Presidency of Harry S. Truman

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runaway inflation. Truman sought to find a middle course between the two camps; price controls on many nonessential items were lifted by the end of September 1945, but others remained in place by the end of 1945. Increasingly concerned about inflation, Truman reimposed some price controls in December 1945, but the unpopularity of those controls led the administration to seek other ways to curb inflation, including cuts to federal spending. In July 1946, after average prices rose at the unprecedented rate of 5.5 percent, Truman won passage of a bill that extended his authority to institute price controls on some items. Though unemployment remained low, labor unrest, inflation, and other issues badly damaged Truman's popularity, which in turn contributed to a poor Democratic showing in the November 1946 mid-term elections. After the Republican victory in those elections, Truman announced the end of all federal wage and price controls, with the exception of

1733: 4064: 4333:, of being a member of that network; Hiss denied the allegations but was convicted in January 1950 for perjury. The Soviet Union's success in exploding an atomic weapon in 1949 and the fall of the nationalist Chinese the same year led many Americans to conclude that subversion by Soviet spies had been responsible for American setbacks and Soviet successes, and to demand that communists be rooted out from the government and other places of influence. However, Truman did not fully share such opinions, and throughout his tenure he would balance a desire to maintain internal security against the fear that a red scare could hurt innocents and impede government operations. He famously called the Hiss trial a "red herring," but also presided over the prosecution of numerous Communist leaders under the terms of the 3809:

mounted among the general public and Truman himself, and the president drafted a message to Congress that called on veterans to form a lynch mob and destroy the union leaders. After top aide Clark Clifford rewrote and toned down the speech, Truman delivered a speech calling for Congress to pass a new law to draft all the railroad strikers into the army. As he was concluding his speech he read a message just handed to him that the strike was settled on presidential terms; Truman nevertheless finished the speech, making clear his displeasure with the strike. Truman's speech marked the end of the strike wave, as business and labor leaders both generally avoided subsequent actions that would provoke a strong response from the administration. The strikes damaged the political standing of unions, and the

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aftermath of the war, the Communists gained the upper hand in the civil war after 1947. Corruption, poor economic conditions, and poor military leadership eroded popular support for the Nationalist government, and the Communists won many peasants to their side. As the Nationalists collapsed in 1948, the Truman administration faced the question of whether to intervene on the side of the Nationalists or seek good relations with Mao. Chiang's strong support among sections of the American public, along with desire to assure other allies that the U.S. was committed to containment, convinced Truman to increase economic and military aid to the Nationalists. However, Truman held out little hope for a Nationalist victory, and he refused to send U.S. soldiers.

139: 1846:. After leaving office, Truman told a journalist that the atomic bombing "was done to save 125,000 youngsters on the American side and 125,000 on the Japanese side from getting killed and that is what it did. It probably also saved a half million youngsters on both sides from being maimed for life." Truman was also motivated by a desire to end the war before the Soviet Union could invade Japanese-held territories and set up Communist governments. Critics, such as Allied commander and Truman's successor Dwight D. Eisenhower, have argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary, given that conventional tactics such as firebombing and blockade might induce Japan's surrender without the need for such weapons. 3001: 614: 4885:. In part due to the Checkers speech, television emerged as an important medium in the race; the number of households with televisions had grown from under 200,000 in 1948 to over 15 million in 1952. On election day, as widely expected, Eisenhower defeated Stevenson by a wide margin. Eisenhower took 55.4 percent of the popular vote and won 442 electoral votes, taking almost every state outside of the South. Though Eisenhower ran ahead of most congressional Republicans, his party nonetheless took control of both the House and Senate, giving the Republican Party unified control of Congress and the presidency for the first time since the 943:

very hard worker, often to the point of exhaustion, which left him testy, easily annoyed, and on the verge of appearing unpresidential or petty. In terms of major issues, he discussed them in depth with cabinet and other advisors, such as the atom bomb, the Truman Plan, the Korean war, or the dismissal of General MacArthur. He mastered the details of the federal budget as well as anyone. Truman's myopia made it hard to read a typescript, and he was poor at prepared addresses. However, his visible anger made him an effective stump speaker, denouncing his enemies as his supporters hollered back at him, “Give Em Hell, Harry!”

3198: 4755: 2579: 844: 3403: 3440: 2052:. The administration also helped create a new category of refugee, the "escapee," at the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The American Escapee Program began in 1952 to help the flight and relocation of political refugees from communism in Eastern Europe. The motivation for the refugee and escapee programs was twofold: humanitarianism, and use as a political weapon against inhumane communism. Truman also set up a Presidential Displaced Person Commission, which people such as Harry N. Rosenfield and Walter Bierlinger served on. 2993: 4210: 4898: 2450:

against any and all external threats. Military spending plunged from 39 percent of GNP in 1945 to only 5 percent in 1948, but defense expenditures overall were still eight times higher in constant dollars than they had been before the war. The number of military personnel fell from just over 3 million in 1946 to approximately 1.6 million in 1947, although again the number of military personnel was still nearly five times larger than that of U.S. military in 1939. These jumps were considerably larger than had taken place before and after the

46: 3043:. In the early weeks of the war, the North Koreans easily pushed back their southern counterparts. The Soviet Union was not directly involved, though Kim did win Stalin's approval before launching the invasion. Truman, meanwhile, did not view Korea itself as a vital region in the Cold War, but he believed that allowing a Western-aligned country to fall would embolden Communists around the world and damage his own standing at home. The top officials of the Truman administration were heavily influenced by a desire to not repeat the " 4027:." A major difference between the New Deal and the Fair Deal was that the latter included an aggressive civil rights program, which Truman termed a moral priority. Truman's proposals were not well received by Congress, even with renewed Democratic majorities in Congress after 1948. The conservative coalition of Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats played a major role in blocking passage of the Fair Deal, but the inability of liberals to agree on the details of many programs also contributed to legislative gridlock. 3370: 3781: 608: 3850:

designs, and provided streets and utilities. The GI Bill thus helped in ensuring 15 million housing units were built between 1945 and 1955, and the home-ownership rate grew from 50 percent in 1945 to 60 percent in 1960. Together with the growth of the automobile industry, the G.I. Bill's housing benefits helped provide for a major expansion of suburbs around every major city. In addition to education and housing benefits, the bill included aid to veterans who wanted to start a small business or farm, as well one year of

4278:(UE). Meanwhile, the AFL set up its first explicitly political unit, Labor's League for Political Education, and increasingly abandoned its historic tradition of nonpartisanship. Expelled leftists coalesced around Henry Wallace, who ran an independent campaign for president in 1948. The reforms by the CIO and AFL put both organizations in a good position to fight off Henry Wallace, and the CIO and AFL worked enthusiastically for Truman's reelection. Opponents of Wallace also established an anti-Communist liberal group, 4434:(1952). The 6–3 decision, which held that Truman's assertion of authority was too vague and was not rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a Court composed entirely of Justices appointed by either Truman or Roosevelt. The high court's reversal of Truman's order was his most notable legal defeat. The Supreme Court decision left the country with the possibility of a critical steel shortage, but Truman was able to convince the steel managers and organized labor to reach a settlement in July 1952. 4835: 175: 2607:. The treaty establishing NATO was widely popular and easily passed the Senate in 1949. NATO's goals were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and to send a clear message to communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals. The treaty also re-assured France that the United States would come to its defense, paving the way for continuing French cooperation in the re-establishment of an independent German state. The United States, 3233: 947: 3300: 4588: 2747: 4791: 4685: 13666: 13002: 3121: 2570:, a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as coal, using military aircraft on a massive scale. Nothing like it had ever been attempted before, and no single nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to accomplish it. The airlift worked, and ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes, and it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. 4938:

was among our hardest-working Presidents—were directed to standing still". During the years of campus unrest in the 1960s and 1970s, revisionist historians on the left attacked his foreign policy as too hostile to Communism, and his domestic policy as too favorable toward business. However, Truman's image in university textbooks was quite favorable in the 1950s, and more established scholars never accepted the critiques of revisionist historians.

4302: 2779:. In 1943, he had called for a homeland for those Jews who survived the Nazi regime. However, State Department officials were reluctant to offend the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in the region. Regarding policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, Palestine was secondary to the goal of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey, and Iran from communism. In 1947, the United Nations approved the 2141: 3333: 2508:, Vandenberg admitted there was no certainty that the plan would succeed, but said it would halt economic chaos, sustain Western civilization, and stop further Soviet expansion. Both houses of Congress approved of the initial appropriation, known as the Foreign Assistance Act, by large majorities, and Truman signed the act into law in April 1948. Congress would eventually allocate $ 12.4 billion in aid over the four years of the plan. 13676: 2187:, distrusted the Soviet Union but believed that the United States should not try to counter Soviet influence in Eastern Europe, which the Soviets saw as their "strategic security belt." Partly because of this sentiment, Truman was reluctant to fully break with the Soviet Union in early 1946, but he took an increasingly hard line towards the Soviet Union throughout the year. He privately approved of Winston Churchill's March 1946 " 3846:

collegiate, vocational, and high school education for veterans – not only free tuition, but also full housing and subsistence allowances for the veterans and their families. There was a remarkable transformation of higher education, as 2.2 million veterans crowded into hastily built classrooms. Due in large part to the G.I. Bill, the number of college degrees awarded rose from just over 200,000 in 1940 to nearly 500,000 in 1950.

2481: 2714:(OAS), an intergovernmental organization designed to foster regional unity. Many Latin American nations, seeking favor with the United States, cut off relations with the Soviet Union. Latin American countries also requested aid and investment similar to the Marshall Plan, but Truman believed that most U.S. foreign aid was best directed to Europe and other areas that could potentially fall under the influence of Communism. 2504:, argued that the Marshall Plan would be "a wasteful 'operation rat-hole'". Wherry held that it made no sense to oppose communism by supporting the socialist governments in Western Europe and that American goods would reach Russia and increase its war potential. Wherry was outmaneuvered by the emerging internationalist wing in the Republican Party, led by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg. With support from Republican Senator 3180:, but neither side was able to advance far past the 38th parallel. Throughout late 1951, Truman sought a cease fire, but disputes over prisoner exchanges led to the collapse of negotiations. Of the 116,000 Chinese and Korean prisoners-of-war held by the United States, only 83,000 were willing to return to their home countries, and Truman was unwilling to forcibly return the prisoners. The Korean War ended with an 2278:

1947 the British informed the United States that they could no longer afford to intervene in Greece. At the urging of Acheson, who warned that the fall of Greece could lead to the expansion of Soviet influence throughout Europe, Truman requested that Congress grant an unprecedented $ 400 million aid package to Greece and Turkey. In a March 1947 speech before a joint session of Congress, Truman articulated the

4047:. The 1950 mid-term elections bolstered Republicans and conservative Democrats, ending any chance of passing further Fair Deal programs. Though Truman failed to pass most of his major Fair Deal deal proposals, he did help ensure that the major New Deal programs still in operation remained intact, and in many cases, received minor improvements. The Fair Deal would later serve as an inspiration for many of the 4293:, which ordered purges of left-wingers who refused to disavow communism. It removed about 300 federal employees who currently were members of or associated with any organization identified by the Attorney General as communist, fascist, or totalitarian. Anti-communist liberals by 1947–48 thus played a central role in the Democratic Party, and enthusiastically supported Truman's anti-communist foreign policy. 3020:, which had been a colony of the Japanese Empire. The 38th parallel was chosen as a line of partition between the occupying powers since it was approximately halfway between Korea's northernmost and southernmost regions, and was always intended to mark a temporary separation before the eventual reunification of Korea. Nonetheless, the Soviet Union established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( 2282:, which called for the United States to support "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Overcoming those who opposed U.S. involvement in Greek affairs, as well those who feared that the aid would weaken post-war cooperation, Truman won bipartisan approval of the aid package. The congressional vote represented a permanent break with the 819:, resulting in a huge loss of support. In the 1952 presidential election, Eisenhower successfully campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption". Nonetheless, Truman retained a strong reputation among scholars, and his public reputation eventually recovered in the 1960s. In polls of historians and political scientists, Truman is generally 3263: 921:? For you are the one in trouble now." The day after assuming office Truman spoke to reporters: "Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now. I don't know if you fellas ever had a load of hay fall on you, but when they told me what happened yesterday, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me." Bipartisan favorable opinion gave the new president a honeymoon. 3870:, which would be free of charge for "all youth who can profit from such education". The commission helped popularize the phrase "community college" in the late 1940s and helped shape the future of two-year degree institutions in the U.S. The report also calls for increased Federal spending in the form of scholarships, fellowships, and general aid to schools and students. 2887:

in 1947, Washington officials took greater control over the occupation, ending Japanese reparations to the Allied Powers and prioritizing economic growth over long-term reform. The Japanese suffered from poor economic conditions until 1950 when heavy American spending on supplies to support the Korean War stimulated growth. In 1951, the United States and Japan signed the

3831: 2265:. Kennan's doctrine was based on the notion that the Soviet Union was led by an uncompromising totalitarian regime, and that the Soviets were primarily responsible for escalating tensions. Wallace, who had been appointed Secretary of Commerce after the 1944 election, resigned from the cabinet in September 1946 due to Truman's hardening stance towards the Soviet Union. 2787:) and an Arab state. In the months leading up to the British withdrawal from the region, the Truman administration debated whether or not to recognize the fledgling state of Israel. Overcoming initial objections from Marshall, Clark Clifford convinced Truman that non-recognition would lead Israel to tilt towards the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Truman recognized the 4248:(IRS) officials took bribes, used their offices to run private businesses, embezzled federal funds, or tolerated corrupt behavior by their subordinates. The various scandals of organized crime did not directly touch Truman, but they highlighted and exacerbated his problems with scandals inside his administration, such as influence peddling. In 1952, Truman appointed 4673:, Illinois, captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds. The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman's whistle stop events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps. The three major polling organizations stopped polling well before the November 2 election date— 2009:(ITO). The ITO was designed to have broad powers to regulate trade among member countries, and its charter was approved by the United Nations in 1948. However, the ITO's broad powers engendered opposition in Congress, and Truman declined to send the charter to the Senate for ratification. In the course of creating the ITO, the U.S. and 22 other countries signed the 2314:, and pressure from prominent Italian-Americans, helped to ensure a Communist defeat in the election. The initiatives of the Truman Doctrine solidified the post-war division between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union responded by tightening its control over Eastern Europe. Countries aligned with the Soviet Union became known as the 4625:, who convinced Truman and the convention to adopt a stronger civil rights plank. In response, many of the delegates from Alabama and Mississippi walked out of the convention. Unfazed, Truman delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress, labeling it the "Do Nothing Congress." For his running mate, Truman accepted Kentucky Senator 4197:(which rallied the medical community against the bill), and the business community. Many labor unions discovered they could negotiate with business to obtain better health benefits for their own members, so they focused increasingly on that goal. The failure of Truman's healthcare plan solidified the status of private employers as the primary sponsors of 2852:" China. Along with the Soviet detonation of a nuclear weapon, the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War played a major role in escalating Cold War tensions and U.S. militarization during 1949. Truman would have been willing to maintain some relationship between the U.S. and the Communist government, but Mao was unwilling. Chiang established the 3082:. Responding to criticism over unreadiness, Truman fired Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson and replaced him with the former Secretary of State George Marshall. With UN approval, Truman decided on a "rollback" policy—conquest of North Korea. UN forces launched a counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the 4109:, but Truman refused to compromise, saying: "My forebears were Confederates ... but my very stomach turned over when I had learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi and beaten." At the start of the 81st Congress, pro-civil rights congressmen attempted to reform the Senate's 2113:. There was opposition to the idea from many in the scientific community and from some government officials, but Truman believed that the Soviet Union would likely develop the weapon itself and was unwilling to allow the Soviets to have such an advantage. Thus in early 1950, Truman made the decision to go forward with the H-bomb. The 2425:, which had been established on a temporary basis during World War II. The Joint Chiefs of Staff took charge of all military action, and the Secretary of Defense became the chief presidential adviser on military matter. In 1952, Truman secretly consolidated and empowered the cryptologic elements of the United States by creating the 4988:

its aura was one that he never was able to shed entirely. And he did retain certain characteristics one often sees in machine-bred politicians: intense partisanship, stubborn loyalty, a certain insensitivity about the transgressions of political associates, and a disinclination for the companionship of intellectuals and artists.

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resurgence. After several labor disputes broke out in September and October 1945, Truman convened a national conference between leaders of business and organized labor in November, at which he advocated collective bargaining in order to avoid labor-related economic disruptions. The conference failed to have a major impact;

2516:. To avoid exacerbating tensions, the U.S. invited the Soviet Union to become a recipient in the program, but set terms that Stalin was likely to reject. The Soviet Union refused to consider joining the program and vetoed participation by its own satellites. The Soviets set up their own program for aid, the 3078:" under the aegis of the UN. The intervention in Korea was widely popular in the United States at the time, and Truman's July 1950 request for $ 10 billion was approved almost unanimously. By August 1950, U.S. troops pouring into South Korea, along with American air strikes, stabilized the front around the 2554:, which was deep in the Soviet occupation zone. Stalin hoped to prevent the creation of a western German state aligned with the U.S., or, failing that, to consolidate control over eastern Germany. After the blockade began on June 24, 1948, the commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General 4459:, the latter of which had been acquired from Japan after World War II. This legislation, passed in 1950 and 1951, transferred the territories from military to civilian administration, though the Navy continued to exercise considerable influence. In 1952, Congress passed a bill to recognize Puerto Rico's 4782:

had also turned Truman down, Vice President Barkley was considered too old, and Truman disliked Senator Kefauver. Accordingly, Truman let his name be entered in the New Hampshire primary by supporters. The highly unpopular Truman was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later the president announced

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In Truman's second mid-term election, Republicans ran against Truman's proposed domestic policies and his handling of the Korean War. They picked up seats in both the House and the senate, but failed to gain control of either house of Congress. Truman was particularly upset by the apparent success of

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Historians Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten write that Truman "was the first president to have a civil rights program, the first to try to come to grips with the basic problems of minorities, and the first to condemn, vigorously and consistently, the presence of discrimination and inequality in

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in part due to the war production that began in 1940. Most observers expected that the nation would sink into another decline with the end of the war spending. While the country had been unified in winning the war, there was no consensus on the best methods of post-war economic reconversion after the

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that established a parliamentary democracy and granted women the right to vote. He also democratized the Japanese educational system, enabled labor unions and oversaw major economic changes, although Japanese business leaders were able to resist the reforms to some degree. As the Cold War intensified

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delivered by the air force. During congressional hearings, public opinion shifted strongly against the navy, which ultimately kept control of marine aviation but lost control over strategic bombing. Military budgets following the hearings prioritized the development of air force heavy bomber designs,

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in 1950, Truman sent U.S. troops to prevent the fall of South Korea. After initial successes, however, the war settled into a stalemate that lasted throughout the final years of Truman's presidency. Truman left office as one of the most unpopular presidents of the twentieth century, mainly due to the

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Vigorous, hard-working, simple, he had grown up close to the soil of the Midwest and understood the struggles of the people on the farms and in the small towns....After 10 years in the Senate, he had risen above the Pendergast organization. Still, he had come from a world of two-bit politicians, and

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of Nevada put forward a bill that would require Communist organizations to register with the government, and allowed the president to indefinitely detain those who were suspected of having engaged in espionage. The bill received little opposition from members of Congress, who feared being labeled as

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and wage controls during the war in order to avoid large-scale inflation or deflation. Within the Truman administration, some advocated lifting these controls immediately in order to allow private industries to hire new workers, while others feared that immediately lifting the controls would lead to

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ignited a firestorm of outrage against Truman and support for MacArthur. Fierce criticism from virtually all quarters accused Truman of refusing to shoulder the blame for a war gone sour and blaming his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, supported and applauded Truman's decision.

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program in August 1945, but it continue a program of loans to Britain. Furthermore, the U.S. sent massive shipments of food to Europe in the years immediately following the end of the war. With the goal of stemming the spread of Communism and increasing trade between the U.S. and Europe, the Truman

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of the first atomic bomb on July 16 had been successful. He hinted to Stalin that the U.S. was about to use a new kind of weapon against the Japanese. Though this was the first time the Soviets had been officially given information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project,

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in 1950 to 1953. He was not well prepared to deal with the press, and never achieved the jovial familiarity of FDR. Filled with latent anger about all the setbacks in his career, he bitterly mistrusted the journalists, seeing them as enemies laying in wait for his next careless miscue. Truman was a

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Truman delegated a great deal of authority to his cabinet officials, only insisting that he give the final formal approval to all decisions. After getting rid of the Roosevelt holdovers, the cabinet members were mostly old confidants. The White House was badly understaffed with no more than a dozen

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The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused Truman advocates to claim vindication for Truman's decisions in the postwar period. According to Truman biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the cold war without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or

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sponsored a motion to expel McCarthy from Congress, but the motion was defeated and Benton lost his 1952 re-election campaign; McCarthy, meanwhile, was re-elected. McCarthy's anti-Communist campaigns, part of a larger Red Scare, played a major role in shaping a more confrontational Cold War foreign

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and the construction of 810,000 units of low-income housing over a period of six years. Truman did win other victories in the 81st Congress, as the minimum wage was raised from forty cents an hour to seventy-five cents an hour, Social Security benefits for the retired were doubled, and loopholes in

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Following the end of World War II, Truman gave a low priority to defense budgets—he was interested in curtailing military expenditures and had priorities he wanted to address with domestic spending. From the beginning, he assumed that the American monopoly on the atomic bomb was adequate protection

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stated that "after seven years of Truman's hectic, even furious, activity the nation seemed to be about on the same general spot as when he first came to office ... Nowhere in the whole Truman record can one point to a single, decisive break-through ... All his skills and energies—and he

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In the end, Truman held his progressive Midwestern base, won most of the Southern states despite the civil rights plank, and squeaked through with narrow victories in a few critical states, notably Ohio, California, and Illinois. He won over 50 percent of the popular vote and secured 303 electoral

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The 1946 mid-term election left Republicans in control of Congress for the first time since the early 1930s. Truman initially hoped to work with Republican leaders in Congress, focusing on the passage of housing programs and other potential areas of common ground. Truman and the 80th Congress were

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had been passed in 1944 by a conservative coalition that wanted to restrict benefits to "deserving" wartime veterans, as opposed to the larger welfare program favored by the Roosevelt administration that would reach all low income families. The most famous component of the G.I. Bill provided free

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and Turkey to prevent the spread of Soviet-aligned governments. Prior to 1947, the U.S. had largely ignored Greece, which had an anti-communist government, because it was under British influence. Since 1944, the British had assisted the Greek government against a left-wing insurgency, but in early

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to immigrate into the United States. Of the approximately one million people resettled by the IRO, more than 400,000 settled in the United States. The most contentious issue facing the IRO was the resettlement of European Jews, many of whom, with the support of Truman, were allowed to immigrate to

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and Watergate, and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. During this period, Truman captured the popular imagination, emerging as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to exemplify an integrity and accountability many observers felt was lacking in

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Dewey waged a low-risk campaign and issued vague generalities on his plans once in office, while Thurmond found less support in the South than many had expected, as most white Southerners believed him to be too extreme. Wallace was unable to galvanize support behind his domestic policies, and his

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to seize and continue operations of the nation's steel mills. Truman cited his authority as Commander in Chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for munitions to be used in the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found the seizure unconstitutional, and reversed the order in a

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used a speech in West Virginia to accuse the State Department of harboring communists, and rode the controversy to political fame. Truman responded by arguing that McCarthy's efforts would undermine the bipartisan foreign policy that had prevailed since the end of World War II and thereby give a

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had American advocates. Truman sent George Marshall to China in early 1946 to broker a compromise featuring a coalition government, but Marshall failed. He returned to Washington in December 1946, blaming extremist elements on both sides. Though the Nationalists held a numerical advantage in the

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The Second World War dramatically upended the international system, as formerly-powerful nations like Germany, France, Japan, and even the USSR and Britain had been devastated. At the end of the war, only the United States and the Soviet Union had the ability to exercise influence, and a bipolar

4963:'s favorable biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman as a highly regarded chief executive. Nevertheless, Truman continued to receive criticism. After a review of information available to Truman about the presence of espionage activities in the U.S. government, Democratic Senator 4876:

Though Stevenson's public service and issue-oriented campaign appealed to many liberals, he was unable to rally support among blacks, ethnic whites, and the working class. Eisenhower campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption." Polls consistently

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The G.I. Bill also guaranteed low cost home loans for veterans, with very low down payments and low interest rates. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought a house at the average price of $ 7,300. Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of

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Truman was particularly concerned about keeping unemployment levels low; nearly 2 million people lost jobs within days of the Japanese surrender, and he feared that even more would lose their jobs in the following months. Liberal New Dealers pushed for an explicit federal commitment to ensuring

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in 2008, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president. Though the public generally favored MacArthur over Truman immediately after MacArthur's dismissal, congressional hearings and newspaper editorials helped turn public opinion against MacArthur's advocacy for escalation.

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made public a letter from MacArthur that strongly criticized Truman's handling of the Korean War and called for an expansion of the conflict against China. Truman believed that MacArthur's recommendations were wrong, but more importantly, he believed that MacArthur had overstepped his bounds in

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forces crossed the Yalu River in November 1950 and forced the overstretched UN soldiers to retreat. Fearing that the escalation of the war could spark a global conflict with the Soviet Union, Truman refused MacArthur's request to bomb Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu River. UN forces were

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in the Western Hemisphere, but new commitments in Europe and Asia diminished Washington's attentions there. Partially in reaction to fears of expanding Soviet influence, the U.S. led efforts to create collective security pact in the Western Hemisphere. In 1947, the United States and most Latin

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Rising tensions with the Soviets, along with the Soviet veto of numerous United Nations Resolutions, convinced Truman, Senator Vandenberg, and other American leaders of the necessity of creating a defensive alliance devoted to collective security. In 1949, the United States, Canada, and several

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Harry Truman himself gave a strong and far-from-incorrect impression of being a tough, concerned and direct leader. He was occasionally vulgar, often partisan, and usually nationalistic ... On his own terms, Truman can be seen as having prevented the coming of a third world war and having

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The once good Truman-Eisenhower relationship soured during the campaign. Truman was appalled when Eisenhower appeared on the same platform with Joseph McCarthy in Wisconsin, and failed to defend General George Marshall, who McCarthy had recently denounced as a failure in China. Eisenhower was

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General Dwight D. Eisenhower's public stature, along with his unknown views on domestic issues, had made him appealing as a potential candidate for both parties in the 1948 election. Though he had generally supported Truman's foreign policy, Eisenhower privately held conservative views on most

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Immigration had been at a low level in the Great Depression and war years. It surged as the war ended, with the arrival of refugees and family members of citizens. The issue was not a high priority for the Truman administration, but there was great interest in Congress and among various ethnic

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When a national rail strike threatened in May 1946, Truman seized the railroads to continue operations, but two key railway unions struck anyway. The entire national railroad system was shut down—24,000 freight trains and 175,000 passenger trains a day stopped moving. For two days public anger

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In the 1946 mid-term elections, Truman's Democrats suffered losses in both houses of Congress. Republicans, who had not controlled a chamber of Congress since the 1932 elections, took control of both the House and the Senate. Truman's party was hurt by a disappointing postwar economy, and the

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Conflict between management and labor presented one of the biggest challenges to the conversion of the economy to peacetime production. Organized labor had adhered to its pledge to refrain from striking during the war, but labor leaders were eager to share in the gains from a postwar economic

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rates. The act allowed for the creation of reciprocal agreements in which the U.S. and other countries mutually agreed to lower tariff rates. Despite significant opposition from those who favored higher tariffs, Truman was able to win legislative extension of the reciprocity program, and his

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The Marshall Plan helped European economies recover in the late 1940s and early 1950s. By 1952, industrial productivity had increased by 35 percent compared to 1938 levels. The Marshall Plan also provided critical psychological reassurance to many Europeans, restoring optimism to a war-torn

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By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft-Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers. What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft-Hartley, but the relative power of unions and management in the economic

2511:

In addition to aid, the Marshall Plan also focused on efficiency along the lines of American industry and removing tariffs and trade barriers. Though the United States allowed each recipient to develop its own plan for the aid, it set several rules and guidelines on the use of the funding.

4705:. In the concurrent congressional elections, the Democrats re-took control of the House and the Senate. The defining image of the campaign was a photograph snapped in the early morning hours of the day after the election, when an ecstatic Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the 4227:

run by professional criminal gangs, which became a favorite attack theme of Republican politicians and the media. The Justice Department in 1947 organized a 'racket squad' to build evidence for grand jury investigations in several major cities, and the income tax returns of many gambling

2458:, indicating that something fundamental had changed regarding American defense posture. Paired with the aforementioned decision to go ahead with the H-bomb, Truman ordered a review of U.S. military policies as they related to foreign policy planning. The National Security Council drafted 3934:. Truman vetoed the bill, denouncing it as "slave-labor bill," but Congress overrode the veto. The Taft-Hartley Act added a list of prohibited union actions to the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act), which had defined several types of employer actions as 2432:

Truman had hoped that the National Security Act would minimize interservice rivalries, but each branch retained considerable autonomy and battles over the military budgets and other issues continued. In 1949, Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson announced that he would cancel a so-called

4928:

When he left office in 1953, the American public saw Truman as one of the most unpopular chief executives in history. His job approval rating of 22% in the Gallup Poll of February 1952 was lower than Richard Nixon's 24% in August 1974, the month that Nixon resigned in the wake of the

1728:

told him the details of the atomic bomb, which was almost ready. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, ending the war in Europe. Truman's attention turned to the Pacific, where he hoped to end the war as quickly, and with as little expense in lives or government funds, as possible.

930:

aides; they could barely keep up with the heavy work flow of a greatly expanded executive department. Truman acted as his own chief of staff, as well as his own liaison with Congress—a body he already knew very well. Less important matters he delegated to his Special Counsels,

11856:(1974). WARNING: Scholars who have compared the audio tapes with the published transcripts have concluded the Miller often distorted what Truman said or fabricated statements Truman never made. See Robert H. Ferrell, & Francis H. Heller, (May–June 1995). "Plain Faking?". 4954:

beginning in 1961, with the agreement that they would not be published until after Truman's death. Scholars who have compared the audio tapes with the published transcripts have concluded that Miller often distorted what Truman said or fabricated statements Truman never said.

4121:, requiring equal opportunity in the Armed Forces regardless of race, color, religion or national origin. Truman also issued Executive Order 9980, ending racial discrimination in the civil service of the federal government Another Executive Order, in 1951, established the 2462:, which called for a major expansion of the U.S. defense budget, increased aid to U.S. allies, and a more aggressive posture in the Cold War. Despite increasing Cold War tensions, Truman dismissed the document, as he was unwilling to commit to higher defense spending. The 4979:

preserved from Communist oppression much of what he called the free world. Yet clearly he largely failed to achieve his Wilsonian aim of securing perpetual peace, making the world safe for democracy, and advancing opportunities for individual development internationally.

3716:

Although foreign affairs dominated much of Truman's time in office, reconversion to a peacetime economy became his administration's central focus in late 1945. Truman faced several major challenges in presiding over the transition to a post-war economy, including a large

2180:. U.S. concessions at the conference angered other members of the Truman administration, including Truman himself. By the beginning of 1946, it had become clear to Truman that Britain and the United States would have little influence in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. 4653:, a national health insurance program, free trade, and public ownership of large banks, railroads, and power utilities. Wallace won support from many liberals, intellectuals, union members, and military veterans. The Republicans, meanwhile, nominated New York Governor 2512:

Governments were required to exclude Communists, socialist policies were discouraged, and balanced budgets were favored. Additionally, the United States conditioned aid to the French and British on their acceptance of the reindustrialization of Germany and support for

3028:) that same year. Hoping to avoid a long-term military commitment in the region, Truman withdrew U.S. soldiers from the Korean Peninsula in 1949. The Soviet Union also withdrew their soldiers from Korea in 1949, but continued to supply North Korea with military aid. 4005:

In his first major address to Congress after taking office, Truman articulated a liberal domestic program, but his early domestic policy was dominated by post-war reconversion. As he readied for the 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the

2230:, Secretary of State Byrnes announced that the United States would no longer seek reparations from Germany and would support the establishment of a democratic state. The United States, France, and Britain agreed to combine their occupation zones, eventually forming 2005:

administration reached numerous bilateral agreements that lowered trade barriers. The Truman administration also sought to further lower global tariff rates by engaging in multilateral trade negotiations, and the State Department proposed the establishment of the

4811:

designed to nominate Eisenhower as the Republican candidate for president. Eisenhower initially resisted these efforts, but in March 1952 he agreed to allow his name to be entered into the New Hampshire primary. He was motivated in part by his desire to defeat

909:, and Truman took office as vice president in January 1945. He had no major role in the administration and was not informed of key developments, such as the atomic bomb. On April 12, 1945, Truman was urgently summoned to the White House, where he was met by 3734:, an alliance of Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats. This group opposed many of Truman's domestic policies and did not welcome strong presidential leadership. Truman asked Congress for a host of measures, including a bill that would make the 11084: 4853: 4442:

Truman sought to grant greater rights to the territories and dependencies of the United States. He unsuccessfully pushed for the admission of Hawaii and Alaska as states but Congress did not act on this proposal. Truman was more successful in pushing

2093:

until 1950, was in charge of designing and building nuclear weapons under a policy of full civilian control. The U.S. had only 9 atomic bombs in 1946, but the stockpile grew to 650 by 1951. Lilienthal wanted to give high priority to peaceful uses for

4555:

election was a major blow to Truman's hopes of passing his domestic policies. However, Dallek points to the 1946 elections as the moment when Truman became more sure of himself as president, and stopped trying to appease all factions of the public.

2222:, which had granted Turkey sole control over the straits, and Truman dispatched a fleet to the Eastern Mediterranean to show his administration's commitment to the region. Moscow and Washington also argued over Germany, which had been divided into 5021:

The Twenty-second Amendment limited presidents to two full terms. For the purposes of the amendment, a partial term of more than two years would count towards the term limit. The amendment was ratified by the requisite 36 states on February 27,

4023:, which would have removed the government's production controls and price supports in agriculture in favor of direct payments to farmers. Taken together, Truman's proposals constituted a broad legislative agenda that came to be known as the " 3966:

Despite his vocal opposition to the Taft–Hartley Act, Truman used its emergency provisions a number of times to halt strikes and lockouts. Repeated union efforts to repeal or modify it always failed, and it remains in effect today. Historian

898:. Byrnes, an ex-Catholic, was opposed by many liberals and Catholics. At the behest of party leaders, Roosevelt agreed to run with Truman, who was acceptable to all factions of the party, and Truman was nominated for vice president at the 2039:(IRO), a temporary international organization that helped resettle refugees. The United States also funded temporary camps and admitted large numbers of refugees as permanent residents. Truman obtained ample funding from Congress for the 1823:. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki three days later, leaving approximately 135,000 dead; another 130,000 would die from radiation sickness and other bomb-related illnesses in the following five years. After the Soviet Union 1886:: Truman played a key role in the formation of the United Nations, which was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent another world war. Because of the Soviet veto, it was ineffective in most major disputes. 1906:: In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, leading to a bloody conflict that lasted until 1953. Truman authorized U.S. military intervention in the conflict, which led to a protracted and costly war. He rejected the advice of General 1916:: Truman made the decision to build the hydrogen bomb. He oversaw the development of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and the start of the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, which had far-reaching implications for U.S. foreign policy. 4269:

The onset of the Cold War produced turmoil in the left wing of the Democratic Party over foreign policy issues, especially regarding the role of the Soviet Union and the response to domestic communism. After the 1946 elections the

2017:," meaning that no non-signatory country could benefit from more advantageous tariff rates. Due to a combination of the Reciprocal Tariff Act, the GATT, and inflation, U.S. tariff rates fell dramatically between the passage of the 3184:

in 1953 after Truman left office, dividing North Korea and South Korea along a border close to the 38th parallel. Over 30,000 Americans and approximately 3 million Koreans died in the conflict. The United States maintained a

1724:, which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb. Although Truman was told briefly on the afternoon of April 12 that the Allies had a new, highly destructive weapon, it was not until April 25 that Secretary of War 4243:

The Kefauver committee exposed numerous charges of corruption among senior administration officials, some of whom received expensive fur coats and deep freezers in exchange for favors. Kefauver also found that over 160

4113:

rules so that a filibuster could be defeated by a simple majority vote. Southern senators blocked this reform, thereby ensuring that civil rights would not emerge as an important legislative issue until the late 1950s.

3946:

and "common situs" picketing, in which unions picket, strike, or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business. The act also outlawed

4418:

Though they never reached the severity of the strike wave of 1945–1946, labor disruptions continued to affect the country after 1946. When a steel strike loomed in April 1952, Truman instructed Secretary of Commerce

3047:" of the 1930s; Truman stated to an aide, "there's no telling what they'll do, if we don't put up a fight right now." Truman turned to the United Nations to condemn the invasion. With the Soviet Union boycotting the 4405:

but added many new opportunities for immigration from Europe and elsewhere. In practice two-thirds of the new arrivals entered outside the old quota system. Immigration law was effectively controlled by Congressman

4237: 4282:(ADA). Though often critical of the far-right's unrestrained attacks on alleged Communists, members of the ADA attacked left-wing activists who, they feared, took orders from Communist leaders in the Soviet Union. 3160:

MacArthur meanwhile returned to the U.S. to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress. In part due to the dismissal of MacArthur, Truman's approval mark in February 1952 stood at 22% according to

16025: 16020: 4828:

outraged when Truman, who made a whistle-stop tour in support of Stevenson, accused Ike of disregarding "sinister forces ... Anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party.

1578:

The office of vice president remained vacant during Truman's first (3 years, 253 days partial) term, as the Constitution then had no provision for filling a vacancy prior to the 1967 ratification of the

4096:

presented a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reforms. In February 1948, the president submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as

4851: 2305:

in the Communist bloc. American military and economic aid to Turkey also proved effective, and Turkey avoided a civil war. The Truman administration also provided aid to the Italian government in advance of the

3907:, which proposed a series of reorganizations to the executive branch. However, the 80th Congress proved strongly resistant to Truman's policies. One of its first major acts was to approve what would become the 4362:

policy. It also affected members of Congress and other political leaders, who now worried that the embrace of left-wing policies would leave themselves vulnerable to accusations of being "soft" on Communism.

4774:, Truman had not stated whether he would seek re-election, and no other candidate had won Truman's backing. Although the Twenty-second Amendment had been ratified, Truman could run for another term due to a 2882:, the U.S. occupied Japan after the latter's surrender in August 1945. MacArthur presided over extensive reforms of the Japanese government and society that in many ways resembled the New Deal. He imposed a 4648:

ticket. Wallace strongly criticized Truman's approach to the Soviet Union, and the Progressive Party's platform addressed a wide array of issues, including support for the desegregation of public schools,

2700:

Cold War tensions and competition reached across the globe, affecting Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, and Africa. The United States had historically focused its foreign policy on upholding the

1661:

to succeed Rutledge. Vinson served for just seven years before his death in 1953, while Minton resigned from the Supreme Court in 1956. Burton served until 1958, often joining the conservative bloc led by

4010:

tradition, advocating a national health care system, repeal of the Taft–Hartley Act, federal aid to education, expanded public housing programs, a higher minimum wage, more public power projects like the

1558:. Acheson was Secretary of State 1949–1953. Truman often appointed longtime personal friends, sometimes to positions well beyond their competence. Such friends included Vinson, Snyder, and military aide 791:, Truman achieved one new liberal program. Truman took a strong stance on civil rights, ordering equal rights in the military to the disgust of the white politicians in the Deep South. They supported a " 2156:. On taking office, Truman privately viewed the Soviet Union as a "police government pure and simple," but he was initially reluctant to take a hard-line towards it, as he hoped to work with Stalin the 4807:

domestic issues and never seriously considered running for office as a Democrat. Beginning in 1951, eastern, internationalist Republicans, led by Thomas Dewey and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., coordinated a

4393:

allowed foreign-born wives of U.S. citizens who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces to immigrate to the United States; it was later extended to include the fiancés of American soldiers. In 1946, the

4274:(CIO) systematically purged communists and far-left sympathizers from leadership roles in its unions. The CIO expelled some unions that resisted the purge, notably its third-largest affiliate the 2035:

World War II left millions of refugees displaced in Europe, especially former prisoners and forced laborers in Germany. Truman took a leadership role in meeting the challenge. He backed the new

2385:

Learning from wartime organizational problems, the Truman administration reorganized the military and intelligence establishment to provide for more centralized control and reduce rivalries. The

1942:

In his last years in office Roosevelt had promoted several major initiatives to reshape the postwar politics and economy, and avoid the mistakes of 1919. Chief among those organizations was the

4852: 2497:, which sought to rejuvenate the devastated economies of Western Europe. To fund the Marshall Plan, Truman asked Congress to approve an unprecedented, multi-year, $ 25 billion appropriation. 2429:(NSA). Truman and Marshall also sought to require one year of military service for all young men, but this proposal failed as it never won more than modest support among members of Congress. 1527:

with James F. Byrnes, an old friend from Senate days. However Byrnes soon lost Truman's trust with his conciliatory policy towards Moscow in late 1945, and he was replaced by former General

8607: 4344:

was a spy, and various other events led current and former members of HUAC to decry the Truman administration, especially the State Department, as soft on communism. Republican Congressmen

3813:

of blue collar workers fell by over twelve percent in the year after the surrender of Japan. At the same time, the CIO's efforts to expand massively into the South (a campaign known as "

1872:

Final stages of World War II included the problem of defeating Japan with minimal American casualties. Truman asked Moscow to invade from the north, and decided to drop two atomic bombs.

736:

and other post-war institutions. Relations with the Soviet Union declined after 1945, and by 1947 the two countries had entered a long period of tension and war preparation known as the

2417:(NSC). The CIA and the NSC were designed to be non-military, advisory bodies that would increase U.S. preparation against foreign threats without assuming the domestic functions of the 4374:. Truman vetoed the bill in September 1950, arguing that it infringed on personal liberties and would be ineffective at protecting against subversion, but Congress overrode the veto. 3754:

and mandated the federal government "to foster and promote free competitive enterprise and the general welfare... and to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.

4133: 2500:

Congress, under the control of conservative Republicans, agreed to fund the program for multiple reasons. The conservative isolationist wing of the Republican Party, led by Senator

1799: 8908:

Daniel B. Cornfield and Holly J. McCammon, "Approaching merger: The converging public policy agendas of the AFL and CIO, 1938–1955." in Nella Van Dyke and Holly J. McCammon, eds.,

1842:. Supporters of the bombings argue that, given the tenacious Japanese defense of the outlying islands, the bombings saved hundreds of thousands of lives that would have been lost 2109:

The Soviet Union's successful test of an atomic bomb in 1949 triggered an intense debate over whether the United States should proceed with development of the much more powerful

15837: 4228:

entrepreneurs and racketeers were audited. However, federal officials were reluctant to share their new information with local law enforcement; Truman and his Attorney General

15995: 14798: 12839: 11579: 1507:

At first Truman asked all the members of Roosevelt's cabinet to remain in place for the time being, but by the end of 1946 only one Roosevelt appointee, Secretary of the Navy

8865:

Joseph E. Hower, "'Our conception of non-partisanship means a partisan non-partisanship': the search for political identity in the American Federation of Labor, 1947–1955."

3884: 2013:(GATT), a set of principles governing trade policy. Under the terms of the agreement, each country agreed to reduce overall tariff rates and to treat each co-signatory as a " 15508: 2945:. The U.S. feared alienating the French, who occupied a crucial position on the continent, and feared that the withdrawal of the French would allow the Communist faction of 2856:

on Taiwan. Truman made sure it retained China's permanent seat on the UN Security Council. In June 1950, after the outbreak of fighting in Korea, Truman ordered the Navy's

11452:

Corke, Sarah-Jane (2001). "History, historians and the naming of foreign policy: A postmodern reflection on American strategic thinking during the Truman administration".

2165: 6490: 14791: 14738: 14734: 13778: 12683: 3959:

shops. All union officials were required to sign an affidavit that they were not Communists or else the union would lose its federal bargaining powers guaranteed by the

3104:

As the UN forces approached the Yalu River, the CIA and General MacArthur both expected that the Chinese would remain out of the war. Defying those predictions, Chinese

838: 513: 118: 11996: 1595:

became the next-in-line. During different points of Truman's first term, Secretary of State Stettinius, Secretary of State Byrnes, Secretary of State Marshall, Speaker

13712: 3915:

in an implicit rebuke to Franklin Roosevelt, the only president who had ever served more than two terms. Congress also passed bills designed to cut taxes, weaken the

1892:: Truman led the nation into the Cold War in 1947, a period of heightened tensions and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Truman helped form the 913:, who informed him that the President was dead. Shocked, Truman asked Mrs. Roosevelt, "Is there anything I can do for you?", to which she replied: "Is there anything 3908: 3903:

able to agree on a balanced budget, albeit one that spent less on defense and some other programs that Truman favored. Congress also assented to the creation of the

3156: 1839: 698: 12209: 5663:

Kramer, Ronald C; Kauzlarich, David (2011), Rothe, Dawn; Mullins, Christopher W (eds.), "Nuclear weapons, international law, and the normalization of state crime",

2524:

continent. Though European countries did not adopt American economic structures and ideas to the degree hoped for by some Americans, they remained firmly rooted in

16015: 16010: 3730:

war, or the level of involvement that the federal government should have in economic affairs. Truman faced a Congress that on domestic issues was dominated by the

1580: 3738:

a permanent institution, but his focus on foreign affairs during this period prevented him from effectively advocating for his programs with members of Congress.

3146:

MacArthur made several public demands for an escalation of the war, leading to a break with Truman in late 1950 and early 1951. On April 5, House Minority Leader

4275: 2219: 1951: 2670:. Truman permanently stationed 180,000 in Europe, and European defense spending grew from 5 percent to 12 percent of gross national product. NATO established a 13797: 4910: 4621:, Truman attempted to unify the Northern delegations with a vague civil rights plank in the party platform. He was upstaged by liberals like Minneapolis Mayor 4598:

In the spring of 1948, Truman's public approval rating stood at 36%, and the president was nearly universally regarded as incapable of winning election in the

3919:, and reduce the number of employees covered by Social Security, but all were vetoed by Truman in 1947. Upon returning to session in 1948, Congress passed the 3866:

which issued an influential report. It calls for several significant changes in postsecondary education, among them, the establishment of a network of public

2949:

to assume power. Despite initial reluctance to become involved in Indochina, by 1952, the United States was heavily subsidizing the French suppression of Ho's

820: 4820:

became a battle between Dewey's internationalist wing of the party and Taft's conservative, isolationist wing. Eisenhower narrowly prevailed over Taft at the

4365:

The outbreak of the Korean War led to renewed interest in such an internal security bill, which had previously been debated during the 80th Congress. Senator

2183:

Henry Wallace, Eleanor Roosevelt, and many other prominent New Dealers continued to hope for cooperative relations with the Soviet Union. Some liberals, like

11886: 9681: 2958: 2198:, which the Soviets had partly occupied during World War II. Pressure from the U.S. and the United Nations finally forced the withdrawal of Soviet soldiers. 1592: 4289:

in November 1946 to create employee loyalty standards designed to weed out communist sympathizers from the federal workforce. In March 1947, Truman issued

2144:

Following World War II, the United States, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union each took control of occupation zones in Germany and the German capital of

803:; Truman denounced those who made unfounded accusations of Soviet sympathies, but also purged left-wing federal employees who refused to disavow Communism. 16091: 15685: 12224: 11978: 5841:

Irwin, Douglas A. (1998). "From Smoot-Hawley to Reciprocal Trade Agreements: Changing the Course of U.S. Trade Policy in the 1930s". In Bordo, Michael D.;

3797:

affected the United States, and by February 1946 nearly 2 million workers were engaged in strikes or other labor disputes. Many of the strikes were led by

1855: 1607:

served as Truman's running mate in the 1948 election, and became vice president during Truman's second term. Truman included him in Cabinet deliberations.

493: 320: 7485:

All figures, except for debt percentage, are presented in billions of dollars. The receipt, outlay, deficit, GDP, and debt figures are calculated for the

2925:

throughout World War II, but the start of the Cold War changed priorities. The U.S. used the Marshall Plan to pressure the Dutch to grant independence to

518: 12561: 12172: 4844: 4329:(HUAC) that an underground communist network had been working within the U.S. government since the 1930s. He accused a former State Department official, 1975: 1620: 342: 4783:

he would not seek a second full term. Truman was eventually able to persuade Stevenson to run, and the governor ultimately gained the nomination at the

4185:

had been on the table for decades, but it had never gained much traction. Starting in the late 1930s hospitals promoted private insurance plans such as

4767: 4176: 2562:

with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. Truman believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war, and instead approved

11423:

Catsam, Derek (2008). "The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment".

16086: 4941:

American public feeling towards Truman grew steadily warmer with the passing years. Truman died in 1972, when the nation was consumed with crises in

4397:

extended the right to become naturalized citizens to Filipinos and Asian Indians, setting the immigration quota at 100 people per year. In 1952, the

2733:

and continued to harbor Nazi war criminals. Washington blocked funds from international agencies and restricted trade and investment opportunities.

1637:

of Ohio to the Supreme Court. Roberts was the lone remaining justice on the Supreme Court who had not been appointed or elevated to the position of

760:, a massive financial aid package designed to rebuild Western Europe. In 1949, the Truman administration designed and presided over the creation of 15849: 15832: 13581: 7932: 4661:

conciliatory attitude towards the Soviet Union alienated many potential supporters. Truman, meanwhile, crisscrossed the U.S. by train, delivering "

2446:

and the United States accumulated a combat ready force of over 1,000 long-range strategic bombers capable of supporting nuclear mission scenarios.

745: 638: 9104: 3951:, which were contractual agreements that required an employer to hire only union members. The Taft–Hartley Act also granted states power to pass " 15990: 15775: 15630: 13787: 13734: 13591: 13300: 12668: 12214: 4749: 1978:, proved crucial for Truman's foreign policy, especially after Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1946 elections. Construction of the 589: 13280: 12204: 10392: 4189:, and between 1940 and 1950, the percentage of Americans with health insurance rose from 9 percent to above 50 percent. With the support of the 2550:

In reaction to Western moves aimed at reindustrializing their German occupation zones, Stalin ordered a blockade of the Western-held sectors of

574: 16071: 15810: 14857: 13705: 13556: 12749: 12744: 8218:

Lamb, Charles M; Nye, Adam W (2012), "Do Presidents Control Bureaucracy? The Federal Housing Administration during the Truman-Eisenhower Era",

5634: 4122: 2707: 2078:, largely based on the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, was not adopted due to opposition from Congress and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union would 1763:. Several major decisions were made at the Potsdam Conference: Germany would be divided into four occupation zones (among the three powers and 1645:

died in 1946, and Truman appointed Secretary of the Treasury Fred M. Vinson as Stone's successor. Two vacancies arose in 1949 due to deaths of

290: 285: 2241:

By September 1946, Truman was convinced that the Soviet Union sought world domination and that cooperation was futile. He adopted a policy of

13551: 12699: 12390: 12387: 5032: 4256:

to investigate allegations of corruption at the IRS. When Attorney General McGrath fired Morris for being too zealous, Truman fired McGrath.

3419: 3052: 2775:

Truman had long taken an interest in the history of the Middle East, and was sympathetic to Jews who sought a homeland in British-controlled

1588: 712:

Truman's presidency was a turning point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy and renounced

5007:

Brazinsky, Gregg (2012). "The Birth of a Rivalry: Sino-American Relations during the Truman Administration". In Margolies, Daniel S. (ed.).

799:, in 1948. Truman later pushed for the integration of the military in the 1950s. During his presidency, fears of Soviet espionage led to a 488: 483: 478: 419: 414: 409: 404: 14661: 14641: 14621: 14601: 14581: 14561: 14541: 14521: 14501: 14481: 14461: 14441: 14421: 14401: 14376: 14356: 14336: 14316: 14296: 14276: 14256: 14236: 14216: 14196: 14176: 14156: 14136: 14116: 14096: 13626: 13601: 13566: 13541: 12793: 12105: 12094: 10615: 4817: 4771: 4578: 569: 535: 315: 5807:

Thomas Michael Hill, "Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, the Politics of Bipartisanship, and the Origins of Anti-Soviet Consensus, 1941–1946."

4136:, and the various branches of the military, Army units started to be racially integrated in the early 1950s and later the Navy. The 1948 15922: 15897: 15785: 13546: 12150: 11840:

I was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman, Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time

6355: 4472: 4383: 2780: 468: 4614:, but both Eisenhower and Douglas refused to enter the race, and the "Stop Truman" movement failed to unite around any other candidate. 4357:

political gift to the Soviet Union, but few Republicans spoke out against McCarthy during Truman's tenure in office. Democratic Senator

16056: 13596: 13586: 13571: 12774: 12532: 12145: 12125: 8586:

Jill Quadagno, "Why the United States Has No National Health Insurance: Stakeholder Mobilization against the Welfare State, 1945–1996'

4564: 3892: 2253:. Containment, a policy of preventing the further expansion of Soviet influence, represented a middle-ground position between friendly 545: 308: 216: 33: 8419: 4877:

indicated that Eisenhower would win the race, and Nixon deftly handled a potentially dangerous controversy over his finances with his

15907: 15040: 13698: 13636: 13576: 13561: 12413: 12326: 12255: 12062: 5718: 4610:, a highly popular figure whose political views and party affiliation were totally unknown. Other liberals favored Associate Justice 4137: 4063: 2695: 1875:

Post-war Reconstruction: Following the end of World War II, Truman faced the task of rebuilding Europe and Japan. He implemented the

1812: 1691: 717: 369: 3978:

marketplace. Where unions were strong they usually managed all right; when they were weak, new laws did them little additional harm.

2441:", when a number of retired and active-duty admirals publicly disagreed with the Truman administration's emphasis on less expensive 15917: 15912: 15892: 13669: 13621: 13606: 12769: 12764: 12555: 12177: 4745: 4702: 4599: 4568: 4430: 4286: 4193:(AFL), Truman proposed a national health insurance plan in November 1945, but it was defeated by an alliance of conservatives, the 4157:

briefs that supported ending segregation. In December 1952, the Truman administration filed an amicus curiae brief for the case of

4143:

Truman appointed non-whites to unprecedented positions of power in the executive and judicial branches. Among his appointments was

4089: 3155:. After consulting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and members of Congress, Truman decided to relieve MacArthur of his command. The 1772: 1732: 1616: 883: 702: 678: 550: 523: 347: 95: 4223:

With more young men back on the streets and more money in circulation, petty crime rates went up after 1945. Far more serious was

3942:, in which a union strikes in order to pressure an employer to assign particular work to the employees that union represents, and 3070:, commander of U.S. forces in Asia, won Truman's approval to land U.S. troops on the peninsula. Rather than asking Congress for a 15948: 14673: 13679: 13646: 13641: 13631: 13616: 13039: 12421: 12312: 12182: 12083: 8537: 4645: 3863: 3071: 2414: 1338: 1080: 655: 458: 11611:

Orren, Karen, and Stephen Skowronek. "Regimes and regime building in American government: A review of literature on the 1940s."

10610:

Hah, Chong-do, and Robert M. Lindquist. "The 1952 steel seizure revisited: A systematic study in presidential decision making."

8017: 4950:. This public reassessment of Truman was aided by the popularity of a book of reminiscences which Truman had told to journalist 4240:. Kefauver, although only a freshman in the Senate, received large-scale national coverage and became a presidential contender. 16051: 15795: 13611: 12881: 12709: 12527: 12474: 12285: 12138: 8025: 6487: 4918: 4456: 4326: 4110: 3927: 2086: 2010: 1381: 599: 436: 11313: 10437:

Silent Spring Revolution: John F. Kennedy, Rachel Carson, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and the Great Environmental Awakening

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Weissman, Alexander D. "Pivotal politics—The Marshall Plan: A turning point in foreign aid and the struggle for democracy."

5147: 2437:," which many in the navy saw as an important part of the service's future. The cancellation sparked a crisis known as the " 2191:" speech, which urged the United States to take the lead of an anti-Soviet alliance, though he did not publicly endorse it. 13901: 13651: 12736: 9502: 7244:

James I Matray, "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea."

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Smith, Geoffrey S. (1976). ""Harry, We Hardly Know You": Revisionism, Politics and Diplomacy, 1945–1954: A Review Essay".

7633:

J. Bradford De Long, "Keynesianism, Pennsylvania Avenue Style: Some Economic Consequences of the Employment Act of 1946,"

6839:

Roger R. Trask, "Spruille Braden versus George Messersmith: World War II, the Cold War, and Argentine Policy, 1945–1947."

1835:

would not be forced to abdicate; after some internal debate, the Truman administration accepted these terms of surrender.

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that was designed to help ensure international cooperation. When Truman took office, delegates were about to meet at the

1424: 1319: 996: 899: 775:

of Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats. Republicans took control of Congress in the 1946 elections after the

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Suzanne Mettler, "The creation of the GI Bill of Rights of 1944: Melding social and participatory citizenship ideals."

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Phil Orchard, and Jamie Gillies, "Atypical leadership: the role of the presidency and refugee protection, 1932‐1952."

1720:. As vice president, Truman had been uninformed about major initiatives relating to the war, including the top-secret 15750: 13330: 13250: 12714: 12317: 11649: 11602: 11558: 11360: 11132: 11033: 10950: 10875: 10510: 10464: 10351: 9977: 9934: 9440: 9310: 8850: 8823: 8770: 8123: 7960:"Access, Equity, and Community Colleges: The Truman Commission and Federal Higher Education Policy from 1947 to 2011" 7369: 7229: 5854: 5618: 5581: 5556: 5483: 5396: 5339: 5079: 4778:

in the amendment. Truman's first choice to succeed him, Chief Justice Vinson, had declined to run, Illinois Governor

4701:

states that had generally voted for Roosevelt, and the 1948 election was the closest presidential election since the

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The war remained a frustrating stalemate for two years. UN and Chinese forces fought inconclusive conflicts like the

2996:

President Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency and authorizing U.S. entry into the Korean War

2816: 2283: 713: 11916: 11874:(8 vol. Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1946–53). 4967:

concluded that Truman was "almost willfully obtuse" concerning the danger of American communism. In 2002, historian

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votes. Dewey received only 189 electoral votes; Thurmond garnered 39, and Henry Wallace none. Dewey carried several

3353: 15970: 15902: 15859: 15366: 14821: 14721: 13721: 13320: 10799:

Sitkoff, Harvard. "Harry Truman and the election of 1948: The coming of age of civil rights in American politics."

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convinced Truman of the necessity for higher defense spending, and such spending would soar between 1949 and 1953.

2227: 2006: 1991: 1467: 1276: 1025: 895: 783:

into law over his veto. It reversed some of the pro-labor union legislation that was central to the New Deal. When

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Offner, Arnold A. (1999). ""Another Such Victory": President Truman, American Foreign Policy, and the Cold War".

11157:

The US-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets

10368: 4901:

Truman poses in 1959 at the recreation of the Truman Oval Office at the Truman Library in 1959, with the famous "

4398: 4279: 4052: 3074:, Truman argued that the UN Resolution provided the presidency the constitutional power to deploy soldiers as a " 3048: 2711: 2679: 2418: 2398: 2390: 2168:

further strained relations as it called for the continuing build-up of the Soviet military. At the December 1945

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Swanson, Charles E., James Jenkins, and Robert L. Jones. "President Truman Speaks: A Study of Ideas vs. Media."

2647:

were the original treaty signatories. Shortly after the creation of NATO, Truman convinced Congress to pass the

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Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton

4371: 4313:) to be a dangerous and unconstitutional infringement of political liberty, as exemplified in this 1961 poster. 4306: 3968: 3960: 3916: 2307: 1221: 1123: 977: 764:, a military alliance of Western countries designed to prevent the further westward expansion of Soviet power. 658: 138: 11217: 4117:

With his civil rights agenda blocked by Congress, Truman turned to executive actions. In July 1948, he issued

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by Roosevelt, and Truman believed it was important to nominate a Republican to succeed Roberts. Chief Justice

740:, during which a hot fighting war with Moscow was avoided. Truman broke with Roosevelt's prior vice president 15760: 15720: 15710: 15705: 15228: 14750: 14703: 13410: 13360: 13220: 13200: 12889: 12626: 12297: 12055: 6499: 4886: 2648: 2386: 1937: 12189: 11696:

Walker, j. Samuel (2005). "Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground".

4859:

Harry S. Truman's speech on leaving office, and returning home to Independence, Missouri. (January 15, 1953)

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Ris, Ethan W. "Higher education deals in democracy: The Truman Commission Report as a political document."

9262: 4739: 4724: 4574: 4549: 4194: 4190: 3896: 3751: 1865: 1780: 1679: 906: 379: 9428: 9204:

Conley, Richard (June 2000). "Divided Government and Democratic Presidents: Truman and Clinton Compared".

5305: 3923:, another major tax cut; Truman again vetoed the bill, but this time his veto was overridden by Congress. 1974:

and other Republican leaders to ensure ratification. Cooperation with Vandenberg, a leading figure on the

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Marion T. Bennett, "The immigration and nationality (McCarran-Walter) Act of 1952, as Amended to 1965."

8693:

Edmund F. Wehrle, "'For a Healthy America:' Labor's Struggle for National Health Insurance, 1943–1949."

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Harry S. Truman: Statement by the President Making Public a Report of the Commission on Higher Education

6255:

Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War

4681:

in October—thus failing to measure the period when Truman may have surged past Dewey in public support.

4340:

Secretary of State Acheson's public support for Hiss, the revelation that British atomic bomb scientist

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Hamby, Alonzo L. (1991). "An American Democrat: A Reevaluation of the Personality of Harry S. Truman".

9108: 4698: 4012: 3775: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3105: 2710:, a defensive military alliance. The following year, the independent states of the Americas formed the 2079: 2061: 1547: 855: 779:. Truman suffered another major defeat by the conservative coalition when the 80th Congress passed the 776: 384: 13180: 10887:"Selling NSC-68: The Truman Administration, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Mobilization, 1950-51" 4236:, a liberal Democrat from Tennessee, launched a major Senate investigation in 1950 as chairman of the 2654:

Cold War tensions heightened following Soviet acquisition of nuclear weapons and the beginning of the

2238:, and refused to allow the Soviets (or any other country) a role in the post-war occupation of Japan. 2106:

during the Truman administration. Construction of the first nuclear plant would not begin until 1954.

1570:

were staffers who handled lesser matters while Truman acted as his own chief off staff on big issues.

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Gaddis, John Lewis (1983). "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War".

11409: 10777: 7959: 4921:’s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Truman as the seventh best president, and a 2017 4808: 4182: 4102: 3386: 3147: 3079: 2800: 2796: 2600: 2157: 2117:

of thermonuclear weaponry was conducted by the United States in 1952; the Soviet Union would perform

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The Wise Men. Six Friends and the World They Made. Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, McCloy

3055:. The resolution denounced North Korea's actions and empowered other nations to defend South Korea. 16076: 15827: 15780: 15765: 15740: 15645: 15585: 15560: 15530: 15520: 15488: 15048: 13160: 13080: 13005: 12861: 12600: 12584: 12426: 12048: 11308:

Paterson, Thomas G. "Presidential Foreign Policy, Public Opinion, and Congress: The Truman Years."

4358: 4245: 3177: 2910: 2520:, and the competing plans resulted in reduced trade between the Eastern bloc and the Western bloc. 2451: 2442: 2426: 2169: 1152: 12015: 11953: 8055: 5386: 4232:

told local officials that they had to bear the chief burden in defeating organized crime. Senator

1958:

internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and he signed the

756:

through foreign aid to Greece and Turkey. In 1948 the Republican-controlled Congress approved the

15844: 15655: 15595: 15525: 14915: 14805: 14780: 13520: 12819: 12610: 12537: 12445: 12322: 10556: 9881: 9851: 6802:

Darlene Rivas, "United States–Latin American Relations, 1942–1960." in Robert Schulzinger, ed.,

4964: 4678: 4662: 4402: 4044: 3456: 3267: 3138: 3036: 2914: 2888: 2406: 2223: 2135: 1824: 1811:. With the support of most of his aides, Truman approved the schedule of the military's plans to 607: 10960:

Falk, Stanley L. (1964). "The National Security Council Under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy".

10491:(1965), Highly detailed and factual coverage of Congress and presidential politics; 1784 pages. 8762: 8756: 4644:" proponents. This rebellion on the right was matched by one on the left, led by Wallace on the 2848:. The United States had a new enemy in Asia, and Truman came under fire from conservatives for " 2666:

to join the alliance, and launched a second major foreign aid program with the enactment of the

2066:

In March 1946, at an optimistic moment for postwar cooperation, the administration released the

15874: 15869: 15730: 15610: 15575: 15241: 14074: 14048: 14035: 13987: 13983: 13870: 13831: 13146: 13025: 12481: 12375: 11526:

Griffith, Robert. "Truman and the Historians: The Reconstruction of Postwar American History."

10917: 10710: 10492: 9766:

Robert Griffith, "Truman and the Historians: The Reconstruction of Postwar American History."

9430: 9325:

R. Alton Lee, "The Turnip session of the do-nothing Congress: Presidential campaign strategy."

8738: 8736: 5745:

The first cold warrior: Harry Truman, containment, and the remaking of liberal internationalism

4147:, the first African American to serve as a federal appellate judge. In civil rights cases like 3939: 3747: 3731: 3507: 3197: 2904: 2438: 2044: 1959: 1788: 1697: 1484: 772: 9468: 8840: 5371:

Barton J. Bernstein, "Roosevelt, Truman, and the atomic bomb, 1941–1945: a reinterpretation."

4824:; with the approval of Eisenhower, the convention nominated Richard Nixon for vice president. 2844:

and his Communists took control of the mainland of China in 1949, driving the Nationalists to

2194:

Throughout 1946, tensions arose between the United States and the Soviet Union in places like

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of California emerged as particularly vocal and prominent critics on HUAC. Wisconsin Senator

4040: 3935: 3851: 3780: 3059: 2883: 2596: 2505: 2422: 2302: 2040: 1997: 1650: 1524: 1030: 879: 662: 11010: 10997:

Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy

10787: 10655: 10092: 10016: 8733: 8113: 4163:; two years later, the Supreme Court's holding in that case would effectively overturn the " 3051:

due to the UN's refusal to recognize the People's Republic of China, Truman won approval of

2578: 2310:. The aid package, combined with a covert CIA operation, anti-Communist mobilization by the 843: 394: 15371: 15112: 13913: 13896: 13396: 12979: 12780: 12589: 12578: 12279: 12035: 9706: 9456: 8951: 5847:

The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century

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also emerged as a point of contention, as the Soviet Union demanded joint control over the

2014: 1971: 1967: 1768: 1550:. A mental breakdown sent him into retirement in 1949, and he was replaced successively by 1516: 1085: 863: 780: 706: 555: 11376:

Shaffer, Robert. "The Christian Century: Protestants Protesting Harry Truman's Cold War."

10094:

A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954

5713:

Stephen McGlinchey, "The Marshall plan, the Truman Doctrine, and the division of Europe."

4105:

practices. This provoked a storm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the runup to the

2909:

With the end of World War II, the United States fulfilled the commitment made by the 1934

2686:, which fell under the aegis of NATO, would eventually be incorporated into NATO in 1955. 1900:, which aimed to stop the spread of communism and limit Soviet influence around the world. 8: 15953: 15246: 15236: 15070: 14975: 14963: 14933: 14927: 14000: 13974: 13935: 13931: 13909: 13749: 13739: 13326: 13246: 12869: 12633: 12616: 12605: 12595: 12521: 12451: 12273: 12248: 11882: 10767:

Dams, Parks and Politics: Resource Development and Preservation the Truman-Eisenhower Era

10552: 10498: 9821: 8034: 7638: 4902: 4394: 4125:(CGCC), which sought to prevent defense contractors from discriminating because of race. 4031: 3920: 3794: 3109:

pushed below the 38th parallel before the end of 1950, but, under the command of General

2954: 2873: 2776: 2667: 2177: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2049: 1808: 1536: 1441: 1140: 788: 448: 236: 11936: 9627:

Herbert H. Hyman and Paul B. Sheatsley. "The political appeal of President Eisenhower."

7920: 5935:

Susan L. Carruthers, "Between Camps: Eastern Bloc 'Escapees' and Cold War Borderlands."

5914: 2864:

to prevent further conflict between the communist government and the Republic of China.

1879:

to provide economic aid to Europe and Washington supervised the reconstruction of Japan.

1674:. In addition to his Supreme Court appointments, Truman also appointed 27 judges to the 221: 15854: 15346: 15301: 15296: 15276: 15196: 15154: 15106: 15064: 14921: 14885: 14875: 14863: 14833: 14307: 14287: 14171: 14111: 14091: 13921: 13905: 13759: 13754: 13744: 13316: 12921: 12905: 12897: 12621: 12344: 12237: 11765: 11742: 11713: 11684: 11676: 11621:

Ris, Ethan W., and Eddie R. Cole. "Promises Made: The Truman Commission Report at 75."

11515: 11511: 11469: 11440: 11201: 11047: 10977: 10916:(1965), Highly detailed and factual coverage of foreign and defense policy; pp 89–334; 10886: 10840: 10639: 10340: 10198: 10135: 10049: 9825: 8658: 8633: 8235: 8231: 7802: 7486: 6018:

Rebecca S. Lowen, "Entering the Atomic Power Race: Science, Industry, and Government."

5957: 5628: 4799: 4779: 4775: 4629:

after his preferred candidate, Justice William O. Douglas, turned down the nomination.

4611: 4318: 4253: 4164: 3278: 2992: 2754: 2293:, but did not send any military force. The insurgency was defeated in 1949. Stalin and 2095: 1843: 1828: 1748: 1634: 1520: 1410: 1355: 1305: 1293: 1262: 1195: 1109: 1054: 894:

as his running mate in 1944. However, Wallace was unpopular among conservatives in the

721: 594: 389: 102: 9302:

The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle

4209: 2942: 1807:

In August 1945, the Japanese government ignored surrender demands as specified in the

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Warren, Aiden, and Joseph M. Siracusa. "The Transition from Roosevelt to Truman." in

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Harry and Arthur: Truman, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World

11000: 10946: 10905: 10871: 10857: 10738: 10562: 10506: 10475:

Postwar America: An Encyclopedia Of Social, Political, Cultural, And Economic History

10460: 10347: 10321: 10295: 10276: 10254: 10247: 10228: 10204: 10183: 10164: 10156: 10142: 10119: 10113: 10098: 10077: 10071: 10056: 10023: 10011: 9997: 9973: 9967: 9952: 9930: 9924: 9855: 9472: 9436: 9306: 9217: 8846: 8819: 8766: 8663: 8119: 8038: 7809: 7768: 7365: 7225: 5850: 5826:

Harry and Arthur: Truman, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World

5668: 5614: 5577: 5552: 5543: 5523: 5479: 5392: 5335: 5075: 4930: 4641: 4420: 4407: 4229: 4149: 3952: 3943: 3904: 3867: 3343: 3067: 3005: 2879: 2853: 2826: 2671: 2501: 2274: 2215: 1947: 1913: 1907: 1756: 1740: 1721: 1663: 1453: 1386: 1250: 939: 910: 874:, which investigated wasteful and inefficient practices in wartime production during 816: 463: 11574:

Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism."

10810:

Stebbins, Phillip E. "Truman and the Seizure of Steel: A Failure in Communication."

9461: 8815:

Cold War in the Working Class: The Rise and Decline of the United Electrical Workers

7560: 7534: 7508: 5915:"Harry S. Truman: Statement by the President Upon Signing the Displaced Persons Act" 4594:'s editorial cartoon of Oct. 19, 1948, shows the consensus of experts in mid-October 2301:

both provided aid to the insurgents, but a dispute over the aid led to the start of

15943: 15800: 15416: 15396: 15386: 15376: 15356: 15172: 15160: 15136: 15124: 15100: 15082: 14951: 14903: 14815: 14271: 14231: 14151: 14022: 14013: 14009: 13996: 13970: 13857: 13840: 13827: 13818: 13306: 13296: 13276: 13236: 13186: 13136: 13086: 12992: 12987: 12824: 12678: 11931: 11911: 11734: 11705: 11668: 11637: 11590: 11571:(2nd ed. 1974; 1st ed. 1967); For major essays plus commentaries by experts, 246pp. 11546: 11507: 11461: 11432: 11348: 11285: 11233: 11224:

Merrill, Dennis (2006). "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity".

11193: 11021: 10969: 10938: 10901: 10631: 10452: 10424: 10407:

Bernstein, Barton J. "The Truman administration and its reconversion wage policy."

10218: 9213: 8878:

Thomas Devine, "The Communists, Henry Wallace, and the Progressive Party of 1948."

8653: 8645: 8227: 7975: 7971: 6726:

Wilson D. Miscamble, "Harry S. Truman, the Berlin Blockade and the 1948 election."

6428:

Charles A. Stevenson (2008). "The Story Behind the National Security Act of 1947".

5035:, passed in 1959, tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further. 4960: 4759: 4626: 4129: 3114: 3083: 2938: 2934: 2812: 2758: 2434: 2250: 2235: 2184: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1535:

was the main force in foreign affairs along with a group of advisers known as the "

1496: 1429: 1398: 1367: 1207: 1183: 1128: 1011: 887: 871: 741: 275: 244: 13017: 11246:

The most controversial decision: Truman, the atomic bombs, and the defeat of Japan

9859: 8891:

Alonzo L. Hamby, "Henry A. Wallace, the liberals, and Soviet-American relations."

6667:

Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991

6368:

Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent

2566:'s plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the 2172:, Secretary of State Byrnes agreed to recognize the pro-Soviet governments in the 15473: 15341: 15336: 15271: 15256: 15148: 15029: 14891: 14612: 14472: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14367: 14351: 14327: 14267: 14251: 14061: 13944: 13883: 13879: 13805: 13406: 13386: 13356: 13216: 13196: 12945: 12232: 12071: 11949: 11945:(1967: 2 vol. Stanford U.P.); 1124pp; copy of official U.S. Department of State. 11878: 11465: 11258:

Moseman, Scott A. “Truman and the Formation of the Central Intelligence Agency.”

11075: 10930: 10924:

Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman—from World War to Cold War

10528:

White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush

10335: 10314: 10309: 10268: 9991: 9736: 7219: 6494: 4878: 4707: 4689: 4666: 4654: 4650: 4622: 4603: 4353: 4224: 4016: 3814: 3785: 3743: 3110: 2830: 2702: 2616: 2545: 2311: 2298: 2290: 2279: 2153: 2102:, but coal was cheap and the power industry was largely uninterested in building 1982:

in New York City was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and completed in 1952.

1713: 1642: 1528: 1508: 1472: 1343: 1324: 1281: 1171: 1042: 982: 931: 891: 851: 749: 744:, who called for friendship with Moscow and ran as the presidential candidate of 686: 651: 325: 189: 45: 11263: 2957:. The U.S. also established alliances in the region through the creation of the 1523:

was named as the Treasury Secretary. Truman quickly replaced Secretary of State

946: 15498: 15421: 15391: 15326: 15321: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15266: 15251: 15184: 15166: 15118: 15094: 14999: 14945: 14452: 14436: 14416: 14311: 14107: 14087: 14065: 13961: 13957: 13892: 13814: 13801: 13486: 13366: 13336: 13226: 13206: 13176: 13126: 12874: 12261: 12194: 11632:

Savage, Sean J. (2012). "Truman in Historical, Popular, and Political Memory".

10730: 10397:

Bernstein, Barton J. "The Truman administration and the steel strike of 1946."

9944: 5842: 4813: 4633: 4390: 4249: 4233: 4216: 3888: 3758: 3457:

Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security

3450: 3423: 3305: 3282: 3165: 2922: 2608: 2567: 2555: 2533: 2071: 1963: 1943: 1883: 1658: 1563: 1512: 1226: 1097: 935: 796: 784: 733: 694: 11977:, edited by Dennis Merrill (35 vol. University Publications of America, 1996) 11865:

Eleanor and Harry: The Correspondence of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman

11738: 11641: 11143:

For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War

10796:(1978) 715pp; short biographies of 435 players in national politics 1945–1952. 10456: 10428: 8495:

Alan L. Gropman, "The Air Force, 1941–1951: From Segregation to Integration."

7841:

Keith W. Olson, "The G. I. Bill and Higher Education: Success and Surprise,"

5940: 3201:

Truman made five international trips to seven countries during his presidency.

2273:

In the first major step in implementing containment, Truman extended money to

2261:

to regain territory already lost to Communism, as would be adopted in 1981 by

174: 16045: 16005: 15450: 15436: 15214: 15076: 15017: 14827: 14652: 14636: 14536: 14476: 14371: 14291: 14147: 14039: 13853: 13456: 13426: 13166: 13096: 12350: 11550: 10273:

1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year That Transformed America

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The road to confrontation: American policy toward China and Korea, 1947–1950.

6043:, pp. 290–292, in Warner R. Schilling, Paul Y. Hammond, and Glenn H. Snyder, 4974:

According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman presidency,

4934: 4349: 4345: 4154: 4098: 4048: 3798: 3349: 3286: 3075: 2950: 2892: 2861: 2849: 2525: 2494: 2475: 2262: 2246: 2110: 1876: 1752: 1736: 1725: 1701: 1604: 757: 374: 11289: 11106:

Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict

9860:

Report of the "Commission on the Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy'

8649: 8506: 4913:

have never fallen lower than ninth, and he has ranked as high as fifth in a

2590:(which was created in 1955). The original NATO members are shaded dark blue. 1779:

was to be partitioned at the 16th parallel. The Soviet Union also agreed to

15426: 15331: 15316: 15261: 15130: 15088: 15023: 14592: 14572: 14556: 14512: 14492: 14432: 14412: 14127: 14078: 13506: 13496: 13476: 13446: 13106: 12021: 11992: 11725:

Williams, Robert J. (1979). "Harry S. Truman and the American Presidency".

10988:

Freda, Isabelle. "Screening Power: Harry Truman and the Nuclear Leviathan"

10867:

Truman, Congress, and Korea: The Politics of America's First Undeclared War

10044: 9740: 8971:

The politics of loyalty: The White House and the Communist issue, 1946–1952

8667: 7346:

Truman, Congress, and Korea: The Politics of America's First Undeclared War

6951:

Ernest R. May, "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. out of War in China."

6552:, pp. 29–30, in Warner R. Schilling, Paul Y. Hammond, and Glenn H. Snyder, 5538: 4968: 4951: 4366: 4020: 3380: 2683: 2563: 2517: 2319: 2315: 2231: 2188: 2161: 1861: 1793: 1709: 1705: 1671: 1667: 1654: 1646: 1630: 1532: 1238: 1066: 875: 725: 11594: 11352: 10942: 10724:

Harry S. Truman and the news media: contentious relations, belated respect

9668: 5524:"Review of: Thank God for the Atom Bomb, and Other Essays by Paul Fussell" 4587: 2746: 15478: 15441: 15202: 15190: 14993: 14981: 14939: 14845: 13917: 13436: 12939: 12721: 11957: 11079: 11025: 10382:

Dewey Defeats Truman: The 1948 Election and the Battle for America's Soul

5144:

Conflict and crisis: The presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948. Vol. 1

4942: 4444: 4341: 3948: 3161: 3090:

boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices.

3044: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3009: 2970: 2946: 2933:, and the Dutch recognized Indonesia's independence in 1949. However, in 2918: 2587: 2559: 2455: 2289:

The United States supported the government against the communists in the

2242: 2203: 2075: 1897: 1717: 1600: 811: 807: 107: 10815: 10686: 10040:

edited by Leonard Levy and Louis Fisher (vol 4 1994) pp. 1497–1505.

9330: 8727: 8722:

Philip A. Grant, "Kefauver and the New Hampshire Presidential Primary."

8500: 8301:

Richard E, Neustadt, "From FDR to Truman: Congress and the Fair Deal."

8239: 8111: 6731: 5812: 5292: 4301: 3857: 3151:

trying to make foreign and military policy, potentially endangering the

3016:

Following World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied

2783:

of Mandatory Palestine into a Jewish state (which would become known as

1519:

in July 1945. Truman appointed Vinson to the Supreme Court in 1946 and

15468: 15464: 15446: 15208: 15005: 14552: 13866: 13156: 13076: 12814: 12381: 11680: 11616: 11531: 11485: 11205: 11150:

Louis Johnson and the Arming of America: The Roosevelt And Truman Years

11054: 10981: 10804: 10643: 10402: 10115:

Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

9632: 9432:

Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865

8896: 8591: 7846: 7804:

The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the Defeat of the CIO

7249: 7045:

Partners for democracy: Crafting the new Japanese state under MacArthur

6023: 5611:

Killing the rising sun : how America vanquished World War II Japan

5478:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 4897: 4882: 4868: 4790: 4684: 4674: 4330: 4238:

Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce

4080: 3956: 3810: 3125: 3120: 3087: 3086:

that trapped most of the invaders. UN forces marched north, toward the

3040: 2987: 2841: 2834: 2722: 2655: 2624: 2489: 2463: 2294: 2152:

international power structure replaced the multipolar structure of the

2000:, giving the president an unprecedented amount of authority in setting 1903: 443: 226: 7498:

Represents the national debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP

4140:

allowed women to serve in the peacetime military in all-female units.

4132:

taking the lead. After several years of planning between Truman, the

3926:

In response to the labor unrest of 1945 and 1946, Congress passed the

3024:) in 1948, while the United States established the Republic of Korea ( 1666:. Clark served until 1967, emerging as an important swing vote on the 15493: 15483: 15455: 15431: 15011: 14851: 14632: 14616: 14596: 14576: 13516: 12437: 8811: 7909:

When Dreams Came True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America

4637: 4334: 4024: 3990: 3842: 3835: 3722: 3316: 2966: 2926: 2762: 2211: 2207: 1955: 1816: 1784: 800: 792: 768: 753: 690: 453: 12022:

Essays on Harry S. Truman, each member of his cabinet and First Lady

11823:(1974); 223pp; short excerpts from primary sources and from experts. 11672: 11480:

Dalfiume, Richard M. "Truman and the Historians: A Review Article."

11197: 10973: 10681:

Lee, R. Alton. "The Truman-80th Congress Struggle over Tax Policy."

10635: 9682:"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?" 5448:

John Lewis Gaddis, "Intelligence, espionage, and Cold War origins."

4167:" doctrine that allowed for racial segregation in public education. 2558:, proposed sending a large armored column across the Soviet zone to 1747:

With the end of the war drawing near, Truman flew to Berlin for the

14969: 14656: 14167: 13690: 10447:

Casey, Steven (2012). "Rhetoric and Style of Truman's Leadership".

9257:

John E. Mueller, "Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson."

9156:

Truman and the steel seizure case: The limits of presidential power

5163:

edited by Leonard Levy and Louis Fisher (vol 4 1994) pp. 1497–1505.

4636:, a segregationist, declared his candidacy for the presidency on a 4213: 4007: 3310: 3247: 2829:. The civil war baffled Washington, as both the Nationalists under 2751: 2730: 2636: 2258: 2218:. The U.S. forcefully opposed this proposed alteration to the 1936 2140: 2114: 1889: 1860:

Truman's chief advisors came from the State Department, especially

1832: 1820: 1803:

Truman announces Japan's surrender. Washington, DC, August 14, 1945

867: 737: 674: 264: 12040: 11298:

Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953

11272:(University of Tennessee Press, 1996). on Atomic Energy Commission 10542:

Conflict and crisis: The presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948.

9131:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

8758:

Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Independent Counsel Investigations

8608:"The Real Reason the U.S. Has Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance" 6352:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5732:

To create a new world?: American presidents and the United Nations

5476:

Racing the enemy : Stalin, Truman, and the surrender of Japan

4370:

pro-Communist, and it passed both the House and the Senate as the

4305:

Civil libertarians and radical political activists considered the

2286:

that had characterized U.S. foreign policy prior to World War II.

2164:

throughout 1945, and the February 1946 announcement of the Soviet

815:

Korean War and his then controversial decision to dismiss General

787:, the conservative Republican senator, unexpectedly supported the 767:

Truman proposed an ambitious domestic liberal agenda known as the

14532: 14516: 14496: 12010: 11960:; excerpt are in Barton J. Bernstein, and Allen J. Matusow, eds. 10753:

Harry S. Truman versus the medical lobby: The genesis of Medicare

10700:

Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration

9907:

Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948

8682:

Harry S. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: The Genesis of Medicare

8333:

Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration

8060: 6915:

America's Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations

4971:

concluded that "Harry Truman remains a controversial president."

4669:. His combative appearances, such as those at the town square of 4602:. The "New Deal" loyalists within the party—including FDR's son 3338: 3272: 3243: 3238: 2930: 2726: 2640: 2632: 2620: 2254: 2173: 2160:. Truman's suspicions deepened as the Soviets consolidated their 1776: 905:

Democrats retained control of Congress and the presidency in the

847:

Truman is sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States by

156: 11371:

Democracy and US Policy in Latin America during the Truman Years

9882:"How Do Historians Evaluate the Administration of Harry Truman?" 9669:

Associated Press, "List of Presidential rankings" Feb. 16, 2009.

9476: 8433:

Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981

4410:

of Pennsylvania, a Democrat who wanted to minimize immigration.

2480: 1787:. While at the Potsdam Conference, Truman was informed that the 669:

for only 82 days when he succeeded to the presidency. Truman, a

11253:

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

10733:(2004). "Harry Truman". In Brinkley, Alan; Dyer, Davis (eds.). 10415:

Brembeck, Cole S. (1952). "Harry Truman at the whistle stops".

4922: 4914: 4816:, the other major contender for the Republican nomination. The 3445: 3413: 3408: 3375: 2845: 2788: 2784: 2663: 2659: 2644: 2628: 2604: 2551: 2459: 2199: 2145: 2001: 1764: 886:. Roosevelt personally favored either incumbent Vice President 11044:

The winning weapon: The atomic bomb in the cold war, 1945–1950

10847:

The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944–1947.

8518: 8271: 7730: 6007:

The winning weapon: The atomic bomb in the cold war, 1945–1950

5689:

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

5172:

Steven Casey, "Rhetoric and Style of Truman’s Leadership." in

4983:

Biographer Robert Donovan has emphasized Truman's personality:

4925:

poll of historians ranked Truman as the sixth best president.

3066:

on June 28. Fearing the fall of the entire peninsula, General

2658:. The United States increased its commitment to NATO, invited 2528:. The European integration process led to the creation of the 2176:, while the Soviet leadership accepted U.S. leadership in the 2082:, testing a nuclear weapon for the first time in August 1949. 1603:

would have succeeded to the presidency if Truman left office.

752:, which called for the United States to prevent the spread of 705:

because of his low popularity. He was succeeded by Republican

11832:

My First Fifty Years in Politics as Told to Robert J. Donovan

11327:

Truman and Korea: The Political Culture of the Early Cold War

10546:

Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949–1953

9680:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018).

9637: 9609: 9572: 9386: 9335: 9280: 9060: 8988: 8927: 8910:

Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements

8196: 7603: 7591: 7378: 7302: 7290: 7266: 7199: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7158: 6961: 6846: 6527: 5257: 5235: 5233: 4452: 4128:

Desegregation took years, with the Air Force under Secretary

3063: 3017: 2962: 2795:. Israel would secure its independence with a victory in the 2612: 2118: 10678:(Cambridge University Press, 1991) 13 essays by specialists. 10073:

From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

9024: 8396: 7742: 7254: 6864:

Michael Ottolenghi, "Harry Truman's recognition of Israel."

6151: 6062: 6050: 5702:

Racing the enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the surrender of Japan

5455: 3262: 2651:, which created a military aid program for European allies. 2389:

combined and reorganized all military forces by merging the

2234:. In East Asia, Truman denied the Soviet request to reunify 1838:

The decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1539:," Marshall emerged as the face of Truman's foreign policy. 12684:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

12368: 8711:

The Kefauver Committee and the politics of crime, 1950–1952

8186: 8184: 7876: 7694: 7429: 7086: 7062: 7050: 7012: 6933: 6871: 6809: 6784: 6708: 6696: 6672: 6622: 6571: 6098: 5987: 5388:

Advocating Overlord: The D-Day Strategy and the Atomic Bomb

5184: 5182: 4448: 4401:

passed over Truman's veto. It kept the quota system of the

4310: 2583: 2195: 1893: 1775:

was recognized as the legitimate government of Poland, and

839:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms

761: 11569:

The Truman period as a research field: A Reappraisal, 1972

11397:

Watson, Robert P. Michael J. Devine, Robert J. Wolz, eds.

11179:"1947-48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. Out of War in China" 10837:

Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department

9560: 9548: 9536: 9410: 8465: 8080: 8078: 7987: 7985: 7672: 7670: 7326: 7314: 7170: 6588: 6586: 6332: 6308: 6284: 6223: 6199: 6187: 6163: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6110: 6074: 5789: 5590: 5230: 5218: 5206: 2074:

to represent the U.S. position to the United Nations. The

2021:

in 1930 and the end of the Truman administration in 1953.

870:, Truman rose to national prominence as the leader of the 11762:

Present at the creation: My years in the State Department

10669:

The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election

10389:

The politics of civil rights in the Truman administration

9649: 9592:

The Age of Eisenhower: America and the World in the 1950s

9483: 9398: 9347: 9185: 9173: 9136: 9072: 9048: 9036: 9012: 8915: 8477: 8372: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8090: 7453: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7187: 7134: 7110: 7098: 7074: 6883: 6821: 6772: 6736: 6684: 6647: 6598: 6515: 6397: 5897: 5895: 5355: 5353: 5351: 4466: 3873: 3830: 3820: 3117:

that pushed Chinese forces back up to the 38th parallel.

771:. However nearly all his initiatives were blocked by the 11270:

David E. Lilienthal: The Journey of an American Liberal.

11164:

Dean Acheson and the Creation of an American World Order

9887: 9239: 8976: 8181: 8157: 8132: 7146: 6760: 6610: 6484:

Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College Quarterly

6464: 6452: 6440: 6350:

Joseph C. Satterthwaite, "The Truman doctrine: Turkey."

6260: 6211: 5504: 5245: 5179: 5124: 5112: 3930:, also known as the Taft–Hartley Act, which amended the 701:, Truman withdrew his bid for a second full term in the 12031:

Newsreel May 23, 1946: Rail strike paralyzes the nation

8939: 8169: 8075: 7997: 7982: 7682: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7579: 7441: 6895: 6583: 6409: 6320: 6296: 6272: 6175: 6134: 6086: 5405: 4911:

ranking in polls of historians and political scientists

4733: 4276:

United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America

3093: 2124: 1962:

at the San Francisco Conference. Truman did not repeat

1952:

United Nations Conference on International Organization

716:. During his first year in office, Truman approved the 11171:

From War to Cold War: The Education of Harry S. Truman

9597: 8360: 8308: 7417: 7390: 7278: 6385: 6373: 6122: 5892: 5492: 5430: 5348: 5306:"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present" 5194: 5088: 4657:, who had been the party's 1944 presidential nominee. 4321:, a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at 4070:

abolished racial segregation in the U.S. armed forces.

2325: 11888:

Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman

11793:

The Gallup Poll-Public Opinion-Volume Two (1949–1958)

11789:

The Gallup Poll-Public Opinion-Volume One (1935–1948)

10603:

Gronlund, Mimi Clark. "A Controversial Appointment."

9161: 9000: 8568: 8556: 8384: 8283: 8246: 8018:"Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution" 7122: 6748: 5287:

Polly Ann Davis, "Alben W. Barkley: Vice President".

4606:—tried to swing the Democratic nomination to General 4259: 4019:

tax structure. The administration also put forth the

3858:

Commission on Higher Education for American Democracy

661:

began on April 12, 1945, upon the death of President

11872:

Public papers of the presidents of the United States

11854:

Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman

11100:(Princeton University Press, 2021) pp. 126–149. 11096:

Larson, Deborah Welch. "Truman as World Leader." in

9870:– via Federation of American Scientists (FAS). 7781: 7706: 7615: 6559: 6427: 6235: 5863: 5650:

The White House Years; Mandate For Change: 1953–1956

5269: 3482:

Federal finances and GDP during Truman's presidency

2318:, while the U.S. and its allies became known as the 2055: 1970:

in 1919. Instead he cooperated closely with Senator

1856:

Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration

13047: 12562:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

10607:(University of Texas Press, 2021) pp. 137–146. 9949:

Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War

9298: 9235:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 159–164. 7851: 7475:. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. 7032:

Remaking Japan: the American Occupation as New Deal

6482:Keith McFarland, "The 1949 Revolt of the Admirals" 5758:

The Truman-MacArthur controversy and the Korean war

5100: 5067: 4296: 3281:with British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill and 2210:, key straits that controlled movement between the 1946:, an intergovernmental organization similar to the 1621:

List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman

11538: 11537:Hogan, Michael J. (1996). Hogan, Michael J (ed.). 10339: 10313: 10246: 10134: 10048: 10015: 9755:Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration 9460: 8538:"Judge William Hastie, 71, Of Federal Court, Dies" 7958:Gilbert, Claire Krendl; Heller, Donald E. (2013). 7801: 6841:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 5542: 4177:History of health care reform in the United States 4134:Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity 2421:. The National Security Act institutionalized the 1767:), Germany's border was to be shifted west to the 27:U.S. presidential administration from 1945 to 1953 11343:Sandler, Stanley (2014). Sandler, Stanley (ed.). 9926:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 9679: 9532:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 91–94. 8745:, pp. 85–86, 191–192, 228–229, 273–275, 321. 8347:"Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights" 8112:Judith Stepan-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin (2003). 7221:Fire Brigade: U.S. Marines In The Pusan Perimeter 3834:A government poster informing soldiers about the 3058:North Korean forces experienced early successes, 2750:President Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a 2129: 1591:. After the passage of the act in July 1947, the 16043: 11975:The Documentary History of the Truman Presidency 11962:The Truman administration: A Documentary History 11772:The Truman administration: A Documentary History 11770:Bernstein, Barton J. and Allen J. Matusow, eds. 11394:(Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2021) pp. 19–34., 11214:The Ashgate research companion to the Korean War 10863: 10182:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 8960:, pp. 72–74, 216, 220–21, 305–306, 384–385. 8812:Ronald L. Filippelli; Mark D. McColloch (1995). 8787:The Truman scandals and the politics of morality 7357: 5662: 4640:ticket and led a full-scale revolt of Southern " 4413: 3470: 1896:military alliance. He implemented the policy of 1831:on August 10 on the sole condition that Emperor 1587:of 1947, the Secretary of State was next in the 12745:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 12710:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site 11399:The National Security Legacy of Harry S. Truman 11334:George C. Marshall. vol 4. Statesman: 1945–1959 11212:Matray, James I., and Donald W. Boose Jr, eds. 10662:The Truman Court: Law and the Limits of Loyalty 10577:The Truman Doctrine and the Rise of McCarthyism 10249:Grand Expectations: The United States 1945–1974 9810:. Vol. 102, no. 23. December 3, 1973. 9503:"Newspaper mistakenly declares Dewey president" 9383:Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 481, 484–485, 488 8444: 8344: 6928:George C. Marshall. vol 4. Statesman: 1945–1959 5289:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 4959:near-great president." The 1992 publication of 4750:Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower 4437: 677:, ran for and won a full four-year term in the 11320:Meeting the communist threat: Truman to Reagan 10829: 10717:Farm policies and politics in the Truman years 10693:Truman and Taft-Hartley: A Question of Mandate 8838: 8601: 8599: 8152:Truman and Taft-Hartley: A question of mandate 8115:Left Out: Reds and America's Industrial Unions 7217: 5769:Barton J. Bernstein, "Truman and the H-Bomb." 5384: 5334:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 182–187. 5074:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. 4770:, one of the first major contests held in the 3192: 2689: 2488:The United States had terminated the war-time 1920: 1657:to succeed Murphy and federal appellate judge 13706: 13033: 12056: 11805:. Kirksville: Truman State University Press. 11492:Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists 11385:Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the cold war 11264:https://doi.org/10.1080/16161262.2020.1774233 11067:A Military History of the Cold War, 1944–1962 10521:Immigration and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman 9820: 9794:Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists 9735:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 9–10. 9467:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9429:David Edwin Harrell Jr.; et al. (2005). 9305:. Columbia University Press. pp. 55–56. 9092:Immigration and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman 8842:Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia 7957: 6642:The United States in World affairs: 1947–1948 6550:The Politics of National Defense: Fiscal 1950 5033:Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 1633:in 1945, Truman appointed Republican Senator 665:, and ended on January 20, 1953. He had been 632: 12794:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries 11847:Documentary history of the Truman presidency 11392:US Presidents and Cold War Nuclear Diplomacy 11125:America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2002 10051:Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman 9969:American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace 8268:edited by Clarence E. Wunderlin (2006) p. 81 8107: 8105: 7767:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 22. 7567:. Office of Management and Budget. Table 7.1 7541:. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.2 7515:. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.1 5608: 5549:Thank God for the Atom Bomb and Other Essays 5146:(U of Missouri Press, 1996), pp xiv, 15, 62. 4579:1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries 2257:(as represented by Wallace), and aggressive 697:. Although exempted from the newly ratified 505:Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns 16092:1953 disestablishments in the United States 15923:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 15898:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 12669:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 12151:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum 11849:(University Publications of America, 2001). 10758:Pusey, Allen. "Truman Seizes Steel Mills." 10374: 10180:Integration of the Armed Services 1940–1965 10038:The Encyclopedia of the American Presidency 9922: 9806:"HISTORICAL NOTES: Giving Them More Hell". 9724: 8596: 7914: 7760: 7435: 6035: 6033: 6031: 5953:"Walter Bieringer, 90; Helped War Refugees" 5945: 5161:The Encyclopedia of the American Presidency 4384:History of immigration to the United States 4264: 4123:Committee on Government Contract Compliance 4030:Only one of the major Fair Deal bills, the 3862:Truman in 1946 established a commission on 3124:Territory often changed hands early in the 2937:, the Truman administration recognized the 2929:under the leadership of the anti-Communist 2729:sympathies, tried to remain neutral in the 2532:, which eventually formed the basis of the 13713: 13699: 13675: 13040: 13026: 12533:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 12063: 12049: 11059:Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy 10289: 10217: 10155: 10132: 9965: 9943: 9832:. Vol. 46, no. 3. pp. 21–33 9824:& Heller, Francis H. (May–June 1995). 9554: 9416: 8957: 8761:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 8742: 8471: 8402: 7894:Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, 7764:Clark Clifford: The Wise Man of Washington 7748: 7736: 7260: 6889: 6852: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6521: 6403: 5836: 5834: 5647: 5633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5365: 5188: 5130: 5118: 4718: 4565:Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign 4543: 3893:International Ladies Garment Workers Union 3418:Official visit. Met with Governor General 3348:Informal visit. Met with Governor General 639: 625: 65:April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 44: 34:Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency 15908:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 12256:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 12036:Newsreel May 29, 1946: End of coal strike 11584: 11108:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 10698:McCoy, Donald R. and Richard T. Ruetten. 10334: 10267: 10241: 10177: 9655: 9643: 9615: 9578: 9489: 9463:The Oxford History of the American People 9392: 9341: 9286: 9066: 9030: 8933: 8921: 8754: 8657: 8512: 8418:(Center of Military History, 1981) ch 12 8416:Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1965 8378: 8213: 8211: 8202: 8163: 8138: 8118:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 8102: 8016:Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). 7882: 7609: 7597: 7459: 7411: 7384: 7308: 7296: 7272: 7205: 7193: 7164: 7140: 7116: 6967: 6804:A Companion to American Foreign Relations 6470: 6458: 6266: 6217: 6157: 6068: 6056: 5613:(First ed.). New York. p. 133. 5510: 5461: 5423:Robert Cecil, "Potsdam and its Legends." 5044:For a narrative of all the scandals, see 5006: 4665:" speeches from the rear platform of the 4558: 4431:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 4219:testifying before the Kefauver Committee. 3725:. The United States had emerged from the 1692:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1531:in January 1947. Undersecretary of State 748:in 1948. In 1947, Truman promulgated the 718:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 16087:1945 establishments in the United States 15918:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 15913:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 15893:Democratic Attorneys General Association 12765:1944 United States presidential election 11969:The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg 11780:Clark, Clifford, and Holbrooke Richard. 11724: 10729: 10414: 9850: 9197: 8590:Vol. 45, Extra Issue: (2004), pp. 25–44 8331:Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten, 8015: 7799: 6945: 6028: 5473: 4896: 4892: 4789: 4753: 4746:1952 United States presidential election 4683: 4586: 4569:1948 United States presidential election 4300: 4287:Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty 4208: 4062: 3883: 3829: 3779: 3196: 3132:North Korean, Chinese, and Soviet forces 3119: 2999: 2991: 2745: 2741: 2577: 2479: 2139: 1985: 1798: 1731: 1617:Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates 1610: 945: 842: 330: 15949:National Federation of Democratic Women 12422:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 12183:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 11991: 11342: 11223: 11148:McFarland, Keith D. and Roll, David L. 11122: 10929: 10870:. U Press of Kentucky. pp. 33–38. 10774:Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 10551: 10497: 10161:American Presidents and the Middle East 10111: 10069: 10010: 9509:. New York: A&E Television Networks 9455: 9224: 8606:Carroll, Aaron E. (September 5, 2017). 8605: 8266:The Papers of Robert A. Taft: 1949–1953 8217: 7489:, which ended on June 30 prior to 1976. 7447: 7361:Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods 7092: 7068: 7056: 7018: 6939: 6901: 6877: 6815: 6790: 6714: 6702: 6678: 6628: 6592: 6577: 6554:Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets 6539: 6391: 6379: 6338: 6314: 6290: 6229: 6205: 6193: 6169: 6116: 6080: 6045:Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets 5831: 5795: 5730:John Allphin Moore, and Jerry Pubantz, 5596: 5571: 5537: 5329: 5239: 5224: 5212: 5045: 4204: 3864:Higher Education for American Democracy 1716:remained a formidable adversary in the 823:as one of the ten greatest presidents. 459:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 14: 16044: 12882:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur 12528:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 12286:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 11921: 11905: 11877: 11826: 11798: 11695: 11631: 11497: 11422: 11275: 11053: 10482:Harry Truman and the crisis presidency 10308: 9986: 9730: 9603: 9566: 9542: 9245: 9203: 8982: 8800:Communism, Anti-communism, and the CIO 8631: 8390: 8366: 8319: 8208: 8190: 8026:Congressional Research Service reports 7473:"Travels of President Harry S. Truman" 7423: 7399: 7332: 7320: 7284: 7181: 7128: 6994:Harry Truman and the crisis presidency 6766: 6754: 6616: 6415: 6326: 6302: 6278: 6241: 6181: 6145: 6104: 6092: 5993: 5975:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum 5782:Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, 5411: 5094: 4919:American Political Science Association 4758:Graph of Truman's approval ratings in 4467:Elections during the Truman presidency 4457:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 4327:House Un-American Activities Committee 4138:Women's Armed Services Integration Act 3928:Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 3874:80th Congress and the Taft–Hartley Act 3821:Higher education and veterans benefits 3795:an unprecedented wave of major strikes 3157:dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur 2981: 2791:on May 14, 1948, eleven minutes after 2087:United States Atomic Energy Commission 2011:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1685: 16072:Cold War history of the United States 16026:2018 House Caucus leadership election 16021:2006 House Caucus leadership election 13694: 13021: 12556:President's Committee on Civil Rights 12388:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 12044: 11658: 11536: 11451: 11103: 10992:7.12 (2019): 38–52. Hollywood's take. 10884: 10664:(University of Missouri Press, 2021). 10621: 10537:(University Press of Kentucky, 2014). 10477:(4 vol 2006); 550 articles in 2000 pp 10446: 10196: 10090: 10043: 10036:Hamby, Alonzo. "Truman, Harry S." in 9893: 9781:The Truman period as a research field 9707:"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" 9527: 9404: 9374:Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 480–481 9365:Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 436–438 9353: 9327:Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 9230: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9142: 9078: 9054: 9042: 9018: 9006: 8994: 8945: 8588:Journal of Health and Social Behavior 8574: 8562: 8524: 8483: 8289: 8277: 8252: 8175: 8096: 8084: 8003: 7991: 7857: 7787: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7661: 7649: 7621: 7585: 7348:, University Press of Kentucky, 2015. 7152: 7104: 7080: 7043:Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson, 6827: 6778: 6742: 6690: 6653: 6604: 6565: 6505: 6446: 6128: 5901: 5869: 5498: 5436: 5359: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5200: 5106: 5048:, pp. 114–118, 332–339, 372–381. 4730:those who campaigned on McCarthyism. 4688:President Truman defeated Republican 4199:health insurance in the United States 4090:President's Committee on Civil Rights 3128:, until the front stabilized in 1951. 3004:President Truman (right) and General 2696:Latin America–United States relations 2484:Marshall Plan expenditures by country 1625:Truman made four appointments to the 833:First inauguration of Harry S. Truman 13720: 12011:Harry S. Truman Library & Museum 11015: 10959: 10854:Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War 10794:Political Profiles: The Truman Years 9966:Culver, John C.; Hyde, John (2000). 8451:The Miller Center for Public Affairs 8345:Harry S. Truman (February 2, 1948). 7896:The GI Bill: a New Deal for Veterans 5652:. New York: Doubleday & Company. 5391:. U of Nebraska Press. p. cxv. 5159:Alonzo Hamby, "Truman, Harry S." in 4734:1952 elections and transition period 4309:(enacted it over President Truman's 4272:Congress of Industrial Organizations 3932:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 3803:Congress of Industrial Organizations 3094:Stalemate and dismissal of MacArthur 2125:Beginning of the Cold War, 1945–1949 2024: 1653:. Truman appointed Attorney General 1542:In 1947, Forrestal became the first 12755:Democratic National Convention 1944 12574:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 12463:National Institute of Mental Health 12098:Vice President of the United States 12070: 11300:(Stanford University Press, 2002). 11176: 10598:The Presidents: A Reference History 10526:Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman, 9929:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9507:History.com: On this day in history 8447:"Harry S. Truman: Domestic Affairs" 8445:Alonzo L. Hamby (October 4, 2016). 8335:(U Press of Kansas, 1973), p. 352. 4822:1952 Republican National Convention 4785:1952 Democratic National Convention 4619:1948 Democratic National Convention 4583:1948 Democratic National Convention 4170: 4107:1948 Democratic National Convention 4034:, was ever enacted. The act funded 3746:," but Congress instead passed the 3465: 2757:from the Prime Minister of Israel, 2326:Military reorganization and budgets 2043:of 1948, which allowed many of the 900:1944 Democratic National Convention 299:33rd President of the United States 74: 24: 11943:The China White Paper: August 1949 11754: 11512:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1983.tb00389.x 11454:Intelligence and National Security 11007:George F. Kennan: An American Life 10605:Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark 10362: 10346:(revised ed.). Random House. 8515:, pp. 312–15, 376–78, 457–59. 8232:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2012.tb00734.x 6806:(2008): 230–54, on historiography. 6556:(Columbia University Press, 1962). 6047:(Columbia University Press, 1962). 4845:Harry S. Truman's Farewell Address 4833: 4711:with a huge headline proclaiming " 4692:in the 1948 presidential election. 4260:Domestic responses to the Cold War 3736:Fair Employment Practice Committee 3039:invaded South Korea, starting the 2765:, Ambassador of Israel to the U.S. 2268: 2037:International Refugee Organization 2031:International Refugee Organization 1976:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1966:'s partisan attempt to ratify the 1849: 1573: 878:. As the war continued, President 25: 16103: 16057:Presidencies of the United States 12318:National Security Resources Board 12016:Harry S. Truman: A Resource Guide 11985: 11821:Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal 11661:American Political Science Review 11585:Margolies, Daniel S, ed. (2012). 11416: 10914:Congress and the Nation 1945–1964 10839:(1969), a major primary source. 10707:Truman and the Steel Seizure Case 10489:Congress and the Nation 1945–1964 10292:A Short History of the Korean War 10200:The Presidency of Harry S. Truman 10178:MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1981). 10163:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9435:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 1003. 9259:American Political Science Review 7635:Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7009:(U of North Carolina Press, 1981) 5771:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5665:State crime: Current perspectives 5576:. William K Lambers. p. 11. 5572:Lambers, William (May 30, 2006). 4917:poll in 2009. A 2018 poll of the 4802:in the 1952 presidential election 3911:, which established presidential 3757:The United States had instituted 3252:Disembarked en route to Potsdam. 2898: 2895:and all its pre-war possessions. 2539: 2056:Atomic energy and nuclear weapons 1996:In 1934, Congress had passed the 1931: 1546:, overseeing all branches of the 924: 15971:High School Democrats of America 15903:Democratic Governors Association 15860:Congressional Progressive Caucus 14629:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 13674: 13665: 13664: 13001: 13000: 12357:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds 12158:State of the Union Address (1946 11928:Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope 11802:Truman in cartoon and caricature 11710:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x 11437:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x 11238:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00284.x 10906:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00510.x 10760:American Bar Association Journal 10612:Administrative Science Quarterly 10561:. University of Missouri Press. 10505:. University of Missouri Press. 9899: 9874: 9844: 9814: 9799: 9786: 9773: 9760: 9747: 9699: 9673: 9661: 9621: 9584: 9521: 9495: 9449: 9422: 9377: 9368: 9359: 9319: 9292: 9267: 9251: 9218:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00110.x 9148: 9123: 9097: 9084: 8963: 8902: 8885: 8880:Continuity: A Journal of History 8872: 8859: 8832: 8805: 8792: 8779: 8748: 8716: 8703: 8687: 8674: 8625: 8580: 8530: 8489: 8438: 8425: 8408: 8338: 8325: 8295: 8258: 8144: 8048: 8009: 7951: 7925: 7901: 7888: 7863: 7835: 7822: 7793: 7754: 7718: 7627: 7553: 7527: 7501: 7492: 7479: 7465: 7351: 7338: 7238: 7211: 7037: 7024: 6999: 6986: 6973: 6920: 6907: 6858: 6833: 6796: 6720: 6659: 6634: 5038: 5025: 5015: 4999: 4867:Problems playing this file? See 4849: 4297:Soviet espionage and McCarthyism 4181:By the time Truman took office, 4153:, the Justice Department issued 3438: 3401: 3385:State visit. Met with President 3368: 3331: 3298: 3261: 3231: 3153:civilian control of the military 2878:Under the leadership of General 2825:In 1945, China descended into a 2469: 2401:(which was later renamed as the 2045:displaced people of World War II 2007:International Trade Organization 1992:Tariffs in United States history 1792:having learned about it through 681:, in which he narrowly defeated 612: 606: 173: 137: 15838:Steering and Outreach Committee 13049:Presidents of the United States 12639:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 12568:Housing and Home Finance Agency 12026:Miller Center of Public Affairs 11860:Vol. 46, no. 3. pp. 21–33. 11260:Journal of Intelligence History 11186:The Journal of Military History 10784:Truman and the Democratic Party 10369:Bibliography of Harry S. Truman 10342:Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case 10133:Kirkendall, Richard S. (1990). 9753:See Barton J. Bernstein, ed., 9733:The Future of American Politics 9275:Truman and the Democratic Party 8056:"U.S. Constitution: Amendments" 7964:The Journal of Higher Education 6476: 6421: 6360: 6344: 6247: 6012: 5999: 5965: 5929: 5907: 5875: 5849:. University of Chicago Press. 5818: 5801: 5776: 5763: 5750: 5737: 5724: 5707: 5694: 5681: 5656: 5641: 5602: 5565: 5516: 5467: 5442: 5417: 5378: 5323: 5298: 5281: 4677:in September, and Crossley and 4399:McCarran Walter Immigration Act 4280:Americans for Democratic Action 4088:America." A 1947 report by the 4058: 4053:presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 4043:were closed via passage of the 3769: 3711: 3049:United Nations Security Council 2721:. Washington detested dictator 2712:Organization of American States 2674:, and Truman appointed General 2419:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2399:National Military Establishment 2080:develop its own nuclear arsenal 1589:presidential line of succession 32:For a chronological guide, see 12408:Office of Defense Mobilization 12396:Defense Production Act of 1950 12268:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act 12087:President of the United States 11971:(1952), ed by Joe Alex Morris. 11958:library holdings via World Cat 11634:A Companion to Harry S. Truman 11587:A Companion to Harry S. Truman 11576:New England Journal of History 11484:50#3 (1967), pp. 261–264 11226:Presidential Studies Quarterly 10593:(1976), popular social history 10449:A Companion to Harry S. Truman 10294:. New York: Harper Perennial. 10203:. University Press of Kansas. 10097:. Cambridge University Press. 9915: 9206:Presidential Studies Quarterly 8818:. SUNY Press. pp. 10–11. 8789:(U of California Press, 1997). 8724:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 8031:Congressional Research Service 7976:10.1080/00221546.2013.11777295 7726:a contemporary newsreel report 6728:Presidential Studies Quarterly 6041:NSC-68: Prologue to Rearmament 5883:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5784:FDR and the Creation of the UN 5648:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963). 5330:Abraham, Henry Julian (1999). 5174:A Companion to Harry S. Truman 5166: 5153: 5136: 5061: 5009:A Companion to Harry S. Truman 4470: 4377: 4372:McCarran Internal Security Act 4307:McCarran Internal Security Act 3961:National Labor Relations Board 3917:Interstate Commerce Commission 3788:sponge divers in Florida, 1947 3480: 3189:in South Korea after the war. 2821:Taiwan–United States relations 2771:Israel–United States relations 2595:European countries signed the 2130:Escalating tensions, 1945–1946 720:and subsequently accepted the 659:president of the United States 13: 1: 16052:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 12890:Backstairs at the White House 12674:Missouri Office and Courtroom 12627:Unrelated Business Income Tax 12543:Legislative Reference Service 12475:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 12298:National Security Act of 1947 11997:"Thank God for the Atom Bomb" 11967:Vandenberg, Arthur Hendrick. 11528:Wisconsin Magazine of History 11482:Wisconsin Magazine of History 11412:, for middle and high schools 10792:Schoenebaum, Eleanora W. ed. 10584:Harry Truman and civil rights 10290:Stokesbury, James L. (1990). 9923:Chambers II, John W. (1999). 9768:Wisconsin Magazine of History 8632:MARKEL, HOWARD (March 2015). 7800:Griffith, Barbara S. (1988). 5973:"Rosenfield, Harry N. Papers" 5734:(Peter Lang, 1999) pp. 27–79. 5544:"Thank God for the Atom Bomb" 5055: 4881:, delivered live on national 4414:Failed seizure of steel mills 3471:Reconversion and labor strife 2976: 2961:with the Philippines and the 2817:China–United States relations 2649:Mutual Defense Assistance Act 2387:National Security Act of 1947 2158:aftermath of Second World War 1938:History of the United Nations 1840:provoked long-running debates 1751:, to meet with Soviet leader 1515:succeeded Treasury Secretary 858:, while Bess Truman looks on. 60:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 15939:College Democrats of America 12487:Council of Economic Advisers 12018:from the Library of Congress 11930:. Vol. 2. Garden City, 11910:. Vol. 1. Garden City, 11623:Peabody Journal of Education 11494:(U of Missouri Press, 2006). 11466:10.1080/02684520412331306250 11329:(U of Missouri Press, 1999). 10755:(U of Missouri Press, 1996). 10726:(U of Missouri Press, 1998). 10652:Truman and the 80th Congress 10320:. New York: William Morrow. 10137:Harry S. Truman Encyclopedia 9796:(U of Missouri Press, 2006). 9299:Timothy Nel Thurber (1999). 8713:(U of Missouri Press, 1974). 8154:(U of Kentucky Press, 1966). 5840: 5068:Michael James Lacey (1991). 4740:1952 United States elections 4725:1950 United States elections 4575:1948 United States elections 4550:1946 United States elections 4473:Democratic seats in Congress 4438:Territories and dependencies 4195:American Medical Association 4191:American Federation of Labor 3984: 3825: 3805:(CIO), who Truman despised. 3752:Council of Economic Advisers 3459:and the Brazilian Congress. 2706:American nations joined the 2405:). The law also created the 1866:United States foreign policy 1700:, led by the United States, 826: 337: 7: 13902:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 12830:Harry S. Truman Scholarship 12401:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 12332:Central Intelligence Agency 11956:; vol 2 is not online; see 11727:Journal of American Studies 11613:Political Science Quarterly 10962:Political Science Quarterly 10830:Foreign and military policy 10801:Journal of Southern History 10624:Political Science Quarterly 10600:(2nd ed. 1997), pp 443–58. 10417:Quarterly Journal of Speech 10399:Journal of American History 10393:dissertation version online 10253:. Oxford University Press. 10118:. Oxford University Press. 10076:. Oxford University Press. 10070:Herring, George C. (2008). 10055:. Oxford University Press. 10018:Tumultuous Years: 1949–1953 8220:Political Science Quarterly 7933:"AACC | Significant Events" 7808:. Temple University Press. 7246:Journal of American History 6953:Journal of Military History 6020:Political Science Quarterly 5845:; White, Eugene N. (eds.). 5474:Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2005). 5373:Political Science Quarterly 5005:For the historiography see 4325:magazine, testified to the 4160:Brown v. Board of Education 4075:are soldiers from the U.S. 4051:programs passed during the 4001:82nd United States Congress 3997:81st United States Congress 3880:80th United States Congress 3477:79th United States Congress 3315:Informal meeting with King 3204: 3193:List of international trips 3187:permanent military presence 3141:, and United Nations forces 3100:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 2793:it declared itself a nation 2690:Latin America and Argentina 2530:European Economic Community 2493:administration devised the 2411:Central Intelligence Agency 1980:United Nations headquarters 1921:Postwar international order 1627:United States Supreme Court 1585:Presidential Succession Act 1583:. Until the passage of the 10: 16108: 16067:1950s in the United States 16062:1940s in the United States 16016:2017 chairmanship election 16011:2005 chairmanship election 15966:Young Democrats of America 12457:National Mental Health Act 12414:Science Advisory Committee 12303:U.S. Department of Defense 12210:Presidential Proclamations 12106:U.S. Senator from Missouri 11908:Memoirs: Year of Decisions 11530:(1975) 59#1 : 20–47. 11016:Haas, Lawrence J. (2016). 10702:(U Press of Kansas, 1973). 10548:(vol 2 1982); journalistic 10366: 10112:Kennedy, David M. (1999). 10091:Hogan, Michael J. (1998). 10022:. New York: W. W. Norton. 8755:Greenberg, Gerald (2000). 6486:(1980) 11#2 : 53–63. 5551:. New York: Summit Books. 4768:1952 New Hampshire primary 4743: 4737: 4722: 4600:1948 presidential election 4572: 4562: 4547: 4461:newly written constitution 4381: 4174: 4013:Tennessee Valley Authority 3994: 3988: 3938:. Taft-Hartley prohibited 3877: 3773: 3474: 3426:and addressed Parliament. 3174:Battle of Heartbreak Ridge 3097: 2985: 2921:. The U.S. had encouraged 2902: 2871: 2810: 2768: 2761:(center). To the right is 2693: 2543: 2473: 2133: 2119:its own thermonuclear test 2062:History of nuclear weapons 2059: 2028: 1989: 1935: 1924: 1853: 1815:on the Japanese cities of 1708:, were close to defeating 1689: 1629:. After the retirement of 1614: 1562:. Outside of the cabinet, 1548:United States Armed Forces 884:1944 presidential election 882:sought re-election in the 836: 830: 732:, he helped establish the 724:, which marked the end of 703:1952 presidential election 679:1948 presidential election 31: 16031:Weekly Democratic Address 15983: 15959:Stonewall Young Democrats 15931: 15885: 15820: 15809: 15507: 15224: 15039: 14790: 14672: 13770: 13730: 13660: 13532: 13055: 12967: 12952:Martha Ellen Young Truman 12932: 12853: 12845:Statue of Harry S. Truman 12802: 12735: 12727:Truman Little White House 12705:Harry S. Truman Farm Home 12692: 12656: 12550:National School Lunch Act 12470:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 12436: 12313:National Security Council 12223: 12116: 12078: 11906:Truman, Harry S. (1955). 11799:Giglio, James N. (2001). 11739:10.1017/S0021875800007428 11642:10.1002/9781118300718.ch1 10912:Congressional Quarterly. 10864:Blomstedt, Larry (2015). 10860:, a major scholarly study 10591:The Best Years: 1945–1950 10487:Congressional Quarterly. 10457:10.1002/9781118300718.ch2 10429:10.1080/00335635209381730 10384:(Houghton Mifflin, 2020). 10197:McCoy, Donald R. (1984). 10141:. G. K. Hall Publishing. 9996:. New York: Times Books. 8845:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 8414:Morris J. MacGregor Jr., 7871:The Best Years, 1945–1950 7830:Journal of Policy History 7358:Paul J. Lavrakas (2008). 6981:Truman's Two-China Policy 6917:(4th ed. 2000) pp 151–72. 6493:January 26, 2017, at the 5715:E-International Relations 4818:1952 Republican primaries 4772:1952 Democratic primaries 4183:National health insurance 3852:unemployment compensation 3701: 3257:July 16 – August 2, 1945 3223: 2833:and the Communists under 2717:There was bad blood with 2680:Supreme Commander of NATO 2672:unified command structure 2415:National Security Council 2162:control in Eastern Europe 2068:Acheson-Lilienthal Report 1927:Aftermath of World War II 1864:. The main issues of the 1466: 1462: 1423: 1419: 1380: 1376: 1339:Secretary of the Interior 1337: 1333: 1314: 1275: 1271: 1220: 1216: 1165: 1161: 1122: 1118: 1081:Secretary of the Treasury 1079: 1075: 1024: 1020: 995: 991: 972: 956: 795:" third-party candidate, 730:aftermath of World War II 153: 133: 113: 101: 91: 81: 69: 56: 52: 43: 15786:Northern Mariana Islands 12825:Truman Dam and Reservoir 12601:Agricultural Act of 1949 12585:Agricultural Act of 1948 12427:National Security Agency 11863:Roosevelt, Eleanor. ed. 11834:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11782:Counsel to the President 11615:113.4 (1998): 689–702. 11551:10.1017/CBO9780511609473 11123:LaFeber, Walter (2002). 10926:(2012) popular narrative 10375:Truman's roles, politics 10227:. Simon & Schuster. 9951:. New York: Free Press. 9852:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 9629:Public Opinion Quarterly 8634:"Give 'Em Health, Harry" 8527:, pp. 106–107, 168. 8453:. University of Virginia 8280:, pp. 175, 181–182. 7845:25#5 (1973) pp 596–610. 6955:(2002) 66#4: 1001–1010. 5526:. PWxyz. January 1, 1988 5291:(1978) 76#2 pp. 112–132 5266:, pp. 301–302, 472. 4992: 4632:South Carolina Governor 4265:Anticommunist liberalism 4246:Internal Revenue Service 3897:Taft–Hartley Act of 1947 3354:U.S. military facilities 3178:Battle of Pork Chop Hill 2867: 2806: 2427:National Security Agency 2226:. In the September 1946 1910:, and fired him in 1951. 1796:long before Truman did. 1554:, Marshall, and finally 1382:Secretary of Agriculture 1153:Kenneth Claiborne Royall 348:Supreme Court candidates 182:This article is part of 15996:Presidential candidates 12973:← Franklin D. Roosevelt 12909:(1997 documentary film) 12820:Harry S Truman Building 12538:Federal Tort Claims Act 12006:– via www.uio.no. 11947:China White Paper: 1949 11787:Gallup, George H., ed. 11567:Kirkendall, Richard S. 11290:10.1111/1467-7709.00159 11177:May, Ernest R. (2002). 11104:Judis, John B. (2014). 11071:excerpt and text search 10735:The American Presidency 10558:Harry S. Truman: A Life 10503:The Man of Independence 10391:(Ohio State UP, 1970). 9779:Richard S. Kirkendall, 9731:Lubell, Samuel (1956). 8997:, pp. 194, 217–18. 8839:Robert E. Weir (2013). 8650:10.1111/1468-0009.12096 7218:John J. Chapin (2015). 6022:102.3 (1987): 459–479. 5609:O'Reilly, Bill (2016). 5385:Philip Padgett (2018). 4965:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 4719:1950 mid-term elections 4544:1946 mid-term elections 4403:Immigration Act of 1924 4285:Truman established the 3909:Twenty-second Amendment 3455:State visit. Addressed 3106:People's Volunteer Army 2889:Treaty of San Francisco 2736: 2601:1778 Treaty of Alliance 2573: 2331:U.S. military spending 2136:Origins of the Cold War 2019:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 1954:in San Francisco. As a 1844:invading mainland Japan 1739:, Harry S. Truman, and 1680:federal district courts 699:Twenty-second Amendment 469:Puerto Rican referendum 15875:Problem Solvers Caucus 15870:New Democrat Coalition 14724:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 13147:William Henry Harrison 12980:Dwight D. Eisenhower → 12482:Employment Act of 1946 12376:Revolt of the Admirals 11950:vol 1 online at Google 11828:Martin, Joseph William 11819:Hamby, Alonzo L., ed. 11408:47.1 (2013): 111–129. 11373:(UP of Florida, 2003). 11369:Schwartzberg, Steven. 11248:(Cambridge UP, 2011). 11169:Maddox, Robert James. 11098:Origins of Containment 11061:. U of Michigan Press. 10885:Casey, Steven (2005). 10722:Mitchell, Franklin D. 10674:Lacey, Michael J. ed. 10401:52.4 (1966): 791–803. 10275:. Union Square Press. 9947:; Gooch, John (2006). 9631:17.4 (1953): 443–460. 9590:William I. Hitchcock. 9528:Busch, Andrew (1999). 9231:Busch, Andrew (1999). 9133:367.1 (1966): 127–136. 9107:. 2011. Archived from 8798:Harvey A. Levenstein, 8709:William Howard Moore, 7248:66.2 (1979): 314–333. 6730:10.3 (1980): 306–316. 5939:57.3 (2005): 911–942. 5811:138.3 (1975): 219–241 4990: 4981: 4933:. In 1952, journalist 4906: 4838: 4803: 4763: 4693: 4595: 4559:1948 election campaign 4314: 4220: 4094:To Secure These Rights 4084: 3940:jurisdictional strikes 3936:unfair labor practices 3899: 3838: 3789: 3776:Strike wave of 1945–46 3750:. The act created the 3748:Employment Act of 1946 3732:conservative coalition 3202: 3143: 3013: 2997: 2905:Decolonization of Asia 2766: 2591: 2526:mixed economic systems 2485: 2443:strategic atomic bombs 2439:Revolt of the Admirals 2395:Department of the Navy 2148: 1960:United Nations Charter 1804: 1744: 1581:Twenty-fifth Amendment 1485:Lewis B. Schwellenbach 951: 950:Truman's Cabinet, 1949 859: 777:strike wave of 1945–46 773:conservative coalition 600:National historic Site 13377:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12958:Clifton Truman Daniel 12862:Give 'em Hell, Harry! 12835:Truman Sports Complex 12664:Early life and career 12363:North Atlantic Treaty 12339:Displaced Persons Act 12308:Joint Chiefs of Staff 12215:Eisenhower transition 12200:"The buck stops here" 12173:Judicial appointments 12146:Assassination attempt 11941:Lyman Van Slyke, ed. 11867:(Citadel Press, 2004) 11845:Merrill, Dennis, ed. 11595:10.1002/9781118300718 11353:10.4324/9781315056265 11262:19#2 (2020): 149–66. 11251:Miscamble, Wilson D. 11244:Miscamble, Wilson D. 10943:10.1515/9781400839889 10935:Cold War Civil Rights 10825:27.3 (1950): 251–262. 10803:37.4 (1971): 597–616 10676:The Truman Presidency 10443:. chapter 2 on Truman 9856:"Chairman's Foreword" 9457:Morison, Samuel Eliot 8895:30#2 (1968): 153–169 8869:51.3 (2010): 455–478. 8726:31.4 (1972): 372–380 7832:17#4 (2005): 345–374. 7703:, pp. 49–51, 57. 7637:(1996) 10#3 pp 41–53 6548:Warner R. Schilling, 6354:401.1 (1972): 74–84. 6107:, pp. 28–29, 42. 5996:, pp. 49–50, 90. 5917:. Presidency.ucsb.edu 5885:45.3 (2015): 490–513 5691:(Cambridge UP, 2007). 5687:Wilson D. Miscamble, 5452:13.2 (1989): 191–212. 5427:46.3 (1970): 455–465. 5425:International Affairs 5071:The Truman Presidency 5031:A later statute, the 4985: 4976: 4948:the Nixon White House 4900: 4893:Historical reputation 4837: 4793: 4757: 4744:Further information: 4687: 4590: 4573:Further information: 4389:groups. In 1945, the 4382:Further information: 4304: 4212: 4079:in action during the 4077:2nd Infantry Division 4066: 4041:Sherman Antitrust Act 3887: 3878:Further information: 3833: 3783: 3774:Further information: 3200: 3123: 3003: 2995: 2986:Further information: 2959:Mutual Defense Treaty 2872:Further information: 2811:Further information: 2801:Arab–Israeli conflict 2797:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2749: 2742:Recognition of Israel 2694:Further information: 2597:North Atlantic Treaty 2581: 2544:Further information: 2506:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2483: 2423:Joint Chiefs of Staff 2403:Department of Defense 2308:1948 general election 2224:four occupation zones 2143: 2134:Further information: 2041:Displaced Persons Act 2029:Further information: 1998:Reciprocal Tariff Act 1986:Trade and low tariffs 1936:Further information: 1925:Further information: 1802: 1743:in Potsdam, July 1945 1735: 1690:Further information: 1651:Wiley Blount Rutledge 1611:Judicial appointments 1525:Edward Stettinius Jr. 1425:Secretary of Commerce 1320:Secretary of the Navy 1031:Edward Stettinius Jr. 949: 880:Franklin D. Roosevelt 846: 831:Further information: 663:Franklin D. Roosevelt 343:Judicial appointments 217:Assassination attempt 145:Seal of the president 119:Franklin D. Roosevelt 18:Truman Administration 15776:District of Columbia 14449:1984 (San Francisco) 14344:1964 (Atlantic City) 14124:1920 (San Francisco) 13397:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12865:(1975 play and film) 12781:Dewey Defeats Truman 12590:Executive Order 9981 12280:Executive Order 9835 12249:Declaration to Japan 11891:. Harper & Row. 11578:64#1 (2007): 31–48. 11541:America in the World 11380:42.1 (2017): 93–127. 11318:Paterson, Thomas G. 11026:10.2307/j.ctt1d4v19t 11005:Gaddis, John Lewis. 10999:(1982, 2nd ed 2005) 10995:Gaddis, John Lewis. 10823:Journalism Quarterly 10776:54.1 (2022): 17–23. 10737:. Houghton Mifflin. 10685:33.1 (1970): 68–82. 10596:Graff, Henry F. ed. 10582:Gardner, Michael R. 10553:Ferrell, Robert Hugh 10535:Truman Defeats Dewey 10519:Daniels. Roger, ed. 10411:6.3 (1965): 214–231. 9905:Robert J. Donovan, 9783:(2nd ed. 1974) p 14. 9261:64#1 (1970): 18–34. 9111:on February 11, 2012 9090:Roger Daniels, ed., 8697:(1993) 5#2 pp 28–45 7939:on February 22, 2014 7907:Michael J. Bennett, 7761:John Acacia (2009). 7364:. SAGE. p. 30. 5743:Elizabeth Spalding, 4796:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4713:Dewey Defeats Truman 4608:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4592:Clifford K. Berryman 4426:separation-of-powers 4348:of South Dakota and 4291:Executive Order 9835 4205:Crime and corruption 4145:William Henry Hastie 4119:Executive Order 9981 4068:Executive Order 9981 3434:September 1–7, 1947 3387:Miguel Alemán Valdés 3137:South Korean, U.S., 3037:Korean People's Army 2915:granted independence 2911:Tydings–McDuffie Act 2803:remains unresolved. 2676:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2514:European integration 2454:or before and after 2452:Spanish–American War 2104:nuclear power plants 2100:nuclear power plants 2015:most favoured nation 1972:Arthur H. Vandenberg 1968:Treaty of Versailles 1593:Speaker of the House 1544:Secretary of Defense 1517:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 1167:Secretary of Defense 1086:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 938:in 1946 to 1950 and 707:Dwight D. Eisenhower 590:Presidential library 556:Dewey Defeats Truman 124:Dwight D. Eisenhower 15954:Stonewall Democrats 14609:2016 (Philadelphia) 14264:1948 (Philadelphia) 14204:1936 (Philadelphia) 13750:Fourth Party System 13740:Second Party System 13327:William Howard Taft 13247:Rutherford B. Hayes 12940:Bess Wallace Truman 12840:U.S. Postage stamps 12634:Revenue Act of 1951 12617:Revenue Act of 1950 12611:Dingell–Johnson Act 12606:Housing Act of 1949 12596:Revenue Act of 1948 12452:Revenue Act of 1945 12244:Agreement on Europe 11490:Ferrell, Robert H. 11383:Walton, Richard J. 11325:Pierpaoli, Paul G. 11141:Leffler, Melvyn P. 10852:Beisner, Robert L. 10719:(Harvard UP, 1967). 10667:Karabell, Zachary. 10650:Hartmann, Susan M. 10589:Goulden, Joseph C. 10575:Freeland, Richard. 10540:Donovan, Robert J. 10533:Donaldson, Gary A. 10473:Ciment, James, ed. 10435:Brinkley, Douglas. 10387:Berman, William C. 9792:Robert H. Ferrell, 9646:, pp. 256–258. 9618:, pp. 252–255. 9581:, pp. 249–252. 9569:, pp. 139–142. 9545:, pp. 112–113. 9530:Horses in Midstream 9407:, pp. 160–162. 9395:, pp. 158–159. 9356:, pp. 153–158. 9344:, pp. 226–232. 9289:, pp. 155–156. 9233:Horses in Midstream 9194:, pp. 295–296. 9182:, pp. 205–207. 9145:, pp. 290–291. 9081:, pp. 234–235. 9069:, pp. 204–205. 9057:, pp. 273–274. 9045:, pp. 218–219. 9021:, pp. 217–218. 8936:, pp. 182–183. 8499:40.2 (1993): 25–29 8486:, pp. 254–255. 8205:, pp. 166–167. 8099:, pp. 102–103. 8035:Library of Congress 8029:. Washington D.C.: 7739:, pp. 498–501. 7612:, pp. 141–144. 7600:, pp. 139–141. 7561:"Historical Tables" 7535:"Historical Tables" 7509:"Historical Tables" 7387:, pp. 230–232. 7335:, pp. 118–119. 7323:, pp. 117–118. 7311:, pp. 226–228. 7299:, pp. 225–226. 7275:, pp. 219–222. 7224:. Pickle Partners. 7208:, pp. 214–215. 7184:, pp. 106–107. 7167:, pp. 209–210. 7107:, pp. 270–271. 7095:, pp. 634–635. 7083:, pp. 271–272. 7071:, pp. 646–647. 7059:, pp. 633–634. 7034:(Free Press, 1987). 7021:, pp. 198–199. 7005:William W. Stueck, 6942:, pp. 631–633. 6880:, pp. 628–629. 6843:26.1 (1984): 69–95. 6830:, pp. 228–229. 6818:, pp. 626–627. 6793:, pp. 645–649. 6781:, pp. 198–201. 6745:, pp. 139–140. 6717:, pp. 623–624. 6705:, pp. 619–620. 6693:, pp. 126–127. 6681:, pp. 617–618. 6656:, pp. 127–128. 6631:, pp. 618–619. 6607:, pp. 71, 100. 6580:, pp. 637–639. 6536:, pp. 237–239. 6449:, pp. 117–118. 6341:, pp. 616–617. 6317:, pp. 614–616. 6293:, pp. 614–615. 6253:John Lewis Gaddis, 6232:, pp. 610–611. 6208:, pp. 608–609. 6196:, pp. 609–610. 6172:, pp. 605–606. 6160:, pp. 120–121. 6119:, pp. 602–603. 6083:, pp. 595–596. 6071:, pp. 175–176. 6059:, pp. 173–175. 5798:, pp. 579–590. 5773:40.3 (1984): 12–18. 5700:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, 5667:, pp. 94–121, 5599:, pp. 591–593. 5464:, pp. 108–111. 5375:90.1 (1975): 23–69. 5254:, pp. 148–149. 5242:, pp. 613–614. 5227:, pp. 612–613. 5215:, pp. 599–603. 5142:Robert J. Donovan, 5011:. pp. 484–497. 4905:" sign on his desk. 4903:The Buck Stops Here 4766:By the time of the 4475: 4445:organic legislation 4045:Celler–Kefauver Act 4032:Housing Act of 1949 3921:Revenue Act of 1948 3895:speaks against the 3483: 3422:and Prime Minister 3327:August 23–30, 1946 3164:, which was, until 2982:Outbreak of the war 2955:First Indochina War 2939:French client state 2874:Occupation of Japan 2777:Mandatory Palestine 2668:Mutual Security Act 2332: 2284:non-interventionism 2220:Montreux Convention 2178:occupation of Japan 2091:David E. Lilienthal 2050:Mandatory Palestine 2048:British-controlled 1829:agreed to surrender 1809:Potsdam Declaration 1755:and British leader 1696:By April 1945, the 1686:End of World War II 1442:W. Averell Harriman 1141:Robert P. Patterson 862:While serving as a 854:in the White House 789:Housing Act of 1949 437:Second inauguration 331:international trips 15855:Blue Dog Coalition 14529:2000 (Los Angeles) 14384:1972 (Miami Beach) 14324:1960 (Los Angeles) 14104:1916 (Saint Louis) 14058:1904 (Saint Louis) 14045:1900 (Kansas City) 14006:1888 (Saint Louis) 13967:1876 (Saint Louis) 13760:Sixth Party System 13755:Fifth Party System 13745:Third Party System 13317:Theodore Roosevelt 12993:Alben W. Barkley → 12988:← Henry A. Wallace 12622:Excess profits tax 12494:Flood Control Acts 12345:Key West Agreement 12238:Potsdam Conference 11964:(1966) pp 299–355. 11883:Ferrell, Robert H. 11838:Leahy, William D. 11698:Diplomatic History 11500:Diplomatic History 11378:Peace & Change 11332:Pogue, Forrest C. 11322:(Oxford UP, 1989). 11312:3.1 (1979): 1–18. 11310:Diplomatic History 11296:Offner, Arnold A. 11278:Diplomatic History 11173:(Routledge, 2019). 11162:McMahon Robert J. 10990:Comparative Cinema 10894:Diplomatic History 10845:Anderson Terry H. 10814:34.1 (1971): 1–21 10765:Richardson, Elmo. 10731:Oshinsky, David M. 10715:Matusow, Allen J. 10586:(SIU Press, 2002). 10451:. pp. 26–46. 10157:Lenczowski, George 10012:Donovan, Robert J. 9896:, pp. 318–19. 9822:Ferrell, Robert H. 9033:, pp. 450–53. 8893:Review of Politics 8435:(Routledge, 2013). 7843:American Quarterly 7155:, pp. 222–27. 7047:(Oxford UP, 2002). 6996:(1973) pp 291–310. 6970:, p. 169–170. 6926:Forrest C. 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Brannan 1356:Julius Albert Krug 1306:Jesse M. Donaldson 1294:Robert E. Hannegan 1277:Postmaster General 1263:James P. McGranery 1196:George C. Marshall 1110:John Wesley Snyder 1055:George C. Marshall 1026:Secretary of State 957:The Truman cabinet 952: 860: 722:surrender of Japan 390:Potsdam Conference 363:First inauguration 250:Little White House 16039: 16038: 15979: 15978: 15865:Justice Democrats 15489:Wasserman Schultz 13980:1880 (Cincinnati) 13889:1856 (Cincinnati) 13688: 13687: 13467:George H. W. Bush 13417:Lyndon B. Johnson 13347:Warren G. Harding 13287:Benjamin Harrison 13267:Chester A. Arthur 13257:James A. Garfield 13117:John Quincy Adams 13067:George Washington 13015: 13014: 12893:(1979 miniseries) 12715:Historic District 12652: 12651: 12644:1952 steel strike 12516:Fulbright Program 12292:Hoover Commission 11979:table of contents 11898:978-0-8262-1119-4 11870:Truman, Harry S. 11858:American Heritage 11812:978-0-8138-1806-1 11774:(1966); 518 pp., 11636:. pp. 7–25. 11159:(Springer, 2016). 11115:978-0-374-16109-5 11065:House, Jonathan. 10744:978-0-618-38273-6 10709:(Duke UP, 1994). 10568:978-0-8262-1050-0 10499:Daniels, Jonathan 10380:Baime, Albert J. 10327:978-0-688-00005-9 10301:978-0-688-09513-0 10282:978-1-4027-6748-7 10234:978-0-671-86920-5 10219:McCullough, David 10210:978-0-7006-0252-0 10189:978-0-16-001925-8 10170:978-0-8223-0972-7 10148:978-0-8161-8915-1 10104:978-0-521-79537-1 10083:978-0-19-507822-0 10062:978-0-19-504546-8 10029:978-0-393-01619-2 10003:978-0-8050-6938-9 9958:978-0-7432-8082-2 9830:American Heritage 9248:, pp. 49–50. 9105:"Digital History" 8985:, pp. 87–88. 8948:, pp. 83–84. 8882:26 (2003): 33–79. 8785:Andrew J. 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Painter 3905:Hoover Commission 3709: 3708: 3463: 3462: 3397:June 10–12, 1947 3266: 3068:Douglas MacArthur 3006:Douglas MacArthur 2880:Douglas MacArthur 2854:Republic of China 2502:Kenneth S. Wherry 2391:Department of War 2383: 2382: 2216:Mediterranean Sea 2170:Moscow Conference 2025:European refugees 1948:League of Nations 1914:Nuclear arms race 1908:Douglas MacArthur 1882:Formation of the 1827:Manchuria, Japan 1813:drop atomic bombs 1783:of Japanese-held 1757:Winston Churchill 1741:Winston Churchill 1722:Manhattan Project 1676:courts of appeals 1664:Felix Frankfurter 1505: 1504: 1454:Charles W. Sawyer 1387:Claude R. Wickard 1251:J. Howard McGrath 940:Charles S. Murphy 911:Eleanor Roosevelt 817:Douglas MacArthur 746:Progressive Party 654:'s tenure as the 649: 648: 385:Mental Health Act 316:Executive actions 282:Senate elections 212:Electoral history 199: 198: 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 16099: 16082:Alben W. Barkley 15944:Democrats Abroad 15833:Policy Committee 15818: 15817: 15801:Democrats Abroad 14589:2012 (Charlotte) 14084:1912 (Baltimore) 13954:1872 (Baltimore) 13876:1852 (Baltimore) 13863:1848 (Baltimore) 13850:1844 (Baltimore) 13837:1840 (Baltimore) 13824:1835 (Baltimore) 13811:1832 (Baltimore) 13724: 13723:Democratic Party 13715: 13708: 13701: 13692: 13691: 13678: 13677: 13668: 13667: 13307:William McKinley 13297:Grover Cleveland 13277:Grover Cleveland 13237:Ulysses S. Grant 13187:Millard Fillmore 13137:Martin Van Buren 13087:Thomas Jefferson 13042: 13035: 13028: 13019: 13018: 13004: 13003: 12917:(2022 TV series) 12679:Truman Committee 12579:Taft–Hartley Act 12446:Medal of Freedom 12221: 12220: 12205:Executive Orders 12109: 12101: 12090: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12042: 12041: 12007: 12004:The New Republic 12001: 11954:online vol 1 pdf 11935: 11925: 11915: 11902: 11879:Truman, Harry S. 11835: 11816: 11750: 11721: 11692: 11655: 11608: 11564: 11544: 11523: 11477: 11448: 11366: 11293: 11241: 11209: 11192:(4): 1001–1010. 11183: 11155:McGhee, George. 11138: 11119: 11062: 11039: 10985: 10956: 10931:Dudziak, Mary L. 10922:Dobbs, Michael. 10909: 10891: 10881: 10782:Savage, Sean J. 10762:103 (2017): 72+. 10748: 10671:(Vintage, 2001). 10647: 10614:(1975): 587–605 10572: 10530:(2010) pp 36–45. 10516: 10470: 10432: 10357: 10345: 10336:Weinstein, Allen 10331: 10319: 10310:Truman, Margaret 10305: 10286: 10269:Pietrusza, David 10264: 10252: 10243:Patterson, James 10238: 10214: 10193: 10174: 10152: 10140: 10129: 10108: 10087: 10066: 10054: 10045:Hamby, Alonzo L. 10033: 10021: 10007: 9983: 9962: 9940: 9910: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9885: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9803: 9797: 9790: 9784: 9777: 9771: 9764: 9758: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9466: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9366: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9329:(1963): 256–67. 9323: 9317: 9316: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9277:(1997) pp 30–31. 9273:Sean J. Savage, 9271: 9265: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9101: 9095: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8969:Alan D. Harper, 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8906: 8900: 8889: 8883: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8809: 8803: 8802:(Praeger, 1981). 8796: 8790: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8731: 8720: 8714: 8707: 8701: 8695:Labor's Heritage 8691: 8685: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8603: 8594: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8544:. April 15, 1976 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8442: 8436: 8429: 8423: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8342: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8306: 8305:(1954): 351–381. 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8264:Robert A. Taft, 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8215: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8109: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8037:. Archived from 8022: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7935:. Archived from 7929: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7869:Joseph Goulden, 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7839: 7833: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7807: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7436:Chambers II 1999 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7355: 7349: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7030:Theodore Cohen, 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7003: 6997: 6990: 6984: 6979:June M. Grasso, 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6868:(2004): 963–988. 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6546: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6503: 6497: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6037: 6026: 6016: 6010: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5961:. June 20, 1990. 5949: 5943: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5890: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5838: 5829: 5822: 5816: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5786:(Yale UP, 1997). 5780: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5624: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5546: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5346: 5345: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5302: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5170: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5065: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5003: 4961:David McCullough 4856: 4855: 4836: 4627:Alben W. Barkley 4476: 4317:In August 1948, 4171:Health insurance 4130:Stuart Symington 3971:concludes that: 3727:Great Depression 3512:Debt as a % 3484: 3466:Domestic affairs 3444: 3442: 3441: 3420:Harold Alexander 3407: 3405: 3404: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3364:March 3–6, 1947 3337: 3335: 3334: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3285:and USSR leader 3265: 3260: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3205: 3142: 3133: 3084:Battle of Inchon 2935:French Indochina 2884:new constitution 2813:Marshall Mission 2759:David Ben-Gurion 2333: 2329: 2251:George F. Kennan 2228:Stuttgart speech 2185:Reinhold Niebuhr 2121:in August 1953. 1868:during include: 1769:Oder–Neisse line 1568:John R. Steelman 1560:Harry H. Vaughan 1556:Robert A. Lovett 1552:Louis A. Johnson 1497:Maurice J. Tobin 1430:Henry A. Wallace 1399:Clinton Anderson 1368:Oscar L. Chapman 1222:Attorney General 1208:Robert A. Lovett 1184:Louis A. Johnson 1129:Henry L. Stimson 1124:Secretary of War 1012:Alben W. Barkley 954: 953: 896:Democratic Party 888:Henry A. Wallace 872:Truman Committee 781:Taft–Hartley Act 742:Henry A. Wallace 641: 634: 627: 616: 615: 610: 276:Truman Committee 245:Truman Reservoir 195: 194: 192: 185: 177: 170: 169: 166: 165: 160: 159: 141: 63: 61: 48: 41: 40: 21: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16077:Harry S. Truman 16042: 16041: 16040: 16035: 15975: 15927: 15881: 15812: 15805: 15512: 15510: 15503: 15226: 15220: 15113:C. A. Culberson 15059:J. W. Stevenson 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15035: 14922:D. B. Culberson 14807: 14804: 14802: 14797: 14793: 14786: 14678:administrations 14676: 14668: 14489:1992 (New York) 14429:1980 (New York) 14409:1976 (New York) 14144:1924 (New York) 13941:1868 (New York) 13789: 13786: 13784: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13766: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13689: 13684: 13656: 13582:F. D. Roosevelt 13534: 13528: 13527: 13526: 13407:John F. Kennedy 13387:Harry S. Truman 13357:Calvin Coolidge 13217:Abraham Lincoln 13197:Franklin Pierce 13057: 13051: 13046: 13016: 13011: 12963: 12946:Margaret Truman 12928: 12849: 12798: 12731: 12688: 12648: 12522:Hill–Burton Act 12432: 12274:Luce–Celler Act 12233:Truman Doctrine 12219: 12112: 12104: 12093: 12082: 12074: 12072:Harry S. Truman 12069: 11999: 11995:(August 1981). 11988: 11983: 11926: (1956). 11923: 11899: 11852:Miller, Merle. 11813: 11760:Acheson, Dean. 11757: 11755:Primary sources 11673:10.2307/1959657 11652: 11605: 11561: 11425:History Compass 11419: 11406:History Teacher 11387:(Viking, 1976). 11363: 11268:Neuse, Steven. 11198:10.2307/3093261 11181: 11135: 11127:. McGraw-Hill. 11116: 11076:Isaacson Walter 11042:Herken, Gregg. 11036: 10974:10.2307/2145907 10953: 10889: 10878: 10835:Acheson, Dean. 10832: 10751:Poen, Monte M. 10745: 10705:Marcus, Maeva. 10691:Lee, R. Alton. 10636:10.2307/2152173 10569: 10513: 10480:Cochran, Bert. 10467: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10363:Further reading 10360: 10354: 10328: 10316:Harry S. Truman 10302: 10283: 10261: 10235: 10211: 10190: 10171: 10149: 10126: 10105: 10084: 10063: 10030: 10004: 9993:Harry S. Truman 9980: 9972:. W.W. Norton. 9959: 9945:Cohen, Eliot A. 9937: 9918: 9913: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9879: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9849: 9845: 9835: 9833: 9826:"Plain Faking?" 9819: 9815: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9791: 9787: 9778: 9774: 9765: 9761: 9757:(1970) pp 3–14. 9752: 9748: 9729: 9725: 9715: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9678: 9674: 9666: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9589: 9585: 9577: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9555:McCullough 1992 9553: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9427: 9423: 9417:McCullough 1992 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9391: 9387: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9272: 9268: 9256: 9252: 9244: 9240: 9229: 9225: 9202: 9198: 9190: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9166: 9162: 9153: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9128: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9089: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8968: 8964: 8958:Kirkendall 1990 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8890: 8886: 8877: 8873: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8810: 8806: 8797: 8793: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8753: 8749: 8743:Kirkendall 1990 8741: 8734: 8721: 8717: 8708: 8704: 8692: 8688: 8680:Monte M. Poen, 8679: 8675: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8614: 8604: 8597: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8494: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8472:McCullough 1992 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8443: 8439: 8430: 8426: 8413: 8409: 8403:Kirkendall 1990 8401: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8339: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8276: 8272: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7983: 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7915: 7906: 7902: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7759: 7755: 7749:McCullough 1992 7747: 7743: 7737:McCullough 1992 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7287:, pp. 113. 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7261:Stokesbury 1990 7259: 7255: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6991: 6987: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6890:Lenczowski 1990 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6863: 6859: 6853:McCullough 1992 6851: 6847: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6547: 6540: 6534:Kirkendall 1990 6532: 6528: 6522:Kirkendall 1990 6520: 6516: 6504: 6500: 6495:Wayback Machine 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6430:Military Review 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6404:Kirkendall 1990 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366:Şuhnaz Yilmaz, 6365: 6361: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6257:(2nd ed. 2005). 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6038: 6029: 6017: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5900: 5893: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5843:Goldin, Claudia 5839: 5832: 5823: 5819: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5725: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5661: 5657: 5646: 5642: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5574:Nuclear Weapons 5570: 5566: 5559: 5536: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5349: 5342: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5189:McCullough 1992 5187: 5180: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5154: 5141: 5137: 5131:McCullough 1992 5129: 5125: 5119:McCullough 1992 5117: 5113: 5109:, pp. 8–9. 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4895: 4879:Checkers speech 4874: 4873: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4850: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4780:Adlai Stevenson 4752: 4742: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4708:Chicago Tribune 4690:Thomas E. Dewey 4667:observation car 4655:Thomas E. Dewey 4651:gender equality 4623:Hubert Humphrey 4585: 4571: 4563:Main articles: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4469: 4440: 4416: 4395:Luce–Celler Act 4386: 4380: 4354:Joseph McCarthy 4299: 4267: 4262: 4225:organized crime 4207: 4179: 4173: 4103:fair employment 4083:, November 1950 4071: 4061: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3882: 3876: 3860: 3828: 3823: 3815:Operation Dixie 3778: 3772: 3744:full employment 3721:and persistent 3714: 3513: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3439: 3437: 3402: 3400: 3369: 3367: 3332: 3330: 3299: 3297: 3294:August 2, 1945 3232: 3230: 3195: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3115:a counterattack 3111:Matthew Ridgway 3102: 3096: 3080:Pusan Perimeter 2990: 2984: 2979: 2941:led by Emperor 2907: 2901: 2876: 2870: 2831:Chiang Kai-shek 2823: 2809: 2789:State of Israel 2773: 2744: 2739: 2703:Monroe Doctrine 2698: 2692: 2617:the Netherlands 2576: 2548: 2546:Berlin Blockade 2542: 2478: 2472: 2413:(CIA), and the 2328: 2312:Catholic Church 2299:Josip Broz Tito 2291:Greek Civil War 2280:Truman Doctrine 2271: 2269:Truman Doctrine 2154:Interwar period 2138: 2132: 2127: 2064: 2058: 2033: 2027: 1994: 1988: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1858: 1852: 1850:Foreign affairs 1694: 1688: 1643:Harlan F. Stone 1623: 1615:Main articles: 1613: 1576: 1574:Vice presidency 1529:George Marshall 1509:James Forrestal 1501:1948–1953 1489:1945–1948 1473:Frances Perkins 1458:1948–1953 1446:1946–1948 1434:1945–1946 1415:1948–1953 1403:1945–1948 1372:1949–1953 1360:1946–1949 1348:1945–1946 1344:Harold L. Ickes 1329:1945–1947 1325:James Forrestal 1310:1947–1953 1298:1945–1947 1282:Frank C. Walker 1267:1952–1953 1255:1949–1952 1243:1945–1949 1212:1951–1953 1200:1950–1951 1188:1949–1950 1176:1947–1949 1172:James Forrestal 1145:1945–1947 1114:1946–1953 1102:1945–1946 1071:1949–1953 1059:1947–1949 1047:1945–1947 1043:James F. Byrnes 1016:1949–1953 1004:1945–1949 987:1945–1953 983:Harry S. Truman 932:Samuel Rosenman 927: 892:James F. Byrnes 852:Harlan F. Stone 841: 835: 829: 806:When Communist 750:Truman Doctrine 687:Thomas E. Dewey 652:Harry S. Truman 645: 613: 611: 604: 586: 585:Post-presidency 583: 582: 581: 506: 502: 501: 500: 432: 428: 427: 426: 358: 354: 326:Truman Doctrine 300: 297: 267: 261: 239:Harry S. Truman 191:Harry S. Truman 190: 188: 187: 186: 183: 181: 157:Library website 155: 154: 149: 148: 146: 143: 142: 129: 128: 127: 121: 64: 59: 57: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16105: 16095: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15987: 15985: 15981: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15935: 15933: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15847: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15824: 15822: 15815: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15798: 15796:Virgin Islands 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15771:American Samoa 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15716:South Carolina 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15681:North Carolina 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15517: 15515: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15462: 15453: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15218: 15212: 15206: 15200: 15194: 15188: 15182: 15176: 15170: 15164: 15158: 15152: 15146: 15140: 15134: 15128: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15104: 15098: 15092: 15086: 15080: 15074: 15068: 15062: 15055: 15053: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15027: 15021: 15015: 15009: 15003: 14997: 14991: 14985: 14979: 14973: 14967: 14961: 14955: 14949: 14943: 14937: 14931: 14925: 14919: 14913: 14907: 14901: 14895: 14889: 14883: 14873: 14867: 14861: 14855: 14849: 14843: 14837: 14831: 14825: 14819: 14812: 14810: 14788: 14787: 14785: 14784: 14778: 14772: 14766: 14760: 14754: 14748: 14742: 14731: 14725: 14719: 14713: 14707: 14701: 14695: 14689: 14682: 14680: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14649:2024 (Chicago) 14646: 14645: 14644: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14586: 14585: 14584: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14509:1996 (Chicago) 14506: 14505: 14504: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14469:1988 (Atlanta) 14466: 14465: 14464: 14446: 14445: 14444: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14406: 14405: 14404: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14364:1968 (Chicago) 14361: 14360: 14359: 14341: 14340: 14339: 14321: 14320: 14319: 14304:1956 (Chicago) 14301: 14300: 14299: 14284:1952 (Chicago) 14281: 14280: 14279: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14244:1944 (Chicago) 14241: 14240: 14239: 14224:1940 (Chicago) 14221: 14220: 14219: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14184:1932 (Chicago) 14181: 14180: 14179: 14164:1928 (Houston) 14161: 14160: 14159: 14141: 14140: 14139: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14081: 14068: 14055: 14042: 14032:1896 (Chicago) 14029: 14019:1892 (Chicago) 14016: 14003: 13993:1884 (Chicago) 13990: 13977: 13964: 13951: 13938: 13928:1864 (Chicago) 13925: 13899: 13886: 13873: 13860: 13847: 13834: 13821: 13808: 13794: 13792: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13718: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13695: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13672: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13538: 13536: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13524: 13514: 13504: 13494: 13487:George W. Bush 13484: 13474: 13464: 13454: 13444: 13434: 13424: 13414: 13404: 13394: 13384: 13374: 13367:Herbert Hoover 13364: 13354: 13344: 13337:Woodrow Wilson 13334: 13324: 13314: 13304: 13294: 13284: 13274: 13264: 13254: 13244: 13234: 13227:Andrew Johnson 13224: 13214: 13207:James Buchanan 13204: 13194: 13184: 13177:Zachary Taylor 13174: 13164: 13154: 13144: 13134: 13127:Andrew Jackson 13124: 13114: 13104: 13094: 13084: 13074: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13056:Presidents and 13053: 13052: 13045: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13022: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13009: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12984: 12983: 12976: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12936: 12934: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12918: 12914:The First Lady 12910: 12902: 12894: 12886: 12878: 12873:(1975 song by 12866: 12857: 12855: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12784: 12777: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12741: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12707: 12702: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12624: 12614: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12454: 12449: 12442: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12424: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12360: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12295: 12289: 12283: 12277: 12271: 12265: 12262:War Brides Act 12259: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12235: 12229: 12227: 12225:Foreign policy 12218: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12195:Truman Balcony 12192: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12130:Inaugurations 12128: 12122: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12102: 12091: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12068: 12067: 12060: 12053: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12019: 12013: 12008: 11987: 11986:External links 11984: 11982: 11981: 11972: 11965: 11939: 11919: 11903: 11897: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11850: 11843: 11836: 11824: 11817: 11811: 11796: 11785: 11778: 11768: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11733:(3): 393–408. 11722: 11704:(2): 311–334. 11693: 11667:(2): 560–582. 11656: 11650: 11629: 11619: 11609: 11603: 11582: 11572: 11565: 11559: 11534: 11524: 11506:(3): 171–190. 11495: 11488: 11478: 11460:(3): 146–165. 11449: 11418: 11417:Historiography 11415: 11414: 11413: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11367: 11361: 11345:The Korean War 11340: 11330: 11323: 11316: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11284:(2): 127–155. 11273: 11266: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11221: 11210: 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11133: 11120: 11114: 11101: 11094: 11073: 11063: 11051: 11040: 11034: 11013: 11003: 10993: 10986: 10968:(3): 403–434. 10957: 10951: 10927: 10920: 10910: 10900:(4): 655–690. 10882: 10876: 10861: 10850: 10843: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10819: 10808: 10797: 10790: 10780: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10743: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10658: 10648: 10619: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10567: 10549: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10511: 10495: 10485: 10484:(1973); 432pp. 10478: 10471: 10465: 10444: 10433: 10412: 10405: 10395: 10385: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10367:Main article: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10352: 10332: 10326: 10306: 10300: 10287: 10281: 10265: 10260:978-0195117974 10259: 10239: 10233: 10215: 10209: 10194: 10188: 10175: 10169: 10153: 10147: 10130: 10125:978-0195038347 10124: 10109: 10103: 10088: 10082: 10067: 10061: 10041: 10034: 10028: 10008: 10002: 9988:Dallek, Robert 9984: 9978: 9963: 9957: 9941: 9935: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9898: 9886: 9880:Alonzo Hamby, 9873: 9843: 9813: 9798: 9785: 9772: 9770:(1975): 20–47. 9759: 9746: 9723: 9698: 9686:New York Times 9672: 9660: 9658:, p. 260. 9656:Patterson 1996 9648: 9644:Patterson 1996 9636: 9620: 9616:Patterson 1996 9608: 9606:, p. 144. 9596: 9583: 9579:Patterson 1996 9571: 9559: 9557:, p. 887. 9547: 9535: 9520: 9494: 9492:, p. 162. 9490:Patterson 1996 9482: 9448: 9441: 9421: 9419:, p. 657. 9409: 9397: 9393:Patterson 1996 9385: 9376: 9367: 9358: 9346: 9342:Pietrusza 2011 9334: 9318: 9311: 9291: 9287:Patterson 1996 9279: 9266: 9250: 9238: 9223: 9212:(2): 222–244. 9196: 9184: 9172: 9170:, p. 293. 9160: 9147: 9135: 9122: 9096: 9083: 9071: 9067:Patterson 1996 9059: 9047: 9035: 9031:Weinstein 1997 9023: 9011: 9009:, p. 522. 8999: 8987: 8975: 8962: 8950: 8938: 8934:Patterson 1996 8926: 8924:, p. 146. 8922:Patterson 1996 8914: 8912:(2010): 79–98. 8901: 8884: 8871: 8858: 8851: 8831: 8824: 8804: 8791: 8778: 8771: 8747: 8732: 8715: 8702: 8686: 8673: 8624: 8612:New York Times 8595: 8579: 8577:, p. 307. 8567: 8565:, p. 171. 8555: 8542:New York Times 8529: 8517: 8513:MacGregor 1981 8505: 8488: 8476: 8474:, p. 651. 8464: 8437: 8424: 8407: 8395: 8383: 8381:, p. 166. 8379:Patterson 1996 8371: 8369:, p. 429. 8359: 8337: 8324: 8322:, p. 152. 8307: 8294: 8292:, p. 257. 8282: 8270: 8257: 8255:, p. 183. 8245: 8207: 8203:Patterson 1996 8195: 8180: 8168: 8164:Patterson 1996 8156: 8150:R. Alton Lee, 8143: 8139:Patterson 1996 8131: 8124: 8101: 8089: 8074: 8047: 8008: 7996: 7981: 7970:(3): 417–443. 7950: 7924: 7913: 7900: 7887: 7883:Patterson 1996 7875: 7862: 7850: 7834: 7821: 7815:978-0877225034 7814: 7792: 7780: 7774:978-0813139258 7773: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7626: 7614: 7610:Patterson 1996 7602: 7598:Patterson 1996 7590: 7578: 7552: 7526: 7500: 7491: 7478: 7464: 7462:, p. 235. 7460:Patterson 1996 7452: 7450:, p. 645. 7440: 7438:, p. 849. 7428: 7426:, p. 137. 7416: 7414:, p. 232. 7412:Patterson 1996 7404: 7402:, p. 124. 7389: 7385:Patterson 1996 7377: 7370: 7350: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7309:Patterson 1996 7301: 7297:Patterson 1996 7289: 7277: 7273:Patterson 1996 7265: 7253: 7237: 7230: 7210: 7206:Patterson 1996 7198: 7196:, p. 211. 7194:Patterson 1996 7186: 7169: 7165:Patterson 1996 7157: 7145: 7143:, p. 209. 7141:Patterson 1996 7133: 7121: 7119:, p. 208. 7117:Patterson 1996 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7036: 7023: 7011: 6998: 6985: 6972: 6968:Patterson 1996 6960: 6944: 6932: 6919: 6906: 6904:, p. 629. 6894: 6882: 6870: 6857: 6845: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6671: 6658: 6646: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6597: 6595:, p. 647. 6582: 6570: 6568:, p. 116. 6558: 6538: 6526: 6524:, p. 238. 6514: 6498: 6475: 6473:, p. 168. 6471:Patterson 1996 6463: 6461:, p. 133. 6459:Patterson 1996 6451: 6439: 6420: 6408: 6406:, p. 237. 6396: 6394:, p. 622. 6384: 6382:, p. 621. 6372: 6359: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6269:, p. 114. 6267:Patterson 1996 6259: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6220:, p. 116. 6218:Patterson 1996 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6158:Patterson 1996 6150: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6073: 6069:Patterson 1996 6061: 6057:Patterson 1996 6049: 6027: 6011: 6005:Gregg Herken, 5998: 5986: 5964: 5944: 5928: 5906: 5891: 5874: 5872:, p. 270. 5862: 5855: 5830: 5817: 5800: 5788: 5775: 5762: 5749: 5736: 5723: 5706: 5693: 5680: 5673: 5655: 5640: 5619: 5601: 5589: 5582: 5564: 5557: 5515: 5513:, p. 109. 5511:Patterson 1996 5503: 5491: 5484: 5466: 5462:Patterson 1996 5454: 5441: 5429: 5416: 5404: 5397: 5377: 5364: 5347: 5340: 5322: 5310:www.senate.gov 5297: 5280: 5278:, p. 146. 5268: 5256: 5244: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5191:, p. 366. 5178: 5165: 5152: 5135: 5133:, p. 436. 5123: 5121:, p. 425. 5111: 5099: 5087: 5080: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5037: 5024: 5014: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4894: 4891: 4887:1930 elections 4864: 4858: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4814:Robert A. Taft 4809:draft movement 4738:Main article: 4735: 4732: 4723:Main article: 4720: 4717: 4642:states' rights 4634:Strom Thurmond 4560: 4557: 4548:Main article: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4468: 4465: 4439: 4436: 4415: 4412: 4391:War Brides Act 4379: 4376: 4359:William Benton 4298: 4295: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4250:Newbold Morris 4234:Estes Kefauver 4217:Frank Costello 4206: 4203: 4172: 4169: 4060: 4057: 4036:slum clearance 3989:Main article: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3889:David Dubinsky 3875: 3872: 3859: 3856: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3786:Greek American 3771: 3768: 3759:price controls 3713: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3451:Rio de Janeiro 3448: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424:Mackenzie King 3416: 3411: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352:and inspected 3346: 3341: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3306:United Kingdom 3295: 3291: 3290: 3283:Clement Attlee 3275: 3270: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3228: 3227:July 15, 1945 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3194: 3191: 3166:George W. Bush 3098:Main article: 3095: 3092: 3012:, October 1950 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2923:decolonization 2900: 2899:Southeast Asia 2897: 2869: 2866: 2808: 2805: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2691: 2688: 2609:United Kingdom 2575: 2572: 2568:Berlin Airlift 2556:Lucius D. Clay 2541: 2540:Berlin airlift 2538: 2534:European Union 2474:Main article: 2471: 2468: 2407:U.S. Air Force 2381: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2327: 2324: 2270: 2267: 2166:five-year plan 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2089:, directed by 2072:Bernard Baruch 2057: 2054: 2026: 2023: 1987: 1984: 1964:Woodrow Wilson 1944:United Nations 1933: 1932:United Nations 1930: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1901: 1887: 1884:United Nations 1880: 1873: 1854:Main article: 1851: 1848: 1761:post-war order 1759:regarding the 1687: 1684: 1659:Sherman Minton 1612: 1609: 1599:, and Speaker 1575: 1572: 1564:Clark Clifford 1513:Fred M. Vinson 1503: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227:Francis Biddle 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1098:Fred M. Vinson 1094: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 997:Vice President 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 980: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 936:Clark Clifford 926: 925:Administration 923: 907:1944 elections 828: 825: 797:Strom Thurmond 785:Robert A. Taft 734:United Nations 695:Strom Thurmond 667:vice president 647: 646: 644: 643: 636: 629: 621: 618: 617: 605: 603: 602: 597: 592: 584: 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 563: 562: 561: 560: 559: 558: 548: 543: 538: 529: 528: 527: 526: 521: 516: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 440: 439: 433: 430: 429: 425: 424: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 370:Atomic bombing 366: 365: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 351: 350: 340: 335: 334: 333: 328: 321:Foreign policy 318: 313: 312: 311: 298: 296: 295: 294: 293: 288: 280: 279: 278: 262: 260: 259: 254: 253: 252: 247: 242: 234: 229: 219: 214: 209: 201: 200: 197: 196: 184:a series about 180: 178: 162: 161: 151: 150: 144: 136: 135: 134: 131: 130: 122: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 71: 67: 66: 54: 53: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16104: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16006:Superdelegate 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15930: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15830: 15829: 15828:Senate Caucus 15826: 15825: 15823: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15808: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15756:West Virginia 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15661:New Hampshire 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15621:Massachusetts 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15514: 15506: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15223: 15216: 15213: 15210: 15207: 15204: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15192: 15189: 15186: 15183: 15180: 15177: 15174: 15171: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15156: 15153: 15150: 15147: 15144: 15141: 15138: 15135: 15132: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15120: 15117: 15114: 15111: 15108: 15105: 15102: 15099: 15096: 15093: 15090: 15087: 15084: 15081: 15078: 15075: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15052: 15044: 15038: 15031: 15028: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15010: 15007: 15004: 15001: 14998: 14995: 14992: 14989: 14986: 14983: 14980: 14977: 14974: 14971: 14968: 14965: 14962: 14959: 14956: 14953: 14950: 14947: 14944: 14941: 14938: 14935: 14932: 14929: 14926: 14923: 14920: 14917: 14914: 14911: 14908: 14905: 14902: 14899: 14896: 14893: 14890: 14887: 14884: 14881: 14877: 14874: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14862: 14859: 14856: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14800: 14795: 14789: 14782: 14779: 14776: 14773: 14770: 14767: 14764: 14761: 14758: 14757:L. B. Johnson 14755: 14752: 14749: 14746: 14743: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14627: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14569:2008 (Denver) 14567: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14549:2004 (Boston) 14547: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14507: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14467: 14463: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14447: 14443: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14418: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14342: 14338: 14335: 14334: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14282: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14222: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14202: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14182: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14142: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14071:1908 (Denver) 14069: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13972: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13782: 13775: 13769: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13737: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13716: 13711: 13709: 13704: 13702: 13697: 13696: 13693: 13681: 13673: 13671: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13627:G. H. W. Bush 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13602:L. B. Johnson 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13531: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13472: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13458: 13457:Ronald Reagan 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13442: 13438: 13435: 13432: 13428: 13427:Richard Nixon 13425: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13368: 13365: 13362: 13358: 13355: 13352: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13332: 13328: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13305: 13302: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13232: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13167:James K. Polk 13165: 13162: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13132: 13128: 13125: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13102: 13098: 13097:James Madison 13095: 13092: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13054: 13050: 13043: 13038: 13036: 13031: 13029: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13008: 13007: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12931: 12924: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12852: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12787:campaign song 12785: 12782: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12415: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12351:Marshall Plan 12349: 12346: 12343: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12293: 12290: 12287: 12284: 12281: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12222: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12178:Supreme Court 12176: 12175: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12119: 12115: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12066: 12061: 12059: 12054: 12052: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12005: 11998: 11994: 11993:Fussell, Paul 11990: 11989: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11938: 11933: 11929: 11920: 11918: 11913: 11909: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11651:9781118300718 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11628: 11625:(2023): 1–4. 11624: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11604:9781118300718 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11560:9780521498074 11556: 11552: 11548: 11543: 11542: 11535: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11362:9781315056265 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11324: 11321: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11134:0-07-284903-7 11130: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11107: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11086: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11035:9781612348346 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10954: 10952:9781400839889 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10888: 10883: 10879: 10877:9780813166124 10873: 10869: 10868: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10813: 10812:The Historian 10809: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10660:James, Rawn. 10659: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10512:0-8262-1190-9 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10466:9781118300718 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10410: 10409:Labor History 10406: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10370: 10355: 10353:0-679-77338-X 10349: 10344: 10343: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10181: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10139: 10138: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10053: 10052: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10020: 10019: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9979:0-393-04645-1 9975: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9936:0-19-507198-0 9932: 9928: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9909:(1977) p. xv. 9908: 9902: 9895: 9890: 9884:July 8, 2002. 9883: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9789: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9756: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9712: 9708: 9702: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9657: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9617: 9612: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9587: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9563: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9539: 9531: 9524: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9465: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9444: 9442:9780802829450 9438: 9434: 9433: 9425: 9418: 9413: 9406: 9401: 9394: 9389: 9380: 9371: 9362: 9355: 9350: 9343: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9314: 9312:9780231110471 9308: 9304: 9303: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9234: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9188: 9181: 9176: 9169: 9164: 9157: 9154:Marcus Maeva 9151: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9126: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9080: 9075: 9068: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8935: 8930: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8881: 8875: 8868: 8867:Labor History 8862: 8854: 8852:9781598847185 8848: 8844: 8843: 8835: 8827: 8825:9780791421826 8821: 8817: 8816: 8808: 8801: 8795: 8788: 8782: 8774: 8772:0-313-30735-0 8768: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8683: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8613: 8609: 8602: 8600: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8399: 8393:, p. 66. 8392: 8387: 8380: 8375: 8368: 8363: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8304: 8303:Public Policy 8298: 8291: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8226:(3): 445–67, 8225: 8221: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8185: 8177: 8172: 8166:, p. 52. 8165: 8160: 8153: 8147: 8141:, p. 51. 8140: 8135: 8127: 8125:9780521798402 8121: 8117: 8116: 8108: 8106: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8019: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7904: 7897: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7831: 7825: 7817: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7796: 7790:, p. 60. 7789: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715:, p. 58. 7714: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7624:, p. 49. 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7474: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7408: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7386: 7381: 7373: 7371:9781506317885 7367: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7347: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7233: 7231:9781786251619 7227: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7131:, p. 92. 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7002: 6995: 6989: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6892:, p. 26. 6891: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6757:, p. 89. 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6643: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6579: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6244:, p. 43. 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5974: 5968: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5916: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5858: 5856:9781479839902 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5809:World Affairs 5804: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5772: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5622: 5620:9781627790628 5616: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5585: 5583:0-9724629-4-5 5579: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5558:9780671638665 5554: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5539:Fussell, Paul 5525: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5487: 5485:9780674022416 5481: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5398:9781640120488 5394: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5341:9780847696055 5337: 5333: 5326: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5083: 5081:9780521407731 5077: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4935:Samuel Lubell 4932: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4870: 4846: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4703:1916 election 4700: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4551: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4350:Richard Nixon 4347: 4346:Karl E. Mundt 4343: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4155:amicus curiae 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099:voting rights 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049:Great Society 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4015:, and a more 4014: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3955:," which ban 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3799:John L. Lewis 3796: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3764:rent controls 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:national debt 3705: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350:Ralph Leatham 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3287:Joseph Stalin 3284: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3148:Joseph Martin 3140: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:police action 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3053:Resolution 84 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2893:Kuril Islands 2890: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2862:Taiwan Strait 2859: 2858:Seventh Fleet 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2678:as the first 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2495:Marshall Plan 2491: 2482: 2477: 2476:Marshall Plan 2470:Marshall Plan 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2263:Ronald Reagan 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245:, based on a 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:hydrogen bomb 2107: 2105: 2101: 2098:, especially 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1928: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877:Marshall Plan 1874: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Joseph Stalin 1750: 1742: 1738: 1737:Joseph Stalin 1734: 1730: 1727: 1726:Henry Stimson 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:Great Britain 1699: 1698:Allied Powers 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:chief justice 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1605:Alben Barkley 1602: 1598: 1597:Joseph Martin 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 971: 967: 964: 961: 960: 955: 948: 944: 941: 937: 933: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 857: 853: 850: 849:Chief Justice 845: 840: 834: 824: 822: 818: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 758:Marshall Plan 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 653: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 622: 620: 619: 609: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 565: 564: 557: 554: 553: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 509: 508: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 474: 473: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 438: 435: 434: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 400: 399: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 375:Marshall Plan 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 361: 360: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 322: 319: 317: 314: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 281: 277: 274: 273: 272: 271:Senate career 269: 268: 266: 263:Senator from 258: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 202: 193: 179: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 158: 152: 140: 132: 126: → 125: 120: 117:← 112: 109: 106: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 62: 55: 51: 47: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 15845:House Caucus 15721:South Dakota 15711:Rhode Island 15706:Pennsylvania 15686:North Dakota 14816:A. Stevenson 14744: 14674:Presidential 14308:Stevenson II 14288:Stevenson II 13914:Breckinridge 13897:Breckinridge 13844: 13788:presidential 13779:presidential 13552:T. Roosevelt 13521:2021–present 13507:Donald Trump 13497:Barack Obama 13477:Bill Clinton 13447:Jimmy Carter 13390: 13107:James Monroe 13058:presidencies 12999: 12978: 12971: 12920: 12912: 12904: 12896: 12888: 12880: 12870:Harry Truman 12868: 12860: 12854:Public image 12810:Bibliography 12117: 12003: 11974: 11968: 11961: 11946: 11942: 11934:: Doubleday. 11927: 11914:: Doubleday. 11907: 11887: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11853: 11846: 11839: 11831: 11820: 11801: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11771: 11761: 11730: 11726: 11701: 11697: 11664: 11660: 11633: 11622: 11612: 11586: 11575: 11568: 11540: 11527: 11503: 11499: 11491: 11481: 11457: 11453: 11428: 11424: 11405: 11398: 11391: 11384: 11377: 11370: 11344: 11333: 11326: 11319: 11309: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11269: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11229: 11225: 11213: 11189: 11185: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11124: 11105: 11097: 11083: 11066: 11058: 11043: 11017: 11006: 10996: 10989: 10965: 10961: 10934: 10923: 10913: 10897: 10893: 10866: 10853: 10846: 10836: 10822: 10811: 10800: 10793: 10783: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10734: 10723: 10716: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10661: 10651: 10630:(1): 33–55. 10627: 10623: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10557: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10502: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10448: 10436: 10420: 10416: 10408: 10398: 10388: 10381: 10341: 10315: 10291: 10272: 10248: 10223: 10199: 10179: 10160: 10136: 10114: 10093: 10072: 10050: 10037: 10017: 9992: 9968: 9948: 9925: 9906: 9901: 9889: 9876: 9864:. 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Clark 1647:Frank Murphy 1631:Owen Roberts 1624: 1577: 1541: 1533:Dean Acheson 1511:, remained. 1506: 1239:Tom C. Clark 1067:Dean Acheson 934:in 1945–46, 928: 918: 914: 904: 876:World War II 861: 856:Cabinet Room 805: 766: 726:World War II 714:isolationism 711: 650: 464:Steel strike 303: 257:Bibliography 238: 73: 58: 38: 29: 15886:Fundraising 15791:Puerto Rico 15636:Mississippi 15551:Connecticut 15511:territorial 15211:(2005–2017) 15205:(1995–2005) 15199:(1989–1995) 15193:(1977–1989) 15187:(1961–1977) 15181:(1953–1961) 15175:(1951–1953) 15169:(1949–1951) 15163:(1937–1949) 15157:(1923–1937) 15151:(1920–1923) 15145:(1919–1920) 15139:(1917–1919) 15133:(1913–1917) 15127:(1911–1913) 15121:(1909–1911) 15115:(1907–1909) 15109:(1906–1907) 15103:(1903–1906) 15097:(1899–1903) 15095:J. K. Jones 15091:(1898–1899) 15085:(1890–1898) 15079:(1885–1890) 15073:(1881–1885) 15067:(1877–1881) 15061:(1873–1877) 15041:U.S. Senate 15026:(2003–2023) 15020:(1995–2003) 15014:(1989–1995) 15008:(1987–1989) 15002:(1977–1987) 14996:(1971–1977) 14990:(1962–1971) 14984:(1940–1961) 14978:(1936–1940) 14972:(1935–1936) 14966:(1933–1934) 14960:(1929–1933) 14954:(1923–1929) 14948:(1921–1923) 14942:(1909–1921) 14936:(1903–1909) 14930:(1897–1903) 14924:(1895–1897) 14918:(1891–1895) 14912:(1889–1891) 14906:(1883–1889) 14900:(1876–1881) 14894:(1875–1876) 14888:(1873–1875) 14882:(1869–1871) 14872:(1859–1861) 14866:(1857–1859) 14860:(1855–1857) 14858:G. W. Jones 14854:(1851–1855) 14848:(1849–1851) 14842:(1845–1847) 14836:(1843–1845) 14834:J. W. Jones 14830:(1835–1839) 14824:(1834–1835) 14818:(1827–1834) 14777:(2009–2017) 14771:(1993–2001) 14765:(1977–1981) 14759:(1963–1969) 14753:(1961–1963) 14747:(1945–1953) 14733:Roosevelt ( 14730:(1913–1921) 14718:(1868–1869) 14712:(1857–1861) 14706:(1853–1857) 14700:(1845–1849) 14694:(1837–1841) 14688:(1829–1837) 14053:Stevenson I 14027:Stevenson I 13798:1828 (None) 13774:conventions 13437:Gerald Ford 12925:(2023 film) 12922:Oppenheimer 12901:(1995 film) 12885:(1976 film) 12722:Blair House 12386:1950–1953; 12108:(1935–1945) 12089:(1945–1953) 11791:; (1972); 11431:: 314–344. 11080:Evan Thomas 11055:Holsti, Ole 9916:Works cited 9604:Dallek 2008 9567:Dallek 2008 9543:Dallek 2008 9246:Dallek 2008 9115:February 6, 8983:Dallek 2008 8391:Dallek 2008 8367:Truman 1973 8320:Dallek 2008 8191:Dallek 2008 7565:White House 7539:White House 7513:White House 7487:fiscal year 7424:Dallek 2008 7400:Dallek 2008 7333:Dallek 2008 7321:Dallek 2008 7285:Dallek 2008 7182:Dallek 2008 7129:Dallek 2008 6767:Dallek 2008 6755:Dallek 2008 6617:Dallek 2008 6508:, pp. 6416:Dallek 2008 6327:Dallek 2008 6303:Dallek 2008 6279:Dallek 2008 6242:Dallek 2008 6182:Dallek 2008 6146:Dallek 2008 6105:Dallek 2008 6093:Dallek 2008 5994:Dallek 2008 5979:December 6, 5412:Dallek 2008 5095:Dallek 2008 4794:Republican 4378:Immigration 4342:Klaus Fuchs 4017:progressive 3913:term limits 3817:") failed. 3499:$ Billion 3494:$ Billion 3045:appeasement 3033:Kim Il Sung 3026:South Korea 3022:North Korea 3010:Wake Island 2971:New Zealand 2947:Ho Chi Minh 2919:Philippines 2725:, who held 2588:Warsaw Pact 2560:West Berlin 2456:World War I 2336:Fiscal Year 2295:Yugoslavian 2243:containment 2204:Dardanelles 2076:Baruch Plan 1898:containment 1718:Pacific War 1601:Sam Rayburn 917:can do for 812:South Korea 808:North Korea 449:Housing Act 431:Second term 380:Strike wave 232:Scholarship 147:(1945–1959) 108:White House 16046:Categories 15811:Affiliated 15751:Washington 15671:New Mexico 15666:New Jersey 15541:California 14928:Richardson 14792:U.S. House 14716:A. Johnson 14613:H. Clinton 14513:B. Clinton 14493:B. Clinton 14348:L. Johnson 14332:L. Johnson 13910:H. Johnson 13832:R. Johnson 13637:G. W. Bush 13592:Eisenhower 13542:Washington 13533:Presidency 13157:John Tyler 13077:John Adams 12960:(grandson) 12948:(daughter) 12815:Truman Day 12700:Birthplace 12382:Korean War 12327:Department 12118:Presidency 11937:online v 2 9894:McCoy 1984 9405:McCoy 1984 9354:McCoy 1984 9192:McCoy 1984 9180:McCoy 1984 9168:McCoy 1984 9143:McCoy 1984 9079:McCoy 1984 9055:McCoy 1984 9043:McCoy 1984 9019:McCoy 1984 9007:Hamby 1995 8995:McCoy 1984 8946:McCoy 1984 8644:(1): 1–7. 8575:McCoy 1984 8563:McCoy 1984 8525:McCoy 1984 8484:McCoy 1984 8290:McCoy 1984 8278:McCoy 1984 8253:McCoy 1984 8176:McCoy 1984 8097:McCoy 1984 8085:McCoy 1984 8004:McCoy 1984 7992:McCoy 1984 7858:McCoy 1984 7788:McCoy 1984 7713:McCoy 1984 7701:McCoy 1984 7689:McCoy 1984 7677:McCoy 1984 7662:McCoy 1984 7650:McCoy 1984 7622:McCoy 1984 7586:McCoy 1984 7153:McCoy 1984 7105:McCoy 1984 7081:McCoy 1984 6828:McCoy 1984 6779:McCoy 1984 6743:McCoy 1984 6691:McCoy 1984 6654:McCoy 1984 6605:McCoy 1984 6566:McCoy 1984 6506:Hogan 1998 6447:McCoy 1984 6129:McCoy 1984 5921:August 15, 5902:McCoy 1984 5870:McCoy 1984 5499:McCoy 1984 5437:McCoy 1984 5360:McCoy 1984 5276:McCoy 1984 5264:Hamby 1995 5252:McCoy 1984 5201:McCoy 1984 5107:McCoy 1984 5056:References 4883:television 4869:media help 4671:Harrisburg 4455:, and the 4428:decision, 4331:Alger Hiss 4187:Blue Cross 4175:See also: 4111:filibuster 4081:Korean War 3995:See also: 3957:union shop 3811:real wages 3475:See also: 3216:Locations 3126:Korean War 3088:Yalu River 3041:Korean War 2988:Korean War 2977:Korean War 2965:pact with 2903:See also: 2842:Mao Zedong 2835:Mao Zedong 2799:, but the 2769:See also: 2723:Juan Peron 2656:Korean War 2625:Luxembourg 2611:, France, 2490:Lend-Lease 2464:Korean War 2247:1946 cable 2115:first test 2060:See also: 1990:See also: 1904:Korean War 1704:, and the 837:See also: 683:Republican 575:convention 541:convention 519:convention 444:Korean War 357:First term 304:Presidency 227:Truman Day 207:Early life 86:Democratic 15991:Primaries 15932:Sectional 15761:Wisconsin 15726:Tennessee 15631:Minnesota 15606:Louisiana 15509:State and 15474:McAuliffe 15302:McCormick 15225:Chairs of 15185:Mansfield 15173:McFarland 15149:Underwood 15143:Hitchcock 15107:Blackburn 15071:Pendleton 14988:McCormack 14739:1941–1945 14735:1933–1941 14722:Cleveland 14692:Van Buren 14662:primaries 14642:primaries 14622:primaries 14602:primaries 14582:primaries 14562:primaries 14542:primaries 14537:Lieberman 14522:primaries 14502:primaries 14482:primaries 14462:primaries 14442:primaries 14422:primaries 14402:primaries 14377:primaries 14357:primaries 14337:primaries 14317:primaries 14297:primaries 14277:primaries 14257:primaries 14248:Roosevelt 14237:primaries 14228:Roosevelt 14217:primaries 14208:Roosevelt 14197:primaries 14188:Roosevelt 14177:primaries 14157:primaries 14137:primaries 14132:Roosevelt 14117:primaries 14097:primaries 14023:Cleveland 14010:Cleveland 14001:Hendricks 13997:Cleveland 13975:Hendricks 13936:Pendleton 13932:McClellan 13841:Van Buren 13828:Van Buren 13819:Van Buren 13790:primaries 13535:timelines 13517:Joe Biden 13511:2017–2021 13501:2009–2017 13491:2001–2009 13481:1993–2001 13471:1989–1993 13461:1981–1989 13451:1977–1981 13441:1974–1977 13431:1969–1974 13421:1963–1969 13411:1961–1963 13401:1953–1961 13391:1945–1953 13381:1933–1945 13371:1929–1933 13361:1923–1929 13351:1921–1923 13341:1913–1921 13331:1909–1913 13321:1901–1909 13311:1897–1901 13301:1893–1897 13291:1889–1893 13281:1885–1889 13271:1881–1885 13251:1877–1881 13241:1869–1877 13231:1865–1869 13221:1861–1865 13211:1857–1861 13201:1853–1857 13191:1850–1853 13181:1849–1850 13171:1845–1849 13161:1841–1845 13141:1837–1841 13131:1829–1837 13121:1825–1829 13111:1817–1825 13101:1809–1817 13091:1801–1809 13081:1797–1801 13071:1789–1797 12737:Elections 12438:Fair Deal 12323:Air Force 12024:from the 11747:144817103 11718:154708989 11689:144330938 11520:154907275 11474:154408227 11445:145006108 11232:: 27–37. 10683:Historian 10544:(1977). 10423:: 42–50. 8067:April 29, 6992:Cochran, 5629:cite book 5315:March 28, 4909:Truman's 4638:Dixiecrat 4479:Congress 4335:Smith Act 4025:Fair Deal 3991:Fair Deal 3985:Fair Deal 3843:G.I. Bill 3836:G.I. Bill 3826:G.I. Bill 3723:inflation 3317:George VI 3277:Attended 3182:armistice 3060:capturing 2967:Australia 2951:Việt Minh 2927:Indonesia 2860:into the 2827:civil war 2781:partition 2763:Abba Eban 2719:Argentina 2397:into the 2212:Black Sea 2208:Bosphorus 1956:Wilsonian 1817:Hiroshima 1794:espionage 1785:Manchuria 978:President 827:Accession 801:Red Scare 793:Dixiecrat 769:Fair Deal 754:Communism 728:. In the 691:Dixiecrat 570:primaries 536:primaries 475:Timeline 454:Fair Deal 401:Timeline 237:USS 15850:Factions 15821:Congress 15746:Virginia 15696:Oklahoma 15676:New York 15651:Nebraska 15641:Missouri 15626:Michigan 15616:Maryland 15601:Kentucky 15581:Illinois 15556:Delaware 15546:Colorado 15536:Arkansas 15499:Harrison 15460:Grossman 15402:Westwood 15367:Mitchell 15362:McKinney 15347:Hannegan 15307:Cummings 15197:Mitchell 15155:Robinson 15030:Jeffries 15018:Gephardt 14976:Bankhead 14934:Williams 14904:Carlisle 14799:Speakers 14710:Buchanan 14392:Eagleton 14388:McGovern 14368:Humphrey 14352:Humphrey 14312:Kefauver 14292:Sparkman 14172:Robinson 14152:C. Bryan 14148:J. Davis 14112:Marshall 14092:Marshall 14075:W. Bryan 14066:H. Davis 14049:W. Bryan 14036:W. Bryan 13893:Buchanan 13772:National 13670:Category 13572:Coolidge 13547:McKinley 13006:Category 12954:(mother) 12775:campaign 12126:Timeline 11881:(1980). 11830:(1960). 11764:(1987). 11532:in JSTOR 11336:(1987). 11057:(1996). 11009:(2011). 10933:(2011). 10555:(1994). 10501:(1998). 10338:(1997). 10312:(1973). 10271:(2011). 10245:(1996). 10221:(1992). 10159:(1990). 10047:(1995). 10014:(1983). 9990:(2008). 9862:(Report) 9854:(1997). 9741:6193934M 9633:in JSTOR 9513:June 15, 9477:65-12468 9459:(1965). 9331:in JSTOR 8897:in JSTOR 8728:in JSTOR 8668:25752341 8592:in JSTOR 8457:April 2, 8352:April 1, 8240:23563185 7943:July 10, 7847:in JSTOR 7571:March 4, 7545:March 4, 7519:March 4, 7250:in JSTOR 6732:in JSTOR 6491:Archived 6024:in JSTOR 5813:in JSTOR 5541:(1988). 5293:in JSTOR 4073:Pictured 4008:New Deal 3504:Deficit 3502:Surplus/ 3492:Receipts 3344:Hamilton 3311:Plymouth 3248:Brussels 3219:Details 3213:Country 3176:and the 2752:Hanukkah 2731:Cold War 2708:Rio Pact 2637:Portugal 2586:and the 2393:and the 2259:rollback 2214:and the 2206:and the 1890:Cold War 1833:Hirohito 1821:Nagasaki 1670:and the 1537:Wise Men 868:Missouri 810:invaded 738:Cold War 693:nominee 685:nominee 675:Missouri 671:Democrat 551:election 546:campaign 524:election 514:campaign 309:timeline 265:Missouri 92:Election 75:See list 16001:Debates 15984:Related 15766:Wyoming 15741:Vermont 15646:Montana 15586:Indiana 15566:Georgia 15561:Florida 15531:Arizona 15521:Alabama 15513:parties 15465:Rendell 15437:Wilhelm 15407:Strauss 15397:O'Brien 15387:O'Brien 15377:Jackson 15352:McGrath 15297:McCombs 15287:Taggart 15277:Harrity 15252:Belmont 15247:Smalley 15237:Hallett 15217:(2017–) 15215:Schumer 15203:Daschle 15179:Johnson 15161:Barkley 15065:Wallace 15043:leaders 15032:(2023–) 15000:O'Neill 14982:Rayburn 14952:Garrett 14946:Kitchin 14898:Randall 14886:Niblack 14880:Randall 14876:Niblack 14870:Houston 14794:leaders 14783:(2021–) 14769:Clinton 14751:Kennedy 14686:Jackson 14557:Edwards 14477:Bentsen 14473:Dukakis 14457:Ferraro 14453:Mondale 14437:Mondale 14417:Mondale 14396:Shriver 14328:Kennedy 14272:Barkley 14232:Wallace 14014:Thurman 13988:English 13984:Hancock 13958:Greeley 13945:Seymour 13906:Douglas 13815:Jackson 13806:Calhoun 13802:Jackson 13781:tickets 13735:History 13632:Clinton 13597:Kennedy 13567:Harding 12875:Chicago 12190:Cabinet 11885:(ed.). 11842:(1950). 11784:(1991). 11681:1959657 11218:excerpt 11216:(2014) 11206:3093261 11091:excerpt 11089:(1986) 11069:(2012) 11046:(1980) 10982:2145907 10856:(2015) 10786:(1997) 10769:(1973). 10654:(1971) 10644:2152173 10579:(1971). 10523:(2010). 10441:excerpt 10439:(2022) 9866:May 27, 9836:May 27, 9716:May 14, 9691:May 14, 9158:(1994). 9094:(2010). 8973:(1969). 8763:231–233 8684:(1996). 8659:4364422 8548:May 11, 8061:FindLaw 5760:(1959). 5747:(2006). 5717:(2009) 5704:(2009). 5530:May 27, 5148:excerpt 4943:Vietnam 4617:At the 4482:Senate 4214:Mobster 4092:titled 3891:of the 3801:of the 3514:of GDP 3497:Outlays 3339:Bermuda 3273:Potsdam 3268:Germany 3244:Antwerp 3239:Belgium 2953:in the 2943:Bảo Đại 2931:Sukarno 2917:to the 2755:Menorah 2727:fascist 2641:Iceland 2633:Denmark 2621:Belgium 2582:Map of 2303:a split 2297:leader 2255:detente 2174:Balkans 1825:invaded 1777:Vietnam 1710:Germany 864:senator 494:'52–'53 338:Cabinet 70:Cabinet 15813:groups 15701:Oregon 15656:Nevada 15596:Kansas 15571:Hawaii 15526:Alaska 15469:Andrew 15451:Fowler 15422:Manatt 15412:Curtis 15392:Harris 15382:Bailey 15372:Butler 15342:Walker 15332:Farley 15327:Raskob 15322:Shaver 15267:Barnum 15262:Hewitt 15257:Schell 15242:McLane 15137:Martin 15125:Martin 15101:Gorman 15089:Turpie 15083:Gorman 15051:chairs 15049:Caucus 15024:Pelosi 15006:Wright 14994:Albert 14964:Rainey 14958:Garner 14910:Holman 14808:chairs 14806:Caucus 14763:Carter 14745:Truman 14728:Wilson 14704:Pierce 14653:Harris 14637:Harris 14433:Carter 14413:Carter 14372:Muskie 14268:Truman 14252:Truman 14212:Garner 14192:Garner 14108:Wilson 14088:Wilson 14062:Parker 14040:Sewall 13971:Tilden 13880:Pierce 13871:Butler 13858:Dallas 13622:Reagan 13617:Carter 13587:Truman 13577:Hoover 13562:Wilson 12942:(wife) 12933:Family 12906:Truman 12898:Truman 12803:Legacy 12613:(1950) 12592:(1948) 12581:(1947) 12570:(1947) 12564:(1947) 12558:(1946) 12552:(1946) 12524:(1946) 12518:(1946) 12461:1946; 12448:(1945) 12429:(1952) 12416:, 1951 12412:1950; 12378:(1949) 12367:1949; 12359:(1949) 12353:(1948) 12347:(1948) 12341:(1948) 12294:(1947) 12288:(1947) 12282:(1947) 12276:(1946) 12270:(1946) 12264:(1945) 12258:(1945) 12242:1945; 12139:second 12100:(1945) 11922: 11917:online 11895: 11809: 11795:(1972) 11776:online 11766:online 11745: 11716: 11687: 11679: 11648: 11627:online 11617:online 11601: 11580:online 11557: 11518: 11486:online 11472: 11443: 11410:online 11401:(2005) 11359: 11338:online 11314:online 11302:online 11255:(2007) 11204: 11166:(2008) 11152:(2005) 11145:(2007) 11131: 11112: 11078:, and 11048:online 11032: 11011:online 11001:online 10980: 10949: 10918:online 10874: 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