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907:(OPM), and by January 1942, the conclusion was ready for publication. The report severely criticized the OPM: "Its mistakes of commission have been legion; and its mistakes of omission have been even greater." The dual leadership chain of command and the divided loyalties of Hillman and Knudsen were described as causing friction and wasted effort. It was a thorough indictment of poor administration. Diplomatically, Truman made certain that Roosevelt had access to an advance copy of the report. Roosevelt was thus able to save face by disbanding the OPM just prior to the release of the report and replacing both the OPM and SPAB with the
22:
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Sometimes several senators joined forces to cover the most complex issues. Senator/investigator teams would travel to various US cities to visit factories, construction sites, military bases and war production plants where they would talk with managers and workers. A report would be prepared, and an early copy of the report would be sent to the leaders who were discussed in the report so that they would have a chance to prepare themselves for the consequences.
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The committee's members composed a laudatory resolution thanking "Colonel Harry S. Truman" for his service, writing "well done, soldier!" Senator Mead took over as chairman to continue the work. Truman became vice president, and upon the death of
Roosevelt in April 1945, he immediately became president. World War II ended in August 1945.
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seriously ill
Roosevelt; the vice-presidency was very likely to turn into a presidency. Truman's broad experience with industrial, economic, and military issues gained by three years of investigative work with the Committee served to make him one of the most well-informed men in US government and gave him a reputation for fair dealing.
711:
had pushed for a majority of New
Dealers as committee members, but Republican Party opposition and Truman's own energy prevented that. The committee was instead formed of a bipartisan group of Democrats and Republicans, pragmatic men who Truman selected for their honesty, practicality, and steady work ethic.
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prosecutor with a reputation for tenacity, asked for $ 9,000 as salary, 60% of Truman's total funding. Truman assented, hoping to increase the committee's budget after showing early results. Fulton proved to be a tireless, productive investigator. He and Truman were both early risers, and much of the
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On March 1, 1941, the Senate voted unanimously (only 16 out of 96 senators were present) to establish the Senate
Special Committee to Investigate Contracts Under the National Defense Program, with Truman as chairman. It quickly became known as the Truman Committee. Roosevelt and his New Deal advisers
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On
February 10, 1941, Truman spoke to the Senate about the problems he had seen on his long drive, and he put forward the idea to have a special oversight committee on military contracts. It was the first new idea that Truman presented to the nation and he received a positive reaction. Other senators
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The largely apolitical Truman
Committee is also known for setting a high standard of practicality and neutrality in congressional investigative committees. Observers have occasionally compared the situation faced by the Truman Committee in the early 1940s with later political and military issues. In
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Truman's first target was chosen to give him quick results. He knew that an investigation of waste and inefficiency in military housing projects would save a great deal of money and also would serve as good publicity for the committee. On April 23, 1941, he began conducting hearings focusing on cost
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to create a bipartisan oversight committee "modeled on the one Harry Truman created during WW II to root out war profiteering." The next month, Huffington said that "it's a good time to open a history book" to learn about how a Truman-style committee might be used to counter the Iraq War's US-based
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was brought onto the staff without diminishing the budget because he was "borrowed" from the Senate committee investigating campaign expenditures; he later served as Truman's vice-presidential executive assistant and then as his presidential appointment secretary. By June 1941, after more borrowing
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in his home state of
Missouri, and he was determined to see for himself what was going on. He traveled in his personal car not only to Missouri but also to various military installations from Florida through the Midwest driving approximately 10,000 miles (16,000 km). Everywhere he went, he saw
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In August 1944, to focus on campaigning for the vice-presidency, Truman stepped down as chair of the investigative committee, and Fulton resigned as chief counsel. Truman was also concerned that his campaign on the
Democratic Party ticket would call into question the committee's bipartisan nature.
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agreed and called upon
Roosevelt to pressure the Senate to abolish the committee. Patterson said that supplying the Truman Committee "all the information it desires" would "impair" the government's ability to respond quickly to the needs of war. Roosevelt now realized the value of the committee;
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asked a pool of 52 Washington correspondents who were the top ten civilians, after
Roosevelt, contributing to the war effort. Truman was named; he was the only member of Congress on the list. A few months later, Truman was among the few names put forward as possible vice-presidents under the
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to determine the largest problems facing the US military war effort. Investigators were sent to confirm that a real problem existed, and at one of the Truman Committee's official fortnightly meetings, one of the senators was offered the task of heading a formal investigation of that problem.
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put "Investigator Truman" on the cover, showing Truman's craggy face squinting in the mid-day sun, in the background a spotlight shining on government and industry. The issue carried an associated article, titled "Billion-Dollar Watchdog," describing the Committee "as one of the most useful
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wrote, "The lesson of the Truman Committee is sorely in need of learning today." He described how Republican Representatives blocked "for more than a year" a bipartisan proposal for an investigative committee to look into military "scandals and abuses" in Iraq. When Senators
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was in charge of the construction of military housing. He complained about the investigation and said that the committee was "formed in iniquity for political purposes." The Truman Committee determined that the construction of military housing would be better managed by the
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rather than distributed fairly around the nation. Returning to Washington, DC, Truman met with the President, who appeared sympathetic to his wish for corrective action but did not want Truman to reveal to the nation the wasteful nature of Roosevelt's own federal programs.
1064:, titled "Bring Back the Truman Committee," in which Truman's record of stopping war profiteering in the 1940s was said to be "the most famous and the most successful" example, a model needed as a corrective measure to stem US military contractor improprieties in the
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The reputation of the Truman Committee grew so strong that fear of an investigation was sometimes enough of a deterrent to stop underhanded dealings. An unknown number of people performed more honestly in war production because of the threat of a Truman visit.
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in Room 449, where the committee was based or, for larger hearings, in the Senate Caucus Room. Even Senator Nye came to visit, who had been the leader of the Senate investigative committee that Truman carefully studied and then denounced as "pure demagoguery."
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on his moderate stance on the prosecution of the war; its members wanted a more aggressive war policy. The many secret meetings, calling officers away from their duties, caused rancor among the Union's military leaders and delayed military initiatives.
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Over seven years (1941â1948) the committee heard from 1,798 witnesses during 432 public hearings. It published nearly two thousand pages of documents and saved perhaps $ 15 billion and thousands of lives by exposing faulty airplane and munitions
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under former SPAB chief Nelson. Nelson used the committee to help his department; when the board had disagreements with the military, Nelson would leak the issue to the committee, and the resulting investigation encouraged the military to cooperate..
833:
Unlike in other congressional hearings, witnesses were generally treated with respect by the Truman Committee and were neither rushed nor subjected to insulting or accusatory language. Even so, Truman revealed his persistence and quiet determination.
1015:, the subcommittee answering to the larger Committee on Government Operations. The new subcommittee subsumed the old remit of the Truman Committee and became responsible for its records. The Truman Committee's final report was issued April 28, 1948.
973:
Government agencies of World War II" and "the closest thing yet to a domestic high command." The article raised Truman's importance in the eye of the man on the street, cementing his well-earned position as one of America's most responsible leaders.
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about how to avoid the problems of lost paperwork, wasted time in investigation, and lost productivity experienced during the Great War. He was advised that a swift-acting oversight committee would be a great benefit to the nation's war production.
693:
Military leaders were apprehensive of Truman's plan. They pointed to the Civil War-era Joint Committee which had a negative effect on war production. Truman said he was not going to take that committee as his model and he spent time in the
579:. From 1941 until its official end, in 1948, the committee held 432 public hearings, listened to 1,798 witnesses and published almost 2,000 pages of reports. Every committee report was unanimous, with bipartisan support.
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Democrat, proposed an investigative committee run by the House of Representatives, intending to expose federal waste in military spending. Learning of the likely source of embarrassment, Roosevelt joined with Senator
548:. The Truman Committee proved to be one of the most successful investigative efforts ever mounted by the U.S. government: an initial budget of $ 15,000 was expanded over three years to $ 360,000 to save an estimated
722:
Truman asked for $ 25,000 to empower the committee's actions. Byrnes wanted to limit the committee by giving it only $ 10,000. A compromise of $ 15,000 was reached. Serving under Truman were Democratic senators
620:
found that US bankers and arms manufacturers supported the US's entry into the war to protect their large investments (including $ 2.3 billion of loans) in the UK. The 1934â1936 investigation, led by Senator
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rather than striving against it, he publicly praised its progress. The Truman Committee issued a report to the Senate on January 15, 1942, detailing its achievements to date and its ongoing investigations.
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to back a more friendly committee run by the Senate, one with the same stated purpose but with Truman as leader. Truman was seen by Roosevelt as less ideological and accusatory and more practical.
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The Truman Committee is known for indirectly helping Truman become president. It made his name prominent across the United States, giving him a reputation for honesty and courage. In May 1944,
869:, meaning Roosevelt, and Truman replied "yes, sir." Otherwise, the Truman Committee's reports were designed to keep the President from being blamed for cost overruns, inefficiency, and waste.
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In May 1942 the committee was reorganized. "Contracts Under" was dropped from the name to make it the "Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program." Democratic Senator
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problems with "waste, fraud, ineptitude, cronyism, secret no-bid contracts, and profiteering cloaked in patriotism." Huffington's endorsement came three months after a press release by
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the hard-luck poverty of the working people in contrast to millions of government dollars going to military contractors. Too many of the contractors were reaping excess profits from
861:" organizations after hearing complaints of inefficiency. In August 1941, after a report by Truman to the Senate on the progress of the investigative committee, Republican Senator
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were favorable to the notion that their views on spending would be heard and that valuable military contracts would be distributed more evenly to each state. Truman also talked to
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without being held accountable for the poor quality of the goods delivered. He also saw that too many contracts were held by a small number of contractors based in the
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810:, and the change was implemented by the Army. Somervell would later acknowledge that the committee's investigation of military construction saved $ 250 million.
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backlash against US involvement in European wars and resulted in a much lower level of American military preparedness when European conflict erupted again in 1939.
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probed Truman to name the "chief bottleneck" of all of the problems related to defense contracts. Vandenberg asked if the single point of responsibility was the
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shipyards. H. G. Robinson, an investigator, found that although the project had built 700 houses, they were poorly constructed, and "A good wind would rip the
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was the lone voice of support for Truman. Marshall said to his peers that it "must be assumed that members of Congress are just as patriotic as we are."
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Because of its quickly demonstrated success, the committee had its funding increased to $ 50,000 towards the end of 1941. Republican senators
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joined the effort. The Committee generally followed a pattern of sifting through the great quantity of received mail and other messages from
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researching that committee so that he would better understand its flaws and harm to war production. Among Army and Navy leaders, General
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825:. The investigative staff expanded by 50%. Truman invited any interested senators to attend the hearings, which were held in the
556:, which created the first atomic bombs, was $ 2 billion. Chairing the committee helped Truman make a name for himself beyond his
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for the Democratic presidential nomination), Truman returned to the Senate with a reputation as an anti-Roosevelt Democrat.
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On March 1, 1948, the Senate formed the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, under Senator Ferguson and chief counsel
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Having been reelected in 1940 without FDR's endorsement (and having supported favorite-son candidate Missouri Senator
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Roosevelt had created a confusion of agencies to supervise war production. In January 1941, he ordered into being the
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Truman stepped down from leadership of the committee in August 1944 to concentrate on running for vice president in
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in military spending and thousands of lives of U.S. servicemen. For comparison, the entire cost of the simultaneous
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of Missouri, who held the same Senate seat that Truman did, formed a Truman-type committee in January 2008, the
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was formed in March 1941 to find and correct problems in US war production with waste, inefficiency, and
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The war production efforts of the US had previously been subject to congressional oversight during the
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Senate Report 108â421: Activities of the Committee on Governmental Affairs During the 107th Congress
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and dealmaking, Truman had assembled a staff of 10 investigators and 10 administrative assistants.
751:, and the rest were juniors. Others on the Committee included chief counsel Hugh Fulton, attorneys
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595:(1914â1918), but each of these were considered accusatory and negative. During the Civil War, the
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The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism
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said that the harm caused to the Union effort by the Union's own Joint Committee was worth two
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Senators, counsel, witnesses, and visitors at a 1943 meeting of the Truman Committee. Senator
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committee's agenda was completed between them as they conferred in the morning. Investigator
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Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress
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814:
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The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game
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American History Revised: 200 Startling Facts That Never Made It into the Textbooks
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became chief counsel from October 1, 1945, to July 15, 1947. In 1947, with Senator
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predicted that the Truman Committee would be a needless drag on war production.
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Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
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842:
752:
740:
538:
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as chairman, the committee conducted widely publicized hearings investigating
640:. Truman heard about needless waste and profiteering from the construction of
41:
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politician who was not endorsed by and did not endorse Democratic President
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882:
724:
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Defense Housing Project, a project intended to house the workers from the
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1851:
Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".
1337:
1056:
1052:
866:
592:
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
1676:
Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
714:
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3108:
782:
728:
622:
310:
93:
2266:"Concrete Barges: Truman Committee exposes $ 23,000,000 shipyard mess"
903:
The committee had begun in August 1941 to assess Roosevelt's ungainly
3164:
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320:
524:
Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program
1745:
The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top
1074:
1044:
665:
131:
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2052:
Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945â1953
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origins and was a major factor in the decision to nominate him as
1723:
pp. 235-6, 275, 281, 303, 312, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
1051:
recommended the passing of the resolution sponsored by Senators
597:
United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
1885:. US Government Printing Office. December 7, 2004. p. 118.
965:
In March 1943, at the second birthday of the Truman Committee,
2249:
The Truman Committee: a study in congressional responsibility
1961:
Not So!: Popular Myths About America From Columbus to Clinton
2084:
Harry and Ike: The Partnership That Remade the Postwar World
3411:
1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
3095:
1348:. Vol. 4. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 3115â3124.
1097:(1948), sometimes called Truman's Committee on Civil Rights
1336:
Wilson, Theodore (1975). "The Truman Committee, 1941". In
3775:
Military history of the United States during World War II
1619:
The New Dealers' War: FDR And The War Within World War II
1151:"Relations between the President and Congress in Wartime"
1083:
Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan
616:
to the rebel cause. Two decades after the Great War, the
1827:
The Awesome Power: Harry S. Truman As Commander in Chief
1068:. The problem was still not solved by 2007 when Senator
927:
In November 1942, the committee began investigating the
857:. The Truman Committee directed its attention on these "
1569:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. November 22, 1967
976:
In March 1944, Truman attempted to probe the expensive
2253:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
1159:
Rivals for Power: PresidentialâCongressional Relations
718:
Hugh Fulton served as chief counsel until August 1944.
1678:
pp. 103, 194, 198, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
1346:
Congress Investigates: A Documented History 1792â1974
939:
roofs off and the cellars have been condemned by the
3289:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
2246:
2049:
1742:
1468:. University of Missouri Press. pp. 156â157.
1085:, Bush called it "a threat to national security."
1218:"Manhattan Project: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"
632:In 1940, Truman was reelected to the Senate as a
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1661:
1659:
1657:
1552:
1550:
1548:
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3472:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934
3437:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
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1392:
1279:
1277:
1258:
1256:
1254:
3770:Defunct committees of the United States Senate
1368:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 16â17.
1363:
528:United States Congressional investigative body
2783:
2291:
1694:
1692:
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1595:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 225.
1545:
1527:
1513:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1141:
1139:
499:
3780:United States home front during World War II
3521:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
1592:Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America
1438:"Oral History Interview with John W. Snyder"
1389:
1299:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 15.
1274:
1251:
1126:
1124:
372:Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns
3396:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2878:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
1819:
1817:
1405:. Princeton University Press. p. 159.
1237:"March 1, 1941 â The Truman Committee"
1035:January 2005, in the face of an additional
3760:1948 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
3260:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
2790:
2776:
2390:Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
2298:
2284:
2220:
2136:
2107:
1984:
1879:"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations"
1844:
1689:
1457:
1455:
1432:
1352:
1189:Harry S. Truman: the man from Independence
1136:
943:." Public hearings were immediately held.
881:brought the US into direct involvement in
785:and military facilities at places such as
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492:
2983:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1398:
1161:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 301.
1121:
3765:Committees of the United States Congress
3492:1944 United States presidential election
2142:"Rebuilding Iraq: The Buck Stops Where?"
2027:. Random House Digital. pp. 73â76.
1964:. Oxford University Press. p. 145.
1814:
1292:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1145:
949:
781:overruns related to the construction of
713:
20:
3755:1941 establishments in Washington, D.C.
3149:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
2910:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
2201:
1933:"Timeline: The Life of Harry S. Truman"
1740:
1615:
1588:
1491:"Truman Committee formed March 1, 1941"
1461:
1452:
851:Supply Priorities and Allocations Board
326:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
3747:
3609:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur
3255:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
3013:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2308:United States congressional committees
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2170:
2087:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 36â37.
2056:. Stanford University Press. pp.
2047:
2020:
2005:
1957:
1850:
1823:
1436:; Hess, Jerry N. (November 22, 1967).
1419:
1335:
1185:
980:but was persuaded by Secretary of War
954:"Investigator Truman" on the cover of
3283:President's Committee on Civil Rights
3115:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,
2771:
2385:Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
2360:Commerce, Science, and Transportation
2279:
1776:Truman Committee Exposes Housing Mess
1488:
1224:
1095:President's Committee on Civil Rights
996:After the war was over, investigator
821:joined it, as did Democratic Senator
793:in Pennsylvania, and Camp Wallace in
16:US Senate special committee (1941â48)
2335:Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
2148:. Arianna Huffington. Archived from
2080:
1567:"Truman at Truman Committee hearing"
1440:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum
1293:Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards (2006).
3482:Democratic National Convention 1944
3301:Presidential Succession Act of 1947
3190:National Institute of Mental Health
2825:Vice President of the United States
2797:
2405:Small Business and Entrepreneurship
2350:Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
2177:. Trafford Publishing. p. 40.
1779:. Life Magazine. November 30, 1942.
791:Indiantown Gap Military Reservation
166:33rd President of the United States
13:
2706:Security and Cooperation in Europe
2230:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1895:
683:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
14:
3796:
3045:National Security Resources Board
2569:Transportation and Infrastructure
2259:
577:that year's presidential election
3728:
3727:
3084:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
2885:State of the Union Address (1946
2206:. University of Missouri Press.
1902:. DIANE Publishing. p. 13.
705:
564:, which would propel him to the
479:
473:
40:
3366:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
3295:Housing and Home Finance Agency
2432:International Narcotics Control
2194:
2164:
2130:
2101:
2074:
2041:
1978:
1951:
1925:
1916:
1889:
1871:
1806:. March 8, 1943. Archived from
1792:
1783:
1767:
1734:
1713:
1704:
1668:
1645:
1609:
1582:
1559:
1536:
1501:
1489:Glass, Andrew (March 1, 2008).
1482:
1380:
1366:The Future of American Politics
1329:
1320:
1286:
1186:Farley, Karin Clafford (1989).
987:
905:Office of Production Management
872:
839:Office of Production Management
767:, political machine. Fulton, a
3135:Office of Defense Mobilization
3123:Defense Production Act of 1950
2995:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
2814:President of the United States
2559:Science, Space, and Technology
2113:"Not this time, Mr. President"
1899:Congressional Oversight Manual
1741:Goldman, Ralph Morris (1990).
1265:
1210:
1179:
1112:
984:to abandon the investigation.
841:(OPM), headed by labor leader
1:
3617:Backstairs at the White House
3401:Missouri Office and Courtroom
3354:Unrelated Business Income Tax
3270:Legislative Reference Service
3202:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
3025:National Security Act of 1947
1985:Felzenberg, Alvin S. (2010).
1101:
582:
3214:Council of Economic Advisers
2757:Select or special committees
2549:Oversight and Accountability
2370:Environment and Public Works
2365:Energy and Natural Resources
1991:. Basic Books. p. 345.
1958:Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1996).
1622:. Basic Books. p. 246.
1386:McCullough 1992, pp. 256â257
7:
3557:Harry S. Truman Scholarship
3128:Relief of Douglas MacArthur
3059:Central Intelligence Agency
2747:Congressional subcommittees
2504:Education and the Workforce
2021:Morris, Seymour Jr (2010).
1824:Haynes, Richard F. (1973).
1589:Brandes, Stuart D. (1997).
1462:Ferrell, Robert H. (1996).
1088:
853:(SPAB), led by businessman
681:and other attorneys of the
10:
3801:
3184:National Mental Health Act
3141:Science Advisory Committee
3030:U.S. Department of Defense
2937:Presidential Proclamations
2833:U.S. Senator from Missouri
2685:Capitol Historical Society
2245:Riddle, Donald H. (1964).
2202:Daniels, Jonathan (1998).
1062:Taxpayers for Common Sense
591:(1861â1865) and after the
3694:
3679:Martha Ellen Young Truman
3659:
3580:
3572:Statue of Harry S. Truman
3529:
3462:
3454:Truman Little White House
3432:Harry S. Truman Farm Home
3419:
3383:
3277:National School Lunch Act
3197:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
3163:
3040:National Security Council
2950:
2843:
2805:
2739:
2714:
2677:
2668:
2619:
2592:
2474:
2463:
2418:
2325:
2314:
1865:10.1080/09700160108458986
1830:. LSU Press. p. 24.
1800:"Billion-Dollar Watchdog"
1342:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
1018:
687:Defense Plant Corporation
3552:Truman Dam and Reservoir
3328:Agricultural Act of 1949
3312:Agricultural Act of 1948
3154:National Security Agency
2400:Rules and Administration
1616:Fleming, Thomas (2002).
1399:Schickler, Eric (2008).
1106:
877:After the December 1941
747:. Connally was the only
739:and Republican senators
522:, formally known as the
215:Supreme Court candidates
49:This article is part of
3700:â Franklin D. Roosevelt
3636:(1997 documentary film)
3547:Harry S Truman Building
3265:Federal Tort Claims Act
2204:The Man of Independence
2048:Offner, Arnold (2002).
1789:McCullough 1992, p. 338
1749:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
1665:McCullough 1992, p. 315
1642:McCullough 1992, p. 314
1556:McCullough 1992, p. 311
1533:McCullough 1992, p. 307
1524:McCullough 1992, p. 305
1465:Harry S. Truman: A Life
1364:Lubell, Samuel (1956).
1283:McCullough 1992, p. 258
1271:McCullough 1992, p. 304
1262:McCullough 1992, p. 318
1118:McCullough 1992, p. 259
1039:requested by President
845:and business executive
808:Army Corps of Engineers
336:Puerto Rican referendum
3707:Dwight D. Eisenhower â
3209:Employment Act of 1946
3103:Revolt of the Admirals
2171:Duncan, Homer (2005).
1239:. United States Senate
1192:. J. Messner. p.
962:
894:Under Secretary of War
879:attack on Pearl Harbor
827:Senate Office Building
719:
467:National historic Site
30:
3685:Clifton Truman Daniel
3589:Give 'em Hell, Harry!
3562:Truman Sports Complex
3391:Early life and career
3090:North Atlantic Treaty
3066:Displaced Persons Act
3035:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2942:Eisenhower transition
2927:"The buck stops here"
2900:Judicial appointments
2873:Assassination attempt
2722:Democracy Partnership
2268:, February 22, 1943.
2174:Bush and Cheney's War
1896:Kaiser, Frederick H.
1810:on December 14, 2008.
953:
769:US Justice Department
765:Kansas City, Missouri
717:
638:Franklin D. Roosevelt
570:Franklin D. Roosevelt
210:Judicial appointments
84:Assassination attempt
24:
3592:(1975 play and film)
3508:Dewey Defeats Truman
3317:Executive Order 9981
3007:Executive Order 9835
2976:Declaration to Japan
2644:Inaugural Ceremonies
2534:House Administration
2152:on February 10, 2005
2140:(February 9, 2005).
2111:(January 20, 2005).
2081:Neal, Steve (2002).
1495:This Day In Politics
909:War Production Board
863:Arthur H. Vandenberg
457:Presidential library
423:Dewey Defeats Truman
3667:Bess Wallace Truman
3567:U.S. Postage stamps
3361:Revenue Act of 1951
3344:Revenue Act of 1950
3338:DingellâJohnson Act
3333:Housing Act of 1949
3323:Revenue Act of 1948
3179:Revenue Act of 1945
2971:Agreement on Europe
2701:Cyberspace Solarium
2509:Energy and Commerce
2138:Huffington, Arianna
2109:Huffington, Arianna
1937:American Experience
1651:Riddle 1964, p. 160
897:Robert P. Patterson
803:Brehon B. Somervell
799:Quartermaster Corps
759:, and staff member
696:Library of Congress
647:cost-plus contracts
568:after the death of
304:Second inauguration
198:international trips
3720:Alben W. Barkley â
3715:â Henry A. Wallace
3349:Excess profits tax
3221:Flood Control Acts
3072:Key West Agreement
2965:Potsdam Conference
2752:Defunct committees
2696:COVID-19 Oversight
2602:(permanent select)
2519:Financial Services
2446:(permanent select)
2434:(permanent caucus)
1853:Strategic Analysis
1710:Riddle 1964, p. 61
1542:Riddle 1964, p. 76
1326:Riddle 1964, p. 14
1049:Arianna Huffington
963:
847:William S. Knudsen
815:Harold Hitz Burton
720:
627:noninterventionist
599:hounded President
257:Potsdam Conference
230:First inauguration
117:Little White House
31:
3742:
3741:
3620:(1979 miniseries)
3442:Historic District
3379:
3378:
3371:1952 steel strike
3243:Fulbright Program
3019:Hoover Commission
2765:
2764:
2735:
2734:
2615:
2614:
2574:Veterans' Affairs
2544:Natural Resources
2529:Homeland Security
2459:
2458:
2410:Veterans' Affairs
2380:Foreign Relations
2237:978-0-671-86920-5
2222:McCullough, David
1922:Riddle 1964, p. 9
1729:978-1-4000-6964-4
1684:978-1-4000-6964-4
1013:William P. Rogers
978:Manhattan Project
823:Harley M. Kilgore
797:. As head of the
757:Herbert N. Maletz
642:Fort Leonard Wood
558:political machine
554:Manhattan Project
542:special committee
516:
515:
252:Mental Health Act
183:Executive actions
149:Senate elections
79:Electoral history
66:
65:
29:is at the center.
3792:
3731:
3730:
3644:(2022 TV series)
3406:Truman Committee
3306:TaftâHartley Act
3173:Medal of Freedom
2948:
2947:
2932:Executive Orders
2836:
2828:
2817:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2687:(advisory group)
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2254:
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2213:978-0-82621190-3
2189:
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2184:978-1-41206420-0
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2159:
2157:
2134:
2128:
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2105:
2099:
2098:
2094:978-0-74322374-4
2078:
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2067:978-0-80474774-5
2055:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2034:978-0-30758760-2
2018:
2003:
2002:
1998:978-0-46501890-1
1982:
1976:
1975:
1971:978-0-19510972-6
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:. PBS. p. 1
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1909:978-1-43798004-2
1893:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1869:
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1837:978-0-80712515-1
1821:
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1781:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1760:978-0-87332636-0
1748:
1738:
1732:
1719:Herman, Arthur.
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1674:Herman, Arthur.
1672:
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1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1629:978-0-46502465-0
1613:
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1602:978-0-81312020-1
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1475:978-0-82621050-0
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1207:
1203:978-0-67165853-3
1183:
1177:
1176:
1168:978-0-74256142-7
1155:James A. Thurber
1147:Hamilton, Lee H.
1143:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1079:Claire McCaskill
1077:of Virginia and
1043:to increase the
1038:
1037:$ 80â100 billion
982:Henry L. Stimson
917:Clyde L. Herring
890:Henry L. Stimson
887:Secretary of War
855:Donald M. Nelson
795:Hitchcock, Texas
551:
546:war profiteering
520:Truman Committee
508:
501:
494:
483:
482:
477:
143:Truman Committee
112:Truman Reservoir
62:
61:
59:
52:
44:
37:
36:
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32:
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3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:
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3789:
3785:Harry S. Truman
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3690:
3673:Margaret Truman
3655:
3576:
3525:
3458:
3415:
3375:
3249:HillâBurton Act
3159:
3001:LuceâCeller Act
2960:Truman Doctrine
2946:
2839:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2801:
2799:Harry S. Truman
2796:
2766:
2761:
2731:
2710:
2670:
2664:
2611:
2588:
2524:Foreign Affairs
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2006:
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1514:
1507:Hamilton 2009,
1506:
1502:
1497:. Politico.com.
1487:
1483:
1476:
1460:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1434:Snyder, John W.
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1070:Charles Schumer
1036:
1021:
990:
941:board of health
875:
737:Monrad Wallgren
708:
700:George Marshall
671:James F. Byrnes
664:, a vocal anti-
657:In early 1941,
601:Abraham Lincoln
585:
550:$ 10â15 billion
549:
535:Harry S. Truman
512:
480:
478:
471:
453:
452:Post-presidency
450:
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193:Truman Doctrine
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106:Harry S. Truman
58:Harry S. Truman
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27:Harry S. Truman
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3641:The First Lady
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2952:Foreign policy
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2922:Truman Balcony
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989:
986:
921:whistleblowers
874:
871:
843:Sidney Hillman
819:Homer Ferguson
753:Rudolph Halley
749:senior senator
741:Joseph H. Ball
707:
704:
679:John W. Snyder
659:Representative
584:
581:
562:vice president
514:
513:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
485:
484:
472:
470:
469:
464:
459:
451:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
415:
410:
405:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
374:
371:
370:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Atomic bombing
233:
232:
226:
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
217:
207:
202:
201:
200:
195:
188:Foreign policy
185:
180:
179:
178:
165:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:
147:
146:
145:
129:
127:
126:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
101:
96:
86:
81:
76:
68:
67:
64:
63:
51:a series about
47:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3797:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:campaign song
3512:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:Marshall Plan
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Supreme Court
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1313:Bennett Clark
1308:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:War on Terror
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:Howard Hughes
1003:
1002:Owen Brewster
999:
998:George Meader
994:
985:
983:
979:
974:
971:
969:
961:in March 1943
960:
958:
952:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Winfield Park
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:alphabet soup
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:in Maryland,
788:
784:
778:
775:
774:Matt Connelly
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Owen Brewster
742:
738:
734:
733:James M. Mead
730:
726:
716:
712:
706:Establishment
703:
701:
697:
691:
688:
684:
680:
674:
672:
667:
663:
660:
655:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
619:
618:Nye Committee
615:
611:
610:Robert E. Lee
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
580:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
487:
486:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
398:
397:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
376:
375:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
301:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
267:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Marshall Plan
240:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
227:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
206:
203:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
181:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:Senate career
136:
135:
133:
130:Senator from
125:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
107:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
60:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
23:
19:
3726:
3705:
3698:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3597:Harry Truman
3595:
3587:
3581:Public image
3537:Bibliography
3405:
2727:Human Rights
2634:(Conference)
2600:Intelligence
2450:Intelligence
2269:
2248:
2226:
2203:
2195:Bibliography
2173:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2145:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2103:
2083:
2076:
2051:
2043:
2023:
1987:
1980:
1960:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1918:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1826:
1808:the original
1803:
1794:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1744:
1736:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1675:
1670:
1647:
1638:
1618:
1611:
1591:
1584:
1579:(photograph)
1571:. Retrieved
1561:
1538:
1529:
1503:
1494:
1484:
1464:
1442:. Retrieved
1401:
1382:
1365:
1345:
1331:
1322:
1310:
1295:
1288:
1267:
1241:. Retrieved
1212:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1158:
1114:
1047:, columnist
1033:
1025:
1022:
1010:
995:
991:
988:After Truman
975:
967:
964:
956:
945:
926:
914:
902:
883:World War II
876:
873:Wartime work
836:
832:
812:
779:
725:Tom Connally
721:
709:
692:
675:
656:
631:
586:
574:
530:, headed by
523:
519:
517:
331:Steel strike
142:
124:Bibliography
105:
18:
3652:(2023 film)
3649:Oppenheimer
3628:(1995 film)
3612:(1976 film)
3449:Blair House
3113:1950â1953;
2835:(1935â1945)
2816:(1945â1953)
2671:assignments
2484:Agriculture
2156:October 20,
2122:October 20,
1943:October 20,
1573:October 19,
1444:October 19,
1338:Roger Bruns
1243:October 18,
1174:production.
1057:Dick Durbin
1053:Larry Craig
867:White House
783:cantonments
625:, caused a
606:Confederate
316:Housing Act
298:Second term
247:Strike wave
99:Scholarship
3749:Categories
3687:(grandson)
3675:(daughter)
3542:Truman Day
3427:Birthplace
3109:Korean War
3054:Department
2845:Presidency
2669:Commission
1102:References
801:, General
787:Fort Meade
761:Bill Boyle
729:Carl Hatch
662:Eugene Cox
634:Democratic
623:Gerald Nye
583:Background
566:presidency
539:bipartisan
442:convention
408:convention
386:convention
311:Korean War
224:First term
171:Presidency
94:Truman Day
74:Early life
3464:Elections
3165:Fair Deal
3050:Air Force
2646:(special)
2539:Judiciary
2428:(special)
2395:Judiciary
2272:magazine.
937:tar paper
763:from the
614:divisions
593:Great War
589:Civil War
437:primaries
403:primaries
342:Timeline
321:Fair Deal
268:Timeline
104:USS
3733:Category
3681:(mother)
3502:campaign
2853:Timeline
2660:Taxation
2655:Printing
2639:Economic
2608:(select)
2476:Standing
2452:(select)
2440:(select)
2327:Standing
2315:Senate (
2306:Current
2224:(1992).
1374:6193934M
1344:(eds.).
1149:(2009).
1089:See also
1075:Jim Webb
1045:Iraq War
1028:magazine
970:magazine
959:magazine
666:New Deal
608:General
526:, was a
418:election
413:campaign
391:election
381:campaign
176:timeline
132:Missouri
3602:Chicago
2917:Cabinet
2740:Related
2650:Library
2584:(Whole)
2464:House (
2375:Finance
1157:(ed.).
532:Senator
361:'52â'53
205:Cabinet
3669:(wife)
3660:Family
3633:Truman
3625:Truman
3530:Legacy
3340:(1950)
3319:(1948)
3308:(1947)
3297:(1947)
3291:(1947)
3285:(1946)
3279:(1946)
3251:(1946)
3245:(1946)
3188:1946;
3175:(1945)
3156:(1952)
3143:, 1951
3139:1950;
3105:(1949)
3094:1949;
3086:(1949)
3080:(1948)
3074:(1948)
3068:(1948)
3021:(1947)
3015:(1947)
3009:(1947)
3003:(1946)
2997:(1946)
2991:(1945)
2985:(1945)
2969:1945;
2866:second
2827:(1945)
2514:Ethics
2499:Budget
2438:Ethics
2355:Budget
2234:
2227:Truman
2210:
2181:
2091:
2064:
2031:
1995:
1968:
1906:
1834:
1757:
1727:
1700:p. 221
1682:
1626:
1599:
1509:p. 300
1472:
1409:
1372:
1303:
1200:
1165:
1132:p. 224
1019:Legacy
933:Kearny
735:, and
537:. The
89:Legacy
3420:Homes
2895:1952)
2861:first
2715:House
2691:China
2678:Joint
2621:Joint
2593:Other
2554:Rules
2426:Aging
2419:Other
2117:Salon
2060:â14.
1153:. In
1107:Notes
462:Death
433:1952
399:1948
377:1944
3497:1948
3487:1948
3477:1940
3384:Life
3236:1950
3231:1948
3226:1946
3096:NATO
2890:1950
2822:34th
2811:33rd
2625:list
2466:list
2317:list
2270:Life
2232:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2158:2012
2124:2012
2089:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1945:2012
1904:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1804:Time
1755:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1575:2012
1470:ISBN
1446:2012
1407:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1245:2012
1198:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1055:and
1026:Look
968:Time
957:Time
817:and
755:and
743:and
685:and
651:East
518:The
262:NATO
158:1940
153:1934
1861:doi
1751:359
356:'51
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