1259:. He drew up a catalogue of all known relics of the True Cross showing that, in spite of what various authors have claimed, the fragments of the Cross brought together again would not reach one-third that of a cross which has been supposed to have been three or four metres (9.8 or 13.1 feet) in height, with transverse branch of two metres (6.6 feet) wide, proportions not at all abnormal. He calculated: supposing the Cross to have been of pine-wood (based on his microscopic analysis of the fragments) and giving it a weight of about seventy-five kilogrammes, we find the original volume of the cross to be 0.178 cubic metres (6.286 cubic feet). The total known volume of known relics of the True Cross, according to his catalogue, amounts to approximately 0.004 cubic metres (0.141 cubic feet) (more specifically 3,942,000 cubic millimetres), leaving a volume of 0.174 m (6.145 cu ft), almost 98%, lost, destroyed, or from which is otherwise unaccounted. Four cross particles – of ten particles with surviving documentary provenances by Byzantine emperors – from European churches, i.e.
1673:
667:
buried near the Lord's sepulchre. All held it as certain that one of these crosses was that of our Lord Jesus Christ, and that the other two were those of the thieves who were crucified with Him. Yet they could not discern to which of the three the Body of the Lord had been brought nigh, and which had received the outpouring of His precious Blood. But the wise and holy
Macarius, the president of the city, resolved this question in the following manner. He caused a lady of rank, who had been long suffering from disease, to be touched by each of the crosses, with earnest prayer, and thus discerned the virtue residing in that of the Saviour. For the instant this cross was brought near the lady, it expelled the sore disease, and made her whole.
789:
by one and, bowing down at the table, kiss the sacred wood and pass through. And because, I know not when, some one is said to have bitten off and stolen a portion of the sacred wood, it is thus guarded by the deacons who stand around, lest any one approaching should venture to do so again. And as all the people pass by one by one, all bowing themselves, they touch the Cross and the title, first with their foreheads and then with their eyes; then they kiss the Cross and pass through, but none lays his hand upon it to touch it. When they have kissed the Cross and have passed through, a deacon stands holding the ring of
Solomon and the horn from which the kings were anointed; they kiss the horn also and gaze at the ring...
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625:) gives essentially the same version as Socrates. Without further attribution, he also adds that it was said that the location of the Sepulchre was "disclosed by a Hebrew who dwelt in the East and who derived his information from some documents which had come to him by paternal inheritance"—although Sozomen himself disputes this account—so that a dead person was also revived by the touch of the Cross. Later popular versions of this story state that the Jew who assisted Helena was named Jude or Judas but later converted to Christianity and took the name
1423:
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509:, Bishop of Jerusalem (sed 350 to 386). In the fourth of his Catechetical Lectures which are dated to around the year 350, he says that "the whole world has since been filled with pieces of the wood of the Cross." This text relates that pieces of the cross were dispersed as relics, but offers no information about the discovery of the cross itself. Elsewhere, in a letter to Emperor
1106:, Cyril of Jerusalem remarked that the "whole Earth is full of the relics of the Cross of Christ" and, in another, "The holy wood of the Cross bears witness, seen among us to this day, and from this place now almost filling the whole world, by means of those who in faith take portions from it." Egeria's account testifies to how highly these relics of the crucifixion were prized.
1556:, when the Galician and Roman practices were combined, the September date, for which the Vatican adopted the official name "Triumph of the Cross" in 1963, was used to commemorate the rescue from the Persians and the May date was kept as the "Invention of the True Cross" to commemorate the finding. The September date is often referred to in the West as
2124:. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : a select library of the Christian church; second series / ed. by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (Reprint ed. of the American ed. of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, second series, 4. print... orig. publ. in the United States by the Christian Literature Publ. Comp., 1894 ed.). Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson.
675:, which Helena took with her back to Constantinople. According to Theodoret, "She had part of the cross of our Saviour conveyed to the palace. The rest was enclosed in a covering of silver, and committed to the care of the bishop of the city, whom she exhorted to preserve it carefully, in order that it might be transmitted uninjured to posterity."
783:
Then a chair is placed for the bishop in
Golgotha behind the Cross, which is now standing; the bishop duly takes his seat in the chair, and a table covered with a linen cloth is placed before him; the deacons stand round the table, and a silver-gilt casket is brought in which is the holy wood of the
1163:
also talks of King Alfred receiving a fragment of the cross from Pope
Marinus (see: Annal Alfred the Great, year 883). Although it is possible, the poem need not be referring to this specific relic or have this incident as the reason for its composition. However, there is a later source that speaks
788:
are placed upon the table. Now, when it has been put upon the table, the bishop, as he sits, holds the extremities of the sacred wood firmly in his hands, while the deacons who stand around guard it. It is guarded thus because the custom is that the people, both faithful and catechumens, come one
347:
shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together to beautify the place of my sanctuary, and I will make the place of my feet glorious." The link between this verse and the crucifixion lies in the words "the place of my feet", which is interpreted as referring to the footrest
969:
of the Holy
Sepulchre while the congregation waited with unlit candles. A New Fire would "spontaneously" light within the sepulchre. The crossbearer then would light his own candle from it, transit the entire church, and light the candle of the waiting patriarch. The candles of the canons and then
841:
going as far as to suggest that the True Cross was actually lost by the
Persians and that the wood contained in the allegedly still sealed reliquary brought to Jerusalem by Heraclius in 629 was a fake. In his analysis, the hoax was designed to serve the political purposes of both Heraclius and his
1233:
There is no abbey so poor as not to have a specimen. In some places there are large fragments, as at the Holy Chapel in Paris, at
Poitiers, and at Rome, where a good-sized crucifix is said to have been made of it. In brief, if all the pieces that could be found were collected together, they would
1874:
Nach der
Eroberung der Stadt wurden unschätzbare Reichtümer gefunden, unvergleichlich kostbare Edelsteine und auch ein Teil des Kreuzes des Herrn, das, von Helena aus Jerusalem überführt und mit Gold und kostbaren Edelsteinen geschmückt, dort höchste Verehrung erfuhr. Es wurde von den anwesenden
1865:
Capta igitur urbe, divitiae repperiuntur inestimabiles, lapides preciosissime et incomparabiles, pars etiam ligni dominici, quod per
Helenam de Iherosolimis translatum, auro et gemmis precioses insignitum in maxima illic veneratione habebatur, ab episcopis qui presentes aderant incisum, ab aliis
1186:
relates that "After the conquest of the city
Constantinople inestimable wealth was found: incomparably precious jewels and also a part of the cross of the Lord, which Helena transferred from Jerusalem and was decorated with gold and precious jewels. There it attained highest admiration. It was
666:
When the empress beheld the place where the Saviour suffered, she immediately ordered the idolatrous temple, which had been there erected, to be destroyed, and the very earth on which it stood to be removed. When the tomb, which had been so long concealed, was discovered, three crosses were seen
597:
from Jesus's crucifixion were uncovered as well. In Socrates's version of the story, Macarius had the three crosses placed in turn on a deathly ill woman. This woman recovered at the touch of the third cross, which was taken as a sign that this was the cross of Christ, the new Christian symbol.
1168:
in Dorset; Shaftesbury abbey was founded by King Alfred, supported with a large portion of state funds and given to the charge of his own daughter when he was alive—it is conceivable that if Alfred really received this relic, that he may have given it to the care of the nuns at Shaftesbury.
1110:
relates that fragments of the True Cross were kept in golden reliquaries, "which men reverently wear upon their persons." Even two Latin inscriptions around 350 from today's Algeria testify to the keeping and admiration of small particles of the cross. Around the year 455,
1509:
Kings removing their diadems take up the cross, the symbol of their Saviour's death; on the purple, the cross; in their prayers, the cross; on their armour, the cross; on the holy table, the cross; throughout the universe, the cross. The cross shines brighter than the
898:, had the Greek Orthodox priests who were supposedly in possession of the Cross tortured in order to reveal its location. The relic that Arnulf recovered was a small fragment of wood embedded in a golden cross, and it became the most sacred relic of the
723:
According to the 1955 Roman Catholic Marian Missal, Helena went to Jerusalem to search for the True Cross and found it 14 September 320. In the 8th century, the Feast of the Finding was transferred to 3 May and 14 September became the celebration of the
1672:
497:, Bishop of Jerusalem, to build a church on the site. Eusebius' work contains details about the demolition of the pagan temple and the erection of the church, but does not mention anywhere the finding of the True Cross.
545:, by its miraculous affecting of a cure for a mortally ill woman. A Church was then built on the spot and the relic was divided, with part staying in Jerusalem and part given to Constantine along with the nails.
281:, there was wide general acceptance of the account of the cross's history as presented by Voragine. This general acceptance is displayed in numerous artworks on the subject, culminating in one of the most famous
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carved up by the present bishops and was divided with other very precious relics among the knights; later, after their return to the homeland, it was donated to churches and monasteries." The French knight
1422:
415:, the wood from these trees was removed from the Temple and discarded, eventually being used to construct the cross on which Jesus was crucified ("and I will make the place of my feet glorious").
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contained in the timber of the bridge that she fell on her knees and revered it. On her visit to Solomon, she told him that a piece of wood from the bridge would bring about the replacement of
915:
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1036:. The cross was never delivered as Al-Kamil did not, in fact, have it. Subsequently the cross disappeared from historical records. The True Cross was last seen in the city of Damascus.
189:
In the Latin-speaking traditions of Western Europe, the story of the pre-Christian origins of the True Cross was well established by the 13th century when, in 1260, it was recorded by
699:(Addai in Syriac texts), one of the seventy disciples. The narrative retrojected the Helena version to the first century. In the story, Protonike traveled to Jerusalem after she met
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1875:
Bischöfen zerstückelt und mit anderen sehr kostbaren Reliquien unter die Ritter aufgeteilt; später, nach deren Rückkehr in die Heimat, wurde es Kirchen und Klöstern gestiftet.
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sought to ransom it from Saladin, the cross was not returned. In 1219 the True Cross was offered to the Knights Templar by Al-Kamil in exchange for lifting the siege of
91:
wrote that while she was there, she discovered the hiding place of three crosses that were believed to have been used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves,
949:
on its south side, the supposed site of Jesus's crucifixion, and then venerated by the barefoot patriarch, the sepulchre's canons, and the assembled pilgrims until
933:, the Latin patriarch would oversee mass at the various churches around Jerusalem corresponding to the part of Jesus's life being celebrated. The celebrations of
926:
and displayed another reliquary holding their fragment of the cross. The Latin fragment of the cross was repeatedly carried into battle against the Muslims.
1381:
district archpriest Sergiy Khalyuta said that a piece of the True Cross was bought by a donor, and was to be placed on board the Russian missile cruiser
1835:"—of anything which should be read, rather than a historically based myth. Compare its use for historic accounts of early leaders of the church such as
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and the construction of the first church at the site, but does not mention anything concerning the True Cross. Eusebius describes how the site of the
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In another account contained in "Of the Invention of the Holy Cross", Voragine writes that the True Cross came from a tree that grew from part of the
837:. He placed the cross in Constantinople at first, before restoring it to Jerusalem on 21 March 630. Some scholars disagree with this narrative, with
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wrote that "within this chapel were found many precious relics; for therein were found two pieces of the True Cross, as thick as a man's leg and a
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The Greek Orthodox church presents a small True Cross relic shown in the Greek Treasury within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at the foot of
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A further tradition holds that these three trees from which the True Cross was constructed grew together in one spot. A traditional Orthodox
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707:, until she discovered the cross after it healed her daughter of some illness. She then converted to Christianity and had a church built on
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1279:, were microscopically examined. "The pieces came all together from olive." It is possible that many alleged pieces of the True Cross are
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preciosissimis reliquis per nobilis quosque partitur, et postea eis revertentibus ad natale solum, per ecclesias et cenobia distrbuitur.
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Murray, Alan V. (1998), "Mighty against the Enemies of Christ: The Relic of the True Cross in the Armies of the Kingdom of Jerusalem",
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that had been built there, and beneath the rubble found three crosses. The cross of Jesus was identified, with the aid of Bishop
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claims these relics are still held at either Egziabher Ab or Tekle Maryam, two monasteries near the former imperial cemetery on
886:, Christians in Jerusalem hid part of the cross and it remained hidden until the city was taken by the European soldiers of the
557:
The three crosses are discovered. An injured young man is healed by the True Cross. Fifteenth-century frescoes at the Church of
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recorded the account in a now lost Greek Ecclesiatical History prior to his death in 395. This version was adapted circa 402 in
225:
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3143:
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Pogossian, Zaroui (2019). "Relics, Rulers, Patronage: The True Cross of Varag and the Church of the Holy Cross of Ałt'amar".
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1095:(in today Algeria), was said to mention, in an enumeration of relics, a fragment of the True Cross, according to an entry in
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also claims to have the right wing of the true cross buried in the monastery of Gishen Mariam. This piece was gifted by the
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went to Jerusalem in search of the relic and was made aware of its location by a heavenly sign. She tore down the temple of
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1283:, created by travelling merchants in the Middle Ages, during which period a thriving trade in manufactured relics went on.
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tradition replaced Helena with a fictitious first-century empress named Protonike, who is said to be the wife of emperor
525:
About forty years after Cyril, there was a fully developed story about how the True Cross was discovered. Cyril's nephew
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Studia Patristica: Papers Presented at the Thirteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford, 1999
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with the Jewish people by a new order. Solomon, fearing the eventual destruction of his people, had the timber buried.
213:, Voragine writes that the True Cross came from three trees which grew from three seeds from the "Tree of Mercy" which
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for the people to venerate. The Orthodox also celebrate an additional Veneration of the Cross on the third Sunday of
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2913:, 2nd ser., vol. I. Translated by Richardson, Ernest Cushing; et al. New York: Christian Literature Publishing.
2863:, 2nd ser., vol. VII. Translated by Gifford, Edward Hamilton; et al. New York: Christian Literature Publishing.
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Smyrnakis notes that the largest surviving portion, of 870,760 cubic millimetres, is preserved in the Monastery of
869:
3361:. Travaux et Mémoires. Vol. 17. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance.
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1794:
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3259:, 2nd ser., vol. II. Translated by Hartranft, Chester D.; et al. New York: Christian Literature Publishing.
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1542:. In later centuries, these celebrations also included commemoration of the rescue of the True Cross from the
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when the Cross is celebrated. The Catholic Church has a formal Adoration of the Cross during the services for
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Jesus Christ. Voragine then goes on to describe its rediscovery by Helena, mother of the Emperor Constantine.
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usage, beginning about the seventh century, the Feast of the Cross was celebrated on May 3. According to the
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had been built on top. Although Eusebius does not say as much, this would probably have been done as part of
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mentions the finding of the cross and the beginning of the tradition of the veneration of its relics. The
1142:, built by bishop Paulinus at the beginning of 5th century. The cross particle was inserted in the altar.
228:, "the tree that Adam ate of", that Seth planted on Adam's grave where it "endured there unto the time of
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in Spain is also said to hold the largest of these pieces and is one of the most visited Roman Catholic
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910:. Displayed in a jewel-encrusted housing of gold and silver, it was housed in a northern chapel at the
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in care of the bishop of Jerusalem was exhibited periodically to the faithful. In the 380s a nun named
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1603:. In Eastern Orthodox churches everywhere, a replica of the cross is brought out in procession during
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3277:, 2nd ser., vol. II. Translated by Zenos, A.C; et al. New York: Christian Literature Publishing.
2871:"Helena Augusta, the Mother of Constantine the Great and the Legend of Her Finding of the True Cross"
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Fragments of the Cross were broken up, and the pieces were widely distributed; in 348, in one of his
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on 1 August, the day on which the relics of the True Cross would be carried through the streets of
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Before long, but perhaps not until after the visit of Egeria, it was possible also to venerate the
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3310:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (in Latin). Vol. 18. Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani.
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The Church of the Holy Cross of Ałt'amar: Politics, Art, Spirituality in the Kingdom of Vaspurakan
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former foe, recently turned ally and father-in-law, the Persian general and soon-king Shahrbaraz.
2761:"14 September (27 September): The Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Creating Cross of the Lord"
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After fourteen generations, the wood taken from the bridge was fashioned into the Cross used to
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Vol. 3. Translated by Ellis, Frederick Startridge; et al. London: J.M. Dent & Co.
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Vol. 1. Translated by Ellis, Frederick Startridge; et al. London: J.M. Dent & Co.
1395:. After the sinking, there was speculation that the fragment may have gone down with the ship.
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personal possession into the 18th century, even being lost in battle, before being buried atop
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After many centuries, the tree was cut down and the wood used to build a bridge over which the
2894:. Translated by McClure, M.L.; C.L. Feltoe. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
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1913:"—of anything which has been found or come across, rather than something created entirely new.
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the congregation were then lit from one to another, gradually filling the church with light.
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A relic of the True Cross being carried in procession through the Piazza San Marco, Venice.
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The misplacement of which particular class relics of the Holy Cross (and others in general)
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Chapter xvii gives what would become the standard version of the finding of the True Cross:
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sites. In Asia, the only place where the other part of the True Cross is located is in the
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bearing Jesus' name, but according to Rufinus, Helena was unsure of its legitimacy until a
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53:
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Herzog, Sadja (1969). "Gossart, Italy, and the National Gallery's Saint Jerome Penitent".
2737:"Compendium of the Reforms of the Roman Breviary, 1568–1961: Part 10.1—The Reform of 1960"
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1130:, who was of Byzantine origin. "In the small part is power of the whole cross", says an
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Cross. The casket is opened and is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and the
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691:. This story, which originated in Edessa in the 430s, was transmitted in the so-called
506:
135:
3392:
3111:"Christian Relic, a True Cross Piece, to Be Kept at Russia's Black Sea Fleet Flagship"
1811:. A detailed account of known sources for the legends is presented in Drijvers (1992).
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make a big ship-load. Yet the Gospel testifies that a single man was able to carry it.
1048:. The Syriac Orthodox Church also claims a small relic of the True Cross (held in the
767:
described the veneration of the True Cross at Jerusalem in a long letter known as her
602:, where they were incorporated into the emperor's helmet and the bridle of his horse.
598:
Socrates also reports that, having also found the cross's nails, Helena sent these to
423:
134:
The Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and the
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3332:
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3219:
3199:
3139:
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3020:
3004:
2926:
2820:
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is famously said to have remarked that there was enough wood in them to fill a ship:
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994:
990:
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481:, after 130, following the destruction of the formerly Jewish city at the end of the
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404:, watering the trees. According to tradition, these trees were used to construct the
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88:
49:
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3250:
2987:
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1679:
3322:. Translated by White, Albert Beebe; et al. New York: Harper & Bros. 1915.
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2906:
Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in Praise of Constantine
2887:
2677:, 1928 (Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970), pp. 454f.
1885:
See also the discussion of the relics of the True Cross on the German Knowledge at
1709:
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1329:
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1017:
1002:
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in 638, Heraclius retrieved the True Cross but did not attempt to retake the city.
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819:("Chosroes") removed the part of the cross held in Jerusalem as a trophy after he
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of 1870 made a study of the relics in reference to the criticisms of Calvin and
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of Pope Leo. A portion of the cross was taken to Rome in the seventh century by
453:(died 339) is the earliest and main historical source on the rediscovery of the
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1860:
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1177:
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closely involved the Holy Sepulchre and its fragment of the True Cross. During
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510:
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357:
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Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey. Dorset County Council, 1999
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Loca Sanctorum Africae: Le Culte des Martyrs en Afrique du IVe au VIIe Siècle
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454:
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Zuckerman, Constantin (2013). "Heraclius and the Return of the Holy Cross".
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2844:. Yale Studies in English. Vol. 21. Translated by Holt, Lucius Hudson.
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1746:
1740:
1207:
711:. Aside from the Syriac tradition, the Protonike version was also cited by
431:
229:
1832:
1203:
742:, as a result of which the relic was recovered and returned to Jerusalem.
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1756:
1600:
1595:
In addition to celebrations on fixed days, there are certain days of the
1576:. The Orthodox still commemorate both events on September 14, one of the
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1333:
1291:
1226:
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1080:
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244:, who planted it at Jerusalem. It was felled by Solomon to be a beam in
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La Relique de la Vraie Croix: Recherches sur le Développement d'un Culte
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A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
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A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
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A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
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A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
2689:"Truth Revealed about Irish Relic of Cross on which Jesus was Crucified"
1821:
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An inscription of 359 found at Tixter, in the neighbourhood of Sétif in
902:, with none of the controversy that had followed their discovery of the
585:. Socrates' account is very similar to Rufinus'. In it he describes how
2984:"Of the Invention of the Holy Cross & First of This Word Invention"
2787:"Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord"
2120:
Cyrillus; Gifford, Edwin Hamilton; Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (2004).
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1752:
1703:
1612:
1531:
1378:
1119:
1092:
903:
834:
816:
813:
798:
672:
594:
147:
143:
107:
revealed that this was the True Cross. This event is celebrated on the
2533:
3246:
1652:
1410:
An enamelled silver reliquary of the True Cross from Constantinople,
934:
862:
854:
830:
739:
648:
577:(died c. 440) gives a description of the discovery later repeated by
538:
462:
146:. Historians generally dispute the authenticity of the relics, as do
80:
76:
19:
3356:
3168:"Loss of Moskva Strikes Serious Blow to Russian Military's Prestige"
1965:
1202:, either as a result of confusion or exaggeration; and the outright
1172:
Most of the very small relics of the True Cross in Europe came from
1071:
received four fragments of the True Cross around the year 1400 from
3160:. Translated by Stone, Edward N. Seattle: University of Washington.
3110:
2835:
1808:
1299:
1135:
1045:
1033:
958:
688:
505:
Perhaps the earliest witness to the tradition of the True Cross is
493:
ordered in about 325–326 that the site be uncovered and instructed
150:
and other Christian churches, who do not hold them in high regard.
1953:
513:, Cyril only relates that the cross was found during the reign of
1561:
1280:
1256:
1064:
998:
966:
962:
946:
945:, the Latin relic was carried across the church to the chapel of
907:
708:
615:
573:, nearly a century after Eusebius and forty years after Rufinus,
474:
401:
344:
336:
296:
116:
104:
2234:
533:
Latin additions to Eusebius' Church History. In this narrative,
255:
passed on her journey to meet Solomon. So struck was she by the
3413:
The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to B. Hamilton
2459:"Relic of the True Cross to be on View at St. Vartan Cathedral"
1906:
1840:
1828:
1604:
1543:
1303:
1215:
1192:
466:
328:
304:
282:
167:
139:
27:
2606:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2122:
The catechetical lectures of S. Cyril, Archbishop of Jerusalem
2056:"Enormous 'foot-shaped' enclosure discovered in Jordan Valley"
489:
of 132–135. Following his conversion to Christianity, Emperor
461:, once a site of veneration for the early Christian Church in
307:
between 1452 and 1466, faithfully reproducing the episodes of
209:
contains several versions of the origin of the True Cross. In
2280:
2222:
1474:
Fragments of True Cross in the Serbian Orthodox Monastery of
1311:
1307:
938:
241:
233:
2630:
2308:
356:) on which Jesus' feet were nailed and which appears on the
327:
the True Cross was made from three different types of wood:
3216:
Missionary Stories and the Formation of the Syriac Churches
2557:
2203:
1801:
and the rediscovery of the True Cross was presented by the
1352:
1295:
1149:
1139:
950:
785:
389:
332:
256:
218:
214:
99:, who were executed with him. To one cross was affixed the
2394:
1538:
on September 14, the anniversary of the dedication of the
3405:(in French), Paris: Institut français d'études byzantines
2978:
2705:
2119:
2103:
2101:
1978:
408:("to beautify the place of my sanctuary"). Later, during
2947:. Vol. 3. National Gallery of Art. pp. 67–70.
2246:
957:, four pilgrims selected by the patriarch—preceded by a
2960:
2332:
1959:
3198:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2320:
2098:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1943:
1941:
166:
venerates the wood from which the Cross will be made (
83:
in the years 326–328. The late 4th-century historians
2191:
1902:" is the less common one—borrowed directly from its
1824:" is the less common one—borrowed directly from its
1122:
a fragment of the "precious wood", according to the
477:'s reconstruction of Jerusalem as a new pagan city,
2856:
Catechetical Lectures [and] Select Orations
2618:
2545:
2521:
1984:
1938:
797:, the pillar at which Christ was scourged, and the
641:The proving of the True Cross, Jean Colombe in the
3239:The Holy Mountain. Archaeology, etc., of Mt. Athos
3050:
2922:Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States
2612:
2382:
1666:A second reliquary with another nail at Notre Dame
1225:claimed to possess relics of the True Cross, that
1214:; or even to facilitate the lucrative practice of
59:It is related by numerous historical accounts and
3241:] (in Greek). Athens: Anestes Konstandinides.
3235:Το Άγιο Όρος. Αρχαιολογίας κ.λπ., του Αγίου Όρους
3078:
2918:
2886:
2372:
2353:
2286:
2240:
383:
3468:
2996:
2717:
2038:
993:with a splinter of the True Cross following the
965:—carried the Latin relic from its chapel to the
922:. A second chapel beside it was overseen by the
845:
3326:
3316:"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred the Great"
3314:
3307:Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum
2563:
2463:The Armenian Church: Eastern Diocese of America
2228:
2150:"PROMOTING JERUSALEM: CYRIL AND THE TRUE CROSS"
1926:
884:destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
418:
2349:
2347:
1678:A reliquary of the True Cross from the former
1428:One of the largest purported fragments of the
1298:(consisting of 537,587 cubic millimetres), in
745:
3213:
3108:
2919:Hamilton, Bernard; Jotischky, Andrew (2020).
2711:
2216:
1586:Procession of the Venerable Wood of the Cross
833:defeated Khosrau and regained the relic from
368:as being God's footstool, and the prescribed
3286:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
3214:Saint-Laurent, Jeanne-Nicole Mellon (2015).
2814:
2763:. Orthodox Church in America. Archived from
2400:
1294:, and also mentions the preserved relics in
1056:(in Armenia). According to the 15th-century
3388:Reliques et Sainteté dans l'Espace Médiéval
3218:. Oakland: University of California Press.
3157:Three Old French Chronicles of the Crusades
3138:, vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. pp. 126–206.
3000:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
2997:Kittel, Gerhard; et al., eds. (1969).
2882:(in French). Rome: Ecole française de Rome.
2603:, Ch. 82: Of the Marvels of Constantinople.
2368:
2366:
2344:
1851:which produced its more usual modern sense.
1351:in the medieval period and remained in the
1210:. This happened, often in order to attract
804:
728:", the commemoration of a victory over the
360:. (Compare with the Jewish concepts of the
3455:Relic of the True Cross in Wrocław, Poland
2899:
2686:
2675:A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia
2107:
1176:. The city was captured and sacked by the
1005:in 1187. While some Christian rulers like
823:in 614. Thirteen years later, in 628, the
755:The silver reliquary that was left at the
703:in Rome. She was shown around the city by
3425:(in Italian), Torino: La Fontana di Siloe
3354:
3282:
3245:
3232:
3129:
3109:Novoderezhkin, Anton (26 February 2020).
2925:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2636:
2314:
2298:
2252:
2197:
1253:Mémoire sur les instruments de la Passion
1206:, was a recurring controversy during the
1164:of a bequest made to the 'Holy Cross' at
718:
683:Another popular ancient version from the
465:, had been covered over with earth and a
232:". Alternatively, it reached Solomon via
3190:
2944:Report and Studies in the History of Art
2868:
2815:Ciggaar, Krijnie; Teule, Herman (1996).
2363:
2338:
2147:
1947:
1568:of the Catholic Church in 1960 when the
1489:
1387:, which has a chapel on board. The ship
1247:Conflicting with this is the finding of
849:
636:
552:
548:
422:
157:
18:
3384:
3327:Wiles, Maurice F.; et al. (2001).
3289:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3098:
3083:. Vol. 1. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
3022:The New Concise History of the Crusades
2849:
2527:
2326:
2008:
2006:
1362:In 2016, a relic of True Cross held by
1086:
779:), which she sent back to her convent:
520:
485:in the year 70, and in connection with
314:
295:, which he painted on the walls of the
56:on, according to Christian tradition.
3469:
3410:
3400:
3081:Toledot Yeshu: The Life Story of Jesus
3079:Meerson, Michael; et al. (2014).
3040:
3018:
2940:
2430:"Church of the Holy Sepulchre Chapels"
2412:
2388:
2015:"Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross"
1997:
1651:Base of the reliquary with one of the
1221:By the end of the Middle Ages so many
1039:
695:, which was believed to be written by
217:collected and planted in the mouth of
3345:
3303:
3263:
3153:
2877:
2624:
2600:
2584:
2551:
2539:
2268:. Franciscan Media. 14 September 2020
2181:
2143:
2141:
2062:from the original on 19 November 2018
2017:. Ukrainian Orthodoxy. Archived from
1706:, motif from the Arthurian literature
1505:wrote homilies on the three crosses:
1436:in Spain (photo by F. J. Díez Martín)
500:
3430:
3420:
3165:
2834:
2817:East and West in the Crusader States
2723:
2680:
2003:
1932:
1536:Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross
182:
113:Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross
16:Cross upon which Jesus was crucified
2779:
2148:Drijvers, Jan Willem (1999-01-01),
1310:(436,450 cubic millimetres) and in
997:in 1110, the Cross was captured by
678:
671:With the Cross were also found the
248:but not found suitable in the end.
131:, Lutheran, and Anglican churches.
13:
3391:(in French), Pecia, archived from
3377:
3320:Source Problems in English History
3178:from the original on 15 April 2022
2495:Mäṣḥafä Ṭefut, Book of Ṭeff Grains
2465:. 6 September 2018. Archived from
2138:
1793:An early account of the legend of
1341:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1077:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1075:as thanks for his protection. The
226:Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
71:, recovered the True Cross at the
14:
3548:
3527:Individual crosses and crucifixes
3442:
3433:I Segreti delle Reliquie Bibliche
2542:, pp. 331-337 & 351–353.
2501:(in Geez) – via dirzon.com.
2012:
1749:, chalice used at the Last Supper
750:
3449:Fernand Cabrol, "The true Cross"
3358:Constructing the Seventh Century
3003:. Vol. 6. Wm. B. Eerdmans.
2154:Portraits of Spiritual Authority
1979:Ellis & al., Vol. III (1900)
1671:
1659:
1644:
1628:
1618:
1467:
1441:
1421:
1403:
1306:(445,582 cubic millimetres), in
1302:(516,090 cubic millimetres), in
142:of the True Cross as objects of
3537:Helena, mother of Constantine I
3435:(in Italian), Rome: XPublishing
3385:Deuffic, Jean-Luc, ed. (2005),
3350:(in German). Stuttgart: Belser.
2807:
2793:from the original on 2012-02-05
2753:
2729:
2667:
2656:from the original on 2019-03-06
2642:
2569:
2481:
2451:
2440:from the original on 2016-01-10
2422:
2373:Hamilton & Jotischky (2020)
2354:Hamilton & Jotischky (2020)
2258:
2113:
2074:
2048:
1892:
1879:
1854:
1635:Reliquary of the True Cross at
875:Around 1009, the year in which
285:cycles of the Renaissance, the
3423:Indagine sulla Croce di Cristo
3166:Roth, Andrew (15 April 2022).
3101:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
3043:The Crusades through Arab Eyes
2789:. Orthodox Church in America.
2266:"Exaltation of the Holy Cross"
1960:Ellis & al., Vol. I (1900)
1814:
1787:
757:Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre
582:
384:Tradition of Lot's triple tree
67:, the mother of Roman Emperor
1:
3415:, Aldershot, pp. 217–238
3233:Smyrnakis, Gerasimos (1903).
3099:Norwich, John Julius (1988).
2869:Drijvers, Jan Willem (1992).
2058:. Science 2.0. 6 April 2009.
1920:
1534:denominations, celebrate the
1485:
1411:
1314:(237,731 cubic millimetres).
846:Islamic rule and the Crusades
652:
619:
428:The Finding of the True Cross
153:
31:
3532:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
3522:Relics associated with Jesus
3482:Catholic Church in Jerusalem
3025:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2687:O'Shea, James (2016-07-25).
1735:Relics associated with Jesus
1540:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
912:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
896:Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
859:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
632:
578:
419:Empress Helena and the Cross
413:reconstruction of the Temple
79:, when she travelled to the
7:
3103:. London: Guild Publishing.
1887:de:Diskussion:Kreuzerhöhung
1690:
1680:Premonstratensian monastery
1393:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1052:in Jerusalem), as does the
746:The True Cross in Jerusalem
438:
10:
3553:
3304:Waitz, Georg, ed. (1880).
3283:Treadgold, Warren (1997).
3136:Armenian Texts and Studies
3065:"Cross and Crucifix"
3019:Madden, Thomas F. (2005).
2401:Ciggaar & Teule (1996)
1720:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
1183:Chronica Regia Coloniensis
953:. Prior to the liturgy on
605:
370:Three Pilgrimage Festivals
3507:Christianity in Jerusalem
3196:A History of the Crusades
2892:The Pilgrimage of Etheria
2613:Marucchi & al. (1908)
2156:, Brill, pp. 79–95,
1560:; the May date (see also
1249:Charles Rohault de Fleury
1054:Armenian Apostolic Church
857:of the True Cross at the
339:. This is an allusion to
3154:Robert of Clari (1939).
2287:McClure & al. (1919)
2241:Meerson & al. (2014)
2082:"Monastery of the Cross"
1898:This sense of the word "
1820:This sense of the word "
1780:
1524:Oriental Orthodox Church
1434:Santo Toribio de Liébana
1318:Santo Toribio de Liébana
929:Over the course of each
805:The Perso-Byzantine Wars
288:Legend of the True Cross
3346:Ziehr, William (1997).
2741:New Liturgical Movement
2517:– via scribd.com.
2039:Kittel & al. (1969)
1564:) was dropped from the
1520:Eastern Orthodox Church
1370:to the 11th century by
1050:Monastery of Saint Mark
981:of Jerusalem presented
801:that pierced his side.
726:Exaltation of the Cross
705:James, brother of Jesus
325:Eastern Orthodox Church
301:Church of San Francesco
44:is said to be the real
3431:Olmi, Massimo (2018),
3421:Olmi, Massimo (2015),
2878:Duval, Yvette (1982).
2853:; et al. (1894).
2650:"Monasterio de Tarlac"
2564:White & al. (1915)
2229:Wiles & al. (2001)
1873:
1864:
1512:
1499:
1377:In February 2020, the
1245:
1116:Patriarch of Jerusalem
865:
791:
776:
763:who was travelling on
719:Catholic commemoration
669:
660:Ecclesiastical History
645:
612:Ecclesiastical History
571:Ecclesiastical History
566:
435:
394:Monastery of the Cross
353:
179:
37:
3502:Christian terminology
3071:Catholic Encyclopedia
3041:Malouf, Amin (1983).
2841:The Elene of Cynewulf
2086:BibleWalks 500+ sites
1609:Great and Holy Friday
1553:Catholic Encyclopedia
1507:
1493:
1461:Schatzkammer (Vienna)
1231:
1160:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1007:Richard the Lionheart
918:and protected by its
880:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
853:
781:
664:
640:
575:Socrates Scholasticus
563:Piero della Francesca
559:San Francesco, Arezzo
556:
549:Socrates Scholasticus
543:Macarius of Jerusalem
531:Rufinus of Aquileia's
426:
378:ascending to the foot
293:Piero della Francesca
236:, who used it as the
176:San Francesco, Arezzo
172:Piero della Francesca
161:
138:all claim to possess
69:Constantine the Great
22:
3512:Crucifixion of Jesus
2989:The Golden Legend...
2971:The Golden Legend...
2712:Novoderezhkin (2020)
2673:E. A. Wallis Budge,
2217:Saint-Laurent (2015)
1682:in Rüti, Switzerland
1326:Monasterio de Tarlac
1087:Dispersion of relics
900:Kingdom of Jerusalem
839:Constantin Zuckerman
527:Gelasius of Caesarea
521:Gelasius and Rufinus
451:Eusebius of Caesarea
315:Eastern Christianity
85:Gelasius of Caesarea
3492:Christian mythology
3401:Frolow, A. (1961),
3331:. Leuven: Peeters.
2980:Jacobus de Voragine
2962:Jacobus de Voragine
2639:, pp. 378–379.
2317:, pp. 197–218.
1698:Gospel of Nicodemus
1592:to bless the city.
1578:Twelve Great Feasts
1566:liturgical calendar
1364:Waterford Cathedral
1265:Caravaca de la Cruz
1241:Traité Des Reliques
1058:Book of Ṭeff Grains
1040:21st-century status
931:liturgical calendar
870:fell to the Muslims
777:Itinerarium Egeriae
487:Bar Kokhba's revolt
446:Life of Constantine
406:Temple in Jerusalem
362:Ark of the Covenant
191:Jacobus de Voragine
109:liturgical calendar
3487:Christian folklore
3460:2016-05-21 at the
2966:"The Life of Adam"
2851:Cyril of Jerusalem
2504: •
2013:Roman, Alexander.
1530:, and a number of
1528:Anglican Communion
1500:
1389:sank in April 2022
1277:Florence Cathedral
1097:Roman Miscellanies
914:, overseen by its
866:
697:Thaddeus of Edessa
646:
643:Très Riches Heures
567:
501:Cyril of Jerusalem
436:
180:
136:Church of the East
38:
3517:Jesus and history
3451:: a Catholic view
3368:978-2-916716-45-9
3338:978-90-429-0881-9
3225:978-0-520-28496-8
3145:978-90-04-40038-2
3060:Thurston, Herbert
2932:978-0-521-83638-8
2469:on 29 August 2021
2434:See the Holy Land
2163:978-90-04-29591-9
2131:978-1-56563-123-6
2108:Richardson (1890)
1725:Stavelot Triptych
1700:, apocryphal text
1372:Oxford University
1368:radiocarbon dated
1345:Venetian Republic
1204:forgery of relics
1166:Shaftesbury Abbey
1154:Dream of the Rood
1073:Coptic Christians
1015:Byzantine emperor
995:Norwegian Crusade
821:captured the city
319:According to the
309:The Golden Legend
279:Early Renaissance
207:The Golden Legend
184:The Golden Legend
121:Oriental Orthodox
89:Tyrannius Rufinus
50:Jesus of Nazareth
3544:
3497:Christian relics
3436:
3426:
3416:
3406:
3396:
3372:
3351:
3342:
3323:
3311:
3300:
3278:
3260:
3242:
3229:
3209:
3192:Runciman, Steven
3187:
3185:
3183:
3161:
3149:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3104:
3094:
3075:
3067:
3052:Marucchi, Orazio
3046:
3036:
3014:
2993:
2975:
2956:
2936:
2914:
2895:
2883:
2874:
2864:
2845:
2830:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2646:
2640:
2637:Smyrnakis (1903)
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2315:Zuckerman (2013)
2312:
2306:
2299:Treadgold (1997)
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2253:Pogossian (2019)
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2201:
2198:Hartranft (1890)
2195:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1818:
1812:
1798:
1791:
1710:Holyrood (cross)
1675:
1663:
1648:
1632:
1572:was reformed by
1471:
1454:
1445:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1366:in Ireland, was
1349:Ethiopian Empire
1330:San Jose, Tarlac
1243:
1068:
1021:
1003:Battle of Hattin
986:
978:
892:Arnulf Malecorne
679:Syriac tradition
657:
654:
624:
621:
479:Aelia Capitolina
434:, Florence, 1380
400:, the nephew of
366:Jerusalem Temple
343:: "The glory of
321:sacred tradition
275:Late Middle Ages
211:The Life of Adam
125:Eastern Orthodox
36:
33:
24:Christ Crucified
3552:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3467:
3466:
3462:Wayback Machine
3445:
3440:
3380:
3378:Further reading
3375:
3369:
3339:
3297:
3226:
3206:
3181:
3179:
3146:
3120:
3118:
3091:
3056:Cabrol, Fernand
3033:
3011:
2933:
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2352:
2345:
2339:Runciman (1951)
2337:
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2313:
2309:
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2063:
2054:
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2049:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1985:
1977:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1948:Drijvers (1992)
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1847:as well as the
1819:
1815:
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1788:
1783:
1778:
1762:Shroud of Turin
1693:
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1687:
1686:
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1664:
1655:
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1640:
1633:
1621:
1582:liturgical year
1574:Pope John XXIII
1546:in 628. In the
1516:Catholic Church
1503:John Chrysostom
1496:Gentile Bellini
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1455:or fragment of
1452:
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1414:
1408:
1244:
1238:
1189:Robert de Clari
1108:John Chrysostom
1089:
1066:
1042:
1019:
984:
976:
924:Syrian Orthodox
868:When Jerusalem
848:
807:
795:crown of thorns
753:
748:
721:
681:
655:
635:
622:
608:
551:
523:
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195:Bishop of Genoa
187:
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17:
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11:
5:
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3509:
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3489:
3484:
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3444:
3443:External links
3441:
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3261:
3252:Church History
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3188:
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3074:. Vol. 4.
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2528:Gifford (1894)
2520:
2480:
2450:
2436:. 2010-03-15.
2421:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2362:
2343:
2341:, p. 294.
2331:
2329:, p. 308.
2327:Norwich (1988)
2319:
2307:
2291:
2279:
2257:
2255:, p. 167.
2245:
2243:, p. 121.
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1983:
1964:
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1937:
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1915:
1891:
1878:
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1785:
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1767:Titulus Crucis
1764:
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1750:
1744:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Île de la Cité
1712:
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1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1597:variable cycle
1590:Constantinople
1570:Roman Breviary
1558:Holy Cross Day
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
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1438:
1427:
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1409:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1353:Atse Emperor's
1288:Koutloumousiou
1273:Pisa Cathedral
1251:, who, in his
1236:
1178:Fourth Crusade
1174:Constantinople
1128:Pope Sergius I
1088:
1085:
1041:
1038:
877:Fatimid caliph
847:
844:
806:
803:
752:
751:Late antiquity
749:
747:
744:
720:
717:
693:Doctrina Addai
680:
677:
634:
631:
607:
604:
600:Constantinople
587:Helena Augusta
550:
547:
522:
519:
502:
499:
459:Holy Sepulchre
440:
437:
420:
417:
385:
382:
374:aliya la-regel
358:Orthodox cross
316:
313:
261:God's covenant
253:Queen of Sheba
238:staff of Moses
186:
181:
164:Queen of Sheba
155:
152:
129:Roman Catholic
73:Holy Sepulchre
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3429:
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3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:on 2008-01-17
3394:
3390:
3389:
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3298:
3296:0-8047-2630-2
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3258:
3254:
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3212:
3207:
3205:0-521-34770-X
3201:
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3189:
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3147:
3141:
3137:
3133:
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3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:9783161534812
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:0-7425-3822-2
3028:
3024:
3023:
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3012:
3010:9780802822482
3006:
3002:
3001:
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2991:
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2862:
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2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
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2837:
2833:
2828:
2826:90-429-1287-1
2822:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2767:on 2002-02-25
2766:
2762:
2756:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2694:
2693:Irish Central
2690:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2627:, p. 63.
2626:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2554:, p. 62.
2553:
2548:
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2536:
2529:
2524:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2413:Madden (2005)
2409:
2403:, p. 38.
2402:
2397:
2390:
2389:Malouf (1983)
2385:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2355:
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2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2231:, p. 57.
2230:
2225:
2219:, p. 42.
2218:
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2209:
2207:
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2087:
2083:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2021:on 2016-03-03
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2000:, p. 68.
1999:
1998:Herzog (1969)
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
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1908:
1905:
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1876:
1871:
1867:
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1857:
1850:
1849:hagiographies
1846:
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1730:Tree of Jesse
1728:
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1619:Image gallery
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1498:15th century.
1497:
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1476:Visoki Dečani
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1450:Kreuzpartikel
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1185:
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1180:in 1204. The
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1137:
1134:in the Felix
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955:Holy Saturday
952:
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917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
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893:
889:
888:First Crusade
885:
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483:Jewish Revolt
480:
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468:
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455:Tomb of Jesus
452:
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200:Golden Legend
196:
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66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
29:
25:
21:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3393:the original
3387:
3357:
3347:
3328:
3319:
3306:
3285:
3274:
3269:
3256:
3251:
3238:
3234:
3215:
3195:
3180:. Retrieved
3172:The Guardian
3171:
3156:
3135:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3117:. Sevastopol
3114:
3100:
3080:
3069:
3042:
3021:
2999:
2988:
2970:
2943:
2921:
2910:
2905:
2891:
2879:
2860:
2855:
2840:
2816:
2808:Bibliography
2795:. Retrieved
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2755:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2658:. Retrieved
2644:
2632:
2625:Ziehr (1997)
2620:
2608:
2601:Stone (1939)
2596:
2585:Waitz (1880)
2580:
2571:
2559:
2552:Ziehr (1997)
2547:
2540:Duval (1982)
2535:
2523:
2512:. Retrieved
2507:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:the original
2462:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2294:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2193:
2182:Zenos (1890)
2177:
2167:, retrieved
2153:
2121:
2115:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2050:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
1955:
1928:
1894:
1881:
1856:
1816:
1789:
1772:Holy Prepuce
1747:Holy Chalice
1741:Arma Christi
1739:
1594:
1551:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1383:
1376:
1361:
1338:
1316:
1285:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1232:
1220:
1208:Medieval Age
1197:
1195:in length."
1181:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1123:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1057:
1043:
975:King Baldwin
972:
928:
894:, the first
882:ordered the
874:
867:
808:
792:
782:
768:
754:
722:
692:
682:
670:
665:
659:
647:
611:
609:
570:
568:
524:
504:
444:
442:
432:Agnolo Gaddi
427:
387:
377:
373:
372:, in Hebrew
341:Isaiah 60:13
318:
308:
286:
272:
265:
250:
223:
210:
206:
205:
198:
188:
183:
133:
58:
41:
39:
23:
2819:. Peeters.
2724:Roth (2022)
2066:19 November
1933:Holt (1904)
1803:Old English
1757:Holy Sponge
1601:Good Friday
1391:during the
1357:Amba Geshen
1334:Philippines
1292:Mount Athos
1261:Santa Croce
1227:John Calvin
1147:Old English
1132:inscription
1081:Amba Geshen
1026:Queen Tamar
1001:during the
983:King Sigurd
943:Good Friday
701:Simon Peter
515:Constantine
511:Constantius
491:Constantine
354:suppedāneum
221:'s corpse.
127:, Persian,
35: 1310
3477:True Cross
3471:Categories
2797:2012-03-21
2771:2022-05-24
2746:2021-05-02
2698:2019-07-04
2660:2019-03-04
2587:, p.
2514:2023-10-10
2444:2016-01-08
2415:, p.
2375:, p.
2356:, p.
2301:, p.
2272:August 11,
2169:2024-08-23
2091:2024-09-16
2041:, p.
2025:2012-10-27
1921:References
1753:Holy Lance
1704:Holy Grail
1653:Holy Nails
1637:Notre Dame
1613:Great Lent
1584:, and the
1532:Protestant
1486:Veneration
1457:True Cross
1430:True Cross
1415: 800
1379:Sevastopol
1322:pilgrimage
1269:Notre Dame
1120:Pope Leo I
1104:Catecheses
1099:, X, 441.
1093:Mauretania
904:Holy Lance
835:Shahrbaraz
817:Khosrau II
765:pilgrimage
673:Holy Nails
656: 457
623: 450
593:, and the
246:his temple
154:Provenance
148:Protestant
144:veneration
42:True Cross
3348:Das Kreuz
3247:Sozomenus
1900:invention
1845:Augustine
1281:forgeries
1271:, Paris,
1263:in Rome,
1200:belong to
935:Holy Week
863:Jerusalem
855:Reliquary
831:Heraclius
825:Byzantine
769:Itinerary
740:Heraclius
734:Byzantine
715:sources.
658:) in his
649:Theodoret
633:Theodoret
583:Theodoret
539:Aphrodite
463:Jerusalem
197:, in the
119:) by the
81:Holy Land
77:Jerusalem
54:crucified
3458:Archived
3267:(1890).
3265:Socrates
3249:(1890).
3194:(1951).
3182:15 April
3176:Archived
3062:(1908).
2982:(1900).
2964:(1900).
2953:42618036
2903:(1890).
2901:Eusebius
2890:(1919).
2838:(1904).
2836:Cynewulf
2791:Archived
2654:Archived
2508:መጽሐፈ ጤፉት
2490:መጽሐፈ ጤፉት
2438:Archived
2186:Ch. xvii
2060:Archived
1911:inventiō
1809:Cynewulf
1691:See also
1639:in Paris
1548:Galician
1544:Persians
1300:Brussels
1239:Calvin,
1237:—
1223:churches
1212:pilgrims
1136:Basilica
1118:sent to
1046:Golgotha
1034:Damietta
963:acolytes
959:thurifer
941:on each
811:Sassanid
730:Persians
713:Armenian
709:Golgotha
689:Claudius
627:Kyriakos
495:Macarius
439:Eusebius
396:depicts
1837:Gregory
1833:legenda
1580:of the
1562:Roodmas
1459:in the
1347:to the
1257:Erasmus
1124:Letters
1113:Juvenal
1062:emperor
1030:Georgia
1011:England
999:Saladin
967:edicule
947:Calvary
920:knights
908:Antioch
828:emperor
814:Emperor
737:emperor
732:by the
616:Sozomen
610:In his
606:Sozomen
591:titulus
579:Sozomen
569:In his
475:Hadrian
410:Herod's
402:Abraham
392:in the
376:, lit.
364:or the
345:Lebanon
337:cypress
323:of the
299:of the
297:chancel
273:In the
268:crucify
257:portent
230:Solomon
117:Roodmas
111:as the
105:miracle
101:titulus
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1907:etymon
1870:German
1843:, and
1841:Jerome
1829:etymon
1822:legend
1799:Helena
1797:
1605:Matins
1526:, the
1518:, the
1432:is at
1384:Moskva
1304:Venice
1216:Simony
1193:fathom
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1060:, the
1024:, and
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1013:, the
991:Norway
985:
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973:After
961:and 2
916:canons
761:Egeria
685:Syriac
651:(died
618:(died
535:Helena
467:temple
305:Arezzo
283:fresco
240:, and
168:fresco
140:relics
97:Gestas
93:Dismas
65:Helena
28:Giotto
3237:[
2949:JSTOR
2499:(PDF)
2493:[
2473:2 May
1904:Latin
1861:Latin
1826:Latin
1781:Notes
1312:Paris
1308:Ghent
1065:Dawit
1018:Isaac
939:lauds
799:lance
786:title
773:Latin
595:nails
507:Cyril
471:Venus
350:Latin
329:cedar
242:David
234:Moses
63:that
48:that
46:cross
3363:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3220:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3184:2022
3140:ISBN
3123:2022
3115:TASS
3085:ISBN
3027:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2475:2020
2274:2022
2158:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2068:2018
1806:poet
1755:and
1514:The
1510:sun.
1339:The
1296:Rome
1275:and
1150:poem
1145:The
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951:sext
809:The
581:and
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335:and
333:pine
277:and
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