49:
2282:
1615:
1460:(November 1985). "Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. XX. New Taxa and Distributional Records in
2362:
1627:
1546:
1493:
808:
702:
534:
323:
99:
1293:
1263:
Collingwood, C.H. and Warren D. Brush (Revised and Edited by Devereux Butcher). 1974.
828:
2403:
2244:
1993:
1849:
1839:
1808:
1738:
1717:
1681:
1631:
1582:
1501:
1485:
1233:
716:
582:
370:
1550:
1110:
945:
2408:
2367:
1998:
1619:
1538:
1477:
1344:
963:
788:
273:
41:
1413:
2509:
2394:
2321:
2231:
2161:
803:
659:
335:
64:
2344:
2200:
735:
The tree can be found living in association with many forest mushrooms, such as
2542:
2277:
1936:
792:
601:
412:
are ovoid in shape and are very small, measuring only 1.5 to 2.5 mm (0 to
339:
259:
245:
129:
2259:
1962:
1505:
2526:
2146:
2037:
1853:
1623:
1542:
1489:
1278:
954:
816:, it is the most frequently seen hemlock in cultivation, and is also used in
682:
663:
651:
422: in) in length. These are usually not resinous, but may be slightly so.
401:
354:
232:
69:
400:, but very rarely is forked. The crown is broadly conic, while the brownish
2499:
2334:
1457:
677:
614:
431:
381:
362:
315:
1831:
Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
1829:
911:
Numerous place names in North America are named Hemlock. For a list, see
32:
2182:
2094:
1945:
920:
874:
855:
557:
2236:
1985:
1115:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
322:
of Pennsylvania. Eastern hemlocks are widespread throughout much of the
2421:
2073:
1805:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
1497:
758:
698:
505:
397:
142:
689:
2099:
2019:
757:
expanded rapidly and successfully into its potential range. However,
638:
634:
549:
385:
A line drawing of the leaves and cones from Britton and Brown's 1913
309:
1907:
1481:
2494:
2388:
2329:
1930:
841:
817:
750:
405:
182:
2447:
2112:
2024:
1062:
912:
863:
813:
577:
427:
172:
162:
152:
2011:
1970:
859:
553:
366:
939:
937:
342:
and mainland Europe, where they are used as ornamental trees.
1716:
93. Auflage, p. 424. Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim.
434:
are ovoid in shape and typically measure 1.5 to 2.5 cm (
192:
116:
1382:
Bulletin of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
934:
573:
312:
1601:
1435:
Hemlock Trees Dying Rapidly, Affecting Forest Carbon Cycle
1678:
A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
1570:
509:
409:
806:, but is considered inferior for this usage compared to
1109:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
799:
715:
beetles into a stand of adelgid-infested hemlocks near
541:, Pennsylvania; note the hemlocks' deeply fissured bark
1030:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
787:
ability to withstand hard pruning make it a desirable
1712:
Schmeil, O., Fitschen, J., & Seybold, S. (2006).
798:
It was introduced to British gardens in 1736. In the
1333:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
605:
Hemlock boughs in the autumn, shedding older foliage
1577:(1st ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. pp.
1521:
1161:
U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report NC-120
387:
Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada
365:. Historically its bark was an important source of
1903:Eastern Native Tree Society's Tsuga Search Project
302:, and in the French-speaking regions of Canada as
1574:Quaternary Ecology: a Paleoecological Perspective
1230:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
2524:
1279:"Eastern hemlock found in Macon County, Alabama"
444:to 1 in) in length and 1.0 to 1.5 cm (
1375:"Biology and control of hemlock woolly adelgid"
1324:
1158:
568:and Alabama. Disjunct populations occur in the
1571:Delcourt, Hazel R.; Delcourt, Paul A. (1991).
1522:Oswald, W. W.; Foster, D. R. (8 August 2011).
1439:
669:A 2009 study conducted by scientists with the
1828:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
969:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42431A2979676.en
2578:Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains
1827:
1112:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
918:Hemlocks are a recurring image in the novel
878:'Nidiformis'). This cultivar has gained the
625:The species is currently threatened by the
524:
1325:Godman, R. M.; Lancaster, Kenneth (1990).
1014:
943:
484: in) in length by 7.0 to 10 mm (
258:
244:
80:
58:
31:
1517:
1515:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
967:
609:
1643:
1641:
1564:
1456:
1450:
1285:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1059:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
827:
688:
613:
600:
528:
380:
272:
1703:
1428:
1372:
1353:United States Department of Agriculture
1320:
1318:
1152:
353:being listed as Near Threatened on the
2525:
1802:
1672:
1670:
1512:
1446:Predator Beetle to Battle Hemlock Pest
1362:– via Southern Research Station.
1213:
1196:
1173:
2538:NatureServe apparently secure species
2533:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1912:
1911:
1638:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1276:
1190:
1079:
1042:
1028:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
905:
658:). The tree is currently listed as a
2224:ed2625e1-8b1b-4666-80ed-3d0480fd85b8
1733:Welch, H., & Haddow, G. (1993).
1690:
1595:
1315:
1048:
765:
318:to eastern North America. It is the
1866:
1748:
1667:
1412:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
1167:
955:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
862:as an alternative to the prostrate
707:University of Massachusetts-Amherst
644:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
338:. They have been introduced in the
13:
2573:Trees of humid continental climate
2563:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
2553:Trees of the Eastern United States
1898:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1400:
1197:Blozan, Will (December 18, 2006).
1174:Blozan, Will (February 16, 2007).
1133:
1100:
14:
2604:
1888:
1700:. Forestry Commission Booklet 33.
1200:The Laurel Branch Leviathan Climb
408:, and are densely pubescent. The
279:Kortright Centre for Conservation
277:An Eastern Hemlock branch at the
2487:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325665-2
2309:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:264005-1
1807:. New York: Knopf. p. 300.
1163:. Vol. 1. pp. 483–489.
103:
1860:
1821:
1796:
1770:
1735:The World Checklist of Conifers
1727:
1366:
1270:
1257:
1243:
744:
680:of these forests. According to
2583:Garden plants of North America
1127:
1008:
983:
858:form that can also be used in
778:
701:from the U.S. Forest Service,
508:are present within the trees'
376:
1:
1758:. Royal Horticultural Society
1756:"Tsuga canadensis 'Jeddeloh'"
1698:Conifers in the British Isles
928:
533:Stand of eastern hemlock and
1349:United States Forest Service
823:
572:, northern Alabama, western
7:
1655:. University of Connecticut
1121:Harvard University Herbaria
880:Royal Horticultural Society
10:
2609:
1803:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1232:. Koeltz Scientific Books
991:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
730:
592:
552:eastward through southern
332:Northeastern United States
2558:Trees of Northern America
2378:
1920:
1117:Missouri Botanical Garden
674:Southern Research Station
266:
257:
252:
243:
221:
214:
100:Scientific classification
98:
78:
56:
47:
39:
30:
23:
2593:Plants described in 1763
1696:Mitchell, A. F. (1972).
1676:Mitchell, A. F. (1974).
1624:10.1177/0959683610365932
1543:10.1177/0959683611409774
1341:Silvics of North America
1277:South, David B. (2016).
995:explorer.natureserve.org
525:Distribution and habitat
2568:Symbols of Pennsylvania
1422:The Gymnosperm Database
1373:McClure, M. S. (1987).
896:
854:'Cole's Prostrate' – a
832:The weeping shrub form
539:Tiadaghton State Forest
515:
2548:Hardwood forest plants
1303:U.S. Geological Survey
1177:The Usis Hemlock Climb
1119:, St. Louis, MO &
837:
738:Ramaria flavosaponaria
697:In a 2009 case study,
694:
627:hemlock woolly adelgid
622:
620:hemlock woolly adelgid
610:Hemlock woolly adelgid
606:
542:
394:Tionesta, Pennsylvania
389:
347:Hemlock woolly adelgid
296:eastern hemlock-spruce
282:
267:Closeup view of range
1714:Flora von Deutschland
884:Award of Garden Merit
831:
692:
617:
604:
562:Appalachian Mountains
532:
384:
328:Appalachian Mountains
276:
1653:UConn Plant Database
962:: e.T42431A2979676.
618:Shoot infested with
1616:2010Holoc..20..877Z
1458:Petersen, Ronald H.
1228:Farjon, A. (1990).
1140:www.srs.fs.usda.gov
944:Farjon, A. (2013).
712:Laricobius nigrinus
671:U.S. Forest Service
560:, and south in the
50:Conservation status
40:Large specimens at
1649:"Tsuga canadensis"
1265:Knowing Your Trees
1251:"Studies of Trees"
1101:Taylor, Ronald J.
906:In popular culture
838:
809:Tsuga heterophylla
703:Cornell University
695:
623:
607:
543:
535:eastern white pine
390:
324:Great Lakes region
283:
207:T. canadensis
86:Apparently Secure
16:Species of conifer
2520:
2519:
2245:Open Tree of Life
1914:Taxon identifiers
1873:Project Gutenberg
1845:978-1-4027-6715-9
1588:978-0-412-29790-8
1136:"Eastern Hemlock"
766:Exceptional trees
717:Lansing, New York
633:), a sap-sucking
583:Tsuga caroliniana
271:
270:
93:
73:
2600:
2588:Ornamental trees
2513:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2380:Pinus canadensis
2371:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2270:tsuga-canadensis
2263:
2262:
2260:Tsuga_canadensis
2253:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2201:NHMSYS0000464649
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1976:tsuga-canadensis
1966:
1965:
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1955:
1954:
1952:Tsuga canadensis
1941:
1940:
1939:
1922:Tsuga canadensis
1909:
1908:
1896:Tsuga canadensis
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1867:Wharton, Edith.
1864:
1858:
1857:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1794:
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1780:Tsuga canadensis
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1416:Tsuga canadensis
1409:
1398:
1397:
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1345:Washington, D.C.
1329:Tsuga canadensis
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1123:, Cambridge, MA.
1105:Tsuga canadensis
1098:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1061:. Archived from
1056:
1046:
1040:
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1037:
1035:
1022:Tsuga canadensis
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
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948:Tsuga canadensis
941:
784:Tsuga canadensis
637:introduced from
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421:
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369:for the leather
351:Tsuga canadensis
305:pruche du Canada
300:Canadian hemlock
290:, also known as
287:Tsuga canadensis
262:
248:
227:
225:Tsuga canadensis
108:
107:
87:
84:
83:
67:
62:
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42:Morton Arboretum
35:
25:Tsuga canadensis
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2232:Observation.org
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2018:
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2005:
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1838:. p. 122.
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1343:. Vol. 1.
1323:
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826:
789:ornamental tree
781:
768:
747:
733:
693:Closeup of bark
662:species in the
660:near threatened
612:
595:
570:Piedmont region
527:
518:
500:
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336:Maritime Canada
292:eastern hemlock
239:
229:
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210:
102:
94:
85:
81:
74:
65:Near Threatened
63:
59:
52:
17:
12:
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2368:wfo-0000456302
2359:
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2016:
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1990:
1980:
1967:
1957:
1942:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
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1889:External links
1887:
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1859:
1844:
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1813:
1795:
1769:
1747:
1737:. Landsman's.
1726:
1702:
1689:
1666:
1637:
1610:(6): 877–886.
1594:
1587:
1563:
1511:
1476:(6): 903–919.
1449:
1438:
1427:
1399:
1365:
1314:
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1269:
1256:
1242:
1212:
1189:
1166:
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1134:Godman, R. M.
1126:
1078:
1051:BSBI List 2007
1041:
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793:Christmas tree
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631:Adelges tsugae
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340:United Kingdom
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1869:"Ethan Frome"
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
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1824:
1816:
1814:0-394-50760-6
1810:
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1743:0-900513-09-8
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1722:3-494-01413-2
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1097:
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1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:on 2015-06-26
1064:
1060:
1053:
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996:
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871:
868:
865:
861:
857:
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846:
845:
843:
835:
834:T. canadensis
830:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
785:
776:
772:
763:
760:
759:palynological
756:
755:T. canadensis
752:
742:
740:
739:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
709:released 900
708:
704:
700:
699:entomologists
691:
687:
685:
684:
683:Science Daily
679:
675:
672:
667:
665:
664:IUCN Red List
661:
657:
653:
652:loblolly pine
649:
648:Pinus strobus
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
616:
603:
599:
590:
587:
585:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:T. canadensis
540:
536:
531:
522:
513:
511:
507:
433:
429:
423:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:
383:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:railroad ties
358:
356:
355:IUCN Red List
352:
348:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
317:
314:
311:
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288:
280:
275:
265:
261:
256:
251:
247:
242:
238:
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228:
226:
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
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130:Tracheophytes
128:
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118:
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111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
77:
71:
66:
55:
51:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2379:
1921:
1895:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:
1862:
1834:. New York:
1830:
1823:
1804:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1779:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1750:
1734:
1729:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1677:
1657:. Retrieved
1652:
1607:
1604:The Holocene
1603:
1597:
1573:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1537:(1): 71–78.
1534:
1531:The Holocene
1530:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1441:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1381:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1340:
1335:
1328:
1306:. Retrieved
1294:
1287:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1245:
1229:
1204:. Retrieved
1199:
1192:
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1111:
1104:
1070:. Retrieved
1063:the original
1050:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1027:
1021:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
994:
985:
973:. Retrieved
959:
953:
947:
919:
900:
873:
839:
833:
807:
797:
783:
782:
773:
769:
754:
748:
745:Paleoecology
736:
734:
724:
720:
710:
696:
681:
678:carbon cycle
668:
655:
647:
630:
624:
596:
588:
581:
564:to northern
545:
544:
519:
424:
391:
386:
359:
350:
344:
304:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
285:
284:
224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
143:Gymnospermae
136:
123:
24:
18:
2283:kew-2516507
2183:NatureServe
2095:iNaturalist
1946:Wikispecies
1710:(in German)
1392:October 24,
1034:12 December
975:11 November
921:Ethan Frome
875:Picea abies
856:groundcover
836:'Sargentii'
779:Cultivation
725:L. nigrinus
721:L. nigrinus
656:Pinus taeda
558:Nova Scotia
506:chromosomes
377:Description
90:NatureServe
2527:Categories
2352:WisFlora:
2278:Plant List
1878:2024-09-18
1782:'Pendula'"
1680:. Collins
1506:7377077277
1359:2007-07-05
1308:2007-07-05
1206:2007-06-08
1183:2007-06-08
1145:2021-12-13
1072:2014-10-17
1016:USDA, NRCS
929:References
705:, and the
398:monopodial
320:state tree
310:coniferous
149:Division:
2395:Q17359215
2061:233501320
1854:244766414
1659:19 August
1632:220988296
1490:0027-5514
1470:Mycologia
1462:Clavulina
842:cultivars
840:Over 300
824:Cultivars
639:East Asia
576:and into
556:and into
550:Minnesota
201:Species:
163:Pinopsida
153:Pinophyta
113:Kingdom:
2507:VASCAN:
2500:24900561
2495:Tropicos
2461:10872510
2448:325665-2
2389:Wikidata
2342:VASCAN:
2335:24900236
2330:Tropicos
2257:PalDat:
2188:2.131718
2126:10586135
2113:264005-1
1983:BioLib:
1937:Q1137143
1931:Wikidata
1836:Sterling
1762:13 March
1551:42106379
1351:(USFS),
1336:Conifers
1018:(n.d.).
1000:12 April
864:junipers
818:forestry
751:Holocene
749:The mid-
428:stomatal
237:Carrière
183:Pinaceae
179:Family:
70:IUCN 3.1
2422:5285847
2170:MoBotPF
2074:2687182
2012:1033654
1788:5 March
1612:Bibcode
1556:6 March
1498:3793302
1466:Ramaria
913:Hemlock
814:Germany
731:Ecology
593:Climate
578:Indiana
566:Georgia
499:⁄
489:⁄
479:⁄
469:⁄
459:⁄
449:⁄
439:⁄
417:⁄
406:pulvini
371:tanning
308:, is a
189:Genus:
173:Pinales
169:Order:
159:Class:
117:Plantae
88: (
68: (
2474:183398
2291:PLANTS
2250:117276
2221:NZOR:
2175:285010
2139:183397
2048:tsucan
2045:FEIS:
2038:150566
1971:ARKive
1852:
1842:
1811:
1741:
1720:
1684:
1630:
1585:
1549:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1355:(USDA)
1236:
860:bonsai
650:) and
554:Quebec
367:tannin
334:, and
330:, the
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