172:
36:
20:
121:
The troika was developed in Russia during the 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail and then having become common by the late 18th century. It was used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads over long
117:
At full speed a troika can reach 45–50 kilometres per hour (28–31 mph), which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th–19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride.
211:
whose deaths had not yet been registered by population censuses) with the intent of taking out a loan against them. The irony of the iconic
Russian troika being the bearer of a swindler has been discussed in
122:
distances. Prior to this time, only groups of three or more people could use three horses, and a single person or two people had the right to only drive a single horse or a pair.
244:
140:
The troika was a part of both urban and rural culture. The horses usually driven in a troika were generally plain and rather small; for example the
450:
79:. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. The middle horse is usually harnessed in a
382:
103:
and the left-hand horse on the left lead. The troika is often claimed to be the world's only harness combination with different
286:
110:
The term "troika" is sometimes used to refer to any three-horse team harnessed abreast, regardless of harness style or what
443:
436:
336:
238:
1325:
199:
1297:
1256:
1287:
228:
1251:
1122:
1112:
603:
751:
578:
187:
The troika has become a cultural icon of Russia, especially after it was featured in a scene of
1292:
1282:
1150:
1082:
383:"Prokofiev's score for the film 'Lieutenant Kijé' ahead of its time - CSO Sounds & Stories"
817:
1145:
1049:
1059:
1054:
894:
779:
8:
1087:
1039:
1034:
929:
852:
746:
697:
692:
687:
572:
550:
509:
459:
266:
111:
43:
567:
1330:
1272:
974:
969:
959:
944:
827:
795:
672:
305:
207:, the protagonist of the novel – is a fraudster buying "dead souls" (ownership of dead
160:
88:
197:, where a character marvels at a troika speeding through the vast expanses of Russia (
731:
662:
651:
636:
593:
494:
428:
320:
92:
1155:
1074:
939:
608:
555:
519:
499:
484:
479:
234:
180:
1231:
1107:
1024:
949:
847:
805:
741:
583:
357:
256:
213:
148:(57 inches, 145 cm). However, the wealthy preferred to use the elegant
419:
137:. Decorated troikas were popular in major religious celebrations and weddings.
23:
A troika pulled by horses from the Moscow stud, with the middle horse wearing a
1277:
1185:
1160:
964:
909:
904:
873:
868:
857:
800:
702:
598:
141:
126:
1319:
1308:‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services
1246:
1132:
1029:
914:
561:
261:
188:
149:
68:
1241:
1195:
1165:
1140:
884:
80:
24:
1236:
1180:
1175:
1117:
1102:
1092:
924:
719:
713:
677:
145:
1019:
878:
724:
707:
682:
656:
614:
410:
193:
104:
100:
47:
1221:
1097:
899:
785:
761:
736:
667:
544:
514:
276:
204:
171:
134:
91:
harness. The troika is traditionally driven so that the middle horse
84:
28:
35:
1211:
832:
810:
641:
630:
624:
534:
489:
463:
281:
1216:
1170:
1011:
995:
954:
837:
646:
588:
529:
504:
1226:
1190:
1044:
889:
862:
822:
619:
539:
524:
176:
156:
130:
96:
76:
65:
19:
159:
hippodrome in 1840. The troika was also exhibited at the 1911
1064:
934:
919:
842:
756:
208:
72:
990:
790:
271:
233:
portrays a wild ride on a troika, accompanied by music by
458:
243:
orchestral suite; the "Troika" movement in particular
200:
Oh troika, winged troika, tell me who invented you?
129:, the upper classes would use a troika driven by a
1317:
155:The first troika competitions were held in the
237:. Prokofiev later expanded his score into the
444:
59:
31:, and the side horses in breastcollar harness
99:; the right-hand horse will be on the right
451:
437:
203:). The person carried by Gogol's troika –
16:Carriage pulled by three beasts of burden
170:
64:, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional
34:
18:
1318:
432:
287:Vladimir Zhirinovsky's donkey video
13:
14:
1342:
404:
337:"Troika Sleigh - Russian Studies"
87:; the side horses are usually in
166:
375:
350:
329:
314:
299:
144:was not taller than 14.1
1:
292:
7:
250:
75:abreast, usually pulling a
10:
1347:
1257:Equestrian use of roadways
358:"Шукшин Василий Макарович"
1306:
1265:
1204:
1131:
1073:
1009:
983:
770:
470:
71:combination, using three
60:
1252:Museums and collections
1123:Whippletree/double tree
387:csosoundsandstories.org
247:in many popular works.
1103:Swingletree/singletree
227:The 1934 Russian film
184:
51:
32:
473:carriages and coaches
174:
40:Traveler in a Kibitka
38:
22:
1075:Vehicle construction
1055:Trolley and lift van
895:Limbers and caissons
460:Horse-drawn vehicles
95:and the side horses
1088:Front axle assembly
773:carriages and carts
693:Runabout (carriage)
267:Horse-drawn vehicle
112:horse-drawn vehicle
44:Aleksander Orlowski
1326:Russian inventions
960:Two-wheeled calash
321:Again about troika
185:
161:Festival of Empire
52:
33:
1313:
1312:
663:Marathon carriage
1338:
1288:Carriage museums
625:Horsebus/Omnibus
609:Hackney carriage
453:
446:
439:
430:
429:
425:
416:
398:
397:
395:
393:
379:
373:
372:
370:
368:
354:
348:
347:
345:
343:
333:
327:
326:
318:
312:
311:
303:
235:Sergei Prokofiev
218:Started Skidding
181:Palekh miniature
179:, an example of
63:
62:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1261:
1200:
1127:
1069:
1025:Conestoga wagon
1005:
979:
772:
766:
472:
466:
457:
423:
422:at damascus.ru
414:
407:
402:
401:
391:
389:
381:
380:
376:
366:
364:
356:
355:
351:
341:
339:
335:
334:
330:
324:
319:
315:
309:
304:
300:
295:
257:Driving (horse)
253:
245:has been reused
240:Lieutenant Kijé
230:Lieutenant Kijé
216:'s short story
214:Vasily Shukshin
169:
107:of the horses.
69:harness driving
17:
12:
11:
5:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
965:Un-sprung cart
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:Red River cart
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
874:Governess cart
871:
866:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
793:
788:
783:
776:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
728:
727:
717:
711:
705:
703:Spider phaeton
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
622:
617:
612:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
565:
559:
553:
548:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
474:
468:
467:
456:
455:
448:
441:
433:
427:
426:
417:
413:at zooclub.ru
411:Russian troika
406:
405:External links
403:
400:
399:
374:
349:
328:
323:at pravdin.su
313:
308:at equiros.ru
306:Russian troika
297:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
252:
249:
168:
165:
127:Russian Empire
58:(Russian:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Horse driving
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Coachbuilders
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Breast collar
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Undercarriage
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Covered wagon
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1010:Wagons &
1008:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Sicilian cart
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
775:
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
563:
562:Concord coach
560:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
469:
465:
461:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
431:
421:
418:
412:
409:
408:
388:
384:
378:
363:
359:
353:
338:
332:
322:
317:
307:
302:
298:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Horse harness
260:
258:
255:
254:
248:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
201:
196:
195:
190:
189:Nikolay Gogol
182:
178:
173:
167:Cultural icon
164:
162:
158:
153:
151:
150:Orlov Trotter
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
57:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1242:Driving club
1141:Bearing rein
1083:Coachbuilder
1000:
885:Jaunting car
818:Chasse-marée
604:Four-in-hand
471:Four-wheeled
424:(in Russian)
420:Jingle bells
415:(in Russian)
390:. Retrieved
386:
377:
365:. Retrieved
361:
352:
340:. Retrieved
331:
325:(in Russian)
316:
310:(in Russian)
301:
239:
229:
226:
222:"Забуксовал"
221:
217:
198:
192:
186:
175:Troika with
154:
142:Vyatka horse
139:
124:
120:
116:
109:
89:breastcollar
81:horse collar
55:
53:
39:
25:horse collar
1237:Draft horse
1176:Horse brass
1118:Wheelwright
1093:Hammercloth
991:Sled/sleigh
984:Non-wheeled
925:Sprung cart
771:Two-wheeled
720:State coach
714:Stage wagon
678:Post chaise
272:Sled/sleigh
163:in London.
125:During the
1320:Categories
1266:Categories
1113:Wainwright
1020:Chuckwagon
879:Hansom cab
708:Stagecoach
683:Road Coach
657:Mail coach
293:References
194:Dead Souls
48:lithograph
46:, an 1819
1331:Carriages
1273:Carriages
1222:Postilion
1156:Breeching
1098:Shaft bow
900:Ralli car
786:Cape cart
780:Cabriolet
762:Wagonette
752:Vis-à-vis
737:Tarantass
668:Park Drag
579:Dos-à-dos
573:Diligence
545:Charabanc
515:Buckboard
464:carriages
277:Trigarium
205:Chichikov
191:'s novel
135:postilion
114:is used.
85:shaft bow
29:shaft bow
1212:Coachman
1146:Blinders
930:Stanhope
833:Curricle
811:Quadriga
747:Victoria
698:Sociable
688:Rockaway
642:Karozzin
631:Horsecar
551:Clarence
535:Carryall
510:Brougham
490:Barouche
362:hrono.ru
282:Carriage
251:See also
1232:Driving
1217:Footman
1205:Related
1171:Crupper
1133:Harness
1050:Trolley
1012:drayage
996:Travois
975:Whiskey
970:Volante
955:Tumbrel
945:Tilbury
838:Dogcart
828:Croydon
796:Chariot
673:Phaeton
647:Kibitka
589:Droshky
530:Cariole
505:Britzka
66:Russian
1298:Images
1247:Tandem
1227:Livery
1191:Terret
1186:Saddle
1166:Collar
1161:Bridle
1045:Telega
1001:Troika
890:Kalesa
863:Gharry
823:Cidomo
732:Surrey
725:Gilded
652:Landau
637:Jingle
620:Herdic
615:Hearse
594:Fiacre
540:Chaise
525:Calash
495:Berlin
392:30 May
367:30 May
342:30 May
177:wolves
157:Moscow
133:-clad
131:livery
97:canter
77:sleigh
73:horses
61:тройка
56:troika
1278:Carts
1196:Trace
1181:Lines
1065:Wagon
1060:Vardo
1040:Lorry
1035:Float
940:Tanga
935:Sulky
920:Sjees
853:Float
843:Dokar
806:Triga
757:Vozok
742:Triga
568:Coupé
556:Coach
520:Buggy
500:Brake
485:Bandy
480:Araba
209:serfs
146:hands
105:gaits
93:trots
950:Trap
910:Shay
858:Gari
848:Ekka
801:Biga
791:Cart
584:Drag
462:and
394:2019
369:2019
344:2019
101:lead
83:and
27:and
869:Gig
599:Fly
224:).
42:by
1322::
385:.
360:.
152:.
54:A
881:‡
865:‡
782:‡
716:‡
710:‡
659:‡
633:‡
627:‡
611:‡
575:‡
564:‡
558:‡
547:‡
452:e
445:t
438:v
396:.
371:.
346:.
220:(
183:.
50:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
