553:
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1715:, in which males are smaller than females in small-bodied species, and males are larger than females in large-bodied species. The extent of this sexual size difference varies among clades of hummingbirds. For example, the Mellisugini clade (bees) exhibits a large size dimorphism, with females being larger than males. Conversely, the Lesbiini clade (coquettes) displays very little size dimorphism; males and females are similar in size. Sexual dimorphisms in bill size and shape are also present between male and female hummingbirds, where in many clades, females have longer, more curved bills favored for accessing nectar from tall flowers. For males and females of the same size, females tend to have larger bills.
504:
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coevolving alongside specific hummingbirds in mutualistic pairings. Both ornithophilous plants and hummingbirds are now known to not be nearly selective enough for this to be true. Less accessible ornithophiles (for example, those requiring long bills) still rely on multiple hummingbird species for pollination. More importantly, hummingbirds tend not to be especially selective nectar-feeders, even regularly visiting non-ornithophilous plants, as well as ornithophiles which appear poorly suited for feeding by their species. Feeding efficiency is optimized, however, when birds feed on flowers better suited to their bill morphologies.
3066:
3105:, some essential acids are severely or entirely lacking. Though hummingbird protein requirements appear to be quite small, at 1.5% of the diet, nectar is still an inadequate source; most if not all hummingbirds therefore supplement their diet with the consumption of invertebrates. Insectivory is not thought to be calorically important; nonetheless, regular consumption of arthropods is considered crucial for birds to thrive. In fact, it has been suggested that the majority of non-caloric nutritional needs of hummingbirds are met by insectivory, but nectars do contain appreciable quantities of certain
669:
627:
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635:
126:
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492:
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760:
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3124:(e.g., swifts), insectivory is probably of regular importance to most hummingbirds. About 95% of individuals from 140 species in one study showed evidence of arthropod consumption, while another study found arthropod remains in 79% of over 1600 birds from sites across South and Central America. Some species have even been recorded to be largely or entirely insectivorous for periods of time, particularly when nectar sources are scarce, and possibly, for some species, with seasonal regularity in areas with a
2498:, among the smallest of all mammals, seldom live longer than 2 years. The longest recorded lifespan in the wild relates to a female broad-tailed hummingbird that was banded as an adult at least one year old, then recaptured 11 years later, making her at least 12 years old. Other longevity records for banded hummingbirds include an estimated minimum age of 10 years 1 month for a female black-chinned hummingbird similar in size to the broad-tailed hummingbird, and at least 11 years 2 months for a much larger
3137:
adaptability, particularly when appropriate nectar sources are unavailable, although nectarivory always predominates when flowers are abundant (e.g., in non-seasonal tropical habitats). In addition, the aforementioned
Arizona study only surveyed a small portion of the study area, and mostly did not observe the bird while she was off the nest. Similar concerns have been raised for other reports, leading to skepticism over whether hummingbirds can in fact subsist without nectar for extended periods at all.
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149:
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1984:, possibly having a role in flower identity, courtship displays, territorial defense, and predator evasion. The fourth color cone would extend the range of visible colors for hummingbirds to perceive ultraviolet light and color combinations of feathers and gorgets, colorful plants, and other objects in their environment, enabling detection of as many as five non-spectral colors, including purple, ultraviolet-red, ultraviolet-green, ultraviolet-yellow, and ultraviolet-purple.
1763:, particularly for blue, green, and purple colors in the gorget and crown of males, occupies 34% of the total color space for bird feathers. White (unpigmented) feathers have the lowest incidence in the hummingbird color gamut. Hummingbird plumage color diversity evolved from sexual and social selection on plumage coloration, which correlates with the rate of hummingbird species development over millions of years. Bright plumage colors in males are part of aggressive
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3217:. Both species also have more typical numbers recorded elsewhere, however. Overall, for most hummingbirds, insectivory is an essential and regular, albeit minor, component of the diet, while nectar is the primary feeding focus when conditions allow. It has been shown that floral abundance (but not floral diversity) influences hummingbird diversity, but that arthropod abundance does not (i.e., that it is non-limiting).
549:-like flight in any direction, including the ability to hover. Particularly while hovering, the wing beats produce the humming sounds, which function to alert other birds. In some species, the tail feathers produce sounds used by males during courtship flying. Hummingbirds have extremely rapid wing-beats as high as 80 per second, supported by a high metabolic rate dependent on foraging for sugars from flower nectar.
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3702:
772:
Costa's, calliope, broad-tailed, and Allen's hummingbirds are in significant decline, some losing as much as 67% of their numbers since 1970 at nearly double the rate of population loss over the previous 50 years. The ruby-throated hummingbird population – the most populous North
American hummingbird – decreased by 17% over the early 21st century. Habitat loss, glass collisions, cat predation,
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2001:
2831:) have a distinctive wing feature during normal flight that sounds like jingling or a buzzing shrill whistle – a trill. The trill arises from air rushing through slots created by the tapered tips of the ninth and tenth primary wing feathers, creating a sound loud enough to be detected by female or competitive male hummingbirds and researchers up to 100 m away.
2003:
3415:, which allow people to observe and enjoy hummingbirds up close while providing the birds with a reliable source of energy, especially when flower blossoms are less abundant. A negative aspect of artificial feeders, however, is that the birds may seek less flower nectar for food, and so may reduce the amount of pollination their feeding naturally provides.
2958:, being by far the most specialized such feeders among birds, as well as the only birds for whom nectar typically comprises the vast majority of energy intake. Hummingbirds exhibit numerous and extensive adaptations to nectarivory, including long, probing bills and tongues which rapidly take up fluids. Hummingbirds also possess the most sophisticated
2932:
3285:(also called bills) vary widely as an adaptation for specialized feeding, with some 7000 flowering plants pollinated by hummingbird nectar feeding. Hummingbird beak lengths range from about 6 millimetres (0.24 in) to as long as 110 millimetres (4.3 in). When catching insects in flight, a hummingbird's jaw
1743:. For example, in species of hummingbirds where males have longer bills, males do not hold a specific territory and have a lek mating system. In species where males have shorter bills than females, males defend their resources, so females benefit from a longer bill to feed from a broader range of flowers.
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made from actual hummingbird parts as emblematic for vigor, energy, and propensity to do work along with their sharp beaks that symbolically mimic instruments of weaponry, bloodletting, penetration, and intimacy. Hummingbird talismans were prized as drawing sexual potency, energy, vigor, and skill at
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Hummingbirds have exceptional visual acuity providing them with discrimination of food sources while foraging. Although hummingbirds are thought to be attracted to color while seeking food, such as red flowers or artificial feeders, experiments indicate that location and flower nectar quality are the
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Estimates of overall dietary makeup for hummingbirds vary, but insectivory is often cited as comprising 5-15% of feeding time budgets, typically; 2-12% is a figure that is also cited. In one study, 84% of feeding time was allotted to nectar feeding if breeding females are included, and 89% otherwise;
2883:
The rufous hummingbird breeds farther north than any other species of hummingbird, spending summers along coastal
British Columbia and Alaska, and wintering in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with some distributed along the coasts of the subtropical Gulf of Mexico and Florida. By migrating
2113:), vocalizations were recorded in the wild to be at a frequency above 10 kHz, well outside of the known hearing ability of most birds. Song system nuclei in the hummingbird brain are similar to those songbird brains, but the hummingbird brain has specialized regions involved for song processing.
2023:
Many hummingbird species exhibit a diverse vocal repertoire of chirps, squeaks, whistles and buzzes. Vocalizations vary in complexity and spectral content during social interactions, foraging, territorial defense, courtship, and mother-nestling communication. Territorial vocal signals may be produced
1794:
By merely shifting position, feather regions of a muted-looking bird can instantly become fiery red or vivid green. In courtship displays for one example, males of the colorful Anna's hummingbird orient their bodies and feathers toward the sun to enhance the display value of iridescent plumage toward
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consume only arthropods, and possibly because their own requirements increase, breeding females spend 3-4 times as long as males foraging for arthropods, although 65-70% of their feeding time is still devoted to nectar. Estimates for overall insectivory can be as low as <5%. Such low numbers have
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on a nonstop flight. This hummingbird, like other long-distance migrating birds, stores fat as a fuel reserve, augmenting its weight by as much as 100%, then enabling metabolic fuel for flying over open water. The amount of fat (1–2 g) used by a migrating hummingbird to cross the Gulf of Mexico in a
2027:
Hummingbirds exhibit vocal production learning to enable song variation – "dialects" that exist across the same species. For example, the blue-throated hummingbird's song differs from typical oscine songs in its wide frequency range, extending from 1.8 kHz to about 30 kHz. It also produces
1987:
Hummingbirds are highly sensitive to stimuli in their visual fields, responding to even minimal motion in any direction by reorienting themselves in midflight. Their visual sensitivity allows them to precisely hover in place while in complex and dynamic natural environments, functions enabled by the
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inaccessible to all but certain hummingbirds, i.e., those possessing appropriate beak morphologies (although some hummingbirds rob nectar to overcome this). Bird-pollinated plants (also termed "ornithophilous") were formerly thought to exemplify very close mutualisms, with specific flowering plants
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of body size, the rufous hummingbird makes perhaps the longest migratory journey of any bird in the world. At just over 3 inches (7.6 cm) long, rufous hummingbirds travel 3,900 miles (6,300 km) one-way from Alaska to Mexico in late summer, a distance equal to 78,470,000 body lengths, then
2121:
Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of all vertebrate animals – a necessity to support the rapid beating of their wings during hovering and fast forward flight. During flight and hovering, oxygen consumption per gram of muscle tissue in a hummingbird is about 10 times higher than that measured
3220:
Hummingbirds do not spend all day flying, as the energy cost would be prohibitive; the majority of their activity consists simply of sitting or perching. Hummingbirds eat many small meals and consume around half their weight in nectar (twice their weight in nectar, if the nectar is 25% sugar) each
2997:
Although they may not be one-to-one, there are still marked overall preferences for certain genera, families, and orders of flowering plants by hummingbirds in general, as well as by certain species of hummingbird. Flowers which are attractive to hummingbirds are often colorful (particularly red),
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hummingbirds (e.g., Allen's, calliope) vibrate during courtship display dives and produce an audible chirp caused by aeroelastic flutter. Hummingbirds cannot make the courtship dive sound when missing their outer tail feathers, and those same feathers could produce the dive sound in a wind tunnel.
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The giant hummingbird's wings beat as few as 12 times per second, and the wings of typical hummingbirds beat up to 80 times per second. As air density decreases, for example, at higher altitudes, the amount of power a hummingbird must use to hover increases. Hummingbird species adapted for life at
2416:
associated with introduced plants, year-round nectar availability from feeders supplied by humans, milder winter temperatures associated with climate change, and acclimation of the species to a winter climate cooler than its native region. Although quantitative data are absent, it is likely that a
2032:
vocalizations which do not function in communication. As blue-throated hummingbirds often alternate singing with catching small flying insects, it is possible the ultrasonic clicks produced during singing disrupt insect flight patterns, making insects more vulnerable to predation. Anna's, Costa's,
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tubes which run down their lengths to facilitate nectar consumption via rapid pumping in and out of the nectar. While capillary action was believed to be what drew nectar into these tubes, high-speed photography revealed that the tubes open down their sides as the tongue goes into the nectar, and
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or southern Alaska, the rufous hummingbird migrates more extensively and nests farther north than any other hummingbird species, and must tolerate occasional temperatures below freezing in its breeding territory. This cold hardiness enables it to survive temperatures below freezing, provided that
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in the pectoralis major (principal downstroke muscle) was the lowest yet recorded in a flying bird, and the primary upstroke muscle (supracoracoideus) is proportionately larger than in other bird species. Presumably due to rapid wingbeats for flight and hovering, hummingbird wings have adapted to
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Use and duration of torpor vary among hummingbird species and are affected by whether a dominant bird defends territory, with nonterritorial subordinate birds having longer periods of torpor. A hummingbird with a higher fat percentage will be less likely to enter a state of torpor compared to one
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Another evolutionary cause of this sexual bill dimorphism is that the selective forces from competition for nectar between the sexes of each species drives sexual dimorphism. Depending on which sex holds territory in the species, the other sex having a longer bill and being able to feed on a wide
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belt, where seasonal temperature changes and food sources are relatively constant, obviating the need to migrate. As the smallest living birds, hummingbirds are relatively limited at conserving heat energy, and are generally unable to maintain a presence in higher latitudes during winter months,
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of a hummingbird is able to separate apparent motion caused by the movement of the hummingbird itself from motions caused by external sources, such as an approaching predator. In natural settings full of highly complex background motion, hummingbirds are able to precisely hover in place by rapid
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During cold temperatures, Anna's hummingbirds gradually gain weight during the day as they convert sugar to fat. In addition, hummingbirds with inadequate stores of body fat or insufficient plumage are able to survive periods of subfreezing weather by lowering their metabolic rate and entering a
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The Andes
Mountains appear to be a particularly rich environment for hummingbird evolution because diversification occurred simultaneously with mountain uplift over the past 10 million years. Hummingbirds remain in dynamic diversification inhabiting ecological regions across South America, North
771:
Of the 15 species of North
American hummingbirds that inhabit the United States and Canada, several have changed their range of distribution, while others showed declines in numbers since the 1970s, including in 2023 with dozens of hummingbird species in decline. As of the 21st century, rufous,
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The metabolism of hummingbirds can slow at night or at any time when food is not readily available; the birds enter a deep-sleep state (known as torpor) to prevent energy reserves from falling to a critical level. One study of broad-tailed hummingbirds found that body weight decreased linearly
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Hummingbirds can use newly ingested sugars to fuel hovering flight within 30–45 minutes of consumption. These data suggest that hummingbirds are able to oxidize sugar in flight muscles at rates rapid enough to satisfy their extreme metabolic demands – as indicated by a 2017 review showing that
780:
affecting food availability, migration signals, and breeding are factors that may contribute to declining hummingbird numbers. By contrast, Anna's hummingbirds had large population growth at an accelerating rate since 2010, and expanded their range northward to reside year-round in cold winter
534:
Across the estimated 366 species, hummingbird weights range from as small as 2 grams (0.071 oz) to as large as 20 grams (0.71 oz). They have characteristic long, narrow beaks (bills) which may be straight (of varying lengths) or highly curved. The bee hummingbird – only 6 centimetres
1971:
The enlargement of the brain region responsible for visual processing indicates an enhanced ability for perception and processing of fast-moving visual stimuli encountered during rapid forward flight, insect foraging, competitive interactions, and high-speed courtship. A study of broad-tailed
1841:
Hummingbirds are named for the prominent humming sound their wingbeats make while flying and hovering to feed or interact with other hummingbirds. Humming serves communication purposes by alerting other birds of the arrival of a fellow forager or potential mate. The humming sound derives from
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of the dive. This downward acceleration during a dive is the highest reported for any vertebrate undergoing a voluntary aerial maneuver; in addition to acceleration, the speed relative to body length is the highest known for any vertebrate. For instance, it is about twice the diving speed of
2454:
hummingbird in noctural torpor at around 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in the Andes mountains showed that body temperature fell to 3.3 °C (38 °F), the lowest known level for a bird or non-hibernating mammal. During cold nights at altitude, hummingbirds were in torpor for 2–13 hours
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since the 1960s, particularly increasing as a year-round population during the early 21st century. Scientists estimate that some Anna's hummingbirds overwinter and presumably breed at northern latitudes where food and shelter are available throughout winter, tolerating moderately cold winter
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to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings. When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by
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A slow-motion video has shown how the hummingbirds deal with rain when they are flying. To remove the water from their heads, they shake their heads and bodies, similar to a dog shaking, to shed water. Further, when raindrops collectively may weigh as much as 38% of the bird's body weight,
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and lichen to bind the nest material together and secure the structure. The unique properties of the silk allow the nest to expand as the young hummingbirds grow. Two white eggs are laid, which despite being the smallest of all bird eggs, are large relative to the adult hummingbird's size.
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in an urban park in Brazil. In
Arizona, when nearby nectar sources were seemingly absent, a nesting female broad-tailed hummingbird was recorded feeding only on arthropods for two weeks. Other studies report 70-100% of feeding time devoted to arthropods; these accounts suggest a degree of
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in humans, essentially repurposing it to function as a nectar sweetness receptor. This adaptation for taste enabled hummingbirds to detect and exploit sweet nectar as an energy source, facilitating their distribution across geographical regions where nectar-bearing flowers are available.
2922:
2921:
2918:
2710:
3228:, hummingbirds are highly attuned to food sources. Some species, including many found in North America, are territorial and try to guard food sources (such as a feeder) against other hummingbirds, attempting to ensure a future food supply. Additionally, hummingbirds have an enlarged
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692:
Although most hummingbird species live in remote habitats where their population numbers are difficult to assess, population studies in the United States and Canada indicate that the ruby-throated hummingbird numbers are around 34 million, rufous hummingbirds are around 19 million,
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Female hummingbirds tend to be larger, requiring more energy, with longer beaks that allow for more effective reach into crevices of tall flowers for nectar. Thus, females are better at foraging, acquiring flower nectar, and supporting the energy demands of their larger body size.
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open diurnally, and produce nectar with a high sucrose content; in ornithophilous plants, the corollas are often elongated and tubular, and they may be scentless (several of these are adaptations discouraging insect visitation). Some common genera consumed by many species include
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depending on species, with cooling occurring at the rate of 0.6 °C per minute and rewarming at 1–1.5 °C per minute. High-altitude Andean hummingbirds also lost body weight in negative proportion to how long the birds were in torpor, losing about 6% of weight each night.
3418:
White granulated sugar is used in hummingbird feeders in a 20% concentration as a common recipe, although hummingbirds will defend feeders more aggressively when sugar content is at 35%, indicating preference for nectar with higher sugar content. Organic and "raw" sugars contain
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Hummingbirds are rare among vertebrates in their ability to rapidly make use of ingested sugars to fuel energetically expensive hovering flight, powering up to 100% of their metabolic needs with the sugars they drink. Hummingbird flight muscles have extremely high capacities for
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or artificial flavors, as well as dyes, which are unnecessary and potentially harmful. Although some commercial products contain small amounts of nutritional additives, hummingbirds obtain all necessary nutrients from the insects they eat, rendering added nutrients unnecessary.
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difficult and leaving their evolutionary history poorly documented. Though scientists theorize that hummingbirds originated in South
America, where species diversity is greatest, possible ancestors of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe and what is southern
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2834:
Behaviorally, the trill serves several purposes: It announces the sex and presence of a male bird; it provides audible aggressive defense of a feeding territory and an intrusion tactic; it enhances communication of a threat; and it favors mate attraction and courtship.
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1054:, dating from 35 to 40 million years ago; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred around that time. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to that of the northern Caribbean or southernmost
2708:
1665:. These birds show high specialization and modularity, especially in communities with high species richness. These associations are also observed when closely related hummingbirds, such as two species of the same genus, visit distinct sets of flowering species.
2920:
7612:
Gahr M. (2000). "Neural song control system of hummingbirds: comparison to swifts, vocal learning (Songbirds) and nonlearning (Suboscines) passerines, and vocal learning (Budgerigars) and nonlearning (Dove, owl, gull, quail, chicken) nonpasserines".
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with less fat, as a bird can use the energy from its fat stores. Torpor in hummingbirds appears to be unrelated to nighttime temperature, as it occurs across a wide temperature range, with energy savings of such deep sleep being more related to the
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Herrera, G; Zagal, J. C.; Diaz, M; Fernández, M. J.; Vielma, A; Cure, M; Martinez, J; Bozinovic, F; Palacios, A. G. (2008). "Spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors and their role in colour discrimination in the green-backed firecrown hummingbird
2055:, plays an important role in understanding hummingbird song production. What makes the hummingbird's syrinx different from that of other birds in the Apodiformes order is the presence of internal muscle structure, accessory cartilages, and a large
2002:
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853:
also far exceeds the number found in southern South
America, the Caribbean islands, the United States, and Canada. While fewer than 25 different species of hummingbirds have been recorded from the United States and fewer than 10 from Canada and
2908:, and may be time-coordinated with flower and tree-leaf emergence in early spring, and also with availability of insects as food. Arrival at breeding grounds before nectar availability from mature flowers may jeopardize breeding opportunities.
2775:
When courting, the male Anna's hummingbird ascends some 35 m (115 ft) above a female, before diving at a speed of 27 m/s (89 ft/s), equal to 385 body lengths/sec – producing a high-pitched sound near the female at the
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1718:
Sexual size and bill differences likely evolved due to constraints imposed by courtship, because mating displays of male hummingbirds require complex aerial maneuvers. Males tend to be smaller than females, allowing conservation of energy to
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day. Hummingbirds digest their food rapidly due to their small size and high metabolism; a mean retention time less than an hour has been reported. Hummingbirds spend an average of 20% of their time feeding and 75–80% sitting and digesting.
3192:. The aforementioned California study found three species to consume invertebrates from 72 families in 15 orders, with flies alone occurring in over 90% of samples; the three species exhibited high dietary overlap, with little evidence for
2808:
Many other species of hummingbirds also produce sounds with their wings or tails while flying, hovering, or diving, including the wings of the calliope hummingbird, broad-tailed hummingbird, rufous hummingbird, Allen's hummingbird, and the
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unless the specific location has a large food supply throughout the year, particularly access to flower nectar. Other migration factors are seasonal fluctuation of food, climate, competition for resources, predators, and inherent signals.
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likely because it had to compete with long-billed hummingbirds having an advantage for nectar foraging from specialized flowers, consequently leading the bee hummingbird to more successfully compete for flower foraging against insects.
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While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar to fuel their high metabolisms and hovering flight, coordinated changes in flower and bill shape stimulated the formation of new species of hummingbirds and plants. Due to this exceptional
2262:
during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet. Smaller hummingbird species, such as the calliope, appear to adapt their relatively higher
2843:
Relatively few hummingbirds migrate as a percentage of the total number of species; of the roughly 366 known hummingbird species, only 12–15 species migrate annually, particularly those in North
America. Most hummingbirds live in the
2729:
have been recorded above 100 beats per second during courtship displays. The number of beats per second increases above "normal" hovering while flying during courtship displays (up to 90 per second for the calliope hummingbird,
1607:, are coevolved with a small number of flower species. Even in the most specialized hummingbird–plant mutualisms, the number of food plant lineages of the individual hummingbird species increases with time. The bee hummingbird (
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techniques to investigate the lift generated on the bird's upstroke and downstroke. The birds produced 75% of their weight support during the downstroke and 25% during the upstroke, with the wings making a "figure 8" motion.
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The bird can sing at the same frequency as the tail-feather chirp, but its small syrinx is not capable of the same volume. The sound is caused by the aerodynamics of rapid air flow past tail feathers, causing them to
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per lick at a rate of up to 20 licks per second. The tongue, which is forked, is compressed until it reaches nectar, then the tongue springs open, the rapid action traps the nectar which moves up the grooves, like a
2024:
in rapid succession to discourage aggressive encounters, with the chirping rate and loudness increasing when intruders persist. During the breeding season, male and female hummingbirds vocalize as part of courtship.
413:, which flap at high frequencies audible to other birds and humans. They hover at rapid wing-flapping rates, which vary from around 12 beats per second in the largest species to 80 per second in small hummingbirds.
2412:. In the Pacific Northwest, the fastest growing populations occur in regions with breeding-season cold temperatures similar to those of its native range. Northward expansion of the Anna's hummingbird represents an
1825:
5974:
Dalsgaard, Bo; Martín González, Ana M.; Olesen, Jens M.; et al. (2009). "Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size".
2935:
1931:
During evolution, hummingbirds adapted to the navigational needs of visual processing while in rapid flight or hovering by development of the exceptionally dense array of retinal neurons, allowing for increased
2594:
Male hummingbirds do not take part in nesting. Most species build a cup-shaped nest on the branch of a tree or shrub. The nest varies in size relative to the particular species – from smaller than half a
3164:. Bill shape may play a role, as hummingbirds with longer or more curved bills may be unable to hawk efficiently, and so rely more heavily on gleaning spiders. Regardless of bill shape, spiders are a common
584:
with ridged inner surfaces to aid gripping onto flower stems or petals. Hummingbirds do not walk on the ground or hop like most birds, but rather shuffle laterally and use their feet to grip while perching,
7930:
1009:, but neither has yet been scientifically described, and fossils and subfossils of a few extant species are known. Until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as those of hummingbirds.
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Dozens of hummingbird species live year-round in tropical mountain habitats at high altitudes, such as in the Andes over ranges of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) where the
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600:
upon taking flight, although the shortness of their legs provides about 20% less propulsion than assessed in other birds. During flight, hummingbird feet are tucked up under the body, enabling optimal
3200:
86% of total feeding records were on nectar. It has been estimated, based on time budgets and other data, that the hummingbird diet is generally about 90% nectar and 10% arthropods by mass. As their
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than for other flower colors. Further, the crown plumage of firecrown males is highly iridescent in the red wavelength range (peak at 650 nanometers), possibly providing a competitive advantage of
2785:
in pursuit of prey. At maximum descent speed, about 10 g of gravitational force occur in the courting hummingbird during a dive (Note: G-force is generated as the bird pulls out of the dive).
2706:
2059:
that serves as an attachment point for external muscles, all of which are adaptations thought to be responsible for the hummingbird's increased ability in pitch control and large frequency range.
5905:
Abrahamczyk, Stefan; Poretschkin, Constantin & Renner, Susanne S. (2017). "Evolutionary flexibility in five hummingbird/plant mutualistic systems: testing temporal and geographic matching".
3656:
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Hummingbirds have unusually long lifespans for organisms with such rapid metabolisms. Though many die during their first year of life, especially in the vulnerable period between hatching and
1121:
A phylogenetic tree unequivocally indicates that modern hummingbirds originated in South
America, with the last common ancestor of all living hummingbirds living around 22 million years ago.
390:
color, particularly in blues, greens, and purples. Hummingbirds are the smallest mature birds, measuring 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) in length. The smallest is the 5 cm (2.0 in)
4898:
Prinzinger, R.; Schafer, T.; Schuchmann, K.L. (1992). "Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird
614:
The sexes differ in feather coloration, with males having distinct brilliance and ornamentation of head, neck, wing, and breast feathers. The most typical feather ornament in males is the
12005:
Leimberger, K.G.; Dalsgaard, B.; Tobias, J.A.; Wolf, C.; Betts, M.G. (June 2022). "The evolution, ecology, and conservation of hummingbirds and their interactions with flowering plants".
2581:
986:. The topazes and jacobins combined have the oldest split with the rest of the hummingbirds. The hummingbird family has the third-greatest number of species of any bird family (after the
386:, adaptations to high altitude, sensitive visual and communication abilities, and long-distance migration in some species. Among all birds, male hummingbirds have the widest diversity of
5137:
3449:
was once thought to be a favorable ingredient for the nectar in home feeders, but it is unnecessary. Commercial products sold as "instant nectar" or "hummingbird food" may also contain
3411:
In the wild, hummingbirds visit flowers for food, extracting nectar, which is 55% sucrose, 24% glucose, and 21% fructose on a dry-matter basis. Hummingbirds also take sugar-water from
2494:, those that survive may occasionally live a decade or more. Among the better-known North American species, the typical lifespan is probably 3 to 5 years. For comparison, the smaller
10260:
Feinsinger, Peter; Colwell, Robert K.; Terborgh, John; Chaplin, Susan Budd (1979). "Elevation and the Morphology, Flight Energetics, and Foraging Ecology of Tropical Hummingbirds".
3486:
when foraging among other hummingbird species with less colorful plumage. The ability to discriminate colors of flowers and plumage is enabled by a visual system having four single
13359:
12834:
1630:
Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, although the birds take nectar from flowers of other colors. Hummingbirds can see
3467:" for foraging. Hummingbirds depend little on visual cues of flower color to beacon to nectar-rich locations, but rather they use surrounding landmarks to find the nectar reward.
3046:; some of these are primarily insect-pollinated. Three Californian species were found to feed from 62 plant families in 30 orders, with the most frequently occurring orders being
2749:
and stroke plane angle and by varying these parameters asymmetrically between the wings and from one stroke to the next. They also vary the orientation and enlarge the collective
2243:
The high metabolic rate of hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of
2623:. Hummingbirds stay in the nest for 18–22 days, after which they leave the nest to forage on their own, although the mother bird may continue feeding them for another 25 days.
5417:"Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy"
8578:
Bakken, B.H.; Sabat, P. (2006). "Gastrointestinal and renal responses to water intake in the green-backed firecrown (Sephanoides sephanoides), a South American hummingbird".
2966:
are capable of extracting over 99% of the glucose from nectar feedings within minutes, owing to high densities of glucose transporters (the highest known among vertebrates).
2934:
834:, including the Caribbean. The majority of species occur in tropical and subtropical Central and South America, but several species also breed in temperate climates and some
2284:
function. During a day of nectar consumption with a corresponding high water intake that may total five times the body weight per day, hummingbird kidneys process water via
1826:
1184:
2901:
makes a one-way flight of about 18,000 kilometres (11,000 mi), or 51,430,000 body lengths, just 65% of the body displacement during migration by rufous hummingbirds.
2856:
Most North American hummingbirds migrate southward in fall to spend winter in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, or Central America. A few species are year-round residents of
8135:
2039:
2860:, California, and the southwestern desert regions of the US. Among these are Anna's hummingbird, a common resident from southern Arizona and inland California, and the
6353:
Berns, Chelsea M.; Adams, Dean C. (11 November 2012). "Becoming Different But Staying Alike: Patterns of Sexual Size and Shape Dimorphism in Bills of Hummingbirds".
9686:"Museum-based research on the lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) – prevalence, genus richness, and parasite associations"
2356:
Anna's hummingbirds are the northernmost year-round residents of any hummingbird. Anna's hummingbirds were recorded in Alaska as early as 1971, and resident in the
1043:, and, because hummingbirds were assumed to have never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them.
7934:
1599:
implies that morphological traits of hummingbirds, such as bill length, bill curvature, and body mass, are correlated with morphological traits of plants, such as
522:
colors and highly specialized feathers of many species (mainly in males) give some hummingbirds exotic common names, such as sun gem, fairy, woodstar, sapphire or
3505:
While hummingbirds rely primarily on vision and hearing to assess competition from bird and insect foragers near food sources, they may also be able to detect by
13482:
2336:
for the high metabolic demands of hummingbirds. In Andean hummingbirds living at high elevations, researchers found that the oxygen-carrying protein in blood –
2098:
may have independently evolved seven similar forebrain structures for singing and vocal learning, indicating that evolution of these structures is under strong
10807:
3678:
11785:
2122:
in elite human athletes. Hummingbirds achieve this extraordinary capacity for oxygen consumption by an exceptional density and proximity of capillaries and
618:– a bib-like iridescent neck-feather patch that changes brilliance with the viewing angle to attract females and warn male competitors away from territory.
5178:
649:
Hummingbird females build a nest resembling a small cup about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, commonly attached to a tree branch using spider webs,
12193:
Baldwin, Maude W.; Toda, Yasuka; Nakagita, Tomoya; O'Connell, Mary J.; Klasing, Kirk C.; Misaka, Takumi; Edwards, Scott V.; Liberles, Stephen D. (2014).
10756:
10671:
Clark, C. J.; Feo, T. J. (2010). "Why do Calypte hummingbirds "sing" with both their tail and their syrinx? An apparent example of sexual sensory bias".
6249:
Colwell, Robert K. (1 November 2000). "Rensch's Rule Crosses the Line: Convergent Allometry of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Hummingbirds and Flower Mites".
8411:
2105:
Generally, birds have been assessed to vocalize and hear in the range of 2–5 kHz, with hearing sensitivity falling with higher frequencies. In the
8778:
607:
Of those species that have been measured during flight, the top flight speeds of hummingbirds exceed 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph). During
11742:
10012:
Tobalske, Bret W.; Warrick, Douglas R.; Clark, Christopher J.; Powers, Donald R.; Hedrick, Tyson L.; Hyder, Gabriel A.; Biewener, Andrew A. (2007).
2696:
hummingbirds shift their bodies and tails horizontally, beat their wings faster, and reduce their wings' angle of motion when flying in heavy rain.
2667:
was generated equally during the two phases of the wingbeat cycle, as is the case of insects of a similar size. This finding shows that hummingbird
1779:
hits these cells, it is split into wavelengths that reflect to the observer in varying degrees of intensity, with the feather structure acting as a
13780:
10165:
7957:
6164:
Junker, Robert R.; Blüthgen, Nico; Brehm, Tanja; Binkenstein, Julia; Paulus, Justina; Martin Schaefer, H. & Stang, Martina (13 December 2012).
2555:
2551:
552:
8862:
6197:
Martín González, Ana M.; Dalsgaard, Bo; et al. (30 July 2015). "The macroecology of phylogenetically structured hummingbird-plant networks".
2611:
lasts 14 to 23 days, depending on the species, ambient temperature, and female attentiveness to the nest. The mother feeds her nestlings on small
1783:. Iridescent hummingbird colors result from a combination of refraction and pigmentation, since the diffraction structures themselves are made of
1058:
during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at present is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive
13685:
13329:
9171:
Hainsworth, F.R.; Wolf, L.L. (1970). "Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis".
5459:
McGuire, Jimmy A.; Witt, Christopher C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, Douglas L. (2008). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds".
801:, Africa, and Australia — resemble hummingbirds in appearance and behavior, but are not related to hummingbirds, as their resemblance is due to
13785:
11383:"Analysis of the feeding habits of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), in an urban park in southeastern Brazil"
7657:
6710:
11247:"Hummingbird diversity, food niche characters, and assemblage composition along a latitudinal precipitation gradient in the Bolivian lowlands"
5152:
4577:
13711:
9837:
4120:
3782:
2567:
13302:
7730:
6509:
3349:
Drawing of a hummingbird tongue; 1874, unknown artist. Upon reaching nectar in a flower, the tongue splits into opposing tips fringed with
13526:
2880:, black-chinned, buff-bellied, calliope, Allen's, Anna's, ruby-throated, rufous, broad-tailed, and broad-billed hummingbirds are present.
13363:
12831:
5738:"Diversity and clade ages of West Indian hummingbirds and the largest plant clades dependent on them: a 5–9 Myr young mutualistic system"
3304:
have short, sharp beaks adapted for feeding from flowers with short corolla tubes and piercing the bases of longer ones. The beak of the
611:, some male species dive from 30 metres (100 ft) of height above a female at speeds around 23 m/s (83 km/h; 51 mph).
5012:
3375:
not involved. Consequently, tongue flexibility enables accessing, transporting and unloading nectar via pump action, not by a capillary
13790:
9406:"Influence of normal daytime fat deposition on laboratory measurements of torpor use in territorial versus nonterritorial hummingbirds"
9365:
Hiebert, S.M.; Salvante, K.G.; Ramenofsky, M.; Wingfield, J.C. (2000). "Corticosterone and nocturnal torpor in the rufous hummingbird (
1046:
Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at the
8675:
5099:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 143, 264.
13437:
9149:
2251:
through exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (
2204:
and mitochondrial respiration in flight muscles are enhanced, enabling hummingbirds to metabolize sugar more efficiently for energy.
1603:
length, curvature, and volume. Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes, such as the sword-billed hummingbird and the
11812:
13659:
13250:
8806:"Parallel molecular evolution in pathways, genes, and sites in high-elevation hummingbirds revealed by comparative transcriptomics"
6297:
Lisle, Stephen P. De; Rowe, Locke (1 November 2013). "Correlated Evolution of Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism across Higher Taxa".
2272:. In cold climates, hummingbirds retract their feet into breast feathers to eliminate skin exposure and minimize heat dissipation.
13019:
6411:"Evolution of sexual dimorphism in bill size and shape of hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornithinae): a role for ecological causation"
845:
is in humid tropical and subtropical forests of the northern Andes and adjacent foothills, but the number of species found in the
13698:
8950:
Beuchat, C.A.; Chaplin, S.B.; Morton, M.L. (1979). "Ambient temperature and the daily energetics of two species of hummingbirds,
8294:
Powers, Donald R.; Langland, Kathleen M.; Wethington, Susan M.; Powers, Sean D.; Graham, Catherine H.; Tobalske, Bret W. (2017).
1920:
per mm. The enlarged cornea relative to total eye diameter serves to increase the amount of light perception by the eye when the
6469:
6166:"Specialization on traits as basis for the niche-breadth of flower visitors and as structuring mechanism of ecological networks"
4781:
2813:
species, as well as the tail of the Costa's hummingbird and the black-chinned hummingbird, and a number of related species. The
9274:
Wolf, Blair O.; McKechnie, Andrew E.; Schmitt, C. Jonathan; Czenze, Zenon J.; Johnson, Andrew B.; Witt, Christopher C. (2020).
4942:
2247:
for heat dissipation, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates. Hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by
2196:), coinciding with the onset of hovering by hummingbirds estimated by fossil evidence to be some 35 million years ago. Without
2180:
yield to support a high metabolic rate for hovering, foraging at altitude, and migrating. This adaptation occurred through the
12569:"Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna"
8662:
Beuchat, C.A.; Preest, M.R.; Braun, E.J. (1999). "Glomerular and medullary architecture in the kidney of Anna's Hummingbird".
7626:
13312:
13258:
11822:
11795:
11203:"Behavioral, Ecological and Morphological Correlates of Foraging for Arthropods by the Hummingbirds of a Tropical Wet Forest"
10614:"Harmonic hopping, and both punctuated and gradual evolution of acoustic characters in Selasphorus hummingbird tail-feathers"
10175:
9489:
8236:
6519:
5518:
4683:
3275:
Coevolution of the sicklebill beak curve facilitates both nectar feeding and pollination of long tubular Centropogon flowers.
2292:. During brief periods of water deprivation, however, such as in nighttime torpor, GFR drops to zero, preserving body water.
2207:
By relying on newly ingested sugars to fuel flight, hummingbirds reserve their limited fat stores to sustain their overnight
13795:
13703:
12754:
9917:
9405:
2692:
higher altitudes, therefore, have larger wings to help offset these negative effects of low air density on lift generation.
2448:
slowing dramatically (heart rate of roughly 50 to 180 bpm from its daytime rate of higher than 1000 bpm). Recordings from a
2033:
long-billed hermits, and Andean hummingbirds have song dialects that vary across habitat locations and phylogenetic clades.
1646:. Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars) containing a high proportion of
7827:
Welch, K.C. Jr.; Chen, C.C. (2014). "Sugar flux through the flight muscles of hovering vertebrate nectarivores: A review".
13385:
13078:
Hornsby, Mark A.W.; Healy, Susan D.; Hurly, T. Andrew (2017). "Wild hummingbirds can use the geometry of a flower array".
5587:
Baldwin, M.W.; Toda, Y.; Nakagita, T.; O'Connell, M.J.; Klasing, K.C.; Misaka, T.; Edwards, S.V.; Liberles, S. D. (2014).
1548:
Within the same geographic region, hummingbird clades coevolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of
6687:
3594:
1973:
1661:
Hummingbirds and the plants they visit for nectar have a tight coevolutionary association, generally called a plant–bird
12195:"Sensory biology. Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor"
8252:
Lasiewski, Robert C. (1964). "Body temperatures, heart and breathing rate, and evaporative water loss in hummingbirds".
7555:
Jarvis, Erich D.; Ribeiro, Sidarta; da Silva, Maria Luisa; Ventura, Dora; Vielliard, Jacques; Mello, Claudio V. (2000).
3439:
is made by bees from the nectar of flowers, but it is not good to use in feeders because when it is diluted with water,
2719:
The highest recorded wingbeat rate for hummingbirds during hovering is 99.1 per second, as measured for male woodstars (
1992:
which is tuned to fast-pattern velocities, enabling highly tuned control and collision avoidance during forward flight.
1638:, but hummingbird-pollinated flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. This narrow
12534:
10191:
Fernández, M.J.; Dudley, R.; Bozinovic, F. (2011). "Comparative energetics of the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas)".
10055:"Study shows hovering hummingbirds generate two trails of vortices under their wings, challenging one-vortex consensus"
6077:
Altschuler, D. L. (2003). "Flower color, hummingbird pollination, and habitat irradiance in four Neotropical forests".
4968:
1066:, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan.
3353:
and grooves, which fill with nectar, then retracts to a cylindrical configuration into the bill to complete the drink.
2428:
where it lives year-round through winter enduring extended periods of subfreezing temperatures, snow, and high winds.
12908:
12363:
11168:
10433:
Ravi, Sridhar; Crall, James D.; McNeilly, Lucas; Gagliardi, Susan F.; Biewener, Andrew A.; Combes, Stacey A. (2015).
9719:"Multivariate study of lice (Insecta: Psocodea: Phthiraptera) assemblages hosted by hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae)"
8524:"Hummingbirds arrest their kidneys at night: diel variation in glomerular filtration rate in Selasphorus platycercus"
6626:"How oscillating aerodynamic forces explain the timbre of the hummingbird's hum and other animals in flapping flight"
4980:
2078:(ability to acquire vocalizations through imitation), a rare trait known to occur in only two other groups of birds (
825:
3324:, is absent in birds, receptor expression studies showed that hummingbirds adapted a carbohydrate receptor from the
3152:
Hummingbirds exhibit various feeding strategies and some morphological adaptations for insectivory. Typically, they
11661:
10811:
10054:
8437:
6877:"Neural specialization for hovering in hummingbirds: hypertrophy of the pretectal nucleus Lentiformis mesencephali"
6536:
4525:
4011:
Suarez, R.K. (1992). "Hummingbird flight: Sustaining the highest mass-specific metabolic rates among vertebrates".
3478:) – flower colors preferred are in the red-green wavelength for the bird's visual system, providing a higher
3120:
Though not as insectivorous as once believed, and far less so than most of their relatives and ancestors among the
11084:"Asynchronous changes in phenology of migrating broad-tailed hummingbirds and their early-season nectar resources"
9332:
9048:
Shankar, Anusha; Schroeder, Rebecca J.; Wethington, Susan M.; Graham, Catherine H.; Powers, Donald R. (May 2020).
2639:
Hummingbird flight has been studied intensively from an aerodynamic perspective using wind tunnels and high-speed
2417:
sizable percentage of Anna's hummingbirds in the Pacific Northwest still do migrate south for winter, as of 2017.
13716:
12681:"Resource defense and monopolization in a marked population of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris)"
10915:
10333:
4876:
4383:
3634:
model that incorporates a pickguard in the shape of a hummingbird by Gibson Brands, a major guitar manufacturer.
1016:
identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils. The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named
255:
13483:"Connie Jiménez dressed as a hummingbird in the Miss Universe preliminary competition (translated from Spanish)"
11060:
7426:
Monte, Amanda; Cerwenka, Alexander F.; Ruthensteiner, Bernhard; Gahr, Manfred; Düring, Daniel N. (6 July 2020).
5868:"Morphological traits determine specialization and resource use in plant–hummingbird networks in the Neotropics"
3320:
from insectivorous swifts, their closest bird relatives. Although the only known sweet sensory receptor, called
657:-shaped white eggs (image) – the smallest of any bird – are incubated over 2–3 weeks in breeding season. Fed by
13770:
5211:
3715:
2146:
12806:
11288:
10781:
9454:
8478:
Suarez, R.K.; Gass, C.L. (2002). "Hummingbirds foraging and the relation between bioenergetics and behavior".
7428:"The hummingbird syrinx morphome: a detailed three-dimensional description of the black jacobin's vocal organ"
6876:
3850:
2307:
or none, indicating that kidney and glomerular structures must be highly specialized for variations in nectar
503:
13433:
10530:
Akparibo, Issaka Y.; Anderson, Jackie; Chumbley, Eric (7 September 2020). "Aerospace Gravitational Effects".
1806:
feathers than those fed a low-protein diet. Additionally, birds on a high-protein diet grew yellower (higher
1802:
was an influential factor in feather color, as birds receiving more protein grew significantly more colorful
1191:
Molecular phylogenetic studies determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds. In the
5949:
3525:
3232:, a brain region facilitating spatial memory used to map flowers previously visited during nectar foraging.
545:
Hummingbirds have compact bodies with relatively long, bladelike wings having anatomical structure enabling
11432:
11083:
3292:
The extreme curved beaks of sicklebills are adapted for extracting nectar from the curved corolla tubes of
2974:
1912:, which comprise about 50% of the total transverse eye diameter, combined with an extraordinary density of
812:
has flying and feeding characteristics similar to those of a hummingbird. Hummingbirds may be mistaken for
31:
13516:
11533:
3735:
By comparison to humans, this is a G-force acceleration well beyond the threshold of causing near loss of
1101:. Despite their current New World distribution, the earliest species of hummingbird occurred in the early
535:(2.4 in) long and weighing about 2 grams (0.071 oz) – is the world's smallest bird and smallest
13597:
13459:
12511:
2421:
1937:
1070:
results suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds took place at least partly in the
875:
320:
17:
9126:
9050:"Hummingbird torpor in context: duration, more than temperature, is the key to nighttime energy savings"
8995:"Diurnal variation in mass, metabolic rate, and respiratory quotient in Anna's and Costa's hummingbirds"
8296:"Hovering in the heat: effects of environmental temperature on heat regulation in foraging hummingbirds"
4124:
922:
As of 2023, 366 hummingbird species have been identified. They have been traditionally divided into two
906:, but some taxonomists have separated them into their own order, the Trochiliformes. Hummingbirds' wing
148:
13602:
12784:
12657:
10757:"Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds"
10397:"Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds"
5589:"Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor"
3133:
2876:, returning to Mexico, South America, southern Texas, and Florida to winter. During winter in southern
2644:
2463:
1968:
in mammals) responsible for refining dynamic visual processing while hovering and during rapid flight.
1128:– shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago. Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades – the
573:
382:
Hummingbirds have varied specialized characteristics to enable rapid, maneuverable flight: exceptional
13337:
9869:. Operation Rubythroat: The Hummingbird Project, Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History. 2014
7984:"Hummingbirds can fuel expensive hovering flight completely with either exogenous glucose or fructose"
9973:"Backward flight in hummingbirds employs unique kinematic adjustments and entails low metabolic cost"
8710:"Repeated elevational transitions in hemoglobin function during the evolution of Andean hummingbirds"
8351:
Evangelista, Dennis; Fernández, María José; Berns, Madalyn S.; Hoover, Aaron; Dudley, Robert (2010).
7316:"Ultrasonic singing by the blue-throated hummingbird: A comparison between production and perception"
5238:"Fossil evidence of wing shape in a stem relative of swifts and hummingbirds (Aves, Pan-Apodiformes)"
3387:
3362:
then close around the nectar, trapping it so it can be pulled back into the beak over a period of 14
3129:
2377:
2228:
2189:
1740:
1642:
may render hummingbird-pollinated flowers relatively inconspicuous to most insects, thereby reducing
1093:
Hummingbirds split from other members of Apodiformes, the insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and
1067:
694:
677:
658:
557:
12618:"Effect of artificial feeders on pollen loads of the hummingbirds of Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica"
11703:
11617:
11343:"DNA metabarcoding reveals broadly overlapping diets in three sympatric North American hummingbirds"
11202:
11038:
10943:
López-Segoviano, Gabriel; Arenas-Navarro, Maribel; Vega, Ernesto; Arizmendi, Maria del Coro (2018).
9643:
8708:
Projecto-Garcia, Joana; Natarajan, Chandrasekhar; Moriyama, Hideaki; et al. (2 December 2013).
7704:
5679:"The temporal build-up of hummingbird/plant mutualisms in North America and temperate South America"
2176:
hummingbirds have in their flight muscles a mechanism for "direct oxidation" of sugars into maximal
11289:"The foraging behaviour of Australian honeyeaters: a review and some comparisons with hummingbirds"
5236:
Ksepka, Daniel T.; Clarke, Julia A.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Kulp, Felicia B.; Grande, Lance (2013).
4817:"Winter range expansion of a hummingbird is associated with urbanization and supplementary feeding"
2861:
2499:
1553:
702:
565:
9841:
9222:
Hiebert, S.M. (1992). "Time-dependent thresholds for torpor initiation in the rufous hummingbird (
9096:
8994:
2558:, are specialized on them, often infesting 5–15% of their populations. In contrast, two genera of
394:, which weighs less than 2.0 g (0.07 oz), and the largest is the 23 cm (9 in)
13775:
8804:
Lim, Marisa C.W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Graham, Catherine H.; Dávalos, Liliana M. (22 May 2019).
6992:
5386:
5059:
4755:
3252:
3073:
2264:
1171:
881:
737:
228:
11947:"Floral phenology of an Andean bellflower and pollination by buff-tailed sicklebill hummingbird"
10078:"Hummingbirds generate bilateral vortex loops during hovering: evidence from flow visualization"
8162:"Loss of a gluconeogenic muscle enzyme contributed to adaptive metabolic traits in hummingbirds"
3065:
2897:
make the return journey in the following spring. By comparison, the 13 inches (33 cm)-long
1494:
pattern, as many as 140 hummingbird species can coexist in a specific region, such as the Andes
13742:
13537:
11005:
10945:"Hummingbird migration and flowering synchrony in the temperate forests of northwestern Mexico"
9662:
5818:"Geographical aspects of bird flower coevolution, with particular reference to Central America"
5817:
4554:
3471:
3350:
2177:
2063:
2008:
1542:
714:
710:
13244:
13204:"What is that smell? Hummingbirds avoid foraging on resources with defensive insect compounds"
11741:
Céspedes, Laura N.; Pavan, Lucas I.; Hazlehurst, Jenny A.; Jankowski, Jill E. (9 April 2019).
11246:
10716:"Hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter, not vortex-induced vibration"
10077:
10076:
Pournazeri, Sam; Segre, Paolo S.; Princevac, Marko; Altshuler, Douglas L. (25 December 2012).
7283:
4161:
McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014).
2745:
at a feeder. When wind gusts from the side, hummingbirds compensate by increasing wing-stroke
2616:
2466:
declines, preserving needed compounds, such as glucose, water, and nutrients. The circulating
2094:). Within the past 66 million years, only hummingbirds, parrots, and songbirds out of 23 bird
1174:
studies of the hummingbirds have shown that the family is composed of nine major clades. When
642:
Hummingbirds begin mating when they are a year old. Sex occurs over 3–5 seconds when the male
424:
animal. To conserve energy when food is scarce and at night when not foraging, they can enter
13765:
13737:
13690:
13575:
11342:
11082:
McKinney, A.M.; Caradonna, P.J.; Inouye, D.W.; Barr, B; Bertelsen, C.D.; Waser, N.M. (2012).
9505:
8136:"Evolution Turns These Knobs to Make a Hummingbird Hyperquick and a Cavefish Sluggishly Slow"
6116:"Nectar as food for birds: the physiological consequences of drinking dilute sugar solutions"
5027:
4782:"These tiny creatures are losing their battle to survive. Here's what we can do to save them"
4071:"Adipose energy stores, physical work, and the metabolic syndrome: Lessons from hummingbirds"
3668:
3210:
2893:
2341:
2211:
during torpor or to power migratory flights. Studies of hummingbird metabolism address how a
2052:
1913:
1854:. The humming sound of hummingbirds is unique among flying animals, compared to the whine of
1831:
1764:
1732:
1650:, whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by
1580:
951:
813:
725:
698:
376:
125:
13729:
12166:
10365:
9840:. Public Broadcasting System – Nature; from Learner.org, Journey North. 2016. Archived from
6688:"New measurement technique unravels what gives hummingbird wings their characteristic sound"
5513:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 105–136.
3881:
English, Simon G.; Bishop, Christine A.; Wilson, Scott; Smith, Adam C. (15 September 2021).
3062:. A hummingbird may have to visit one or two thousand flowers daily to meet energy demands.
1897:
Although hummingbird eyes are small in diameter (5–6 mm), they are accommodated in the
1576:
684:
ruby-throated hummingbird lived for 9 years and 2 months. Bee hummingbirds live 7–10 years.
13623:
13584:
13411:
12692:
12461:
12206:
12120:
11958:
11851:
11488:
11300:
11098:
10840:"Roles of the Wing Whistle in the Territorial Behaviour of Male Broad-tailed Hummingbirds (
10625:
9929:
9180:
8721:
8173:
7995:
7883:
7781:
7672:
7568:
7498:
7379:
7167:
7108:
7034:
6945:
6771:
6206:
6127:
5984:
5914:
5879:
5769:"Escape from extreme specialization: Passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird"
5690:
5600:
5506:
4915:
4728:
4279:
4224:
4174:
3894:
3612:
3483:
3305:
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flight of all birds, a necessity for rapidly visiting many flowers without perching. Their
2668:
2409:
1944:
1560:), one of the morphologically most extreme species, and one of its main food plant clades (
1179:
934:, all the others). Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown, though, that the hermits are
927:
802:
706:
668:
626:
454:
has one of the longest migrations among birds, traveling twice per year between Alaska and
417:
293:
12736:
12060:"Shifting paradigms in the mechanics of nectar extraction and hummingbird bill morphology"
7872:"Fuel selection in rufous hummingbirds: ecological implications of metabolic biochemistry"
6934:"Neurons responsive to global visual motion have unique tuning properties in hummingbirds"
6115:
5552:
5536:"DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)"
5535:
5045:
5023:
4997:
4467:
3300:
spp.), have long beaks that enable insertion deeply into flowers with long corolla tubes.
3260:
2981:
species have evolved to be pollinated exclusively by hummingbirds, even barring access to
2396:
over the 1960s to 1970s. This rapid expansion is attributed to the widespread planting of
2280:
The dynamic range of metabolic rates in hummingbirds requires a parallel dynamic range in
1775:
cells within the top layers of feathers of the head, gorget, breast, back and wings. When
634:
589:
feathers, or nest-building (by females), and during fights to grab feathers of opponents.
8:
6477:
5735:
5502:
4495:
3744:
3616:
3590:
3564:
is often depicted in art as a hummingbird. Aztecs believed that fallen warriors would be
3357:
Hummingbirds drink with their long tongues by rapidly lapping nectar. Their tongues have
3205:
been documented for some species; insects comprised 3% of foraging attempts for Peruvian
2947:
2849:
2348:
within the hemoglobin molecule via specific amino acid changes due to natural selection.
2106:
1847:
1780:
1703:
1662:
1175:
939:
816:, which are large, flying insects with hovering capabilities, and exist only in Eurasia.
136:
12696:
12465:
12210:
12124:
11962:
11855:
11492:
11304:
11102:
10629:
10307:
9933:
9745:
9718:
9457:. Rocky Point Bird Observatory, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 2010. Archived from
9184:
9049:
8725:
8177:
7999:
7887:
7785:
7676:
7572:
7502:
7383:
7171:
7112:
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6210:
6131:
5988:
5918:
5883:
5694:
5604:
4919:
4283:
4228:
4178:
3898:
3533:
2311:
quality. Morphological studies on Anna's hummingbird kidneys showed adaptations of high
838:
occur even in alpine Andean highlands at altitudes up to 5,200 m (17,100 ft).
643:
13184:
13121:
13060:
13000:
12713:
12680:
12593:
12568:
12484:
12449:
12425:
12400:
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12299:
12227:
12194:
12143:
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12084:
12059:
12040:
11979:
11946:
11919:
11894:
11875:
11766:
11723:
11684:
11637:
11591:
11553:
11514:
11452:
11312:
11266:
11222:
10971:
10944:
10863:
10696:
10648:
10613:
10586:
10561:
10507:
10482:
10285:
10216:
10105:
9953:
9889:
9624:
9433:
9308:
9275:
9251:
9204:
9077:
9025:
9017:
8975:
8932:
8838:
8805:
8752:
8709:
8687:
8613:
8460:
8392:
8328:
8295:
8269:
8205:
8108:
8073:
7852:
7696:
7638:
7589:
7556:
7527:
7486:
7467:
7405:
7343:
7265:
7198:
7155:
7131:
7096:
7065:
7022:
6971:
6907:
6800:
6759:
6660:
6625:
6624:
Hightower, Ben J.; Wijnings, Patrick W.A.; Scholte, Rick; et al. (16 March 2021).
6594:
6565:
6443:
6410:
6378:
6322:
6274:
6143:
6096:
6008:
5930:
5848:
5840:
5793:
5768:
5713:
5678:
5621:
5588:
5484:
5361:
5314:
5287:"New specimens of the early Oligocene Old World hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus"
5262:
5237:
5203:
5079:
4849:
4816:
4703:
4651:
4626:
4607:
4364:
4315:
4248:
4097:
4070:
4036:
3985:
3960:
3923:
3882:
3853:. International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. 2024
3638:
3627:
3602:
3538:
3491:
3317:
3308:
has an upturned tip adapted for feeding on nectar from tubular flowers while hovering.
3193:
2413:
2385:
2308:
2289:
2071:
1933:
1851:
1517:
895:
741:
733:
729:
451:
372:
143:
10859:
9527:
8491:
8161:
6054:
6027:
5064:"Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds"
3778:
13724:
13651:
13610:
13308:
13254:
13243:
Werness, Hope B.; Benedict, Joanne H.; Thomas, Scott; Ramsay-Lozano, Tiffany (2004).
13225:
13176:
13113:
13105:
13052:
12992:
12904:
12718:
12639:
12598:
12542:
12489:
12430:
12371:
12337:
12319:
12273:
12232:
12148:
12089:
12044:
12032:
11984:
11924:
11867:
11818:
11791:
11506:
11404:
11164:
11114:
10976:
10892:
10737:
10688:
10653:
10591:
10537:
10512:
10483:"Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits"
10456:
10277:
10208:
10171:
10146:
10109:
10097:
10035:
9994:
9945:
9866:
9812:
9750:
9616:
9485:
9425:
9386:
9340:
9313:
9295:
9243:
9196:
9081:
9069:
8936:
8924:
8916:
8843:
8825:
8757:
8739:
8679:
8648:
8631:
Lotz, Chris N.; Martínez Del Rio, Carlos (2004). "The ability of rufous hummingbirds
8605:
8555:
8495:
8384:
8376:
8333:
8315:
8232:
8225:
8209:
8197:
8189:
8113:
8095:
8054:
7911:
7906:
7871:
7844:
7809:
7804:
7769:
7750:
7688:
7630:
7594:
7532:
7514:
7471:
7459:
7397:
7335:
7269:
7257:
7203:
7185:
7136:
7070:
7052:
6963:
6899:
6857:
6805:
6787:
6740:
6732:
6665:
6647:
6599:
6515:
6448:
6430:
6370:
6314:
6266:
6059:
6000:
5867:
5798:
5718:
5626:
5557:
5514:
5476:
5438:
5387:"Hummingbirds' 22-million-year-old history of remarkable change is far from complete"
5353:
5306:
5267:
4976:
4927:
4854:
4836:
4679:
4656:
4599:
4356:
4307:
4240:
4192:
4102:
4028:
3990:
3928:
3910:
3823:
3479:
3082:
2631:
2531:
2357:
2333:
2329:
2220:
single flight is similar to that used by a human climbing about 50 feet (15 m).
2181:
1989:
1843:
1835:
1525:
1502:
1085:
was found to be a predecessor to hummingbirds and swifts before the groups diverged.
987:
967:
608:
409:
They are known as hummingbirds because of the humming sound created by their beating
395:
13589:
13125:
13064:
13020:"Wild hummingbirds rely on landmarks not geometry when learning an array of flowers"
11770:
11557:
11456:
11399:
11382:
11270:
10867:
10700:
10536:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Institute of Medicine.
10289:
10220:
9797:
9776:
9628:
9255:
9208:
9029:
8979:
8691:
8396:
8352:
8273:
7856:
7767:
7656:
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; et al. (7 February 2013).
7642:
7409:
6975:
6911:
6326:
6147:
6100:
6012:
5934:
5852:
5365:
5318:
4611:
4368:
4040:
3196:. This suggests that prey availability is not a limiting resource for hummingbirds.
3144:
Among the commonest invertebrate food items of hummingbirds are flies, particularly
2943:
717:
are around 2 million each. Several species exist only in the thousands or hundreds.
680:
is estimated to be 3–5 years, with most deaths occurring in yearlings, although one
638:
Each approximately the size of a pea, two eggs in the nest of an Allen's hummingbird
491:
13279:
13215:
13188:
13166:
13158:
13095:
13087:
13042:
13034:
13004:
12984:
12927:
12708:
12700:
12629:
12588:
12580:
12479:
12469:
12420:
12412:
12327:
12311:
12263:
12222:
12214:
12138:
12128:
12079:
12071:
12022:
12014:
11974:
11966:
11914:
11906:
11879:
11859:
11758:
11715:
11676:
11629:
11545:
11518:
11496:
11448:
11444:
11394:
11354:
11308:
11258:
11214:
11106:
10966:
10956:
10855:
10771:
10727:
10680:
10643:
10633:
10581:
10573:
10562:"The Anna's hummingbird chirps with its tail: A new mechanism of sonation in birds"
10502:
10494:
10446:
10408:
10377:
10269:
10200:
10136:
10123:
Tobalske, B.W.; Biewener, A.A.; Warrick, D.R.; Hedrick, T.L.; Powers, D.R. (2010).
10089:
10025:
9984:
9957:
9937:
9802:
9792:
9740:
9730:
9697:
9608:
9437:
9417:
9378:
9303:
9287:
9235:
9188:
9108:
9061:
9013:
9009:
8971:
8967:
8906:
8833:
8817:
8747:
8729:
8671:
8644:
8617:
8595:
8587:
8545:
8535:
8487:
8452:
8368:
8323:
8307:
8265:
8261:
8181:
8103:
8085:
8044:
8003:
7901:
7891:
7836:
7799:
7789:
7742:
7700:
7680:
7622:
7584:
7576:
7522:
7506:
7449:
7439:
7387:
7347:
7327:
7315:
7247:
7193:
7175:
7126:
7116:
7060:
7042:
6953:
6891:
6847:
6795:
6779:
6722:
6655:
6637:
6589:
6581:
6438:
6422:
6362:
6306:
6278:
6258:
6222:
6214:
6177:
6135:
6088:
6049:
6039:
5992:
5922:
5887:
5832:
5788:
5780:
5749:
5708:
5698:
5657:
5616:
5608:
5547:
5488:
5468:
5428:
5345:
5334:"An Old World hummingbird from the Oligocene: a new fossil from Polish Carpathians"
5298:
5257:
5249:
5195:
5100:
5075:
4966:
Genus Oreotrochilus. In: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal. eds. (1999).
4923:
4844:
4828:
4646:
4638:
4589:
4346:
4319:
4297:
4287:
4252:
4232:
4182:
4092:
4082:
4020:
3980:
3972:
3918:
3902:
3620:
3432:
3372:
2986:
2782:
2676:
2450:
2444:
in a Caribbean hummingbird was shown to fall from 40 to 18 °C, with heart and
2441:
2389:
2244:
2232:
2161:
2150:
1905:, and occupy a larger proportion of the skull compared to other birds and animals.
1874:
1870:
1724:
1712:
1623:
1242:
1196:
1133:
842:
831:
360:
345:
12949:
11840:"Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds"
11359:
6829:
6382:
5646:"Bills as daggers? A test for sexually dimorphic weapons in a lekking hummingbird"
5063:
3345:
2959:
2742:
2227:
of hummingbirds can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate measured in a
13615:
13091:
12838:
12762:
11618:"Feeding Ecology of Hummingbirds in the Highlands of the Chisos Mountains, Texas"
10638:
10303:
9192:
7235:
7180:
7020:
6831:
6044:
5094:
3631:
3561:
3206:
3153:
2873:
2869:
2160:. To sustain rapid wingbeats during flight and hovering, hummingbirds expend the
2157:
2095:
1803:
1751:
1188:
for the 4th edition in 2013, they divided the hummingbirds into six subfamilies.
1165:
846:
515:
391:
364:
11838:
Diamond, Jared M.; Karasov, William H.; Phan, Duong; Carpenter, F. Lynn (1986).
9684:
Oniki-Willis, Yoshika; Willis, Edwin O; Lopes, Leonardo E; Rozsa, Lajos (2023).
8895:"Ecological release of the Anna's hummingbird during a northern range expansion"
8160:
Osipova, Ekaterina; Barsacchi, Rico; Brown, Tom; et al. (13 January 2023).
7156:"Acoustic divergence with gene flow in a lekking hummingbird with complex songs"
6415:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
4428:
3961:"Hummingbird plumage color diversity exceeds the known gamut of all other birds"
1791:
pigmentation and more subdued black, brown or gray colors dependent on melanin.
13389:
13220:
13203:
12113:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10531:
8714:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8591:
7876:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7774:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7557:"Behaviourally driven gene expression reveals song nuclei in hummingbird brain"
7510:
7454:
7444:
7427:
5950:"Absurd Creature of the Week: The World's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime"
5866:
Maglianesi, M.A.; Blüthgen, N.; Böhning-Gaese, K. & Schleuning, M. (2014).
3976:
3906:
2905:
2798:
2620:
2608:
2471:
2445:
2408:, in combination with the species' natural tendency for extensive postbreeding
2285:
2216:
2212:
2075:
1953:
1866:
1772:
1643:
1639:
1619:
1506:
1495:
955:
777:
447:
433:
410:
13362:. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain. 2016. Archived from
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13038:
12988:
11945:
Boehm, M.M.A.; Guevara-Apaza, D.; Jankowski, J.E.; Cronk, Q.C.B. (July 2022).
11341:
Spence, Austin R; Wilson Rankin, Erin E; Tingley, Morgan W (3 December 2021).
11262:
10839:
10776:
10413:
10396:
10093:
9735:
7840:
7392:
7367:
7365:
7331:
6958:
6933:
6760:"Morphological adaptations for relatively larger brains in hummingbird skulls"
6366:
6139:
5996:
5703:
5472:
5433:
5416:
5349:
5302:
5046:"Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Ecuador"
4351:
4334:
4292:
4267:
4187:
4162:
1885:
1865:
The wingbeats causing the hum of hummingbirds during hovering are achieved by
1690:
759:
569:
13759:
13521:
13229:
13109:
12546:
12375:
12323:
12298:
Rico-Guevara, Alejandro; Fan, Tai-Hsi; Rubega, Margaret A. (22 August 2015).
12268:
12251:
10381:
10281:
10101:
9620:
9344:
9299:
9276:"Extreme and variable torpor among high-elevation Andean hummingbird species"
9073:
8920:
8829:
8743:
8412:"Infrared video shows how hummingbirds shed heat through their eyes and feet"
8380:
8319:
8193:
8099:
7518:
7463:
7189:
7056:
6791:
6736:
6651:
6566:"Dietary protein level affects iridescent coloration in Anna's hummingbirds,
6434:
6374:
5480:
5357:
5310:
5186:
4840:
4360:
4123:. Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from
3914:
3740:
3736:
3663:
3565:
3446:
3440:
3094:
3090:
2955:
2758:
2680:
2123:
1981:
1388:
1149:
1018:
983:
722:
International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species
721:
615:
475:
368:
282:
251:
83:
12634:
12617:
12474:
12218:
12133:
10334:"Hummingbird rain trick: New study shows tiny birds alter posture in storms"
9530:. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Bird Banding Laboratory. 31 August 2009
9107:. The Birds of North America, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology.
8734:
8185:
8008:
7983:
7896:
7794:
7746:
7731:"The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology"
7684:
7290:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 2015
7121:
7047:
6182:
6165:
5662:
5645:
5612:
5333:
5286:
4998:"Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Chile"
4236:
4215:
Mayr, Gerald (2004). "Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds".
3382:
3245:
2985:
pollinators. In some plants these mechanisms, which include highly modified
1678:
13560:
13180:
13117:
13056:
12996:
12722:
12643:
12602:
12493:
12434:
12416:
12341:
12315:
12277:
12236:
12152:
12093:
12036:
12027:
11988:
11928:
11910:
11839:
11549:
11510:
11408:
11118:
10980:
10741:
10692:
10657:
10595:
10577:
10541:
10516:
10498:
10460:
10212:
10150:
10039:
9998:
9949:
9816:
9754:
9429:
9390:
9382:
9317:
9291:
8928:
8865:. Department of Communication and Marketing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
8847:
8761:
8683:
8609:
8559:
8499:
8388:
8337:
8201:
8117:
8058:
7848:
7754:
7692:
7634:
7598:
7536:
7401:
7339:
7261:
7207:
7140:
7074:
6967:
6903:
6861:
6809:
6744:
6669:
6603:
6452:
6426:
6318:
6270:
6063:
6004:
5802:
5784:
5722:
5630:
5442:
5271:
5253:
5179:"DNA-DNA hybridization evidence for subfamily structure among hummingbirds"
4858:
4832:
4660:
4642:
4603:
4311:
4244:
4196:
4106:
4087:
3994:
3932:
3707:
3642:
3450:
3301:
3173:
3145:
2810:
2750:
2725:
2664:
2640:
2405:
2134:
1940:
1902:
1846:
generated by the downstrokes and upstrokes of the rapid wingbeats, causing
1592:
1307:
1226:
1141:
1129:
943:
935:
903:
681:
601:
536:
466:
462:
421:
288:
13388:. Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain. 2015. Archived from
11871:
10942:
9247:
9200:
7915:
7813:
5561:
4576:
Tobalske, Bret W.; Altshuler, Douglas L.; Powers, Donald R. (March 2004).
4032:
3128:. Observations of seasonal, near-exclusive insectivory have been made for
1124:
A map of the hummingbird family tree – reconstructed from analysis of 284
13672:
13569:
12584:
12567:
Stahl, J.M.; Nepi, M.; Galetto, L.; Guimarães, E.; Machado, S.R. (2012).
12075:
8821:
8676:
10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199905)240:2<95::aid-jmor1>3.0.co;2-u
7870:
Suarez, R.K.; Lighton, J.R.; Moyes, C.D.; et al. (1 December 1990).
7658:"Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"
6932:
Gaede, A.H.; Goller, B.; Lam, J.P.; Wylie, D.R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2017).
6758:
Ocampo, Diego; Barrantes, Gilbert; Uy, J. Albert C. (27 September 2018).
6511:
A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Section: Plumage and Molt
5865:
3883:"Current contrasting population trends among North American hummingbirds"
3748:
3608:
3584:
3510:
3494:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3363:
3266:
3229:
3177:
3114:
3006:
2898:
2865:
2827:
2738:
2651:
2603:
2559:
2518:
have been observed as predators of hummingbirds. Other predators include
2479:
2459:
2296:
2248:
2099:
1977:
1964:
1948:
1635:
1596:
1588:
1549:
1404:
1368:
1355:
1153:
1013:
998:
975:
931:
899:
830:
Hummingbirds are restricted to the Americas from south central Alaska to
519:
429:
403:
313:
308:
263:
213:
58:
13171:
10435:"Hummingbird flight stability and control in freestream turbulent winds"
9941:
9021:
8600:
8522:
Bakken, B.H.; McWhorter, T.J.; Tsahar, E.; Martinez del Rio, C. (2004).
8311:
7768:
Suarez R.K.; Lighton J.R.; Brown G.S.; Mathieu-Costello O. (June 1991).
6642:
6563:
6227:
5736:
Abrahamczyk, S.; Souto-Vilarós, D.; McGuire, J.A.; Renner, S.S. (2015).
3645:, Connie Jiménez, wore a costume inspired by hummingbird wing feathers.
3593:, known as "The land of the hummingbird", displays a hummingbird on its
3140:
3117:" refers to the consumption of any arthropod, not exclusively insects).
2295:
Hummingbird kidneys also have a unique ability to control the levels of
2168:
per day, an amount estimated to be 10 times the energy consumption by a
1074:, some 12 to 13 million years ago, during the uplifting of the northern
499:(bee hummingbird) – the world's smallest bird – compared to a human hand
13527:
Video of hummingbird tongue acting as a micropump during nectar feeding
13513:
Hummingbird photos, videos, articles, links, frequently asked questions
13100:
12855:
12810:
11727:
11688:
11641:
11595:
11226:
10961:
10732:
10715:
10451:
10434:
10141:
10124:
10030:
10013:
9989:
9972:
9807:
9239:
8464:
8049:
8024:
7958:"Hummingbird metabolism unique in burning glucose and fructose equally"
7021:
Stoddard, M.C.; Eyster, H.N.; Hogan, B.G.; et al. (15 June 2020).
6727:
6585:
6409:
Temeles, Ethan J.; Miller, Jill S.; Rifkin, Joanna L. (12 April 2010).
6079:
5844:
5207:
4302:
4024:
3358:
3316:
Perception of sweetness in nectar evolved in hummingbirds during their
3225:
3125:
3102:
3018:
3000:
2970:
2963:
2741:, hummingbirds exhibit stable head positions and orientation when they
2671:
is similar to, but distinct from, that of hovering insects such as the
2535:
2401:
2337:
2269:
2259:
2224:
2201:
2142:
2138:
2029:
2016:
1788:
1631:
1529:
1505:
shows that one key evolutionary factor appears to have been an altered
1429:
1274:
1157:
1137:
1063:
1047:
1036:
891:
753:
546:
539:
383:
298:
237:
103:
68:
13047:
12018:
11970:
11579:
11110:
9702:
9685:
9549:
Fisher, R. Jr. (1994). "Praying mantis catches and eats hummingbird".
9065:
8949:
8550:
8540:
8523:
8090:
7252:
6895:
6852:
6783:
6218:
5973:
5926:
5891:
5753:
4594:
3779:"IOC World Bird List (v 13.2), International Ornithological Committee"
3089:
Although a high-quality source of energy, nectar is deficient in many
2817:
of sounds during courtship dives vary across species of hummingbirds.
473:, around 42 million years ago. The oldest known fossil hummingbird is
13636:
12877:
12704:
11863:
9612:
8707:
8521:
8438:"The role of the feet in behavioral thermoregulation of hummingbirds"
7627:
10.1002/1096-9861(20001016)426:2<182::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-M
7580:
7366:
Duque, F.G.; Rodríguez-Saltos, C.A.; Wilczynsk, W. (September 2018).
4758:. All About Birds, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. 2023
4470:. Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. 2023
3685:
3552:
3514:
3506:
3487:
3201:
3189:
3161:
3121:
3024:
2990:
2978:
2946:: The apparent slow movement of hummingbird wings is a result of the
2877:
2802:
2746:
2672:
2643:. Two studies of rufous or Anna's hummingbirds in a wind tunnel used
2612:
2547:
2523:
2373:
2312:
2288:(GFR) in amounts proportional to water consumption, thereby avoiding
2215:
ruby-throated hummingbird can cross 800 km (500 mi) of the
2067:
1951:– relatively the largest in any bird – exists in a region called the
1925:
1604:
1491:
1294:
1192:
1102:
1094:
1028:
979:
963:
959:
930:(subfamily Phaethornithinae) and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily
923:
886:
794:
773:
470:
303:
245:
203:
160:
108:
52:
13677:
13664:
13531:
12971:
Hurly, T.A.; Franz, S; Healy, S.D. (2010). "Do rufous hummingbirds (
12807:"Hummingbird F.A.Q.s from the Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory"
11719:
11680:
11633:
11501:
11476:
11218:
11161:
Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds
10235:
10052:
9112:
8863:"New study reveals how hummingbirds evolved to fly at high altitude"
8661:
8456:
5836:
5199:
5177:
Bleiweiss, Robert; Kirsch, John A. W.; Matheus, Juan Carlos (1999).
5104:
1755:
Male Anna's hummingbird showing iridescent crown and gorget feathers
13641:
13554:
11704:"Energetics and Water Balance in Free-Living Tropical Hummingbirds"
10684:
10273:
10204:
9458:
9421:
8911:
8894:
8372:
8025:"Oxidation rate and turnover of ingested sugar in hovering Anna's (
7097:"Hummingbirds control hovering flight by stabilizing visual motion"
6476:. Annenberg Learner, The Annenberg Foundation. 2015. Archived from
6310:
6262:
5737:
5511:
The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
3428:
3214:
3055:
3030:
2845:
2814:
2754:
2563:
2491:
2345:
2304:
2252:
2169:
2083:
1957:
1855:
1776:
1651:
1612:
1323:
1145:
1106:
1051:
1032:
859:
835:
586:
480:
341:
180:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
46:
13242:
11762:
9916:
Warrick, Douglas R.; Tobalske, Bret W.; Powers, Donald R. (2005).
9364:
7487:"The vocal organ of hummingbirds shows convergence with songbirds"
6685:
6092:
5568:
4335:"Downsized dinosaurs: The evolutionary transition to modern birds"
3072:
species are popular nectar sources for many hummingbirds; here, a
2344:, and that this adaptive effect likely resulted from evolutionary
2258:
While hovering, hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by
1723:
competitively and participate more frequently in courtship. Thus,
653:, moss, and loose strings of plant fibers (image). Typically, two
13202:
Kim, Ashley Y.; Rankin, David T.; Rankin, Erin E. Wilson (2021).
11477:"Feeding mechanisms: Hummingbird jaw bends to aid insect capture"
10075:
8353:"Hovering energetics and thermal balance in Anna's hummingbirds (
6830:
Lisney, T.J.; Wylie, D.R.; Kolominsky, J.; Iwaniuk, A.N. (2015).
6623:
5415:
McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007).
4163:"Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds"
3569:
3557:
3286:
3110:
3106:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:
2857:
2546:
Hummingbirds host a highly specialized lice fauna. Two genera of
2467:
2425:
2393:
2316:
2208:
2165:
2087:
2056:
1799:
1784:
1768:
1655:
1647:
1125:
1109:
about 34–28 million years ago) of Europe, belonging to the genus
1098:
1082:
1071:
1040:
1006:
991:
880:
The family Trochilidae was introduced in 1825 by Irish zoologist
863:
809:
798:
790:
646:
with the female's, passing sperm to fertilize the female's eggs.
387:
113:
88:
13510:
12192:
12058:
Rico-Guevara, A.; Rubega, M.A.; Hurme, K.J.; Dudley, R. (2019).
11944:
11740:
10259:
9047:
7154:
González, Clementina; Ornelas, Juan Francisco (1 October 2014).
5586:
4815:
Greig, Emma I.; Wood, Eric M.; Bonter, David N. (5 April 2017).
3824:"Hummingbirds of the United States: A Photo List of All Species"
2904:
The northward migration of rufous hummingbirds occurs along the
2737:
During turbulent airflow conditions created experimentally in a
1735:
thus favors the larger hummingbirds in terms of acquiring food.
1097:(family Hemiprocnidae), about 42 million years ago, probably in
9333:"These hummingbirds take extreme naps. Some may even hibernate"
8350:
8159:
5643:
4627:"Flight costs of long, sexually selected tails in hummingbirds"
3958:
3598:
3548:
3544:
3464:
3376:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3213:
has been reported to spend <1% of time consuming insects in
3157:
3012:
2982:
2927:
Hummingbirds feeding; video recorded at 1,500 frames per second
2656:
2596:
2515:
2381:
2366:
2300:
2281:
2153:
2079:
1917:
1909:
1893:) displaying a proportionally large eye in relation to its head
1834:, creating the "humming" sound from its rapid wingbeats, while
1767:
for flower resources and mating. The bright colors result from
1720:
1521:
1161:
1024:
1002:
916:
911:
850:
662:
650:
597:
593:
577:
455:
425:
356:
170:
12450:"The hummingbird tongue is a fluid trap, not a capillary tube"
12401:"The hummingbird's tongue: A self-assembling capillary syphon"
10125:"Effects of flight speed upon muscle activity in hummingbirds"
10122:
9644:"18 Surprising Predators of Hummingbirds You Never Knew About"
8293:
7425:
6711:"How the hummingbird wingbeat is tuned for efficient hovering"
6163:
5766:
3509:
the presence in nectar of insect defensive chemicals (such as
2734:); a wingbeat rate 40% higher than its typical hovering rate.
687:
13628:
13522:
High-resolution photo gallery of many species of hummingbirds
13018:
Hurly, T.A.; Fox, T.A.O.; Zwueste, D.M.; Healy, S.D. (2014).
12057:
12004:
11433:"Protein Requirements of Costa's Hummingbirds Calypte costae"
3436:
3333:
3169:
3098:
2885:
2805:, which produces the high-pitched sound of a courtship dive.
2777:
2685:
2495:
2397:
2319:, allowing for precise regulation of water and electrolytes.
2131:
1921:
1898:
1813:
1760:
1600:
1185:
Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
1075:
1055:
947:
855:
523:
352:
12832:
Attracting Hummingbirds |Missouri Department of Conservation
11895:"Hummingbirds have a greatly enlarged hippocampal formation"
11893:
Ward, B.J.; Day, L.B.; Wilkening, S.R.; et al. (2012).
9683:
9595:
Nyffeler, Martin; Maxwell, Michael R.; Remsen, J.V. (2017).
7554:
5904:
2062:
Hummingbird songs originate from at least seven specialized
560:
foot, showing three claw-like toes forward and one backward.
12399:
Kim, W.; Peaudecerf, F.; Baldwin, M.W.; Bush, J.W. (2012).
11837:
11081:
10170:. Oxford University Press, Ornithology Series. p. 34.
6025:
5676:
5332:
Bochenski, Zygmunt; Bochenski, Zbigniew M. (1 April 2008).
4973:
Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
4897:
3420:
3368:
3282:
3181:
3165:
3036:
2527:
2185:
1195:
below, the English names are those introduced in 1997. The
1023:("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in a
907:
581:
508:
399:
398:, weighing 18–24 grams (0.63–0.85 oz). Noted for long
337:
190:
11340:
11245:
Abrahamczyk, Stefan; Kessler, Michael (12 February 2010).
11159:
del Hoyo, Josep; Andrew, Elliott; Sargatal, Jordi (1999).
10432:
10011:
9597:"Bird predation by praying mantises: A global perspective"
9273:
5767:
Abrahamczyk, S.; Souto-Vilaros, D.; Renner, S. S. (2014).
5414:
5010:
4265:
2864:, a winter resident from Florida across the Gulf Coast to
2615:
and nectar by inserting her bill into the open mouth of a
1916:
responsible for visual processing, containing some 45,000
1571:
13143:
12903:. Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
12566:
12007:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
11814:
Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System
11787:
The Atlas of Birds: Diversity, Behavior, and Conservation
10366:"Sexual selection for flight performance in hummingbirds"
10053:
University of California - Riverside (25 February 2013).
7770:"Mitochondrial respiration in hummingbird flight muscles"
7094:
3185:
2519:
2091:
1869:
of wing strokes produced by the main flight muscles: the
1859:
1807:
1711:
Hummingbirds exhibit sexual size dimorphism according to
654:
12761:. Audubon California Kern River Preserve. Archived from
12398:
11580:"Arthropod Feeding by Two Dominican Hummingbird Species"
10529:
10190:
7485:
Riede, Tobias; Olson, Christopher R. (6 February 2020).
7233:
6874:
6832:"Eye morphology and retinal topography in hummingbirds (
6196:
3880:
3777:
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (29 January 2023).
2474:, is one signal that arouses a hummingbird from torpor.
1810:) green tail feathers than birds on a low-protein diet.
1081:
In 2013, a 50-million-year-old bird fossil unearthed in
514:
Hummingbirds are the smallest known and smallest living
13412:"Brand Refresh: Introducing the new Caribbean Airlines"
12405:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
12252:"T1R receptors mediate mammalian sweet and umami taste"
11257:(3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 615–625.
10566:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
10487:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8580:
AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
7869:
5773:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5458:
5235:
4821:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4631:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4575:
4266:
Brusatte, SL; O'Connor, JK; Jarvis, ED (October 2015).
3224:
Because their high metabolism makes them vulnerable to
1972:
hummingbirds indicated that hummingbirds have a fourth
1611:) – the world's smallest bird – evolved to
12678:
12512:"High-speed video shows how hummingbirds really drink"
11660:
Montgomerie, Robert D.; Redsell, Catherine A. (1980).
11158:
7655:
5533:
5176:
2635:
A female ruby-throated hummingbird hovering in mid-air
1947:
studies of the hummingbird brain showed that neuronal
1168:
which attract hummingbirds into new geographic areas.
942:, making the former definition of the Trochilinae not
13246:
The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art
12297:
12109:"Pollinator recognition by a keystone tropical plant"
12107:
Betts, M.G.; Hadley, A.S.; Kress, W.J. (March 2015).
11892:
9915:
9777:"Nesting behavior of the swallow-tailed hummingbird,
9594:
8223:
Skutch, Alexander F. & Singer, Arthur B. (1973).
7982:
Chen, Chris Chin Wah; Welch, Kenneth Collins (2014).
7368:"High-frequency vocalizations in Andean hummingbirds"
6709:
Ingersoll, Rivers; Lentink, David (15 October 2018).
6564:
Meadows, M.G.; Roudybush, T.E.; McGraw, K.J. (2012).
6026:
Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A. & Santamaría, L. (2004).
4160:
2102:
constraints possibly derived from a common ancestor.
1062:
and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological
13017:
11662:"A Nesting Hummingbird Feeding Solely on Arthropods"
11041:. Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. 2023
10236:"Hummingbirds edge out helicopters in hover contest"
10014:"Three-dimensional kinematics of hummingbird flight"
9572:) captures and feeds on a broad-tailed hummingbird (
8803:
8630:
6686:
Eindhoven University of Technology (16 March 2021).
5096:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
4386:. The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London
3776:
3697:
3407:
Hummingbirds hovering at an artificial nectar feeder
2977:
in complex ways with flowering plants; thousands of
2322:
1995:
1850:
that evoke an acoustic quality likened to that of a
1798:
One study of Anna's hummingbirds found that dietary
1541:
America, and the Caribbean, indicating an enlarging
13517:
High-resolution photo gallery of almost 100 species
9403:
7023:"Wild hummingbirds discriminate nonspectral colors"
6931:
6408:
5534:Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997).
5118:Sibley, Charles Gald; Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990).
4995:
3289:downward to widen the beak for successful capture.
2156:at rates that are the highest known for vertebrate
458:, a distance of about 3,900 miles (6,300 km).
446:of its normal rate. While most hummingbirds do not
371:. As of 2024, 21 hummingbird species are listed as
12447:
11659:
11577:
11244:
11061:"Map of rufous hummingbird migration, Spring 2023"
10533:Aerospace, gravitational effects, high performance
10308:"Hummingbirds shake their heads to deal with rain"
9911:
9909:
9907:
9404:Powers, D.R.; Brown, A.R.; Van Hook, J.A. (2003).
8224:
8074:"Sugar metabolism in hummingbirds and nectar bats"
7313:
5331:
4578:"Take-off mechanics in hummingbirds (Trochilidae)"
3101:, and although it may contain trace quantities of
2868:. Ruby-throated hummingbirds are common along the
1113:having similar morphology to modern hummingbirds.
13077:
12892:
11063:. Journey North, Annenberg Learner. 29 April 2023
6757:
4673:
3959:Venable, G.X.; Gahm, K.; Prum, R.O. (June 2022).
2825:Male rufous and broad-tailed hummingbirds (genus
2699:
2086:) and a few groups of mammals (including humans,
862:alone has more than 160 and the comparably small
724:in 2024, 8 hummingbird species are classified as
379:, with numerous species declining in population.
13757:
12729:
12615:
12362:Frank, David; Gorman, James (8 September 2015).
12106:
11578:Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe; Dowd, McAlister (1992).
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
6708:
6537:"Sun-oriented display of the Anna's hummingbird"
5637:
5170:
4877:"Hummingbird hawk moth, hummingbird and sunbird"
3470:In at least one hummingbird species – the
3443:easily grow in it, causing it to spoil rapidly.
3398:
2437:throughout torpor at a rate of 0.04 g per hour.
2420:Anna's hummingbird is the official city bird of
2372:While their range was originally limited to the
784:
13201:
12970:
12679:Rousseu, F.; Charette, Y.; Bélisle, M. (2014).
12454:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11743:"The behavior and diet of the Shining Sunbeam (
11475:Yanega, Gregor M.; Rubega, Margaret A. (2004).
9904:
9677:
7728:
7314:Pytte, C.L.; Ficken, M.S.; Moiseff, A. (2004).
7153:
7101:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7027:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6113:
5574:
5501:
4814:
3684:Fallen Anna's hummingbird nest shown next to a
3551:, artistic representations of hummingbirds and
1739:variety of flowers is advantageous, decreasing
12901:A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America
12878:"Should I Add Red Dye to My Hummingbird Food?"
12747:
11701:
11163:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 475–680.
10713:
9170:
6993:"Hummingbirds see motion in an unexpected way"
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
5410:
5408:
5117:
4945:. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
1512:Upon maturity, males of a particular species,
406:, but all species also consume small insects.
12950:"Hummingbirds take no notice of flower color"
11702:Weathers, Wesley W.; Stiles, F. Gary (1989).
11590:(4). Wilson Ornithological Society: 743–747.
11380:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11213:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 853–878.
10714:Clark, C.J.; Elias, D.O.; Prum, R.O. (2013).
9455:"The hummingbird project of British Columbia"
8506:
8216:
8072:Suarez, Raul; Welch, Kenneth (12 July 2017).
6514:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 13–18.
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
5068:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
4963:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
3311:
2872:, and migrate in summer from as far north as
2424:, Canada, and is a non-migrating resident of
2299:after consuming nectars with high amounts of
1535:
13294:
12809:. Sabo.org. 25 November 2008. Archived from
12300:"Hummingbird tongues are elastic micropumps"
11747:): A territorial high-elevation hummingbird"
11573:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11531:
11474:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11370:
10837:
9578:Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society
9484:. Cornell University Press. pp. 35–37.
9473:
9150:"Anna's Hummingbird: Our winter hummingbird"
9094:
8773:
8771:
8703:
8701:
8222:
7421:
7419:
7284:"Song sounds of various hummingbird species"
6507:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6292:
6290:
6288:
4902:(Nectariniidae) and the chilean hummingbird
3517:of foraging ants, which discourage feeding.
3332:receptor, identical to the one perceived as
2679:in hovering rufous hummingbirds showed that
1524:-like weapon on the beak tip as a secondary
574:three toes pointing forward and one backward
13139:
13137:
13135:
12922:
12920:
12361:
12188:
12186:
12184:
11817:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
11810:
11655:
11653:
11651:
11616:Kuban, Joseph F.; Neill, Robert L. (1980).
11443:(2). University of Chicago Press: 611–626.
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11196:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11033:
11031:
11029:
11027:
11025:
11023:
11000:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10838:Miller, Sarah J.; Inouye, David W. (1983).
10607:
10605:
10555:
10553:
10551:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10363:
9970:
9774:
9506:"Longevity Records Of North American Birds"
9479:
9043:
9041:
9039:
8577:
8431:
8429:
8155:
8153:
8129:
8127:
8071:
8022:
7931:"Fueling the hummingbird's extreme biology"
7016:
7014:
6610:
6389:
6235:
6114:Nicolson, S.W. & Fleming, P.A. (2003).
5947:
5405:
5131:
5129:
5111:
5011:Salaman, P.; Donegan, T.; Caro, D. (2009).
4729:"Hummingbird facts and family introduction"
4624:
4443:
4210:
4208:
4206:
3168:item; other very common prey items include
2762:coordination of vision with body position.
2753:of their tail feathers into the shape of a
2619:, and then regurgitating the food into its
1031:; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at
869:
688:Population estimates and threatened species
12930:. US National Audubon Society. 28 May 2013
12898:
11790:. Princeton University Press. p. 57.
11615:
11233:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10808:"Hummingbird sings with its tail feathers"
9918:"Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird"
8888:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8779:"How do hummingbirds thrive in the Andes?"
8477:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8283:
7484:
6492:
6464:
6462:
6352:
6076:
5644:Rico-Guevara, A.; Araya-Salas, M. (2015).
5122:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
4723:
4721:
4526:"Hummingbird feet: Can hummingbirds walk?"
4519:
4517:
4139:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
3457:
2599:shell to several centimeters in diameter.
1814:Specialized characteristics and metabolism
1509:that enabled hummingbirds to seek nectar.
124:
13438:Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District
13360:"National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago"
13307:. National Geographic Books. p. 25.
13300:
13219:
13170:
13099:
13046:
12712:
12633:
12616:Avalos, G.; Soto, A.; Alfaro, W. (2012).
12592:
12505:
12503:
12483:
12473:
12424:
12357:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12331:
12267:
12226:
12142:
12132:
12083:
12026:
11978:
11940:
11938:
11918:
11811:Stevens, C. Edward; Hume, Ian D. (2004).
11714:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 324.
11675:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 463.
11628:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 180.
11564:
11532:Carroll, Scott P.; Moore, Laurel (1993).
11500:
11430:
11398:
11367:
11358:
11282:
11280:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11148:
10970:
10960:
10938:
10936:
10805:
10775:
10731:
10647:
10637:
10585:
10523:
10506:
10450:
10412:
10364:Wilcox, Sean; Clark, Christopher (2022).
10331:
10140:
10029:
9988:
9859:
9806:
9796:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9744:
9734:
9710:
9701:
9528:"Longevity Records AOU Numbers 3930–4920"
9331:Greenwood, Veronique (8 September 2020).
9330:
9307:
8910:
8837:
8768:
8751:
8733:
8698:
8599:
8549:
8539:
8327:
8251:
8107:
8089:
8048:
8007:
7981:
7905:
7895:
7826:
7803:
7793:
7588:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7526:
7478:
7453:
7443:
7416:
7391:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7251:
7197:
7179:
7130:
7120:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7064:
7046:
6987:
6985:
6957:
6851:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6799:
6726:
6659:
6641:
6593:
6442:
6333:
6296:
6285:
6226:
6181:
6159:
6157:
6053:
6043:
5792:
5742:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5712:
5702:
5661:
5620:
5551:
5432:
5261:
5013:"Checklist to the Birds of Colombia 2009"
4848:
4650:
4593:
4523:
4384:"Are birds the only surviving dinosaurs?"
4350:
4301:
4291:
4268:"The origin and diversification of birds"
4186:
4096:
4086:
3984:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3922:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3672:(1899), showing a variety of hummingbirds
3423:, which can be harmful, and brown sugar,
3156:for small flying insects, but also glean
2889:adequate shelter and food are available.
2715:Slow-motion video of hummingbirds feeding
580:. The toes of hummingbirds are formed as
351:. With approximately 366 species and 113
13251:Continuum International Publishing Group
13132:
13071:
12917:
12853:
12535:"The hummingbird's tongue: How it works"
12364:"ScienceTake | The hummingbird's tongue"
12293:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12181:
12000:
11998:
11757:(1). Wilson Ornithological Society: 24.
11648:
11431:Brice, Ann T.; Grau, C. Richard (1991).
11415:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11177:
11146:
11144:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11020:
10987:
10886:
10884:
10670:
10602:
10559:
10548:
10467:
10428:
10426:
10424:
9660:
9449:
9447:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9127:"Official City Bird: Anna's Hummingbird"
9036:
8943:
8426:
8150:
8124:
7955:
7949:
7933:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Archived from
7922:
7761:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7011:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6534:
5495:
5454:
5452:
5126:
4870:
4868:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4697:
4695:
4678:(1 ed.). Cornell University Press.
4674:Ridgely, R.S.; Greenfield, P.G. (2001).
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4423:
4421:
4203:
4068:
4006:
4004:
3623:for "resting place of the hummingbird".
3532:
3524:
3402:
3381:
3344:
3340:
3296:flowers. Some species, such as hermits (
3139:
3064:
2930:
2915:
2788:The outer tail feathers of male Anna's (
2703:
2650:
2630:
2577:
2035:
1999:
1884:
1822:
1787:, a pigment, and may also be colored by
1750:
1618:
1575:
758:
667:
633:
625:
551:
502:
490:
13781:National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago
13321:
12849:
12847:
12448:Rico-Guevara, A.; Rubega, M.A. (2011).
12394:
12392:
11470:
11468:
11466:
10826:
10302:
10163:
9887:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9826:
9221:
8986:
8877:
8854:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8480:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
8435:
8403:
8280:
8133:
7977:
7975:
7928:
7611:
6459:
6248:
5825:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
4940:
4779:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4718:
4701:
4514:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4332:
4326:
4047:
3821:
3235:
2969:As among the most important vertebrate
2351:
1830:A calliope hummingbird hovering near a
1572:Coevolution with ornithophilous flowers
997:Fossil hummingbirds are known from the
898:, hummingbirds are placed in the order
14:
13758:
13480:
13426:
13327:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13195:
12660:. Nationalzoo.si.edu. 22 February 2017
12532:
12509:
12500:
12348:
12256:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
12100:
12051:
11935:
11609:
11277:
11200:
10933:
10748:
10359:
10357:
9761:
9716:
9641:
9567:
9548:
9141:
8992:
8892:
8860:
8409:
8344:
8065:
8023:Welch, K.C. Jr.; Suarez, R.K. (2007).
7543:
7354:
7081:
6982:
6816:
6751:
6681:
6679:
6559:
6557:
6190:
6154:
5815:
5677:Abrahamczyk, S.; Renner, S.S. (2015).
5138:"Fossil hummingbirds of the Old World"
5058:
5043:
4775:
4773:
4569:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4381:
4010:
3939:
3865:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3637:During the costume competition of the
3520:
2663:Many earlier studies had assumed that
2655:Hummingbirds generate a trail of wake
2590:Video of a hummingbird building a nest
2332:in the air is reduced, a condition of
2074:study showed that these nuclei enable
13786:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors
13536:
13535:
13481:Garcia, Alexander (26 January 2017).
12284:
11995:
11783:
11319:
11125:
10881:
10754:
10611:
10480:
10421:
10394:
10193:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
10069:
9717:Sychra, Oldřich; et al. (2024).
9663:"Which animals prey on hummingbirds?"
9588:
9568:Lorenz, S. (2007). "Carolina mantid (
9444:
9410:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
9371:General and Comparative Endocrinology
9262:
9147:
9088:
8361:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
8134:Callier, Viviane (24 February 2023).
7960:. University of Toronto - Scarborough
7302:
7236:"Vocal communication in hummingbirds"
7214:
6918:
6702:
5553:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767
5449:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5120:Phylogeny and classification of birds
4874:
4865:
4799:
4692:
4540:
4493:
4001:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3772:
3770:
3768:
2820:
1908:Further, hummingbird eyes have large
1668:
672:Hummingbird nestlings ready to fledge
319:(For an alphabetic species list, see
12844:
12389:
12169:. Beauty of Birds. 16 September 2021
11831:
11463:
11353:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP).
11286:
10913:
10890:
10233:
10227:
10046:
9867:"Hummingbird Q&A: Nest and eggs"
9823:
9661:Stiteler, Sharon (29 October 2015).
9520:
9148:Green, Gregory A. (2 October 2018).
8797:
8566:
7972:
7863:
7729:Altshuler, D.L.; Dudley, R. (2002).
7147:
7095:Goller, B.; Altshuler, D.L. (2014).
5284:
5135:
5092:
4875:White, Richard (19 September 2015).
4743:
4398:
4259:
4214:
3560:to the wearer. The Aztec god of war
3497:which enhance color discrimination.
3148:, members of the family Chironomidae
2954:All hummingbirds are overwhelmingly
797:group restricted in distribution to
630:A nesting female Allen's hummingbird
13328:Golomb, Jason (28 September 2019).
13267:
13208:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
13151:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
12787:. Faq.gardenweb.com. 9 January 2008
11393:(2). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 419–426.
11381:Toledo, MCB.; Moreira, DM. (2008).
10354:
9642:Didier, Laurent (1 November 2018).
9228:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
8528:The Journal of Experimental Biology
7829:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
7735:The Journal of Experimental Biology
7320:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
7276:
7234:Duque, F.G.; Carruth, L.L. (2022).
6875:Iwaniuk, A.N.; Wylie, D.R. (2007).
6676:
6554:
6028:"Why are so many bird flowers red?"
4975:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 623–624.
4770:
4582:The Journal of Experimental Biology
4482:
4375:
3838:
2238:
2235:of 250 breaths per minute at rest.
1759:The hummingbird plumage coloration
1595:flowers upon which they feed. This
946:. The hummingbirds form nine major
564:Hummingbird legs are short with no
402:, hummingbirds are specialized for
24:
13414:. Caribbean Airlines. 1 March 2020
12785:"Feeders and Feeding Hummingbirds"
12533:Gorman, James (8 September 2015).
12304:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
12249:
11534:"Hummingbirds take their vitamins"
11313:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x
9888:Mohrman, Eric (22 November 2019).
8635:to dilute and concentrate urine".
5372:
5242:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5080:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x
4996:Jaramillo, A.; Barros, R. (2010).
4969:Handbook of the Birds of the World
4702:Mohrman, Eric (22 November 2019).
4333:Chiappe, Luis M. (16 April 2009).
3822:Stonich, Kathryn (26 April 2021).
3796:
3765:
2770:
2505:
2275:
1727:favors smaller male hummingbirds.
25:
13807:
13791:Extant Rupelian first appearances
13504:
13434:"Sierra Azul Preserve - Overview"
12743:. Audubon Society. 14 April 2016.
11751:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
10810:. Cosmos Magazine. Archived from
10806:Kovacevic, M. (30 January 2008).
9601:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
9508:. United States Geological Survey
9105:The Birds of North America Online
8861:Gayman, Deann (2 December 2013).
7956:Campbell, Don (3 December 2013).
4943:"Hummingbird moth (Hemaris spp.)"
4706:. Sciencing, Leaf Media Group Ltd
4676:The Birds of Ecuador, Field Guide
4339:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3172:, especially those of the family
2765:
2323:Hemoglobin adaptation to altitude
2043:Song of male Anna's hummingbird (
1996:Song, vocal learning, and hearing
1976:(humans have three) that detects
1873:(the main downstroke muscle) and
1746:
1160:– defining their relationship to
826:List of Apodiformes by population
661:only from the mother, the chicks
592:Hummingbirds apply their legs as
556:Close-up of toe arrangement in a
483:Stage of Early Oligocene Europe.
13474:
13452:
13404:
13378:
13352:
13282:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2023
13236:
13011:
12964:
12942:
12870:
12825:
12799:
12777:
12737:"How to Make Hummingbird Nectar"
12672:
12650:
12609:
12560:
12526:
12441:
12243:
12159:
11886:
11804:
11777:
11734:
11695:
11525:
11075:
11053:
10907:
10799:
10707:
10664:
10560:Clark, C. J.; Feo, T.J. (2008).
10388:
10325:
10296:
10253:
10184:
10157:
10116:
10005:
9964:
9881:
9654:
9635:
9561:
9542:
9498:
9397:
9358:
9324:
9215:
9164:
9119:
8655:
8649:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03083.x
8624:
8471:
8410:Soniak, Matt (2 February 2016).
8245:
6884:Journal of Comparative Neurology
4964:Fjeldså, J.; Heynen, I. (1999).
4625:Clark, C.J.; Dudley, R. (2009).
4524:Hannemann, Emily (12 May 2022).
4431:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2023
3729:
3700:
3677:
3662:A color plate illustration from
3655:
3259:
3251:Curved beak (approx. 90) of the
3244:
2942:Hummingbird visiting flowers in
1862:, and "whoosh" of larger birds.
1689:
1677:
763:Male ruby-throated hummingbird (
363:, but most species are found in
147:
56:
11400:10.1590/s1519-69842008000200027
10891:Lowe, Joe (12 September 2019).
10720:Journal of Experimental Biology
10129:Journal of Experimental Biology
9977:Journal of Experimental Biology
9798:10.1590/s0034-71082000000400016
9775:Oniki, Y; Willis, E.O. (2000).
8037:Journal of Experimental Biology
8016:
7820:
7722:
7649:
7605:
6868:
6715:Journal of Experimental Biology
6574:Journal of Experimental Biology
6528:
6199:Global Ecology and Biogeography
6120:Plant Systematics and Evolution
6107:
6070:
6019:
5967:
5941:
5898:
5859:
5809:
5760:
5729:
5670:
5580:
5540:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5527:
5325:
5285:Mayr, Gerald (1 January 2007).
5278:
5229:
5086:
5052:
5037:
5004:
4989:
4957:
4934:
4891:
4667:
4618:
3587:depicts a hummingbird (right).
2659:under each wing while hovering.
2573:
2534:, and other birds, such as the
1924:is dilated maximally, enabling
910:are hollow and fragile, making
13386:"Coins of Trinidad and Tobago"
12064:Integrative Organismal Biology
11449:10.1086/physzool.64.2.30158193
10332:St. Fleur, N. (20 July 2012).
9971:Sapir, N.; Dudley, R. (2012).
9014:10.1086/physzool.64.3.30158211
8972:10.1086/physzool.52.3.30155751
8266:10.1086/physzool.37.2.30152332
8231:. New York: Crown Publishers.
4780:Chillag, Amy (21 April 2023).
4113:
3739:(occurring at about +5 Gz) in
3716:AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird
3490:and a double cone screened by
2884:in spring as far north as the
2700:Wingbeats and flight stability
2570:, are extremely rare on them.
2404:, as well as the use of urban
2315:density in close proximity to
2147:carnitine palmitoyltransferase
1980:and enables discrimination of
1199:are those introduced in 2013.
849:, Central America or southern
665:about 3 weeks after hatching.
486:
461:Hummingbirds split from their
416:Hummingbirds have the highest
13:
1:
10877:– via hummingbirds.net.
10860:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80224-3
9892:. Sciencing, Leaf Group Media
9482:The natural history of shrews
9095:Clark CJ, Russell SM (2012).
8492:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00165-4
8436:Udvardy, Miklos D.F. (1983).
7240:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
6840:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
6470:"Hummingbird characteristics"
3758:
3399:Feeders and artificial nectar
2602:Many hummingbird species use
2116:
1587:Hummingbirds are specialized
785:Superficially similar species
621:
529:
13092:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.019
12622:Revista de Biología Tropical
11387:Brazilian Journal of Biology
10639:10.1371/journal.pone.0093829
9785:Brazilian Journal of Biology
9193:10.1126/science.168.3929.368
8810:Genome Biology and Evolution
7181:10.1371/journal.pone.0109241
6045:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020350
5948:Simon, Matt (10 July 2015).
4928:10.1016/0306-4565(92)90001-V
4555:"Do hummingbirds have feet?"
3500:
2838:
2541:
2510:
1877:(the main upstroke muscle).
1116:
1088:
507:Adult male bee hummingbird,
418:mass-specific metabolic rate
32:Hummingbird (disambiguation)
7:
12658:"Hummingbird Nectar Recipe"
11544:(4). Elsevier BV: 817–820.
11360:10.1093/ornithology/ukab074
11008:. Hummingbird Central. 2023
10895:. American Bird Conservancy
9890:"How do hummingbirds mate?"
8227:The Life of the Hummingbird
5575:Dickinson & Remsen 2013
5136:Mayr, Gerald (March 2005).
4756:"Ruby-throated hummingbird"
4731:. Hummingbird Central. 2023
4704:"How do hummingbirds mate?"
3826:. American Bird Conservancy
3693:
3134:swallow-tailed hummingbirds
2485:
2422:Vancouver, British Columbia
2380:, it expanded northward to
2286:glomerular filtration rates
2051:The avian vocal organ, the
1974:color-sensitive visual cone
1552:. The same is true for the
876:List of hummingbird species
321:List of hummingbird species
10:
13812:
13462:. Gibson Brands, Inc. 2023
13304:How to Be an Aztec Warrior
13221:10.1007/s00265-021-03067-4
12899:Williamson, S. L. (2002).
12856:"Please Don't Use Red Dye"
10893:"Do hummingbirds migrate?"
9665:. National Audubon Society
9480:Churchfield, Sara (1990).
8592:10.1152/ajpregu.00137.2006
8300:Royal Society Open Science
7511:10.1038/s41598-020-58843-5
7445:10.1186/s40850-020-00057-3
5151:(1): 12–16. Archived from
4908:Journal of Thermal Biology
4879:. Bird Ecology Study Group
3977:10.1038/s42003-022-03518-2
3907:10.1038/s41598-021-97889-x
3648:
3312:Perception of sweet nectar
3281:The shapes of hummingbird
3130:blue-throated hummingbirds
2911:
2645:particle image velocimetry
2458:During torpor, to prevent
2330:partial pressure of oxygen
1848:oscillations and harmonics
1818:
1536:Geographic diversification
1520:, appear to be evolving a
902:, which also contains the
873:
823:
705:are about 8 million each,
676:The average lifespan of a
29:
13796:Symbols of Espírito Santo
13544:
13301:MacDonald, Fiona (2008).
13163:10.1007/s00359-008-0349-8
13039:10.1007/s10071-014-0748-x
12989:10.1007/s10071-009-0280-6
12952:. Phys.org. 16 March 2012
12510:Mosher, D. (2 May 2011).
11263:10.1007/s10336-010-0496-x
10234:Gill, V. (30 July 2014).
10094:10.1007/s00348-012-1439-5
9736:10.1017/S0031182023001294
9129:. City of Vancouver. 2019
7841:10.1007/s00360-014-0843-y
7393:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.058
7332:10.1007/s00359-004-0525-4
6959:10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.041
6367:10.1007/s11692-012-9206-3
6140:10.1007/s00606-003-0276-7
5997:10.1007/s00442-008-1255-z
5704:10.1186/s12862-015-0388-z
5473:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x
5434:10.1080/10635150701656360
5350:10.1007/s10336-007-0261-y
5303:10.1007/s10336-006-0108-y
4941:Moisset, Beatriz (2022).
4352:10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4
4293:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003
4188:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016
3601:on its national airline,
3529:Nazca Lines - hummingbird
3435:also should not be used.
3388:ruby-throated hummingbird
2626:
2440:During nighttime torpor,
2431:
2229:blue-throated hummingbird
2190:fructose-bisphosphatase 2
2126:in their flight muscles.
2013:Campylopterus curvipennis
1889:Male rufous hummingbird (
1880:
1771:in the feathers and from
1741:intraspecific competition
1514:Phaethornis longirostris,
1427:
1402:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1353:
1346:
1321:
1305:
1298:
1288:
1272:
1265:
1240:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1148:, the giant hummingbird,
748:) and Caribbean emerald (
703:broad-tailed hummingbirds
678:ruby-throated hummingbird
558:ruby-throated hummingbird
269:
262:
243:
236:
144:Scientific classification
142:
132:
123:
41:
12975:) use visual beacons?".
12854:Chambers, Lanny (2016).
12269:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462G
11287:PYKE, GRAHAM H. (1980).
11201:Stiles, F. Gary (1995).
9054:Journal of Avian Biology
8637:Journal of Avian Biology
5683:BMC Evolutionary Biology
5093:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
5060:Vigors, Nicholas Aylward
4494:Glick, Adrienne (2002).
4468:"What is a hummingbird?"
3722:
3718:– artificial hummingbird
3209:in one study, while the
3097:; it tends to be low in
2862:buff-bellied hummingbird
2675:. Further studies using
2500:buff-bellied hummingbird
2482:and duration of torpor.
2111:Oreotrochilus chimborazo
1836:chirping by vocalization
1554:sword-billed hummingbird
1035:–Frauenweiler, south of
870:Taxonomy and systematics
819:
516:avian theropod dinosaurs
404:feeding on flower nectar
13511:The Hummingbird Website
13147:Sephanoides sephaniodes
12841:Retrieved on 2013-04-01
12635:10.15517/rbt.v60i1.2362
12475:10.1073/pnas.1016944108
12219:10.1126/science.1255097
12167:"Fiery-tailed awlbills"
12134:10.1073/pnas.1419522112
11006:"Hummingbird migration"
10916:"Hummingbird migration"
10842:Selasphorus platycercus
10777:10.1093/czoolo/57.2.187
10673:The American Naturalist
10414:10.1093/czoolo/57.2.187
10262:The American Naturalist
9574:Selasphorus platycercus
8899:The American Naturalist
8735:10.1073/pnas.1315456110
8186:10.1126/science.abn7050
8009:10.1111/1365-2435.12202
7929:Barlett, Paige (2018).
7897:10.1073/pnas.87.23.9207
7795:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4870
7747:10.1242/jeb.205.16.2325
7685:10.1126/science.1230492
7122:10.1073/pnas.1415975111
7048:10.1073/pnas.1919377117
6535:Hamilton, W.J. (1965).
6299:The American Naturalist
6251:The American Naturalist
6183:10.1111/1365-2435.12005
5907:Journal of Biogeography
5613:10.1126/science.1255097
5020:Conservation Colombiana
4904:Sephanoides sephanoides
4557:. Wild Bird Scoop. 2023
4237:10.1126/science.1096856
4069:Hargrove, J.L. (2005).
3476:Sephanoides sephaniodes
3458:Visual cues of foraging
3253:white-tipped sicklebill
3074:green-crowned brilliant
2340:– had increased oxygen-
2265:surface-to-volume ratio
2172:runner in competition.
882:Nicholas Aylward Vigors
866:has about 130 species.
752:) – have been declared
13460:"Hummingbird Original"
12928:"Hummingbirds See Red"
12755:"Feeding Hummingbirds"
12417:10.1098/rspb.2012.1837
12316:10.1098/rspb.2015.1014
11911:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1180
11745:Aglaeactis cupripennis
11550:10.1006/anbe.1993.1261
11251:Journal of Ornithology
10578:10.1098/rspb.2007.1619
10499:10.1098/rspb.2009.0508
10382:10.1093/beheco/arac075
10164:Videler, J.J. (2005).
9383:10.1006/gcen.2000.7555
9292:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0428
8993:Powers, D. R. (1991).
8893:Battey, C. J. (2019).
6427:10.1098/rstb.2009.0284
5785:10.1098/rspb.2014.0888
5461:Journal of Ornithology
5338:Journal of Ornithology
5291:Journal of Ornithology
5254:10.1098/rspb.2013.0580
4833:10.1098/rspb.2017.0256
4643:10.1098/rspb.2009.0090
4502:. Animal Diversity Web
4088:10.1186/1475-2891-4-36
3965:Communications Biology
3851:"Hummingbird (search)"
3743:during operation of a
3541:
3537:Hummingbird emblem on
3530:
3472:green-backed firecrown
3408:
3395:
3394:) with tongue extended
3354:
3149:
3086:
2951:
2928:
2757:. While hovering, the
2723:). Males in the genus
2716:
2660:
2636:
2591:
2048:
2020:
2009:wedge-tailed sabrewing
2007:Complex songs of male
1914:retinal ganglion cells
1894:
1838:
1795:a female of interest.
1756:
1627:
1584:
1543:evolutionary radiation
1172:Molecular phylogenetic
814:hummingbird hawk-moths
768:
673:
639:
631:
561:
511:
500:
13771:Birds of the Americas
13738:Paleobiology Database
13080:Behavioural Processes
12837:19 April 2012 at the
12685:Ecology and Evolution
11951:Ecology and Evolution
11437:Physiological Zoology
11299:(4). Wiley: 343–369.
10082:Experiments in Fluids
9838:"Hummingbird nesting"
9570:Stagmomantis carolina
9097:"Anna's hummingbird (
9002:Physiological Zoology
8960:Physiological Zoology
8664:Journal of Morphology
8254:Physiological Zoology
8138:. Scientific American
6764:Ecology and Evolution
6508:Williamson S (2001).
5816:Stiles, Gary (1981).
5663:10.1093/beheco/aru182
4382:Hendry, Lisa (2023).
3669:Kunstformen der Natur
3568:as hummingbirds. The
3536:
3528:
3433:artificial sweeteners
3406:
3385:
3348:
3341:Tongue as a micropump
3211:purple-throated carib
3176:, as well as various
3143:
3068:
2941:
2926:
2714:
2654:
2634:
2589:
2042:
2006:
1888:
1829:
1754:
1733:Directional selection
1702:Sexual dimorphism in
1622:
1581:Purple-throated carib
1579:
1068:DNA–DNA hybridization
874:Further information:
762:
736:, and 20 species are
726:critically endangered
671:
637:
629:
604:and maneuverability.
555:
506:
494:
428:, a state similar to
377:critically endangered
13340:on 28 September 2019
12759:www.kern.audubon.org
11784:Unwin, Mike (2011).
11039:"Rufous hummingbird"
10920:High Country Gardens
10755:Clark, C.J. (2011).
10612:Clark, C.J. (2014).
10481:Clark, C.J. (2009).
10395:Clark, C.J. (2011).
9781:(Trochilidae, Aves)"
6355:Evolutionary Biology
5158:on 27 September 2011
4900:Aethopyga christinae
3613:Santa Cruz Mountains
3392:Archilochus colubris
3306:fiery-tailed awlbill
3236:Beak specializations
2989:, even render their
2973:, hummingbirds have
2732:Selasphorus calliope
2352:Adaptation to winter
1956:nucleus lentiformis
1180:James Van Remsen Jr.
803:convergent evolution
765:Archilochus colubris
740:. Two species – the
715:Allen's hummingbirds
30:For other uses, see
13334:National Geographic
12697:2014EcoEv...4..776R
12466:2011PNAS..108.9356R
12211:2014Sci...345..929B
12125:2015PNAS..112.3433B
11963:2022EcoEv..12E8988B
11856:1986Natur.320...62D
11584:The Wilson Bulletin
11493:2004Natur.428..615Y
11305:1980AusEc...5..343P
11103:2012Ecol...93.1987M
10914:Godshalk, Katrina.
10630:2014PLoSO...993829C
10306:(8 November 2011).
9942:10.1038/nature03647
9934:2005Natur.435.1094W
9779:Eupetomena macroura
9185:1970Sci...168..368R
8726:2013PNAS..11020669P
8720:(51): 20669–20674.
8312:10.1098/rsos.171056
8178:2023Sci...379..185O
8043:(Pt 12): 2154–162.
8000:2014FuEco..28..589C
7888:1990PNAS...87.9207S
7786:1991PNAS...88.4870S
7741:(Pt 16): 2325–336.
7677:2013Sci...339..684R
7573:2000Natur.406..628J
7503:2020NatSR..10.2007R
7455:20.500.11850/429165
7384:2018CBio...28.R927D
7172:2014PLoSO...9j9241G
7113:2014PNAS..11118375G
7039:2020PNAS..11715112S
6950:2017CBio...27..279G
6776:2018EcoEv...810482O
6770:(21): 10482–10488.
6643:10.7554/elife.63107
6544:The Wilson Bulletin
6480:on 11 November 2016
6211:2015GloEB..24.1212M
6132:2003PSyEv.238..139N
5989:2009Oecol.159..757D
5919:2017JBiog..44.1847A
5884:2014Ecol...95.3325M
5695:2015BMCEE..15..104A
5605:2014Sci...345..929B
5577:, pp. 105–136.
5044:Freile, J. (2009).
4920:1992JTBio..17...71P
4284:2015CBio...25.R888B
4229:2004Sci...304..861M
4179:2014CBio...24..910M
3899:2021NatSR..1118369E
3783:IOC World Bird List
3745:fixed-wing aircraft
3617:Northern California
3597:, 1-cent coin, and
3591:Trinidad and Tobago
3521:In myth and culture
2948:stroboscopic effect
2850:tropical rainforest
2684:perform without an
2107:Ecuadorian hillstar
2088:whales and dolphins
1982:non-spectral colors
1938:lateral and frontal
1781:diffraction grating
1704:violet-tailed sylph
1663:mutualistic network
1583:feeding at a flower
954:, the hermits, the
137:Trinidad and Tobago
13392:on 7 February 2017
12858:. Hummingbirds.net
12813:on 2 November 2014
12585:10.1093/aob/mcs053
12539:The New York Times
12411:(1749): 4990–996.
12368:The New York Times
12310:(1813): 20151014.
12076:10.1093/iob/oby006
10962:10.7717/peerj.5131
10733:10.1242/jeb.080317
10493:(1670): 3047–052.
10452:10.1242/jeb.114553
10445:(Pt 9): 1444–452.
10370:Behavioral Ecology
10142:10.1242/jeb.043844
10031:10.1242/jeb.005686
9990:10.1242/jeb.073114
9928:(7045): 1094–097.
9847:on 2 February 2017
9461:on 2 February 2017
9337:The New York Times
9240:10.1007/bf00357531
8822:10.1093/gbe/evz101
8785:. 13 December 2013
8050:10.1242/jeb.005363
7988:Functional Ecology
7710:on 7 February 2017
7491:Scientific Reports
6728:10.1242/jeb.178228
6586:10.1242/jeb.069351
6421:(1543): 1053–063.
6170:Functional Ecology
5779:(1795): 20140888.
5650:Behavioral Ecology
5421:Systematic Biology
5033:on 24 August 2009.
4827:(1852): 20170256.
4637:(1664): 2109–115.
4528:. Birds&Blooms
4025:10.1007/bf01920240
3887:Scientific Reports
3639:Miss Universe 2016
3628:Gibson Hummingbird
3603:Caribbean Airlines
3542:
3539:Caribbean Airlines
3531:
3513:) and aggregation
3409:
3396:
3379:as once believed.
3355:
3318:genetic divergence
3194:niche partitioning
3150:
3087:
2952:
2929:
2821:Wing feather trill
2717:
2661:
2637:
2592:
2532:orb-weaver spiders
2414:ecological release
2398:non-native species
2376:of California and
2072:genetic expression
2049:
2021:
1934:spatial resolution
1895:
1852:musical instrument
1844:aerodynamic forces
1839:
1757:
1669:Sexual dimorphisms
1628:
1585:
1518:long-billed hermit
988:tyrant flycatchers
950:: the topazes and
769:
709:at 4 million, and
674:
640:
632:
562:
512:
501:
452:rufous hummingbird
384:metabolic capacity
355:, they occur from
13753:
13752:
13725:Open Tree of Life
13538:Taxon identifiers
13314:978-1-4263-0168-1
13280:"Huitzilopochtli"
13260:978-0-8264-1525-7
12973:Selasphorus rufus
12205:(6199): 929–933.
12019:10.1111/brv.12828
11971:10.1002/ece3.8988
11824:978-0-521-61714-7
11797:978-1-4008-3825-7
11111:10.1890/12-0255.1
10572:(1637): 955–962.
10177:978-0-19-856603-8
9703:10.3390/d15010054
9648:Bird Watchers Hub
9491:978-0-8014-2595-0
9367:Selasphorus rufus
9224:Selasphorus rufus
9179:(3929): 368–369.
9066:10.1111/jav.02305
8956:Selasphorus rufus
8633:Selasphorus rufus
8541:10.1242/jeb.01238
8238:978-0-517-50572-4
8172:(6628): 185–190.
8091:10.3390/nu9070743
8031:Selasphorus rufus
7671:(6120): 684–687.
7567:(6796): 628–632.
7378:(17): R927–R928.
7253:10.1159/000522148
7107:(51): 18375–380.
7033:(26): 15112–122.
6896:10.1002/cne.21098
6853:10.1159/000441834
6784:10.1002/ece3.4513
6521:978-0-618-02496-4
6219:10.1111/geb.12355
5927:10.1111/jbi.12962
5892:10.1890/13-2261.1
5754:10.1111/bij.12476
5599:(6199): 929–933.
5520:978-0-9568611-0-8
5024:Fundación ProAves
4685:978-0-8014-8721-7
4595:10.1242/jeb.00889
4588:(Pt 8): 1345–52.
4498:Mellisuga helenae
4223:(5672): 861–864.
4075:Nutrition Journal
3547:wore hummingbird
3083:Heliconia stricta
2939:
2924:
2892:As calculated by
2848:-Central America
2783:peregrine falcons
2712:
2587:
2358:Pacific Northwest
2334:hypoxic challenge
2040:
2019:of eastern Mexico
2004:
1990:lentiform nucleus
1978:ultraviolet light
1901:by reduced skull
1891:Selasphorus rufus
1827:
1609:Mellisuga helenae
1558:Ensifera ensifera
1503:evolutionary tree
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1416:
1415:
1335:
1334:
1254:
1253:
968:giant hummingbird
894:. In traditional
750:Riccordia elegans
720:According to the
497:Mellisuga helenae
432:, and slow their
396:giant hummingbird
346:biological family
344:and comprise the
331:
330:
324:
275:
232:
133:Four hummingbirds
16:(Redirected from
13803:
13746:
13745:
13733:
13732:
13720:
13719:
13707:
13706:
13694:
13693:
13681:
13680:
13668:
13667:
13655:
13654:
13645:
13644:
13632:
13631:
13619:
13618:
13606:
13605:
13593:
13592:
13580:
13579:
13578:
13565:
13564:
13563:
13533:
13532:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13493:
13478:
13472:
13471:
13469:
13467:
13456:
13450:
13449:
13447:
13445:
13430:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13382:
13376:
13375:
13373:
13371:
13356:
13350:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13336:. Archived from
13325:
13319:
13318:
13298:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13276:
13265:
13264:
13240:
13234:
13233:
13223:
13199:
13193:
13192:
13174:
13141:
13130:
13129:
13103:
13075:
13069:
13068:
13050:
13027:Animal Cognition
13024:
13015:
13009:
13008:
12977:Animal Cognition
12968:
12962:
12961:
12959:
12957:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12924:
12915:
12914:
12896:
12890:
12889:
12887:
12885:
12880:. Trochilids.com
12874:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12863:
12851:
12842:
12829:
12823:
12822:
12820:
12818:
12803:
12797:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12781:
12775:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12751:
12745:
12744:
12733:
12727:
12726:
12716:
12705:10.1002/ece3.972
12676:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12665:
12654:
12648:
12647:
12637:
12613:
12607:
12606:
12596:
12573:Annals of Botany
12564:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12553:
12530:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12507:
12498:
12497:
12487:
12477:
12460:(23): 9356–360.
12445:
12439:
12438:
12428:
12396:
12387:
12386:
12384:
12382:
12359:
12346:
12345:
12335:
12295:
12282:
12281:
12271:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12230:
12190:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12163:
12157:
12156:
12146:
12136:
12104:
12098:
12097:
12087:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12030:
12002:
11993:
11992:
11982:
11942:
11933:
11932:
11922:
11890:
11884:
11883:
11864:10.1038/320062a0
11835:
11829:
11828:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11781:
11775:
11774:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11699:
11693:
11692:
11666:
11657:
11646:
11645:
11613:
11607:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11575:
11562:
11561:
11538:Animal Behaviour
11529:
11523:
11522:
11504:
11472:
11461:
11460:
11428:
11413:
11412:
11402:
11378:
11365:
11364:
11362:
11338:
11317:
11316:
11284:
11275:
11274:
11242:
11231:
11230:
11198:
11175:
11174:
11156:
11123:
11122:
11088:
11079:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11035:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11002:
10985:
10984:
10974:
10964:
10940:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10926:
10911:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10888:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10848:Animal Behaviour
10835:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10786:
10780:. Archived from
10779:
10761:
10752:
10746:
10745:
10735:
10726:(18): 3395–403.
10711:
10705:
10704:
10668:
10662:
10661:
10651:
10641:
10609:
10600:
10599:
10589:
10557:
10546:
10545:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10510:
10478:
10465:
10464:
10454:
10430:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10392:
10386:
10385:
10376:(6): 1093–1106.
10361:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10338:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10300:
10294:
10293:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10144:
10135:(14): 2515–523.
10120:
10114:
10113:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10050:
10044:
10043:
10033:
10024:(13): 2368–382.
10009:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9983:(20): 3603–611.
9968:
9962:
9961:
9913:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9846:
9834:
9821:
9820:
9810:
9800:
9772:
9759:
9758:
9748:
9738:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9613:10.1676/16-100.1
9592:
9586:
9585:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9524:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9451:
9442:
9441:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9328:
9322:
9321:
9311:
9271:
9260:
9259:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9060:(5): jav.02305.
9045:
9034:
9033:
8999:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8914:
8890:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8841:
8816:(6): 1573–1585.
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8775:
8766:
8765:
8755:
8737:
8705:
8696:
8695:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8603:
8575:
8564:
8563:
8553:
8543:
8534:(25): 4383–391.
8519:
8504:
8503:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8442:
8433:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8331:
8291:
8278:
8277:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8230:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8157:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8111:
8093:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8052:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8011:
7979:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7937:on 22 March 2023
7926:
7920:
7919:
7909:
7899:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7807:
7797:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7709:
7703:. Archived from
7662:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7592:
7581:10.1038/35020570
7552:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7457:
7447:
7423:
7414:
7413:
7395:
7363:
7352:
7351:
7311:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7255:
7246:(3–4): 241–252.
7231:
7212:
7211:
7201:
7183:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7124:
7092:
7079:
7078:
7068:
7050:
7018:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6999:. 5 January 2017
6989:
6980:
6979:
6961:
6929:
6916:
6915:
6881:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6846:(3–4): 176–190.
6834:Trochilidae Aves
6827:
6814:
6813:
6803:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6730:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6683:
6674:
6673:
6663:
6645:
6621:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6580:(16): 2742–750.
6561:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6505:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6466:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6406:
6387:
6386:
6350:
6331:
6330:
6294:
6283:
6282:
6246:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6205:(11): 1212–224.
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6126:(1–4): 139–153.
6111:
6105:
6104:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6047:
6023:
6017:
6016:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5878:(12): 3325–334.
5863:
5857:
5856:
5822:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5706:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5555:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5507:Remsen, J.V. Jr.
5499:
5493:
5492:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5383:
5370:
5369:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5210:. Archived from
5183:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5026:. Archived from
5017:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4906:(Trochilidae)".
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4812:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4752:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4597:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4551:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4491:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4464:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4425:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4354:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4295:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4212:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4158:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4045:
4044:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3956:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3878:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3847:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3819:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3752:
3747:in a high-speed
3733:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3681:
3659:
3641:beauty pageant,
3463:most important "
3373:capillary action
3263:
3248:
3207:shining sunbeams
3146:nonbiting midges
3078:Heliodoxa jacula
2940:
2925:
2721:Chaetocercus sp.
2713:
2677:electromyography
2588:
2516:Praying mantises
2451:Metallura phoebe
2442:body temperature
2390:British Columbia
2342:binding affinity
2268:evaporation and
2245:thermoregulation
2239:Heat dissipation
2162:human equivalent
2151:citrate synthase
2041:
2005:
1875:supracoracoideus
1871:pectoralis major
1828:
1725:sexual selection
1693:
1681:
1624:Lesser violetear
1501:The hummingbird
1391:– mountain gems
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1349:
1348:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1268:
1267:
1243:Phaethornithinae
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1197:scientific names
1176:Edward Dickinson
1166:flowering plants
843:species richness
832:Tierra del Fuego
810:hummingbird moth
789:Some species of
746:Riccordia bracei
644:joins its cloaca
445:
444:
440:
361:Tierra del Fuego
318:
294:Phaethornithinae
273:
227:
152:
151:
128:
118:
55:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
13811:
13810:
13806:
13805:
13804:
13802:
13801:
13800:
13756:
13755:
13754:
13749:
13741:
13736:
13728:
13723:
13715:
13710:
13702:
13697:
13689:
13684:
13676:
13671:
13663:
13658:
13650:
13648:
13640:
13635:
13627:
13622:
13614:
13609:
13601:
13596:
13588:
13583:
13574:
13573:
13568:
13559:
13558:
13553:
13540:
13507:
13502:
13501:
13491:
13489:
13479:
13475:
13465:
13463:
13458:
13457:
13453:
13443:
13441:
13432:
13431:
13427:
13417:
13415:
13410:
13409:
13405:
13395:
13393:
13384:
13383:
13379:
13369:
13367:
13358:
13357:
13353:
13343:
13341:
13326:
13322:
13315:
13299:
13295:
13285:
13283:
13278:
13277:
13268:
13261:
13253:. p. 229.
13241:
13237:
13200:
13196:
13142:
13133:
13076:
13072:
13033:(5): 1157–165.
13022:
13016:
13012:
12969:
12965:
12955:
12953:
12948:
12947:
12943:
12933:
12931:
12926:
12925:
12918:
12911:
12897:
12893:
12883:
12881:
12876:
12875:
12871:
12861:
12859:
12852:
12845:
12839:Wayback Machine
12830:
12826:
12816:
12814:
12805:
12804:
12800:
12790:
12788:
12783:
12782:
12778:
12768:
12766:
12765:on 8 April 2022
12753:
12752:
12748:
12735:
12734:
12730:
12677:
12673:
12663:
12661:
12656:
12655:
12651:
12614:
12610:
12579:(7): 1243–252.
12565:
12561:
12551:
12549:
12531:
12527:
12517:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12446:
12442:
12397:
12390:
12380:
12378:
12360:
12349:
12296:
12285:
12262:(3): 733S–37S.
12250:Li, X. (2009).
12248:
12244:
12191:
12182:
12172:
12170:
12165:
12164:
12160:
12105:
12101:
12056:
12052:
12003:
11996:
11943:
11936:
11899:Biology Letters
11891:
11887:
11836:
11832:
11825:
11809:
11805:
11798:
11782:
11778:
11739:
11735:
11720:10.2307/1368310
11700:
11696:
11681:10.2307/1367577
11664:
11658:
11649:
11634:10.2307/1367475
11614:
11610:
11600:
11598:
11576:
11565:
11530:
11526:
11502:10.1038/428615a
11473:
11464:
11429:
11416:
11379:
11368:
11339:
11320:
11293:Austral Ecology
11285:
11278:
11243:
11234:
11219:10.2307/1369527
11199:
11178:
11171:
11157:
11126:
11097:(9): 1987–993.
11086:
11080:
11076:
11066:
11064:
11059:
11058:
11054:
11044:
11042:
11037:
11036:
11021:
11011:
11009:
11004:
11003:
10988:
10941:
10934:
10924:
10922:
10912:
10908:
10898:
10896:
10889:
10882:
10872:
10870:
10836:
10827:
10817:
10815:
10804:
10800:
10790:
10788:
10787:on 16 July 2015
10784:
10764:Current Zoology
10759:
10753:
10749:
10712:
10708:
10669:
10665:
10610:
10603:
10558:
10549:
10528:
10524:
10479:
10468:
10431:
10422:
10393:
10389:
10362:
10355:
10345:
10343:
10341:Huffington Post
10336:
10330:
10326:
10316:
10314:
10301:
10297:
10258:
10254:
10244:
10242:
10232:
10228:
10189:
10185:
10178:
10162:
10158:
10121:
10117:
10074:
10070:
10060:
10058:
10051:
10047:
10010:
10006:
9969:
9965:
9914:
9905:
9895:
9893:
9886:
9882:
9872:
9870:
9865:
9864:
9860:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9836:
9835:
9824:
9773:
9762:
9715:
9711:
9682:
9678:
9668:
9666:
9659:
9655:
9640:
9636:
9593:
9589:
9566:
9562:
9547:
9543:
9533:
9531:
9526:
9525:
9521:
9511:
9509:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9492:
9478:
9474:
9464:
9462:
9453:
9452:
9445:
9402:
9398:
9363:
9359:
9349:
9347:
9329:
9325:
9286:(9): 20200428.
9280:Biology Letters
9272:
9263:
9220:
9216:
9169:
9165:
9155:
9153:
9146:
9142:
9132:
9130:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9113:10.2173/bna.226
9093:
9089:
9046:
9037:
8997:
8991:
8987:
8948:
8944:
8891:
8878:
8868:
8866:
8859:
8855:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8786:
8777:
8776:
8769:
8706:
8699:
8660:
8656:
8629:
8625:
8586:(3): R830–836.
8576:
8567:
8520:
8507:
8476:
8472:
8457:10.2307/1367060
8440:
8434:
8427:
8417:
8415:
8408:
8404:
8349:
8345:
8292:
8281:
8250:
8246:
8239:
8221:
8217:
8158:
8151:
8141:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8070:
8066:
8033:) hummingbirds"
8021:
8017:
7980:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7927:
7923:
7882:(23): 9207–10.
7868:
7864:
7825:
7821:
7766:
7762:
7727:
7723:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7660:
7654:
7650:
7610:
7606:
7553:
7544:
7483:
7479:
7424:
7417:
7372:Current Biology
7364:
7355:
7312:
7303:
7293:
7291:
7288:All About Birds
7282:
7281:
7277:
7232:
7215:
7166:(10): e109241.
7152:
7148:
7093:
7082:
7019:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6938:Current Biology
6930:
6919:
6879:
6873:
6869:
6828:
6817:
6756:
6752:
6707:
6703:
6693:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6622:
6611:
6562:
6555:
6539:
6533:
6529:
6522:
6506:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6468:
6467:
6460:
6407:
6390:
6351:
6334:
6295:
6286:
6247:
6236:
6195:
6191:
6162:
6155:
6112:
6108:
6075:
6071:
6024:
6020:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5946:
5942:
5913:(8): 1847–855.
5903:
5899:
5864:
5860:
5837:10.2307/2398801
5820:
5814:
5810:
5765:
5761:
5734:
5730:
5675:
5671:
5642:
5638:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5569:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5509:, eds. (2013).
5503:Dickinson, E.C.
5500:
5496:
5457:
5450:
5413:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5373:
5330:
5326:
5283:
5279:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5217:on 25 July 2021
5214:
5200:10.2307/4088500
5181:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5140:
5134:
5127:
5116:
5112:
5091:
5087:
5074:(3): 395–517 .
5057:
5053:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4813:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4778:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4672:
4668:
4623:
4619:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4492:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4331:
4327:
4278:(19): R888–98.
4272:Current Biology
4264:
4260:
4213:
4204:
4167:Current Biology
4159:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4127:on 16 July 2012
4119:
4118:
4114:
4067:
4048:
4009:
4002:
3957:
3940:
3879:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3660:
3651:
3632:acoustic guitar
3562:Huitzilopochtli
3523:
3503:
3460:
3401:
3343:
3314:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3238:
2931:
2916:
2914:
2874:Atlantic Canada
2870:Atlantic flyway
2841:
2823:
2773:
2771:Courtship dives
2768:
2704:
2702:
2629:
2578:
2576:
2544:
2513:
2508:
2506:Natural enemies
2488:
2464:kidney function
2446:breathing rates
2434:
2378:Baja California
2354:
2325:
2278:
2276:Kidney function
2241:
2158:skeletal muscle
2119:
2036:
2000:
1998:
1963:nucleus of the
1883:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1749:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1574:
1538:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1417:
1336:
1255:
1119:
1091:
878:
872:
847:Atlantic Forest
828:
822:
787:
776:, and possibly
742:Brace's emerald
738:near-threatened
690:
624:
596:for generating
532:
489:
442:
438:
437:
392:bee hummingbird
327:
277:
276:
258:
249:
226:
146:
134:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
43:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13809:
13799:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13776:Trochiliformes
13773:
13768:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13747:
13734:
13721:
13708:
13695:
13682:
13669:
13656:
13646:
13633:
13620:
13607:
13594:
13581:
13566:
13550:
13548:
13542:
13541:
13530:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13506:
13505:External links
13503:
13500:
13499:
13473:
13451:
13425:
13403:
13377:
13351:
13320:
13313:
13293:
13266:
13259:
13235:
13194:
13157:(9): 785–794.
13131:
13070:
13010:
12983:(2): 377–383.
12963:
12941:
12916:
12909:
12891:
12869:
12843:
12824:
12798:
12776:
12746:
12728:
12691:(6): 776–793.
12671:
12649:
12608:
12559:
12525:
12499:
12440:
12388:
12347:
12283:
12242:
12180:
12158:
12119:(11): 3433–8.
12099:
12050:
12013:(3): 923–959.
11994:
11934:
11905:(4): 657–659.
11885:
11850:(6057): 62–3.
11830:
11823:
11803:
11796:
11776:
11733:
11694:
11647:
11608:
11563:
11524:
11462:
11414:
11366:
11318:
11276:
11232:
11176:
11169:
11124:
11074:
11052:
11019:
10986:
10932:
10906:
10880:
10854:(3): 689–700.
10825:
10798:
10770:(2): 187–196.
10747:
10706:
10685:10.1086/648560
10663:
10601:
10547:
10522:
10466:
10420:
10407:(2): 187–196.
10387:
10353:
10324:
10295:
10274:10.1086/283408
10268:(4): 481–497.
10252:
10226:
10205:10.1086/660084
10199:(3): 333–340.
10183:
10176:
10156:
10115:
10068:
10045:
10004:
9963:
9903:
9880:
9858:
9822:
9791:(4): 655–662.
9760:
9729:(2): 191–199.
9709:
9676:
9653:
9634:
9607:(2): 331–344.
9587:
9560:
9541:
9519:
9497:
9490:
9472:
9443:
9422:10.1086/374286
9416:(3): 389–397.
9396:
9377:(2): 220–234.
9357:
9323:
9261:
9234:(3): 249–255.
9214:
9163:
9152:. BirdWatching
9140:
9118:
9087:
9035:
9008:(3): 850–870.
8985:
8966:(3): 280–295.
8942:
8912:10.1086/704249
8905:(3): 306–315.
8876:
8853:
8796:
8767:
8697:
8654:
8623:
8565:
8505:
8486:(2): 335–343.
8470:
8451:(3): 281–285.
8425:
8414:. Mental Floss
8402:
8373:10.1086/651460
8367:(3): 406–413.
8343:
8306:(12): 171056.
8279:
8260:(2): 212–223.
8244:
8237:
8215:
8149:
8123:
8064:
8029:) and rufous (
8015:
7994:(3): 589–600.
7971:
7948:
7921:
7862:
7835:(8): 945–959.
7819:
7780:(11): 4870–3.
7760:
7721:
7648:
7621:(2): 182–196.
7604:
7542:
7477:
7415:
7353:
7326:(8): 665–673.
7301:
7275:
7213:
7146:
7080:
7010:
6981:
6944:(2): 279–285.
6917:
6890:(2): 211–221.
6867:
6815:
6750:
6701:
6675:
6609:
6553:
6527:
6520:
6491:
6458:
6388:
6361:(2): 246–260.
6332:
6311:10.1086/673282
6305:(5): 630–639.
6284:
6263:10.1086/303406
6257:(5): 495–510.
6234:
6189:
6176:(2): 329–341.
6153:
6106:
6087:(3): 344–355.
6069:
6018:
5983:(4): 757–766.
5966:
5940:
5897:
5858:
5831:(2): 323–351.
5808:
5759:
5748:(4): 848–859.
5728:
5669:
5636:
5579:
5567:
5546:(3): 325–343.
5526:
5519:
5494:
5467:(1): 155–165.
5448:
5427:(5): 837–856.
5404:
5393:. 3 April 2014
5371:
5344:(2): 211–216.
5324:
5297:(1): 105–111.
5277:
5248:(1761): 1761.
5228:
5169:
5125:
5110:
5085:
5051:
5036:
5003:
4988:
4981:
4956:
4933:
4890:
4864:
4798:
4769:
4742:
4717:
4691:
4684:
4666:
4617:
4568:
4539:
4513:
4481:
4442:
4397:
4374:
4345:(2): 248–256.
4325:
4258:
4202:
4173:(8): 910–916.
4138:
4121:"Hummingbirds"
4112:
4046:
4019:(6): 565–570.
4000:
3938:
3864:
3837:
3795:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3741:fighter pilots
3727:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3711:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3576:translates to
3522:
3519:
3502:
3499:
3459:
3456:
3441:microorganisms
3400:
3397:
3342:
3339:
3313:
3310:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3095:micronutrients
2944:Copiapó, Chile
2913:
2910:
2906:Pacific flyway
2840:
2837:
2822:
2819:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Feather sounds
2764:
2701:
2698:
2628:
2625:
2575:
2572:
2556:Trochiliphagus
2552:Trochiloecetes
2543:
2540:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2487:
2484:
2472:corticosterone
2433:
2430:
2392:, and east to
2361:temperatures.
2353:
2350:
2324:
2321:
2277:
2274:
2260:air convection
2240:
2237:
2233:breathing rate
2217:Gulf of Mexico
2184:loss of a key
2118:
2115:
2076:vocal learning
2011:hummingbirds (
1997:
1994:
1882:
1879:
1867:elastic recoil
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1748:
1747:Feather colors
1745:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1644:nectar robbing
1640:color spectrum
1634:into the near-
1593:ornithophilous
1573:
1570:
1537:
1534:
1507:taste receptor
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1118:
1115:
1111:Eurotrochilus,
1090:
1087:
972:Patagona gigas
871:
868:
821:
818:
786:
783:
778:climate change
689:
686:
623:
620:
531:
528:
488:
485:
434:metabolic rate
340:native to the
329:
328:
326:
325:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
272:
271:
270:
267:
266:
260:
259:
250:
241:
240:
234:
233:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13808:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13744:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13726:
13722:
13718:
13713:
13709:
13705:
13700:
13696:
13692:
13687:
13683:
13679:
13674:
13670:
13666:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13649:Featherbase:
13647:
13643:
13638:
13634:
13630:
13625:
13621:
13617:
13612:
13608:
13604:
13599:
13595:
13591:
13586:
13582:
13577:
13571:
13567:
13562:
13556:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13547:
13543:
13539:
13534:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13488:
13484:
13477:
13461:
13455:
13439:
13435:
13429:
13413:
13407:
13391:
13387:
13381:
13366:on 7 May 2016
13365:
13361:
13355:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13330:"Nasca lines"
13324:
13316:
13310:
13306:
13305:
13297:
13281:
13275:
13273:
13271:
13262:
13256:
13252:
13248:
13247:
13239:
13231:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13198:
13190:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13140:
13138:
13136:
13127:
13123:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13093:
13089:
13085:
13081:
13074:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13021:
13014:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12967:
12951:
12945:
12929:
12923:
12921:
12912:
12910:0-618-02496-4
12906:
12902:
12895:
12879:
12873:
12857:
12850:
12848:
12840:
12836:
12833:
12828:
12812:
12808:
12802:
12786:
12780:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12750:
12742:
12738:
12732:
12724:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12675:
12659:
12653:
12645:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12612:
12604:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12586:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12563:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12536:
12529:
12513:
12506:
12504:
12495:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12467:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12444:
12436:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12395:
12393:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12356:
12354:
12352:
12343:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12313:
12309:
12305:
12301:
12294:
12292:
12290:
12288:
12279:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12261:
12257:
12253:
12246:
12238:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12189:
12187:
12185:
12168:
12162:
12154:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12126:
12122:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12103:
12095:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12077:
12073:
12070:(1): oby006.
12069:
12065:
12061:
12054:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12029:
12028:10044/1/94632
12024:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12008:
12001:
11999:
11990:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11941:
11939:
11930:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11912:
11908:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11889:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11834:
11826:
11820:
11816:
11815:
11807:
11799:
11793:
11789:
11788:
11780:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11763:10.1676/18-79
11760:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11746:
11737:
11729:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11698:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11663:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11612:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11574:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11528:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11487:(6983): 615.
11486:
11482:
11478:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11458:
11454:
11450:
11446:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11419:
11410:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11361:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11283:
11281:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11241:
11239:
11237:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11183:
11181:
11172:
11170:84-87334-25-3
11166:
11162:
11155:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11131:
11129:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11085:
11078:
11062:
11056:
11040:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11007:
11001:
10999:
10997:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10982:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10939:
10937:
10921:
10917:
10910:
10894:
10887:
10885:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10843:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10814:on 3 May 2012
10813:
10809:
10802:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10710:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10667:
10659:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10624:(4): e93829.
10623:
10619:
10615:
10608:
10606:
10597:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10526:
10518:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10471:
10462:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10415:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10391:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10360:
10358:
10342:
10335:
10328:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10299:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10256:
10241:
10237:
10230:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10187:
10179:
10173:
10169:
10168:
10160:
10152:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10119:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10072:
10056:
10049:
10041:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10008:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9967:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9910:
9908:
9891:
9884:
9868:
9862:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9818:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9780:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9756:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9713:
9704:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9680:
9664:
9657:
9649:
9645:
9638:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9591:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9564:
9556:
9552:
9545:
9529:
9523:
9507:
9501:
9493:
9487:
9483:
9476:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9400:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9361:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9327:
9319:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9167:
9151:
9144:
9128:
9122:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9100:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8864:
8857:
8849:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8772:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8704:
8702:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8670:(2): 95–100.
8669:
8665:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8627:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8430:
8413:
8406:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8347:
8339:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8240:
8234:
8229:
8228:
8219:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8156:
8154:
8137:
8130:
8128:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8060:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8019:
8010:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7976:
7959:
7952:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7615:J Comp Neurol
7608:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7420:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7076:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7015:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6986:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6835:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6811:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6689:
6682:
6680:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
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6569:
6560:
6558:
6549:
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6538:
6531:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6436:
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6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6093:10.1646/02113
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5970:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5173:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5130:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5047:
5040:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4982:84-87334-25-3
4978:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4960:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4878:
4871:
4869:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4430:
4429:"Hummingbird"
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:consciousness
3732:
3728:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3698:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3664:Ernst Haeckel
3658:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:photoreceptor
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3455:
3452:
3451:preservatives
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:action, with
3370:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:Hymenopterans
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:, as well as
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:nectarivorous
2949:
2945:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2763:
2760:
2759:visual system
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:muscle strain
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:video cameras
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:domestic cats
2517:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2362:
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2298:
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2290:overhydration
2287:
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2256:
2255:), and feet.
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2250:
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2135:carbohydrates
2133:
2127:
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2025:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1945:Morphological
1942:
1941:visual fields
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1892:
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1716:
1714:
1713:Rensch's rule
1705:
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1420:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Lampornithini
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
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1339:
1331:
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1327:
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1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:– brilliants
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
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1278:
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1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
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1073:
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1061:
1060:Eurotrochilus
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1019:Eurotrochilus
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:fossilization
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
883:
877:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
841:The greatest
839:
837:
833:
827:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
779:
775:
766:
761:
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747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:black-chinned
685:
683:
679:
670:
666:
664:
660:
659:regurgitation
656:
652:
647:
645:
636:
628:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
583:
579:
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559:
554:
550:
548:
543:
541:
538:
527:
525:
521:
517:
510:
505:
498:
493:
484:
482:
478:
477:
476:Eurotrochilus
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
369:South America
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
322:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:
283:Eurotrochilus
279:
278:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
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242:
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110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
13766:Hummingbirds
13545:
13490:. Retrieved
13487:El Commercio
13486:
13476:
13464:. Retrieved
13454:
13442:. Retrieved
13428:
13416:. Retrieved
13406:
13394:. Retrieved
13390:the original
13380:
13368:. Retrieved
13364:the original
13354:
13342:. Retrieved
13338:the original
13333:
13323:
13303:
13296:
13284:. Retrieved
13245:
13238:
13211:
13207:
13197:
13172:10533/142104
13154:
13150:
13146:
13083:
13079:
13073:
13030:
13026:
13013:
12980:
12976:
12972:
12966:
12954:. Retrieved
12944:
12932:. Retrieved
12900:
12894:
12882:. Retrieved
12872:
12860:. Retrieved
12827:
12815:. Retrieved
12811:the original
12801:
12789:. Retrieved
12779:
12767:. Retrieved
12763:the original
12758:
12749:
12740:
12731:
12688:
12684:
12674:
12662:. Retrieved
12652:
12628:(1): 65–73.
12625:
12621:
12611:
12576:
12572:
12562:
12552:10 September
12550:. Retrieved
12538:
12528:
12516:. Retrieved
12457:
12453:
12443:
12408:
12404:
12381:10 September
12379:. Retrieved
12367:
12307:
12303:
12259:
12255:
12245:
12202:
12198:
12171:. Retrieved
12161:
12116:
12112:
12102:
12067:
12063:
12053:
12010:
12006:
11957:(6): e8988.
11954:
11950:
11902:
11898:
11888:
11847:
11843:
11833:
11813:
11806:
11786:
11779:
11754:
11750:
11744:
11736:
11711:
11707:
11697:
11672:
11668:
11625:
11621:
11611:
11599:. Retrieved
11587:
11583:
11541:
11537:
11527:
11484:
11480:
11440:
11436:
11390:
11386:
11350:
11346:
11296:
11292:
11254:
11250:
11210:
11206:
11160:
11094:
11090:
11077:
11065:. Retrieved
11055:
11043:. Retrieved
11010:. Retrieved
10952:
10948:
10923:. Retrieved
10919:
10909:
10897:. Retrieved
10871:. Retrieved
10851:
10847:
10841:
10816:. Retrieved
10812:the original
10801:
10789:. Retrieved
10782:the original
10767:
10763:
10750:
10723:
10719:
10709:
10679:(1): 27–37.
10676:
10672:
10666:
10621:
10617:
10569:
10565:
10532:
10525:
10490:
10486:
10442:
10438:
10404:
10401:Current Zool
10400:
10390:
10373:
10369:
10344:. Retrieved
10340:
10327:
10315:. Retrieved
10311:
10298:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10243:. Retrieved
10239:
10229:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10167:Avian Flight
10166:
10159:
10132:
10128:
10118:
10085:
10081:
10071:
10059:. Retrieved
10048:
10021:
10017:
10007:
9980:
9976:
9966:
9925:
9921:
9894:. Retrieved
9883:
9871:. Retrieved
9861:
9849:. Retrieved
9842:the original
9788:
9784:
9778:
9726:
9723:Parasitology
9722:
9712:
9693:
9689:
9679:
9667:. Retrieved
9656:
9647:
9637:
9604:
9600:
9590:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9563:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9534:27 September
9532:. Retrieved
9522:
9510:. Retrieved
9500:
9481:
9475:
9463:. Retrieved
9459:the original
9413:
9409:
9399:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9360:
9348:. Retrieved
9336:
9326:
9283:
9279:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9217:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9154:. Retrieved
9143:
9131:. Retrieved
9121:
9104:
9099:Calypte anna
9098:
9090:
9057:
9053:
9005:
9001:
8988:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8952:Calypte anna
8951:
8945:
8902:
8898:
8867:. Retrieved
8856:
8813:
8809:
8799:
8787:. Retrieved
8783:The Guardian
8782:
8717:
8713:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8626:
8601:10533/177203
8583:
8579:
8531:
8527:
8483:
8479:
8473:
8448:
8444:
8416:. Retrieved
8405:
8364:
8360:
8355:Calypte anna
8354:
8346:
8303:
8299:
8257:
8253:
8247:
8226:
8218:
8169:
8165:
8140:. Retrieved
8081:
8077:
8067:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8027:Calypte anna
8026:
8018:
7991:
7987:
7962:. Retrieved
7951:
7939:. Retrieved
7935:the original
7924:
7879:
7875:
7865:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7777:
7773:
7763:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7712:. Retrieved
7705:the original
7668:
7664:
7651:
7618:
7614:
7607:
7564:
7560:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7435:
7431:
7375:
7371:
7323:
7319:
7292:. Retrieved
7287:
7278:
7243:
7239:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7104:
7100:
7030:
7026:
7001:. Retrieved
6997:ScienceDaily
6996:
6941:
6937:
6887:
6883:
6870:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6767:
6763:
6753:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6692:. Retrieved
6633:
6629:
6577:
6573:
6568:Calypte anna
6567:
6547:
6543:
6530:
6510:
6482:. Retrieved
6478:the original
6473:
6418:
6414:
6358:
6354:
6302:
6298:
6254:
6250:
6228:10026.1/3407
6202:
6198:
6192:
6173:
6169:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6038:(10): e350.
6035:
6032:PLOS Biology
6031:
6021:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5953:
5943:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5828:
5824:
5811:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5656:(1): 21–29.
5653:
5649:
5639:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5570:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5510:
5497:
5464:
5460:
5424:
5420:
5397:30 September
5395:. Retrieved
5391:ScienceDaily
5390:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5212:the original
5191:
5185:
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5153:the original
5148:
5144:
5119:
5113:
5095:
5088:
5071:
5067:
5054:
5039:
5028:the original
5019:
5006:
4991:
4972:
4965:
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4936:
4914:(2): 71–79.
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4881:. Retrieved
4824:
4820:
4789:. Retrieved
4785:
4760:. Retrieved
4733:. Retrieved
4708:. Retrieved
4675:
4669:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4559:. Retrieved
4530:. Retrieved
4504:. Retrieved
4497:
4472:. Retrieved
4433:. Retrieved
4388:. Retrieved
4377:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4220:
4216:
4170:
4166:
4129:. Retrieved
4125:the original
4115:
4078:
4074:
4016:
4012:
3968:
3964:
3893:(1): 18369.
3890:
3886:
3855:. Retrieved
3828:. Retrieved
3786:. Retrieved
3731:
3708:Birds portal
3667:
3643:Miss Ecuador
3636:
3625:
3607:
3595:coat of arms
3589:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3566:reincarnated
3543:
3504:
3495:oil droplets
3475:
3469:
3461:
3447:Red food dye
3445:
3417:
3413:bird feeders
3410:
3391:
3364:milliseconds
3359:semicircular
3356:
3315:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3280:
3223:
3219:
3198:
3174:Chironomidae
3151:
3119:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2968:
2953:
2903:
2894:displacement
2891:
2882:
2855:
2842:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2811:streamertail
2807:
2793:
2790:Calypte anna
2789:
2787:
2774:
2751:surface area
2736:
2731:
2726:Chaetocercus
2724:
2720:
2718:
2694:
2690:
2662:
2638:
2601:
2593:
2574:Reproduction
2545:
2514:
2489:
2476:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2435:
2419:
2406:bird feeders
2371:
2363:
2355:
2326:
2297:electrolytes
2294:
2279:
2257:
2242:
2222:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2182:evolutionary
2174:
2128:
2124:mitochondria
2120:
2110:
2104:
2061:
2050:
2045:Calypte anna
2044:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1986:
1970:
1962:
1961:(called the
1958:mesencephali
1952:
1930:
1907:
1903:ossification
1896:
1890:
1864:
1840:
1797:
1793:
1769:pigmentation
1758:
1737:
1729:
1717:
1710:
1660:
1629:
1608:
1591:tied to the
1589:nectarivores
1586:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1539:
1530:mating areas
1526:sexual trait
1513:
1511:
1500:
1492:evolutionary
1488:
1428:
1403:
1387:
1354:
1326:– coquettes
1322:
1308:Heliantheini
1306:
1273:
1241:
1227:Florisuginae
1225:
1206:
1190:
1183:
1182:updated the
1170:
1150:mountaingems
1123:
1120:
1110:
1092:
1080:
1059:
1045:
1021:inexpectatus
1017:
1011:
996:
976:mountaingems
971:
944:monophyletic
921:
885:
879:
840:
829:
807:
788:
770:
764:
749:
745:
719:
691:
675:
648:
641:
613:
606:
602:aerodynamics
591:
563:
544:
537:warm-blooded
533:
513:
496:
474:
463:sister group
460:
422:homeothermic
415:
408:
381:
348:
334:Hummingbirds
333:
332:
289:Florisuginae
281:
244:
223:
197:
36:
13673:iNaturalist
13652:trochilidae
13590:Trochilidae
13576:Trochilidae
13570:Wikispecies
13546:Trochilidae
13101:10023/12652
12741:Audubon.com
12664:7 September
11601:2 September
11347:Ornithology
10304:Morelle, R.
10245:1 September
10088:(1): 1439.
9808:11449/28969
9350:9 September
8142:27 February
7497:(1): 2007.
7432:BMC Zoology
6474:learner.org
5194:(1): 8–19.
5162:14 December
4303:10161/11144
4013:Experientia
3749:banked turn
3609:Mt. Umunhum
3585:Nazca Lines
3583:One of the
3578:hummingbird
3511:formic acid
3425:agave syrup
3298:Phaethornis
3294:Centropogon
3267:Centropogon
3230:hippocampus
3190:Hemipterans
3160:from their
3115:insectivory
3103:amino acids
3007:Centropogon
2971:pollinators
2899:Arctic tern
2866:South Texas
2828:Selasphorus
2794:Selasphorus
2739:wind tunnel
2604:spider silk
2568:Leremenopon
2524:dragonflies
2480:photoperiod
2460:dehydration
2249:evaporation
2164:of 150,000
2139:fatty acids
2017:mating leks
1965:optic tract
1949:hypertrophy
1765:competition
1636:ultraviolet
1632:wavelengths
1626:at a flower
1605:sicklebills
1597:coevolution
1550:pollination
1432:– emeralds
1405:Mellisugini
1369:Trochilinae
1356:Patagoninae
1207:Trochilidae
1064:adaptations
1050:and in the
1014:Gerald Mayr
999:Pleistocene
932:Trochilinae
924:subfamilies
900:Apodiformes
568:, and have
487:Description
479:, from the
430:hibernation
349:Trochilidae
314:Trochilinae
309:Patagoninae
274:Subfamiles:
264:Subfamilies
224:Trochilidae
214:Apodiformes
42:Hummingbird
18:Trochilidae
13760:Categories
13214:(9): 132.
13048:10023/6422
12817:25 January
12791:25 January
11708:The Condor
11669:The Condor
11622:The Condor
11207:The Condor
10925:16 January
10439:J Exp Biol
10057:. Phys.org
10018:J Exp Biol
9896:8 February
9669:4 November
9512:26 January
9156:6 November
9133:6 November
8551:2440/55466
8482:. Part A.
8418:14 January
8084:(7): 743.
7242:(Review).
6690:. Phys.org
6636:: e63107.
6080:Biotropica
5689:(1): 104.
3971:(1): 576.
3759:References
3515:pheromones
3488:cone cells
3302:Thornbills
3226:starvation
3126:wet season
3113:. (Here, "
3019:Delphinium
3001:Castilleja
2964:intestines
2613:arthropods
2609:Incubation
2536:roadrunner
2402:eucalyptus
2400:, such as
2386:Washington
2338:hemoglobin
2270:exhalation
2225:heart rate
2202:glycolysis
2143:hexokinase
2117:Metabolism
2100:epigenetic
2030:ultrasonic
1858:, buzz of
1856:mosquitoes
1789:carotenoid
1562:Passiflora
1528:to defend
1430:Trochilini
1277:– mangoes
1275:Polytminae
1245:– hermits
1229:– topazes
1142:brilliants
1095:treeswifts
1048:Messel pit
1037:Heidelberg
1027:drawer in
982:, and the
964:brilliants
892:type genus
824:See also:
781:climates.
774:pesticides
734:vulnerable
730:endangered
622:Life cycle
547:helicopter
540:vertebrate
530:Morphology
520:iridescent
471:treeswifts
373:endangered
299:Polytminae
238:Type genus
51:30–0
13230:0340-5443
13110:0376-6357
13086:: 33–37.
12547:0362-4331
12518:13 August
12376:0362-4331
12324:0962-8452
12045:245971244
11012:28 August
10955:: e5131.
10282:0003-0147
10110:253853891
10102:0723-4864
9690:Diversity
9621:1559-4491
9345:0362-4331
9300:1744-9561
9082:216458501
9074:0908-8857
8937:164398193
8921:0003-0147
8869:15 August
8830:1759-6653
8789:15 August
8744:0027-8424
8643:: 54–62.
8381:1522-2152
8320:2054-5703
8210:255749672
8194:0036-8075
8100:2072-6643
8078:Nutrients
7519:2045-2322
7472:220509046
7464:2056-3132
7270:246278322
7190:1932-6203
7057:0027-8424
6792:2045-7758
6737:1477-9145
6652:2050-084X
6484:30 August
6435:0962-8436
6375:0071-3260
5977:Oecologia
5481:0021-8375
5358:2193-7206
5311:2193-7206
5145:Biologist
4841:0962-8452
4361:1936-6426
3915:2045-2322
3688:for scale
3686:toothpick
3556:arms and
3549:talismans
3501:Olfaction
3484:dominance
3202:nestlings
3180:(such as
3122:Strisores
3080:) visits
3070:Heliconia
3025:Heliconia
2991:nectaries
2979:New World
2975:coevolved
2878:Louisiana
2839:Migration
2815:harmonics
2803:vibration
2747:amplitude
2673:hawk moth
2560:Menoponid
2542:Parasites
2511:Predators
2410:dispersal
2374:chaparral
2365:state of
2346:mutations
2313:capillary
2213:migrating
2132:oxidizing
2084:songbirds
2068:forebrain
1954:pretectal
1926:nocturnal
1358:– giants
1295:Lesbiinae
1193:cladogram
1164:-bearing
1146:coquettes
1117:Phylogeny
1103:Oligocene
1089:Evolution
1029:Stuttgart
1012:In 2004,
960:coquettes
887:Trochilus
836:hillstars
795:Old World
732:, 13 are
728:, 13 are
707:calliopes
609:courtship
304:Lesbiinae
246:Trochilus
204:Strisores
167:Kingdom:
161:Eukaryota
13555:Wikidata
13396:18 April
13370:18 April
13181:18584181
13126:10692583
13118:28161360
13065:15169177
13057:24691650
12997:19768647
12956:22 April
12934:23 April
12884:20 March
12835:Archived
12723:24683460
12644:22458209
12603:22455992
12494:21536916
12435:23075839
12342:26290074
12278:19656838
12237:25146290
12153:25733902
12094:33791513
12037:35029017
11989:35784085
11929:22357941
11771:91263467
11558:54417626
11511:15071586
11457:87673164
11409:18660974
11271:25235280
11119:23094369
11067:29 April
11045:29 April
10981:30002968
10868:53160649
10742:23737562
10701:29680714
10693:19916787
10658:24722049
10618:PLOS ONE
10596:18230592
10542:28613519
10517:19515669
10461:25767146
10346:22 March
10317:22 March
10312:BBC News
10290:85317341
10240:BBC News
10221:31616893
10213:21527824
10151:20581281
10040:17575042
9999:23014570
9950:15973407
9817:11241965
9755:38116659
9746:10941040
9629:90832425
9584:: 37–38.
9430:12905125
9391:11078633
9318:32898456
9256:24688360
9209:30793291
9030:55730100
9022:30158211
8980:87185364
8929:31553208
8848:31114863
8762:24297909
8692:44156688
8684:29847878
8610:16614056
8560:15557024
8500:12208304
8397:26974159
8389:20350142
8338:29308244
8274:87037075
8202:36634192
8118:28704953
8059:17562889
7964:27 March
7941:27 March
7857:11109453
7849:25031038
7755:12124359
7693:23393261
7643:10763166
7635:10982462
7599:10949303
7537:32029812
7438:(1): 7.
7410:52188456
7402:30205060
7340:15164219
7262:35073546
7208:25271429
7160:PLOS ONE
7141:25489117
7075:32541035
7003:24 April
6976:28314419
6968:28065606
6912:15678218
6904:17111358
6862:26587582
6810:30464820
6745:30323114
6670:33724182
6604:22837446
6453:20194168
6327:25612107
6319:24107370
6271:29587514
6148:23401164
6101:55929111
6064:15486585
6013:35922888
6005:19132403
5935:90399556
5853:87692272
5803:25274372
5723:26058608
5631:25146290
5443:17934998
5366:22193761
5319:11821178
5272:23760643
5105:2246/830
5062:(1825).
4949:2 August
4859:28381617
4791:22 April
4762:23 April
4710:17 April
4661:19324747
4612:12323960
4604:15010485
4506:14 April
4390:14 April
4369:26966516
4312:26439352
4245:15131303
4197:24704078
4107:16351726
4041:21328995
3995:35739263
3933:34526619
3857:13 March
3694:See also
3553:fetishes
3480:contrast
3429:molasses
3351:lamellae
3215:Dominica
3111:minerals
3107:vitamins
3056:Lamiales
3031:Hibiscus
2987:corollas
2960:hovering
2846:Amazonia
2669:hovering
2657:vortices
2617:nestling
2564:Myrsidea
2492:fledging
2486:Lifespan
2317:nephrons
2305:chloride
2170:marathon
2166:calories
2057:tympanum
1928:flight.
1777:sunlight
1652:fructose
1613:dwarfism
1566:Tacsonia
1564:section
1324:Lesbiini
1158:emeralds
1107:Rupelian
1052:Caucasus
1033:Wiesloch
1005:and the
992:tanagers
990:and the
984:emeralds
952:jacobins
896:taxonomy
860:Colombia
791:sunbirds
587:preening
495:Size of
481:Rupelian
342:Americas
252:Linnaeus
220:Family:
181:Chordata
177:Phylum:
171:Animalia
157:Domain:
47:Rupelian
13492:5 March
13466:5 March
13444:5 March
13418:5 March
13344:5 March
13286:5 March
13189:7491787
13005:9189780
12862:25 June
12769:6 April
12714:3967903
12693:Bibcode
12594:3359915
12514:. Wired
12485:3111265
12462:Bibcode
12426:3497234
12333:4632618
12228:4302410
12207:Bibcode
12199:Science
12173:8 March
12144:4371984
12121:Bibcode
12085:7671138
11980:9168340
11959:Bibcode
11920:3391440
11880:4363635
11872:3951548
11852:Bibcode
11728:1368310
11689:1367577
11642:1367475
11596:4163229
11519:4423676
11489:Bibcode
11301:Bibcode
11227:1369527
11099:Bibcode
11091:Ecology
10972:6037137
10899:8 March
10873:13 July
10818:13 July
10649:3983109
10626:Bibcode
10587:2599939
10508:2817121
10337:(video)
10061:8 March
9958:4427424
9930:Bibcode
9873:21 June
9845:(video)
9551:Birding
9465:25 June
9438:6475160
9309:7532710
9248:1613163
9201:5435893
9181:Bibcode
9173:Science
8839:6553505
8753:3870697
8722:Bibcode
8618:2391784
8465:1367060
8329:5750011
8174:Bibcode
8166:Science
8109:5537857
7996:Bibcode
7916:2251266
7884:Bibcode
7814:2052568
7782:Bibcode
7714:1 April
7701:6112274
7673:Bibcode
7665:Science
7590:2531203
7569:Bibcode
7528:7005288
7499:Bibcode
7380:Bibcode
7348:7231117
7294:25 June
7199:4182805
7168:Bibcode
7132:4280641
7109:Bibcode
7066:7334476
7035:Bibcode
6946:Bibcode
6801:6238128
6772:Bibcode
6661:8055270
6595:3404802
6444:2830232
6279:4401233
6207:Bibcode
6128:Bibcode
5985:Bibcode
5959:8 March
5915:Bibcode
5880:Bibcode
5872:Ecology
5845:2398801
5794:4213610
5714:4460853
5691:Bibcode
5622:4302410
5601:Bibcode
5593:Science
5562:9066799
5489:1918245
5263:3652446
5221:1 April
5208:4088500
4916:Bibcode
4883:8 March
4850:5394677
4735:4 April
4652:2677254
4561:4 April
4532:4 April
4474:7 March
4435:7 March
4320:3099017
4280:Bibcode
4253:6845608
4225:Bibcode
4217:Science
4175:Bibcode
4131:1 April
4098:1325055
4033:1612136
3986:9226176
3924:8443710
3895:Bibcode
3830:7 March
3788:5 March
3649:Gallery
3611:in the
3574:huitzil
3570:Nahuatl
3558:warfare
3465:beacons
3269:flowers
3158:spiders
3060:Rosales
3052:Fabales
3048:Apiales
3043:Mimulus
2912:Feeding
2858:Florida
2799:flutter
2548:Ricinid
2468:hormone
2426:Seattle
2394:Arizona
2309:mineral
2253:patagia
2231:with a
2209:fasting
2154:enzymes
2080:parrots
2066:in the
1936:in the
1918:neurons
1910:corneas
1819:Humming
1800:protein
1785:melanin
1773:prismal
1656:glucose
1648:sucrose
1601:corolla
1407:– bees
1138:mangoes
1134:hermits
1130:topazes
1126:species
1099:Eurasia
1083:Wyoming
1072:Miocene
1041:Germany
1007:Bahamas
974:), the
956:mangoes
940:topazes
938:to the
928:hermits
919:today.
890:as the
864:Ecuador
799:Eurasia
754:extinct
711:Costa's
651:lichens
594:pistons
448:migrate
441:⁄
420:of any
388:plumage
365:Central
210:Order:
187:Class:
13730:810751
13704:178028
13691:104628
13642:1TROCF
13561:Q43624
13440:. 2021
13311:
13257:
13228:
13187:
13179:
13124:
13116:
13108:
13063:
13055:
13003:
12995:
12907:
12721:
12711:
12642:
12601:
12591:
12545:
12492:
12482:
12433:
12423:
12374:
12340:
12330:
12322:
12276:
12235:
12225:
12151:
12141:
12092:
12082:
12043:
12035:
11987:
11977:
11927:
11917:
11878:
11870:
11844:Nature
11821:
11794:
11769:
11726:
11687:
11640:
11594:
11556:
11517:
11509:
11481:Nature
11455:
11407:
11269:
11225:
11167:
11117:
10979:
10969:
10866:
10791:31 May
10740:
10699:
10691:
10656:
10646:
10594:
10584:
10540:
10515:
10505:
10459:
10288:
10280:
10219:
10211:
10174:
10149:
10108:
10100:
10038:
9997:
9956:
9948:
9922:Nature
9851:12 May
9815:
9753:
9743:
9696:: 54.
9627:
9619:
9557:: 376.
9488:
9436:
9428:
9389:
9343:
9316:
9306:
9298:
9254:
9246:
9207:
9199:
9080:
9072:
9028:
9020:
8978:
8935:
8927:
8919:
8846:
8836:
8828:
8760:
8750:
8742:
8690:
8682:
8616:
8608:
8558:
8498:
8463:
8445:Condor
8395:
8387:
8379:
8336:
8326:
8318:
8272:
8235:
8208:
8200:
8192:
8116:
8106:
8098:
8057:
7914:
7904:
7855:
7847:
7812:
7802:
7753:
7699:
7691:
7641:
7633:
7597:
7587:
7561:Nature
7535:
7525:
7517:
7470:
7462:
7408:
7400:
7346:
7338:
7268:
7260:
7206:
7196:
7188:
7139:
7129:
7073:
7063:
7055:
6974:
6966:
6910:
6902:
6860:
6808:
6798:
6790:
6743:
6735:
6721:(20).
6694:13 May
6668:
6658:
6650:
6602:
6592:
6518:
6451:
6441:
6433:
6383:276492
6381:
6373:
6325:
6317:
6277:
6269:
6146:
6099:
6062:
6055:521733
6052:
6011:
6003:
5933:
5851:
5843:
5801:
5791:
5721:
5711:
5629:
5619:
5560:
5517:
5487:
5479:
5441:
5364:
5356:
5317:
5309:
5270:
5260:
5206:
4979:
4857:
4847:
4839:
4682:
4659:
4649:
4610:
4602:
4367:
4359:
4318:
4310:
4251:
4243:
4195:
4105:
4095:
4081:: 36.
4039:
4031:
3993:
3983:
3931:
3921:
3913:
3630:is an
3621:Ohlone
3599:livery
3545:Aztecs
3431:, and
3377:syphon
3287:flexes
3188:) and
3099:lipids
3093:- and
3058:, and
3040:, and
3013:Costus
2983:insect
2792:) and
2627:Flight
2597:walnut
2562:lice,
2550:lice,
2496:shrews
2462:, the
2432:Torpor
2388:, and
2382:Oregon
2367:torpor
2301:sodium
2282:kidney
2149:, and
2096:orders
2090:, and
2064:nuclei
2053:syrinx
1881:Vision
1832:feeder
1721:forage
1696:Female
1522:dagger
1162:nectar
1156:, and
1025:museum
1003:Brazil
978:, the
966:, the
962:, the
958:, the
948:clades
936:sister
926:: the
917:Russia
904:swifts
858:each,
851:Mexico
701:, and
699:Anna's
682:banded
663:fledge
616:gorget
598:thrust
578:hallux
576:– the
518:. The
467:swifts
465:, the
456:Mexico
450:, the
426:torpor
357:Alaska
353:genera
231:, 1825
229:Vigors
13743:39427
13686:IRMNG
13185:S2CID
13122:S2CID
13061:S2CID
13023:(PDF)
13001:S2CID
12041:S2CID
11876:S2CID
11767:S2CID
11724:JSTOR
11685:JSTOR
11665:(PDF)
11638:JSTOR
11592:JSTOR
11554:S2CID
11515:S2CID
11453:S2CID
11267:S2CID
11223:JSTOR
11087:(PDF)
10949:PeerJ
10864:S2CID
10785:(PDF)
10760:(PDF)
10697:S2CID
10286:S2CID
10217:S2CID
10106:S2CID
9954:S2CID
9625:S2CID
9434:S2CID
9252:S2CID
9205:S2CID
9078:S2CID
9026:S2CID
9018:JSTOR
8998:(PDF)
8976:S2CID
8933:S2CID
8688:S2CID
8614:S2CID
8461:JSTOR
8441:(PDF)
8393:S2CID
8270:S2CID
8206:S2CID
7907:55133
7853:S2CID
7805:51768
7708:(PDF)
7697:S2CID
7661:(PDF)
7639:S2CID
7468:S2CID
7406:S2CID
7344:S2CID
7266:S2CID
6972:S2CID
6908:S2CID
6880:(PDF)
6630:eLife
6540:(PDF)
6379:S2CID
6323:S2CID
6275:S2CID
6144:S2CID
6097:S2CID
6009:S2CID
5954:Wired
5931:S2CID
5849:S2CID
5841:JSTOR
5821:(PDF)
5485:S2CID
5362:S2CID
5315:S2CID
5215:(PDF)
5204:JSTOR
5182:(PDF)
5156:(PDF)
5141:(PDF)
5031:(PDF)
5016:(PDF)
4608:S2CID
4365:S2CID
4316:S2CID
4249:S2CID
4037:S2CID
3723:Notes
3572:word
3507:smell
3437:Honey
3386:Male
3334:umami
3283:beaks
3182:wasps
3170:flies
3091:macro
2886:Yukon
2801:in a
2778:nadir
2743:hover
2686:alula
2528:frogs
2015:) in
1922:pupil
1899:skull
1804:crown
1761:gamut
1496:range
1076:Andes
1056:China
908:bones
884:with
856:Chile
820:Range
793:— an
582:claws
572:with
566:knees
524:sylph
411:wings
400:beaks
338:birds
198:Clade
135:from
13717:9242
13712:NCBI
13699:ITIS
13678:5562
13665:5289
13660:GBIF
13637:EPPO
13629:8021
13603:1455
13598:BOLD
13494:2023
13468:2023
13446:2023
13420:2023
13398:2016
13372:2016
13346:2023
13309:ISBN
13288:2023
13255:ISBN
13226:ISSN
13177:PMID
13149:)".
13114:PMID
13106:ISSN
13053:PMID
12993:PMID
12958:2017
12936:2017
12905:ISBN
12886:2010
12864:2016
12819:2009
12793:2009
12771:2017
12719:PMID
12666:2022
12640:PMID
12599:PMID
12554:2015
12543:ISSN
12520:2022
12490:PMID
12431:PMID
12383:2015
12372:ISSN
12338:PMID
12320:ISSN
12274:PMID
12233:PMID
12175:2023
12149:PMID
12090:PMID
12033:PMID
11985:PMID
11925:PMID
11868:PMID
11819:ISBN
11792:ISBN
11603:2023
11507:PMID
11405:PMID
11165:ISBN
11115:PMID
11069:2023
11047:2023
11014:2018
10977:PMID
10927:2023
10901:2023
10875:2014
10820:2013
10793:2015
10738:PMID
10689:PMID
10654:PMID
10592:PMID
10538:PMID
10513:PMID
10457:PMID
10348:2014
10319:2014
10278:ISSN
10247:2014
10209:PMID
10172:ISBN
10147:PMID
10098:ISSN
10063:2023
10036:PMID
9995:PMID
9946:PMID
9898:2020
9875:2014
9853:2016
9813:PMID
9751:PMID
9671:2021
9617:ISSN
9576:)".
9536:2009
9514:2021
9486:ISBN
9467:2016
9426:PMID
9387:PMID
9369:)".
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