678:
174:
447:, another animal that naturally paces. However, a camel is much taller than a horse and so even at relatively fast speeds, a rider can follow the rocking motion of a camel. A pacing horse, being smaller and taking quicker steps, moves from side to side at a rate that becomes difficult for a rider to follow at speed, so though the gait is faster and useful for harness racing, it becomes impractical as a gait for riding at speed over long distances. However, in the case of the Icelandic horse, where the pace is known as the
20:
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113:
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the right hind leg); then the horse lifts its right front leg (it is now supported laterally on both left legs), and shortly afterwards it sets down the right hind leg (only the right front leg is now lifted). Then it lifts its left hind leg (diagonal support), puts down the right front (lateral support), lifts the left front, puts down the left hind, and the pattern repeats.
252:
Listening to a horse canter, one can usually hear the three beats as though a drum had been struck three times in succession. Then there is a rest, and immediately afterwards the three-beat occurs again. The faster the horse is moving, the longer the suspension time between the three beats. The word is thought to be short for "Canterbury gallop".
405:
146:
263:". Except in special cases, such as the counter-canter, it is desirable for a horse to lead with its inside legs when on a circle. Therefore, a horse that begins cantering with the right hind leg as described above will have the left front and hind legs each land farther forward. This would be referred to as being on the "left lead".
301:
267:
into the canter. In addition, when jumping over fences, the rider typically signals the horse to land on the correct lead to approach the next fence or turn. The rider can also request the horse to deliberately take up the wrong lead (counter-canter), a move required in some dressage competitions and routine in
648:
395:
In complete contrast to the suspended phase of a gallop, when a horse jumps over a fence, the legs are stretched out while in the air, and the front legs hit the ground before the hind legs. Essentially, the horse takes the first two steps of a galloping stride on the take-off side of the fence, and
308:
The gallop is very much like the canter, except that it is faster, more ground-covering, and the three-beat canter changes to a four-beat gait. It is the fastest gait of the horse, averaging about 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), and in the wild is used when the animal needs to flee
204:
To not be jostled out of the saddle and to not harm the horse by bouncing on its back, riders must learn specific skills in order to "sit" the trot. Most riders can easily learn to sit a slow jog trot without bouncing. A skilled rider can ride even a powerfully extended trot without bouncing, but to
169:
In this gait, the horse moves its legs in unison in diagonal pairs. From the standpoint of the balance of the horse, this is a very stable gait, and the horse need not make major balancing motions with its head and neck. The trot is the working gait for a horse. Horses can only canter and gallop for
485:
and other tasks where a rider must spend long periods of time in the saddle. There are two basic types: lateral, wherein the front and hind feet on the same side move in sequence, and diagonal, where the front and hind feet on opposite sides move in sequence. Ambling gaits are further distinguished
412:
The pace is a lateral two-beat gait. In the pace, the two legs on the same side of the horse move forward together, unlike the trot, where the two legs diagonally opposite from each other move forward together. In both the pace and the trot, two feet are always off the ground. The trot is much more
339:
Like a canter, the horse will strike off with its non-leading hind foot; but the second stage of the canter becomes, in the gallop, the second and third stages because the inside hind foot hits the ground a split second before the outside front foot. Then both gaits end with the striking off of the
124:
In detail, a horse starts a walk by lifting its left front leg (the other three feet are touching the ground). It then lifts its right hind leg (while being supported by the diagonal pair right front and left hind). Next, the left front foot touches the ground (the horse is now supported by all but
120:
The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about 7 kilometres per hour (4.3 mph). When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will alternate between having three or two feet
476:
There are a significant number of names for various four-beat intermediate gaits. Though these names derive from differences in footfall patterns and speed, historically they were once grouped together and collectively referred to as the "amble". In the United States, horses that are able to amble
343:
Contrary to the old "classic" paintings of running horses, which showed all four legs stretched out in the suspension phase, when the legs are stretched out, at least one foot is still in contact with the ground. When all four feet are off the ground in the suspension phase of the gallop, the legs
192:
Depending on the horse and its speed, a trot can be difficult for a rider to sit because the body of the horse drops a bit between beats and bounces up again when the next set of legs strike the ground. Each time another diagonal pair of legs hits the ground, the rider can be jolted upwards out of
136:
The fastest "walks" with a four-beat footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of ambling gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot, and similar rapid but smooth intermediate speed gaits. If a horse begins to speed up and lose a regular four-beat cadence to its gait, the horse is no longer
266:
When a rider is added to the horse's natural balance, the question of the lead becomes more important. When riding in an enclosed area such as an arena, the correct lead provides the horse with better balance. The rider typically signals the horse which lead to take when moving from a slower gait
255:
In the canter, one of the horse's rear legs – the right hind leg, for example – propels the horse forward. During this beat, the horse is supported only on that single leg while the remaining three legs are moving forward. On the next beat the horse catches itself on the left hind and
246:
performing the canter. The left hind and right fore will land at the same moment, creating three beats in the stride. This horse is on the left lead, as the left rear and right fore are moving together, with the left hind leading the right hind. As the left fore lands, it will be in front of the
458:
A horse that paces and is not used in harness is often taught to perform some form of amble, obtained by lightly unbalancing the horse so the footfalls of the pace break up into a four beat lateral gait that is smoother to ride. A rider cannot properly post to a pacing horse because there is no
208:
Because the trot is such a safe and efficient gait for a horse, learning to ride the trot correctly is an important component in almost all equestrian disciplines. Nonetheless, "gaited" or "ambling" horses that possess smooth four-beat intermediate gaits that replace or supplement the trot (see
103:
The so-called "natural" gaits, in increasing order of speed, are the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. Some consider these as three gaits, with the canter a variation of the gallop. All four gaits are seen in wild horse populations. While other intermediate speed gaits may occur naturally to some
251:
The canter, or Lope as it is known in
Western circles of riding, is a controlled three-beat gait that is usually a bit faster than the average trot but slower than the gallop. The average speed of a canter is 16–27 km/h (10–17 mph), depending on the length of the stride of the horse.
309:
from predators or simply cover short distances quickly. Horses seldom will gallop more than 1.5 to 3 kilometres (0.9 to 2 mi) before they need to rest, though horses can sustain a moderately paced gallop for longer distances before they become winded and have to slow down.
608:
is a gait that is often described as being unique to the
Icelandic horse. The footfall pattern is the same as for the rack, but the tölt is characterized by more freedom and liquidity of movement. Some breeds of horses that are related to the Icelandic horse, living in the
224:. The piaffe is essentially created by asking the horse to trot in place, with very little forward motion. The passage is an exaggerated slow motion trot. Both require tremendous collection, careful training and considerable physical conditioning for a horse to perform.
205:
do so requires well-conditioned back and abdominal muscles, and to do so for long periods is tiring for even experienced riders. A fast, uncollected, racing trot, such as that of the harness racing horse, is virtually impossible to sit.
512:
breed, but it is also seen under different names in other gaited breeds. The fox trot is a four-beat diagonal gait in which the front foot of the diagonal pair lands before the hind. The same footfall pattern is characteristic of the
486:
by whether the footfall rhythm is isochronous (four equal beats in a 1–2–3–4 rhythm) or non-isochronous (1–2, 3–4 rhythm) created by a slight pause between the ground strike of the forefoot of one side to the hind foot of the other.
153:
The trot is a two-beat gait that has a wide variation in possible speeds and averages about 13 kilometres per hour (8.1 mph). A very slow trot is sometimes referred to as a jog. An extremely fast trot has no special name, but in
128:
Ideally, the advancing rear hoof oversteps the spot where the previously advancing front hoof touched the ground. The more the rear hoof oversteps, the smoother and more comfortable the walk becomes. Individual horses and different
480:
All ambling gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter. They are smoother for a rider than either a trot or a pace, and most can be sustained for relatively long periods, making them particularly desirable for
271:, which requires a degree of collection and balance in the horse. The switch from one lead to another without breaking gait is called the "flying lead change" or "flying change". This switch is also a feature of dressage and
256:
right front legs while the other hind leg is still momentarily on the ground. On the third beat, the horse catches itself on the left front leg while the diagonal pair is momentarily still in contact with the ground.
592:
The slow gait is a general term for various lateral gaits that follow the same general lateral footfall pattern, but the rhythm and collection of the movements are different. Terms for various slow gaits include the
104:
horses, these four basic gaits occur in nature across almost all horse breeds. In some animals the trot is replaced by the pace or an ambling gait. Horses who possess an ambling gait are usually also able to trot.
170:
short periods at a time, after which they need time to rest and recover. Horses in good condition can maintain a working trot for hours. The trot is the main way horses travel quickly from one place to the next.
74:" gaits that are various smooth-riding, four-beat footfall patterns that may appear naturally in some individuals. Special training is often required before a horse will perform an ambling gait in response to a
773:"Junior Equitation and Horse Welfare 3A requires riders to 'maintain a balanced and secure position at walk, trot (sitting and rising), canter and gallop, showing the rider is progressing along the right lines"
477:
are referred to as "gaited". In almost all cases, the primary feature of the ambling gaits is that one of the feet is bearing full weight at any one time, reflected in the colloquial term, "singlefoot".
340:
leading leg, followed by a moment of suspension when all four feet are off the ground. A careful listener or observer can tell an extended canter from a gallop by the presence of the fourth beat.
443:
With one exception, a fast pace is uncomfortable for riding and very difficult to sit, because the rider is moved rapidly from side to side. The motion feels somewhat as if the rider is on a
462:
Based on studies of the
Icelandic horse, it is possible that the pace may be heritable and linked to a single genetic mutation on DMRT3 in the same manner as the lateral ambling gaits.
365:
Stills of the
Muybridge sequence; images 7 and 8 show the suspension phase, the second from the last image shows the broken strike sequence of the inside hind and outside fore feet
133:
vary in the smoothness of their walk. However, a rider will almost always feel some degree of gentle side-to-side motion in the horse's hips as each hind leg reaches forward.
585:, a four-beat lateral gait with footfalls in the same sequence as the regular walk but characterized by greater speed and smoothness. It is a distinctive natural gait of the
278:
If a horse is leading with one front foot but the opposite hind foot, it produces an awkward rolling movement, called a cross-canter, disunited canter or "cross-firing".
489:
Not all horses can perform an ambling gait. However, many breeds can be trained to produce them. In most "gaited" breeds, an ambling gait is a hereditary trait. A 2012
424:
A slow pace can be relatively comfortable, as the rider is lightly rocked from side to side. A slightly uneven pace that is somewhat between a pace and an amble is the
493:
study of movement in
Icelandic horses and mice have determined that a mutation on the gene DMRT3, which is related to limb movement and motion, causes a premature "
201:
to the trot, rising up and down in rhythm with the horse to avoid being jolted. Posting is easy on the horse's back and once mastered is also easy on the rider.
328:, which in a short sprint of a quarter mile (0.25 miles (0.40 km)) or less has been clocked at speeds approaching 55 miles per hour (88.5 km/h). The
970:
772:
754:
421:
horses, pacers breed truer than trotters – that is, trotting sires have a higher proportion of pacers among their get than pacing sires do of trotters.
1523:
578:. In the rack, the speed is increased to be approximately that of the pace, but it is a four-beat gait with equal intervals between each beat.
1240:
100:, but not the gallop. The British Horse Society equitation examinations also require proficiency in the gallop as distinct from the canter.
677:
755:"Junior Equitation and Horse Welfare 2A requires riders to 'be able to develop a hand gallop from a canter and return smoothly to canter"
1663:
1556:
1455:
184:, was the first painting to demonstrate precisely how horses move based on systematic photographic analysis. Eakins based these on
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the other two steps on the landing side. A horse has to collect its hindquarters after a jump to strike off into the next stride.
1460:
1264:
1974:
1295:
1235:
92:
rules require competitors to perform four variations of the walk, six forms of the trot, five leaping gaits (all forms of the
1858:
166:. The North American speed record for a racing trot under saddle was measured at 48.68 kilometres per hour (30.25 mph)
70:
are typically categorized into two groups: the "natural" gaits that most horses will use without special training, and the "
1764:
1513:
1465:
861:
417:, naturally prefer to pace. Pacers are also faster than trotters on average, though horses are raced at both gaits. Among
193:
the saddle and meet the horse with some force on the way back down. Therefore, at most speeds above a jog, especially in
259:
The more extended foreleg is matched by a slightly more extended hind leg on the same side. This is referred to as a "
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diagonal gait pattern to follow, though some riders attempt to avoid jostling by rhythmically rising and sitting.
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177:
149:
The trot, a two-beat gait involving diagonal pairs of legs. The two legs with white stockings are off the ground.
329:
1723:
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121:
on the ground. A horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance.
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1600:
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377:
of racing
Thoroughbreds, the average racing colt has a stride length of 24.6 feet (7.5 m); that of
1984:
1503:
1288:
358:, are the first documented example of high-speed photography and they clearly show the horse airborne.
324:
are sometimes raced as far as 2.5 miles (4.0 km). The fastest galloping speed is achieved by the
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1508:
1400:
85:
uses three categories: walking and ambling gaits, running or trotting gaits, and leaping gaits. The
1757:
1653:
1482:
668:
586:
647:
528:
Many South
American horse breeds have a range of smooth intermediate lateral ambling gaits. The
1924:
1853:
1773:
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1498:
325:
213:" below) are popular with riders who prefer for various reasons not to have to ride at a trot.
62:
46:
1848:
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1281:
86:
1170:
348:
settled an argument about whether racehorses were ever fully airborne: he paid photographer
2005:
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509:
173:
130:
332:
lists a
Thoroughbred as having averaged 43.97 miles per hour (70.76 km/h) over a two-
8:
1843:
1797:
1750:
1335:
575:
378:
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32:
1086:
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1103:
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28:
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1202:
1141:
1108:
1049:
1028:
953:
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883:
862:"Chantal Rides Trotter to North American Record – Horse Racing News – Paulick Report"
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818:
797:
738:
714:
320:
horse races are seldom longer than 1.5 miles (2.4 km), though in some countries
287:
233:
93:
24:
1245:
1172:
1071:"Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice"
381:, for instance, was 24.8 feet (7.6 m), which was probably part of his success.
1360:
1355:
1098:
1090:
633:
243:
112:
404:
216:
Two variations of the trot are specially trained in advanced dressage horses: the
1979:
1817:
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1705:
1700:
1440:
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1365:
1268:
1171:
Agricultural
Communications, Texas A&M University System (5 September 2012).
653:
433:
345:
455:, it is a smooth and highly valued gait, ridden in short bursts at great speed.
300:
1935:
1445:
1435:
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1395:
1330:
1325:
1320:
414:
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155:
82:
50:
19:
238:
1999:
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1643:
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629:
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321:
181:
75:
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71:
1951:
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1905:
1900:
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1801:
1615:
1610:
1595:
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1576:
1410:
572:
361:
1094:
1920:
1658:
1625:
1477:
1472:
1405:
1246:
Map detailing the relationship between the gaits of the
Icelandic horse
683:
494:
385:
374:
260:
1620:
529:
384:
A controlled gallop used to show a horse's ground-covering stride in
97:
1910:
89:
977:. American Quarter Horse Association. May 26, 2014. Archived from
1882:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1683:
1668:
432:. On the other hand, a slow pace is considered undesirable in an
333:
292:
272:
1420:
1415:
614:
217:
735:
Understanding Balance: The Mechanics of Posture and Locomotion
556:. The lateral gait of the Mangalarga Marchador is called the
1304:
532:'s speed variations are called (from slowest to fastest) the
444:
370:
352:
to prove it photographically. The resulting photos, known as
38:
1781:
268:
67:
42:
1273:
490:
413:
common, but some horses, particularly in breeds bred for
296:
The suspension phase, seen in the canter and the gallop
145:
1173:"'Gaited' Gene Mutation and Related Motion Examined"
571:
is a lateral gait most commonly associated with the
188:'s 1878 photographs of the trotter "Abe Edgington".
1069:Andersson, Lisa S; et al. (30 August 2012).
137:walking but is beginning to either trot or pace.
81:Another system of classification that applies to
49:, either naturally or as a result of specialized
1997:
1258:– videos of walking gaits of various racehorses
1241:Animations of the gaits of the Icelandic horse
788:
786:
388:competition is called a "gallop in hand" or a
210:
1772:
1758:
1289:
729:
727:
162:is faster than the gallop of the average non-
1201:6th edition USA: Interstate Publishers 1990
713:6th edition USA: Interstate Publishers 1990
628:is a four-beat lateral gait associated with
336:(0.25 miles (402 m)) distance in 2008.
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942:
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900:
898:
896:
783:
1765:
1751:
1296:
1282:
835:
833:
831:
724:
1262:Natural Gaits of the Horse from eXtension
1157:Lieberman, Bobbie. "Easy-Gaited Horses".
1102:
1068:
1064:
1062:
705:
703:
701:
1456:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics
1164:
1119:
1038:
1017:
992:
937:
893:
497:" in horses with lateral ambling gaits.
403:
360:
344:are bent rather than extended. In 1877,
299:
291:
237:
172:
144:
111:
18:
1191:
872:
828:
807:
691:
1998:
1975:Animal locomotion on the water surface
1059:
971:"American Quarter Horse-Racing Basics"
698:
525:seen in various South American breeds.
312:The gallop is the gait of the classic
1746:
1277:
1161:, issue 359, August, 2007, pp. 47–51.
733:Tristan David Martin Roberts (1995)
1223:Photographs of various horse traits
13:
548:'s lateral gaits are known as the
508:is most often associated with the
45:(patterns of leg movement) during
14:
2017:
1606:Mountain and moorland pony breeds
1216:
1140:New York: Howell Book House 1993
1138:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
1048:New York: Howell Book House 1993
1046:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
1027:New York: Howell Book House 1993
1025:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
952:New York: Howell Book House 1993
950:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
908:New York: Howell Book House 1993
906:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
882:New York: Howell Book House 1993
880:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
843:New York: Howell Book House 1993
841:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
817:New York: Howell Book House 1993
815:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
796:New York: Howell Book House 1993
794:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement
500:The major ambling gaits include:
56:
1727:
1726:
1000:"Fastest speed for a race horse"
676:
661:
646:
227:
1252:Bluegrass Thoroughbred Services
1151:
963:
919:
178:The Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand
854:
765:
747:
330:Guinness Book of World Records
47:locomotion across solid ground
1:
1724:Lists of horse-related topics
927:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1391:Glossary of equestrian terms
7:
1891:Comparative foot morphology
275:schooling and competition.
16:Ways of movement of equines
10:
2024:
1514:Ancient and Imperial China
1303:
1179:. Blood-Horse Publications
469:
465:
285:
231:
116:The walk, a four-beat gait
60:
1970:
1944:
1881:
1836:
1790:
1780:
1774:Animal locomotion on land
1719:
1634:
1575:
1537:
1491:
1401:List of equestrian sports
1379:
1311:
281:
197:disciplines, most riders
1199:Horses and Horsemanship
711:Horses and Horsemanship
669:Tennessee Walking Horse
587:Tennessee Walking Horse
436:, where it is called a
399:
140:
107:
1854:Rectilinear locomotion
1004:Guinness World Records
409:
366:
326:American Quarter Horse
305:
297:
248:
189:
150:
117:
63:Terrestrial locomotion
35:
1849:Undulatory locomotion
975:America's Horse Daily
866:www.paulickreport.com
407:
364:
303:
295:
241:
176:
148:
115:
87:British Horse Society
22:
868:. 23 September 2013.
692:Notes and references
510:Missouri Fox Trotter
1844:Concertina movement
1798:Arboreal locomotion
1524:Indian subcontinent
1095:10.1038/nature11399
1087:2012Natur.488..642A
686:performing the rack
671:at the running walk
576:American Saddlebred
440:or a "piggy-pace".
373:, who analyzed the
355:The Horse in Motion
1557:American Civil War
1312:Equine science and
1267:2010-04-13 at the
1236:Gaits of the Horse
1227:Eadweard Muybridge
931:www.etymonline.com
737:, Nelson Thornes,
410:
367:
350:Eadweard Muybridge
306:
298:
249:
190:
186:Eadweard Muybridge
151:
118:
36:
29:Eadweard Muybridge
1993:
1992:
1877:
1876:
1740:
1739:
1231:Animals in Motion
1197:Ensminger, M. E.
1136:Harris, Susan E.
1081:(7413): 642–646.
1044:Harris, Susan E.
1023:Harris, Susan E.
948:Harris, Susan E.
904:Harris, Susan E.
878:Harris, Susan E.
839:Harris, Susan E.
813:Harris, Susan E.
792:Harris, Susan E.
709:Ensminger, M. E.
451:"flying pace" or
288:Canter and gallop
234:Canter and gallop
25:chronophotography
2013:
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1787:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
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989:
987:
986:
981:on March 9, 2016
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781:
780:
769:
763:
762:
751:
745:
731:
722:
707:
680:
665:
650:
640:breeds of India.
158:, the trot of a
41:can use various
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1980:Fish locomotion
1966:
1940:
1873:
1832:
1818:Knuckle-walking
1776:
1771:
1741:
1736:
1715:
1630:
1571:
1552:Napoleonic Wars
1533:
1487:
1383:
1375:
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211:ambling gaits
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182:Thomas Eakins
180:(1879–80) by
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1808:Hand-walking
1694:Winged horse
1689:White horses
1586:Horse breeds
1577:Horse breeds
1567:World War II
1451:Horse racing
1350:
1336:Conformation
1230:
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1181:. Retrieved
1176:
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1137:
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1007:. Retrieved
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983:. Retrieved
979:the original
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638:Sindhi horse
625:
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617:, also tölt.
605:
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583:running walk
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554:sobreandando
553:
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541:
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483:trail riding
479:
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472:Ambling gait
461:
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426:sobreandando
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419:Standardbred
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318:Thoroughbred
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160:Standardbred
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80:
78:'s command.
66:
37:
27:sequence by
2006:Horse gaits
1952:Canine gait
1925:Facultative
1911:Unguligrade
1906:Plantigrade
1901:Digitigrade
1869:Other modes
1864:Sidewinding
1802:Brachiation
1616:Stock horse
1611:Sport horse
1596:Feral horse
1591:Draft horse
1562:World War I
1509:Middle Ages
1183:6 September
656:at the tölt
573:five-gaited
390:hand gallop
379:Secretariat
247:right fore.
53:by humans.
1962:Human gait
1957:Horse gait
1659:Hippomancy
1626:Wild horse
1478:Equitation
1473:Horse show
1406:Horse tack
1356:Management
1341:Coat color
1314:management
985:2016-03-09
684:Saddlebred
634:Kathiawari
599:singlefoot
550:paso llano
542:paso largo
538:paso corto
495:stop codon
386:horse show
375:biometrics
314:race horse
286:See also:
244:Andalusian
232:See also:
83:quadrupeds
61:See also:
1936:Quadruped
1706:Symbolism
1701:Sacrifice
1664:Mythology
1621:Warmblood
1579:and types
1547:East Asia
1499:Evolution
1461:medalists
1384:and sport
1371:Slaughter
1366:Valuation
1361:Nutrition
1177:The Horse
1148:pp. 50–55
1035:pp. 57–63
1009:8 January
960:pp. 47–49
916:pp. 42–44
851:pp. 35–37
825:pp. 32–33
721:pp. 65–66
534:paso fino
530:Paso Fino
519:pasitrote
453:flugskeið
316:. Modern
304:In motion
164:racehorse
98:rein back
2000:Category
1945:Specific
1732:Category
1331:Breeding
1326:Behavior
1265:Archived
1113:22932389
506:fox trot
220:and the
90:dressage
51:training
23:An 1878
1883:Anatomy
1859:Rolling
1837:Legless
1828:Walking
1823:Running
1813:Jumping
1711:Worship
1684:Unicorn
1674:Chinese
1669:Centaur
1654:Fiction
1636:Culture
1539:Warfare
1519:Britain
1492:History
1483:Therapy
1441:Driving
1426:Harness
1321:Anatomy
1250:Equix:
1104:3523687
1083:Bibcode
630:Marwari
569:racking
466:Ambling
428:of the
334:furlong
273:reining
222:passage
72:ambling
1931:Triped
1916:Uniped
1791:Legged
1679:Nordic
1649:Burial
1466:venues
1421:Saddle
1416:Bridle
1346:Genome
1305:Horses
1205:
1144:
1111:
1101:
1075:Nature
1052:
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956:
912:
886:
847:
821:
800:
741:
717:
626:ravaal
622:revaal
615:Norway
544:. The
540:, and
515:trocha
449:skeið,
282:Gallop
218:piaffe
131:breeds
94:canter
39:Horses
1921:Biped
1784:class
1225:, by
1209:p. 68
1159:Equus
1056:p. 50
890:p. 39
804:p. 32
521:and
445:camel
371:Equix
76:rider
68:Gaits
43:gaits
31:of a
1782:Gait
1351:Gait
1203:ISBN
1185:2012
1142:ISBN
1109:PMID
1050:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1011:2013
954:ISBN
910:ISBN
884:ISBN
845:ISBN
819:ISBN
798:ISBN
739:ISBN
715:ISBN
620:The
613:and
606:tölt
604:The
597:and
581:The
565:rack
563:The
552:and
504:The
438:lull
408:Pace
400:Pace
269:polo
261:lead
199:post
141:Trot
108:Walk
1644:Art
1411:Bit
1099:PMC
1091:doi
1079:488
636:or
624:or
567:or
491:DNA
242:An
2002::
1254:,
1229:,
1175:.
1121:^
1107:.
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1077:.
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1061:^
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864:.
830:^
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757:.
726:^
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632:,
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517:,
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1923:(
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1800:(
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1752:v
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988:.
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761:.
601:.
589:.
560:.
209:"
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