Properties of water

2885:) is that lowering the energy of the oxygen atom's nonbonding hybrid orbitals (by assigning them more s character and less p character) and correspondingly raising the energy of the oxygen atom's hybrid orbitals bonded to the hydrogen atoms (by assigning them more p character and less s character) has the net effect of lowering the energy of the occupied molecular orbitals because the energy of the oxygen atom's nonbonding hybrid orbitals contributes completely to the energy of the oxygen atom's lone pairs while the energy of the oxygen atom's other two hybrid orbitals contributes only partially to the energy of the bonding orbitals (the remainder of the contribution coming from the hydrogen atoms' 1s orbitals). 2548: 2359: 1786: 105: 1731: 2795: 2536: 52: 4350: 75: 1669: 1860:. This denser saltwater sinks by convection and the replacing seawater is subject to the same process. This produces essentially freshwater ice at −1.9 °C on the surface. The increased density of the seawater beneath the forming ice causes it to sink towards the bottom. On a large scale, the process of brine rejection and sinking cold salty water results in ocean currents forming to transport such water away from the Poles, leading to a global system of currents called the 1811: 2029: 65: 1958: 2462: 3724:). In the inner Solar System, planets, asteroids, and moons formed almost entirely of metals and silicates. Water has since been delivered to the inner Solar System via an as-yet unknown mechanism, theorized to be the impacts of asteroids or comets carrying water from the outer Solar System, where bodies contain much more water ice. The difference between planetary bodies located inside and outside the frost line can be stark. Earth's mass is 0.000023% water, while 1134: 9113: 2286:). Because of autoionization, at ambient temperatures pure liquid water has a similar intrinsic charge carrier concentration to the semiconductor germanium and an intrinsic charge carrier concentration three orders of magnitude greater than the semiconductor silicon, hence, based on charge carrier concentration, water can not be considered to be a completely dielectric material or electrical insulator but to be a limited conductor of ionic charge. 9102: 9135: 8830: 2582: 1873: 4959: 9124: 2507: 1307: 7491: 1794:

bottom up, and all life in it would be killed. Furthermore, given that water is a good thermal insulator (due to its heat capacity), some frozen lakes might not completely thaw in summer. As it is, the inversion of the density curve leads to a stable layering for surface temperatures below 4 °C, and with the layer of ice that floats on top insulating the water below, even e.g.,

3609:, other than the simple difference in specific mass, involve properties that are affected by hydrogen bonding, such as freezing and boiling, and other kinetic effects. This is because the nucleus of deuterium is twice as heavy as protium, and this causes noticeable differences in bonding energies. The difference in boiling points allows the isotopologues to be separated. The 1137: 1707:(more commonly known as latent heat) of water is 333.55 kJ/kg at 0 °C: the same amount of energy is required to melt ice as to warm ice from −160 °C up to its melting point or to heat the same amount of water by about 80 °C. Of common substances, only that of ammonia is higher. This property confers resistance to melting on the ice of 7509: 5470: 1139: 1939:. The reverse process accounts for the fog burning off in the morning. If the humidity is increased at room temperature, for example, by running a hot shower or a bath, and the temperature stays about the same, the vapor soon reaches the pressure for phase change and then condenses out as minute water droplets, commonly referred to as steam. 1569:. The molecules of water are constantly moving concerning each other, and the hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds (2 × 10 seconds). However, these bonds are strong enough to create many of the peculiar properties of water, some of which make it integral to life. 1943:

the air is small, relative humidity, the ratio of the partial pressure due to the water vapor to the saturated partial vapor pressure, is much more useful. Vapor pressure above 100% relative humidity is called supersaturated and can occur if the air is rapidly cooled, for example, by rising suddenly in an updraft.

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Notice that the bond angles decrease as the number of nonbonding electron pairs increases. A bonding pair of electrons is attracted by both nuclei of the bonded atoms, but a nonbonding pair is attracted primarily by only one nucleus. Because a nonbonding pair experiences less nuclear attraction, its

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may affect biochemical processes—ingestion of large amounts impairs kidney and central nervous system function. Small quantities can be consumed without any ill-effects; humans are generally unaware of taste differences, but sometimes report a burning sensation or sweet flavor. Very large amounts of

1942:

A saturated gas or one with 100% relative humidity is when the vapor pressure of water in the air is at equilibrium with vapor pressure due to (liquid) water; water (or ice, if cool enough) will fail to lose mass through evaporation when exposed to saturated air. Because the amount of water vapor in

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The gases produced bubble to the surface, where they can be collected or ignited with a flame above the water if this was the intention. The required potential for the electrolysis of pure water is 1.23 V at 25 °C. The operating potential is actually 1.48 V or higher in practical electrolysis.

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structures form due to the four hydrogen bonds, thereby forming an open structure and a three-dimensional bonding network, resulting in the anomalous decrease in density when cooled below 4 °C. This repeated, constantly reorganizing unit defines a three-dimensional network extending throughout

2502:

observed a strong repulsive force between hydrophilic surfaces. To dehydrate hydrophilic surfaces—to remove the strongly held layers of water of hydration—requires doing substantial work against these forces, called hydration forces. These forces are very large but decrease rapidly over a nanometer

1759:

0–4 °C allows for a denser molecular packing in which some of the lattice cavities are filled by water molecules. Above 4 °C, however, thermal expansion becomes the dominant effect, and water near the boiling point (100 °C) is about 4% less dense than water at 4 °C (39 °F).

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Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with the warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total. Melting ice

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These peculiar effects are due to the highly directional bonding of water molecules via the hydrogen bonds: ice and liquid water at low temperature have comparatively low-density, low-energy open lattice structures. The breaking of hydrogen bonds on melting with increasing temperature in the range

2479:), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are held together by such bonds. 1742:

of water is about 1 gram per cubic centimetre (62 lb/cu ft): this relationship was originally used to define the gram. The density varies with temperature, but not linearly: as the temperature increases, the density rises to a peak at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and then decreases; the

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The unusual density curve and lower density of ice than of water is essential for much of the life on earth—if water were most dense at the freezing point, then in winter the cooling at the surface would lead to convective mixing. Once 0 °C are reached, the water body would freeze from the

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point of about 231 K (−42 °C; −44 °F). The melting point of ordinary hexagonal ice falls slightly under moderately high pressures, by 0.0073 °C (0.0131 °F)/atm or about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F)/70 atm as the stabilization energy of hydrogen bonding is exceeded by

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Weingärtner, Hermann; Teermann, Ilka; Borchers, Ulrich; Balsaa, Peter; Lutze, Holger V.; Schmidt, Torsten C.; Franck, Ernst Ulrich; Wiegand, Gabriele; Dahmen, Nicolaus; Schwedt, Georg; Frimmel, Fritz H.; Gordalla, Birgit C. (2016). "Water, 1. Properties, Analysis, and Hydrological Cycle".

2013:

The bulk modulus of water ice ranges from 11.3 GPa at 0 K up to 8.6 GPa at 273 K. The large change in the compressibility of ice as a function of temperature is the result of its relatively large thermal expansion coefficient compared to other common solids.

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electron domain is spread out more in space than is the electron domain for a bonding pair (Figure 9.7). Nonbonding electron pairs, therefore, take up more space than bonding pairs; in essence, they act as large and fatter balloons in our analogy of Figure 9.5. As a result,

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and deionized ultra-pure water systems used, for instance, in semiconductor manufacturing plants. A salt or acid contaminant level exceeding even 100 parts per trillion (ppt) in otherwise ultra-pure water begins to noticeably lower its resistivity by up to several kΩ·m.

1821:

The density of saltwater depends on the dissolved salt content as well as the temperature. Ice still floats in the oceans, otherwise, they would freeze from the bottom up. However, the salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C (due to

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are relatively soluble in water, and nonpolar substances such as fats and oils are not. Nonpolar molecules stay together in water because it is energetically more favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to each other than to engage in

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Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecule itself, it is responsible for several of the water's physical properties. These properties include its relatively high

2405:, points from a region between the two hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom. The charge differences cause water molecules to aggregate (the relatively positive areas being attracted to the relatively negative areas). This attraction, 1659:

and the critical pressure is caused by the weight of the ocean at the extreme depths where the vents are located. This pressure is reached at a depth of about 2200 meters: much less than the mean depth of the ocean (3800 meters).

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in salts and bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high

5779: 2005:

of water is about 2.2 GPa. The low compressibility of non-gasses, and of water in particular, leads to their often being assumed as incompressible. The low compressibility of water means that even in the deep

2728:. Unlike previously reported tunneling motions in water, this involved the concerted breaking of two hydrogen bonds. Later in the same year, the discovery of the quantum tunneling of water molecules was reported. 4393:) and an acidic proton are added to the two carbon atoms bonded together in the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in an alcohol. When the addition of water to an organic molecule cleaves the molecule in two, 1830:

blocked by an expansion of water as it becomes colder near the freezing point. The oceans' cold water near the freezing point continues to sink. So creatures that live at the bottom of cold oceans like the

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the liquid. This view is based upon neutron scattering studies and computer simulations, and it makes sense in the light of the unambiguously tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in ice structures.

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suggested that water molecules in the liquid state typically bind not to four but only two others; thus forming chains and rings. The term "string theory of water" (which is not to be confused with the

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Ramires, Maria L. V.; Castro, Carlos A. Nieto de; Nagasaka, Yuchi; Nagashima, Akira; Assael, Marc J.; Wakeham, William A. (1995-05-01). "Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water".

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so that the density only decreases as a function of temperature. The increase observed for water from 0 °C (32 °F) to 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and for a few other liquids is described as

1908:. Water being a relatively polar compound will tend to be miscible with liquids of high polarity such as ethanol and acetone, whereas compounds with low polarity will tend to be immiscible and poorly 1550:

at wavelengths of around 750 nm which cause it to appear to have a blue color. This can easily be observed in a water-filled bath or wash-basin whose lining is white. Large ice crystals, as in

7213:

Richardson, Jeremy O.; Pérez, Cristóbal; Lobsiger, Simon; Reid, Adam A.; Temelso, Berhane; Shields, George C.; Kisiel, Zbigniew; Wales, David J.; Pate, Brooks H.; Althorpe, Stuart C. (2016-03-18).

4828:, or its equivalent in different languages, although there are other systematic names which can be used to describe the molecule. Oxidane is only intended to be used as the name of the mononuclear 2624:

from the water. Contrary to the common misconception, water and hydrophobic substances do not "repel", and the hydration of a hydrophobic surface is energetically, but not entropically, favorable.

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freezes only to about 1 m thickness in winter. In general, for deep enough lakes, the temperature at the bottom stays constant at about 4 °C (39 °F) throughout the year (see diagram).

7905: 2567:

Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward.

5096:(VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C). Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures. 3338: 3770:) donor and a base is a proton acceptor. When reacting with a stronger acid, water acts as a base; when reacting with a stronger base, it acts as an acid. For instance, water receives an 4614:

Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen, and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it. This process is called electrolysis. The cathode half reaction is:

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Hardy, Edme H.; Zygar, Astrid; Zeidler, Manfred D.; Holz, Manfred; Sacher, Frank D. (2001). "Isotope effect on the translational and rotational motion in liquid water and ammonia".

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that water molecules generate between other water molecules. If a substance has properties that do not allow it to overcome these strong intermolecular forces, the molecules are

1850:, 3.5%) the ice that forms is essentially salt-free, with about the same density as freshwater ice. This ice floats on the surface, and the salt that is "frozen out" adds to the 5771: 3639:. Because water molecules exchange hydrogen atoms with one another, hydrogen deuterium oxide (DOH) is much more common in low-purity heavy water than pure dideuterium monoxide 1826:) and lowers the temperature of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C. This is why, in ocean water, the downward convection of colder water is 3563:

exists in nature only in minute quantities, being produced primarily via cosmic ray-induced nuclear reactions in the atmosphere. Water with one protium and one deuterium atom

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the water may form a thin film because the molecular forces between glass and water molecules (adhesive forces) are stronger than the cohesive forces. In biological cells and

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10 S/cm, but this conductivity is now thought to be almost entirely from surface defects, and without those, ice is an insulator with an immeasurably small conductivity.

6315:; Salzmann, Christoph; Kohl, Ingrid; Mayer, Erwin; Hallbrucker, Andreas (2001-01-01). "A second distinct structural "state" of high-density amorphous ice at 77 K and 1 bar". 2332:

into oxygen and hydrogen gases but in the absence of dissolved ions this is a very slow process, as very little current is conducted. In ice, the primary charge carriers are

3107: 5428:

Tanaka, M; Girard, G; Davis, R; Peuto, A; Bignell, N (August 2001). "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 C and 40 C based on recent experimental reports".

2826:, or structural properties like those observed in water because none of them can form four hydrogen bonds: either they cannot donate or accept hydrogen atoms, or there are 8750: 3058: 1923:

that is thermodynamically stable with the liquid (or solid) at a given temperature is relatively low compared with total atmospheric pressure. For example, if the vapor's

4844:

for the –OH group. The name oxane is explicitly mentioned by the IUPAC as being unsuitable for this purpose, since it is already the name of a cyclic ether also known as

5579: 3716:, where the Sun's radiation is too weak to vaporize solid and liquid water (as well as other elements and chemical compounds with relatively low melting points, such as 1648:. In nature, this only rarely occurs in extremely hostile conditions. A likely example of naturally occurring supercritical water is in the hottest parts of deep water 14961: 3355:, physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in 1140: 14970: 14254: 14226: 7789: 5671: 17803: 17476: 14938: 14264: 14245: 14217: 2297:. If water has even a tiny amount of such an impurity, then the ions can carry charges back and forth, allowing the water to conduct electricity far more readily. 17795: 17572: 17540: 16777: 16753: 16741: 15156: 14929: 10942: 5399: 2877:

explanation is that the oxygen atom's lone pairs are physically larger and therefore take up more space than the oxygen atom's bonds to the hydrogen atoms. The

2543:

is under the water level, which has risen gently and smoothly. Surface tension prevents the clip from submerging and the water from overflowing the glass edges.

17787: 17731: 17564: 17532: 17484: 17444: 17221: 17200: 16813: 16801: 16789: 16765: 10354: 8419: 6939:

Hoy, AR; Bunker, PR (1979). "A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with application to the water molecule".

17779: 17755: 17723: 17681: 17644: 17516: 17436: 17428: 17208: 17195: 17179: 17139: 17123: 17115: 8202: 2635:. The partially negative dipole ends of the water are attracted to positively charged components of the solute, and vice versa for the positive dipole ends. 17665: 17636: 17620: 17588: 17556: 17508: 17226: 17131: 17107: 15161: 5291: 2616:("water-fearing") substances. The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether or not the substance can match or better the strong 5455:

Lemmon, Eric W.; Bell, Ian H.; Huber, Marcia L.; McLinden, Mark O. "Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems". In Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.).

3669:

heavy water must be consumed for any toxicity to become apparent. Rats, however, are able to avoid heavy water by smell, and it is toxic to many animals.

17657: 17612: 17604: 17580: 17548: 17468: 17213: 10227: 1823: 1148: 2559:

of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This allows insects to walk on water.

17596: 17460: 17320: 10516: 6022: 3448:

is the current international standard for water isotopes. Naturally occurring water is almost completely composed of the neutron-less hydrogen isotope

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of physics) was coined. These observations were based upon X-ray absorption spectroscopy that probed the local environment of individual oxygen atoms.

1320: 17673: 17284: 17187: 14512: 10763: 8576: 8377: 7893: 4876: 6038:(including Arctic sea ice, ice sheets, and glaciers) and warming of the continents and atmosphere account for the remainder of the change in energy. 2078:

in Göttingen produced data on several other triple points in the early 20th century. Kamb and others documented further triple points in the 1960s.

17771: 16438: 16344: 16320: 16308: 8023: 6874:

Light, Truman S.; Licht, Stuart; Bevilacqua, Anthony C.; Morash, Kenneth R. (2005-01-01). "The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water".

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Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide).

2447:, despite hydrogen sulfide having nearly twice the molar mass of water. The extra bonding between water molecules also gives liquid water a large 16380: 16368: 16356: 16332: 8052: 2374:

of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas-phase bend angle is 104.48°, which is smaller than the typical

2213:

well below that temperature without freezing if the liquid is not mechanically disturbed. It can remain in a fluid state down to its homogeneous

1162: 7821: 2698:. The water dipoles make hydrogen bonds with the polar regions of the sugar molecule (OH groups) and allow it to be carried away into solution. 16426: 15942: 15930: 14085: 9026: 6558: 8159: 1927:

is 2% of atmospheric pressure and the air is cooled from 25 °C, starting at about 22 °C, water will start to condense, defining the

15765: 8400: 2074:(forms) of ice, water has other triple points, which have either three polymorphs of ice or two polymorphs of ice and liquid in equilibrium. 6612: 5514: 2503:

or less. They are important in biology, particularly when cells are dehydrated by exposure to dry atmospheres or to extracellular freezing.

2417:

and boiling point temperatures: more energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. In contrast, hydrogen sulfide (

1722:

The specific heat capacity of ice at −10 °C is 2030 J/(kg·K) and the heat capacity of steam at 100 °C is 2080 J/(kg·K).

16392: 16268: 15979: 15918: 15801: 15789: 15777: 15510: 15475: 9184: 7525:

electron domains for nonbonding electron pairs exert greater repulsive forces on adjacent electron domains and tend to compress bond angles

479: 1990:

around 45 °C before increasing again with increasing temperature. As the pressure is increased, the compressibility decreases, being

16153: 16129: 16117: 15065: 6224: 104: 6124: 5600:

Silverstein, Todd P.; Heller, Stephen T. (17 April 2017). "pKa Values in the Undergraduate Curriculum: What Is the Real pKa of Water?".

3978:, although it can also react with Lewis bases, forming hydrogen bonds between the electron pair donors and the hydrogen atoms of water. 2869:, molecular structure, allowing it to be polar. The hydrogen–oxygen–hydrogen angle is 104.45°, which is less than the 109.47° for ideal 2716:

dynamics in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that there are motions which destroy and regenerate the weak

16987: 16189: 16177: 16165: 16141: 15890: 10093: 7192: 6914: 6861:

C. S. Fuller "Defect Interactions in Semiconductors" Chapter 5 pp. 192-221 in "Semiconductors" N. B. Hannay Ed. Reinhold, New York 1959

3416:

Rain is generally mildly acidic, with a pH between 5.2 and 5.8 if not having any acid stronger than carbon dioxide. If high amounts of

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take advantage of water's opacity to microwave radiation to heat the water inside of foods. Water's light blue color is caused by weak

6638: 15856: 4817: 1680:

of 4184 J/(kg·K) at 20 °C (4182 J/(kg·K) at 25 °C) —the second-highest among all the heteroatomic species (after

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to the hydrogens, so they require more space. The increased repulsion of the lone pairs forces the O–H bonds closer to each other.

6533: 6074: 8731: 6910: 6395: 8739: 8677:

Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use

6467: 7466:

O, is similar. It has two electron pairs with nothing attached to them. They, too, must be taken into account. Molecules like NH

51: 7067: 6094:, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre, et à la température de la glace fondante. 5332: 2779: 2075: 1315: 5571: 4533:

to emit oxygen gas, but very few oxidants react with water even if their reduction potential is greater than the potential of

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describes water as both a weak hard acid and a weak hard base, meaning that it reacts preferentially with other hard species:

8617: 8564: 8432: 8394: 8367: 8341: 8309: 8288: 8265: 7503: 5862: 4735:

showed that water was composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781. The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by

1036: 17: 8487: 6562: 1904:

are immiscible, usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. This can be predicted by comparing the

14011: 6838: 5743: 4868: 6055: 5901:

Smith, Jared D.; Christopher D. Cappa; Kevin R. Wilson; Ronald C. Cohen; Phillip L. Geissler; Richard J. Saykally (2005).

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points from each H to the O, making the oxygen partially negative and each hydrogen partially positive. A large molecular

8727: 7774: 6791: 5018: 4988: 3689:

Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface and also the third most abundant molecule in the universe, after

2737: 1063: 2631:). The relatively small size of water molecules (~ 3 angstroms) allows many water molecules to surround one molecule of 1974:

of water is a function of pressure and temperature. At 0 °C, at the limit of zero pressure, the compressibility is

8676: 8594: 8534: 8511: 8481: 8315: 8244: 5680:, 8—Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity. 3382:, with a variety of small molecules that can be embedded in its spacious crystal lattice. The most notable of these is 2209:

The melting point of ice is 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K) at standard pressure; however, pure liquid water can be

8502:

Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2013).

7575: 5360: 5168:. Also, fairly pure silicon has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion for temperatures between about 18 and 120 3240: 8735: 8709: 7455: 6218: 1558: 454: 8446: 6263: 74: 64: 11213: 9177: 8192: 6296: 5093: 4902:, using acid and base names. None of these exotic names are used widely. The polarized form of the water molecule, 3677:

refers to deuterium-depleted water (DDW), water in which the deuterium content has been reduced below the standard

3445: 2810:

because it can accept two bonds using the lone pairs on oxygen and donate two hydrogen atoms. Other molecules like

2523: 2071: 1763: 566: 6647: 1327: 17911: 15058: 8781: 8661: 5575: 1887: 1779: 8683:

Online calculator using the IAPWS Supplementary Release on Properties of Liquid Water at 0.1 MPa, September 2008

5299: 1688:(40.65 kJ/mol or 2257 kJ/kg at the normal boiling point), both of which are a result of the extensive 14979: 11167: 10086: 7309: 6738: 5708: 2375: 1090: 4788:

scales were, or currently are, defined by the freezing and boiling points of water. The less common scales of

17851: 9001: 8155: 7088: 5540: 4530: 2617: 129: 6015: 17916: 17866: 15074: 10054: 5960:

Deguchi, Shigeru; Tsujii, Kaoru (2007-06-19). "Supercritical water: a fascinating medium for soft matter".

2856: 2724:. On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling in the water 2300:

It is known that the theoretical maximum electrical resistivity for water is approximately 18.2 MΩ·cm (182

431: 5528: 4365:

crystallizes with one molecule of "lattice" water, which interacts with the sulfate and with the centers.

289: 17886: 17881: 17861: 14772: 9170: 8936: 4740: 8016: 7330:

Pope; Fry (1996). "Absorption spectrum (380-700nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements".

6416:

Fine, R.A.; Millero, F.J. (1973). "Compressibility of water as a function of temperature and pressure".

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However, there is an alternative theory for the structure of water. In 2004, a controversial paper from

15051: 11423: 4978: 4884: 3219:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}={\frac {a_{\rm {H_{3}O^{+}}}\cdot a_{\rm {OH^{-}}}}{a_{\rm {H_{2}O}}^{2}}}} 2707: 1775: 1748: 824: 806: 6828:"Revised Release on the Pressure along the Melting and Sublimation Curves of Ordinary Water Substance" 17926: 17871: 17083: 14851: 14831: 14792: 10079: 8973: 8745: 8044: 7813: 4973: 4833: 3713: 3091: 2866: 2621: 340: 8147: 17896: 14996: 14891: 14782: 14442: 14004: 8958: 8887: 6463: 5485: 4315: 3672: 2972: 2905: 2899: 2878: 2252: 1952: 1861: 1698:

Most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has accumulated in the oceans

1496: 1458: 8381: 6043: 2978: 2547: 17856: 17699: 14906: 14821: 14802: 14615: 14560: 14426: 14366: 14283: 14273: 14207: 12653: 11389: 9878: 7447: 6673: 6599: 5510: 5245:). Using the standard definition of atmosphere, 1,013,250 dynes/cm, it works out to 0.0073°C/atm. 5058: 4748: 4516: 2870: 2690:, each being surrounded by water molecules. The ions are then easily transported away from their 2608:

due to its high dielectric constant. Substances that mix well and dissolve in water are known as

2367: 2317: 2060: 2023: 1755:

is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%.

17921: 17500: 14881: 14861: 14841: 14812: 14455: 14356: 14235: 13224: 13210: 12398: 12296: 11139: 11125: 9825: 9127: 9069: 9011: 8556: 4983: 4769: 4752: 3098: 2771: 2448: 2402: 2358: 1677: 1012: 9036: 6206: 4527:

is a reaction between iron and oxygen that is dissolved in water, not between iron and water.

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in far lower amounts (0.000003%) and any such molecules are temporary as the atoms recombine.

3424:

oxides are present in the air, they too will dissolve into the cloud and raindrops, producing

2226:, i.e., reaching 355 K (82 °C) at 2.216 GPa (21,870 atm) (triple point of 2010:

at 4 km depth, where pressures are 40 MPa, there is only a 1.8% decrease in volume.

17906: 17628: 17492: 17452: 17163: 16610: 16593: 15146: 15141: 14916: 14871: 14753: 14611: 14601: 14483: 13825: 13561: 12670: 12449: 12381: 12005: 11457: 11153: 11069: 10553: 9957: 9562: 8978: 8359: 8255: 7692: 7665: 6181: 4609: 2767: 2248: 1785: 1656: 9051: 7168: 6651: 2451:. This high heat capacity makes water a good heat storage medium (coolant) and heat shield. 1919:

As a gas, water vapor is completely miscible with air. On the other hand, the maximum water

1487:

is a constant, so their respective concentrations are inversely proportional to each other.

17763: 17707: 17239: 17155: 16892: 15655: 14762: 14336: 14322: 14312: 13774: 13544: 13510: 13308: 13025: 12840: 12602: 12585: 12228: 12177: 11338: 11321: 11287: 11206: 11111: 11055: 11000: 10988: 10902: 10807: 10775: 10472: 10443: 10419: 10145: 9654: 9074: 8907: 8082: 7639: 7608: 7598: 7394: 7339: 7283: 7226: 7023: 6948: 6775: 6712: 6608: 6509: 6425: 6324: 6149: 5969: 5914: 5903:"Unified description of temperature-dependent hydrogen bond rearrangements in liquid water" 5644: 5609: 5375: 4758: 4450: 4426: 4422: 2968: 2839: 2515: 2476: 2055:

of water. Since 1954, this point had been used to define the base unit of temperature, the

1685: 1633: 1625:). Visible steam and clouds are formed from minute droplets of water suspended in the air. 880: 440: 117: 31: 9134: 6701:"Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications" 6640:

Impact of High Pressure — Low Temperature Processes on Cellular Materials Related to Foods

213: 8: 17876: 17824: 17715: 17400: 17234: 16856: 15876: 15650: 15151: 14743: 14591: 14404: 14332: 14302: 14190: 14140: 14130: 14055: 13997: 13881: 13791: 13637: 13252: 13182: 13126: 12927: 12899: 12823: 12806: 12789: 12755: 12704: 12636: 12568: 12432: 12364: 12330: 12279: 12143: 11985: 11975: 11935: 11738: 11571: 11491: 11474: 11440: 11304: 11097: 11080: 10934: 10914: 10889: 10860: 10577: 10536: 10492: 10431: 10407: 10386: 10279: 10267: 10113: 9732: 9696: 9499: 9242: 9232: 9079: 8774: 7718:

Miller, Inglis J. Jr.; Mooser, Gregory (Jul 1979). "Taste Responses to Deuterium Oxide".

7440: 3375: 2874: 2652: 2643: 2519: 1629: 1543: 776: 309: 203: 155: 8086: 7643: 7612: 7398: 7343: 7287: 7230: 7027: 6952: 6779: 6716: 6513: 6489: 6429: 6328: 6153: 6078: 5973: 5918: 5648: 5613: 5379: 4204:

When a salt of a weak acid or of a weak base is dissolved in water, water can partially

1384:

on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe (behind

269: 17901: 17388: 17383: 17292: 17276: 16883: 16717: 16687: 16623: 14665: 14634: 14625: 14399: 14293: 14170: 14094: 14075: 13808: 13707: 13578: 13459: 13420: 13392: 12997: 12857: 12772: 12738: 12687: 12500: 12466: 12245: 12102: 12092: 11885: 11875: 11858: 11828: 11758: 11519: 11406: 11355: 11236: 10926: 10877: 10815: 10722: 10639: 10627: 10606: 10504: 10255: 10215: 9990: 9845: 9758: 9714: 9504: 9193: 8829: 8715: 8549: 8523: 8277: 7743: 7672:. Vol. 126, no. 4. New York: Popular Science Publishing. Apr 1935. p. 17 7420: 7363: 7044: 7011: 6918: 6730: 6525: 6173: 6139: 5937: 5902: 5900: 5008: 4922: 4379: 4362: 4282: 3759: 3379: 2398: 2064: 1704: 1697: 1649: 1502: 1432: 1223: 1113: 959: 944: 762: 249: 6455: 6387: 2612:("water-loving") substances, while those that do not mix well with water are known as 1581:

is the most common and is the form that is generally denoted by the word "water". The

17747: 17739: 17305: 17268: 17171: 17062: 17047: 17042: 16847: 16639: 16066: 15467: 15397: 15257: 15205: 15189: 15181: 15102: 14644: 14542: 14502: 14493: 14473: 14416: 14195: 14180: 14150: 14115: 14050: 13909: 13853: 13721: 13679: 13651: 13623: 13595: 13527: 13493: 13476: 13434: 13336: 13322: 13238: 13112: 13084: 13042: 12885: 12619: 12517: 12415: 12347: 12313: 12194: 12112: 11995: 11949: 11945: 11818: 11688: 11627: 11558: 11372: 11087: 11012: 10976: 10894: 10799: 10787: 10708: 10700: 10688: 10644: 10565: 10528: 10484: 10460: 10395: 10366: 10235: 10169: 10137: 9910: 9892: 9772: 9598: 9416: 9411: 9397: 9309: 9304: 9237: 9101: 9086: 8869: 8809: 8719: 8705: 8613: 8590: 8560: 8530: 8507: 8477: 8438: 8428: 8390: 8363: 8337: 8305: 8284: 8261: 8240: 7735: 7731: 7563:"Guideline on the Use of Fundamental Physical Constants and Basic Constants of Water" 7499: 7451: 7412: 7355: 7301: 7252: 7244: 7184: 7082: 7049: 6960: 6891: 6734: 6529: 6340: 6292: 6214: 6165: 5993: 5985: 5942: 5858: 5660: 5391: 5238: 5220: 5043: 5028: 4856: 4208:

the salt, producing the corresponding base or acid, which gives aqueous solutions of

3782: 3705:. 0.23 ppm of the earth's mass is water and 97.39% of the global water volume of 1.38 3548: 3453: 3383: 3360: 2861:

The repulsive effects of the two lone pairs on the oxygen atom cause water to have a

2811: 2755: 2713: 2589: 2394: 2353: 1905: 1814: 1744: 1653: 1641: 1598: 1462: 1368:. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal 1353: 1289: 1269: 1233: 1228: 1218: 1190: 1184: 930: 754: 17336: 7747: 7367: 3754: 2535: 1692:

between its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's

237: 17524: 17260: 17247: 17147: 17091: 17052: 16978: 16965: 16919: 16708: 15586: 15230: 15107: 15006: 14947: 14670: 14547: 14468: 14389: 14160: 14125: 13867: 13735: 13665: 13378: 13266: 13196: 13168: 13140: 13011: 12983: 12969: 12211: 12072: 12055: 12025: 11955: 11848: 11838: 11778: 11623: 11584: 11545: 11041: 10959: 10848: 10751: 10739: 10713: 10618: 10548: 10455: 10378: 10346: 10333: 10157: 10102: 10043: 9747: 9668: 9544: 9461: 9344: 9269: 9264: 9253: 9006: 8804: 8701: 8697: 8643: 8609: 8582: 8351: 8232: 8090: 7727: 7647: 7634:

Urey, Harold C.; et al. (15 Mar 1935). "Concerning the Taste of Heavy Water".

7616: 7424: 7402: 7347: 7296: 7291: 7234: 7176: 7039: 7031: 6956: 6883: 6783: 6720: 6517: 6433: 6332: 6177: 6157: 5977: 5932: 5922: 5850: 5652: 5617: 5462: 5441: 5437: 5383: 5324: 4860: 4744: 4318:, water can be either a ligand or simply lodged in the framework, or both. Thus, 4278: 3750: 2862: 2794: 2783: 2747: 2647: 2627:

When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded by water molecules (

2576: 2444: 2337: 2294: 1924: 1566: 1506: 1428: 1357: 1213: 965: 891: 502: 17409: 17356: 16943: 8657: 8586: 7651: 7215:"Concerted hydrogen-bond breaking by quantum tunneling in the water hexamer prism" 4797: 2774:

utilize the portion of the light spectrum that is transmitted well through water.

2378:

angle of 109.47°. The lone pairs are closer to the oxygen atom than the electrons

17891: 17375: 17255: 17099: 17057: 17033: 17019: 17005: 15671: 15322: 15197: 15112: 15092: 14532: 13980: 13976: 13895: 13693: 13406: 13350: 13280: 13070: 12955: 12913: 12551: 12534: 12483: 12160: 12045: 12035: 11925: 11905: 11808: 11768: 11649: 11597: 11532: 11270: 11199: 11180: 11046: 11029: 10872: 10827: 10734: 10670: 10594: 10316: 10303: 10247: 10210: 10181: 10125: 9939: 9840: 9682: 9426: 9421: 9334: 8968: 8963: 8902: 8892: 8841: 8689: 8544: 8467: 8331: 7699:. Vol. 130, no. 6. New York: Popular Science Publishing. pp. 22–23 7095: 6554: 6312: 5747: 4864: 4845: 4836:. These derivatives commonly have other recommended names. For example, the name 4732: 4515:, are oxidized by water as well, but their oxides adhere to the metal and form a 4438: 4406: 4320: 3712:

Water is far more prevalent in the outer Solar System, beyond a point called the

3544: 3368: 2775: 2691: 2659: 2556: 2511: 2499: 2309: 2305: 1971: 1856: 1843: 1547: 1389: 1372:" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on the surface of 973: 780: 758: 742: 359: 17068: 15122: 15082: 8236: 6827: 6123:

Shell, Scott M.; Debenedetti, Pablo G.; Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios Z. (2002).

5740: 5621: 2223: 1730: 404: 17350: 17300: 16571: 15663: 15370: 15346: 15334: 15310: 15213: 15097: 15043: 14346: 13749: 13294: 13154: 13056: 12941: 12721: 12262: 11915: 11895: 11662: 11253: 10589: 10308: 10193: 10001: 9921: 9850: 9514: 9294: 9116: 8767: 8635: 6161: 5842: 4993: 4829: 4398: 4307: 3610: 3233:

O or OH is approximated by its concentration, and the activity of the solvent H

2882: 2819: 2759: 2593: 2390: 2321: 2051:

at which ordinary solid, liquid, and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium is a

1920: 1396: 1365: 1298: 863: 842: 796: 539: 16549: 16023: 6760: 4801: 2340:). Ice was previously thought to have a small but measurable conductivity of 1 2222:) above 209.9 MPa (2,072 atm), the melting point increases markedly 1431:, depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both 1399:

with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to dissociate

17845: 14522: 14376: 13364: 12082: 11798: 11788: 11636: 11610: 10967: 10839: 10341: 10328: 10015: 9864: 9783: 9573: 9485: 9471: 9451: 9383: 9349: 9314: 9204: 9041: 9021: 7248: 7010:

Chiavazzo, Eliodoro; Fasano, Matteo; Asinari, Pietro; Decuzzi, Paolo (2014).

6895: 6344: 6064:, 6. Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure. 5989: 5664: 5395: 5225: 5186: 5165: 5038: 4789: 4781: 4410: 3725: 3364: 3352: 2844: 2807: 2799: 2743: 2717: 2430:), has much weaker hydrogen bonding due to sulfur's lower electronegativity. 2414: 2406: 2251:, but not even "deionized" water is completely free of ions. Water undergoes 1716: 1689: 1668: 1645: 1614: 1535: 1413: 1405: 993: 784: 772: 662: 652: 538:

Almost colorless or white crystalline solid, almost colorless liquid, with a

15531: 9149: 8442: 8299: 7239: 7214: 5927: 5854: 2510:

Rain water flux from a canopy. Among the forces that govern drop formation:

2409:, explains many of the properties of water, such as its solvent properties. 17816: 17367: 16970: 16675: 16663: 16406: 16296: 16215: 13565: 13228: 13214: 13098: 12657: 12015: 12009: 11965: 11748: 11701: 11675: 11427: 11020: 10954: 10205: 10029: 9975: 9811: 9797: 9640: 9626: 9524: 9354: 9324: 9274: 9218: 9105: 8985: 8951: 8682: 8473: 7562: 7416: 7359: 7305: 7256: 7053: 6169: 6011: 5997: 5946: 5077:

A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pK

5033: 4964: 4805: 4793: 4736: 4446: 4414: 3490:

or T), which has two neutrons. Oxygen also has three stable isotopes, with

3441: 3356: 2597: 2370:

for the two hydrogens from the oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two

2329: 2052: 2002: 1913: 1835:

generally live in water 4 °C colder than at the bottom of frozen-over

1832: 1810: 1578: 916: 766: 750: 6255: 2304:·m) at 25 °C. This figure agrees well with what is typically seen on 1957: 1762:

Under increasing pressure, ice undergoes a number of transitions to other

1161: 17010: 16825: 16700: 16414: 16284: 15741: 15729: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15595: 15298: 15286: 15274: 13964: 12931: 12402: 12300: 10679: 10661: 9534: 9431: 9284: 9046: 9016: 8941: 8931: 8897: 8859: 8814: 7739: 7638:. Vol. 81, no. 2098. New York: The Science Press. p. 273. 7351: 6144: 5264: 5053: 5048: 5003: 4762: 4755:

showed that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

4375: 4343: 4213: 3979: 3552: 3540: 3472: 3347:

The action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to

2831: 2613: 2609: 2495: 2461: 2218:

intermolecular repulsion, but as ice transforms into its polymorphs (see

2210: 2044: 2028: 1836: 1795: 1618: 1381: 1174: 738: 726: 696: 7272:"Quantum Tunneling of Water in Beryl: A New State of the Water Molecule" 3471:

or D), a hydrogen isotope with one neutron, and fewer than 20 parts per

1147: 329: 16729: 16651: 16525: 15753: 15358: 14105: 14065: 13959: 13829: 13641: 13548: 13312: 12674: 12640: 12453: 12385: 12122: 11989: 9612: 9441: 7035: 5242: 4998: 4935:

O) when one does not wish to specify whether one is speaking of liquid

4785: 4441:+1 and oxygen in the oxidation state −2. It oxidizes chemicals such as 4394: 4205: 3975: 3971: 3742: 3449: 3348: 2823: 2540: 2469: 2379: 2371: 2366:

An important feature of water is its polar nature. The structure has a

2325: 2255:

in the liquid state when two water molecules form one hydroxide anion (

2214: 1982:. At the zero-pressure limit, the compressibility reaches a minimum of 1565:, which are generally gaseous. This unique property of water is due to 1420: 1409: 1154: 678: 672: 525: 341: 300: 9138: 8173: 8106: 8104: 8094: 8073:

Lewis, G. N.; MacDonald, R. T. (1933). "Concentration of H2 Isotope".

7620: 7438:

Gonick, Larry; Criddle, Craig (2005-05-03). "Chapter 3 Togetherness".

7188: 7012:"Scaling behaviour for the water transport in nanoconfined geometries" 6887: 6787: 6521: 6437: 5387: 4768:

The properties of water have historically been used to define various

1561:, water is primarily a liquid, unlike other analogous hydrides of the 16584: 16276: 16247: 16093: 15963: 15906: 15717: 15633: 15440: 14020: 13934: 13885: 13795: 13711: 13438: 13326: 13256: 13186: 13130: 13116: 13046: 12903: 12889: 12844: 12606: 12589: 12555: 12232: 12181: 12164: 12039: 11979: 11939: 11929: 11889: 11772: 11762: 11742: 11653: 11523: 11393: 9162: 8946: 8912: 8421:

Principles of chemical nomenclature: a guide to IUPAC recommendations

6725: 6336: 5981: 5656: 5194: 4512: 4508: 4402: 3967: 3567:

occur naturally in ordinary water in low concentrations (~0.03%) and

3556: 3457: 3425: 3065: 2913: 2909: 2763: 2628: 2491: 2386: 1928: 1712: 1663: 1594: 1562: 1445: 1108: 910: 868: 847: 746: 682: 7999: 7997: 7407: 7382: 7271: 7180: 6700: 5882: 5718:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) 5466: 4349: 2581: 1872: 1297:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

17000: 16579: 16475: 16235: 16105: 16006: 15971: 15864: 15835: 15705: 15502: 15262: 13954: 13944: 13939: 13778: 13725: 13683: 13655: 13627: 13599: 13582: 13514: 13463: 13424: 13396: 13382: 13270: 13200: 13172: 13144: 13029: 13001: 12987: 12827: 12810: 12793: 12759: 12725: 12708: 12572: 12436: 12368: 12334: 12198: 12147: 12106: 12096: 11999: 11969: 11879: 11862: 11832: 11822: 11718: 11692: 11666: 11640: 11575: 11342: 11308: 11291: 11240: 10071: 9519: 8128: 8101: 7919: 7901: 6106: 6104: 6102: 5237:

The source gives it as 0.0072°C/atm. However the author defines an

4837: 4556: 4442: 4342:

consists of centers and one "lattice water". Water is typically a

3417: 3237:

O is approximated by 1, so that we obtain the simple ionic product

2815: 2721: 2483: 2048: 2039:

and water vapor in the lower left portion of a water phase diagram.

1893: 1881: 1851: 1847: 1846:

of saltwater begins to freeze (at −1.9 °C for normal salinity

1590: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1385: 1264: 1120: 1104: 734: 722: 714: 700: 686: 379: 320: 6582: 6580: 6209:. In O'Mara, William C.; Herring, Robert B.; Hunt, Lee P. (eds.). 5813: 5811: 5809: 5458:

NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69

5197:(melting point of 1,211 K (938 °C; 1,720 °F)), and 2818:

can also form hydrogen bonds. However, they do not show anomalous

2494:, water is in contact with membrane and protein surfaces that are 1719:, ice was and still is in common use for retarding food spoilage. 1672:

Heat of vaporization of water from melting to critical temperature

236: 16839: 16502: 16223: 16085: 15898: 15827: 15813: 15689: 15432: 15405: 15241: 13949: 13913: 13857: 13812: 13739: 13669: 13531: 13497: 13480: 13410: 13354: 13340: 13284: 13242: 13088: 13074: 12917: 12861: 12776: 12742: 12691: 12504: 12470: 12283: 12249: 12215: 12116: 12076: 12029: 11802: 11792: 11782: 11614: 11588: 11549: 11495: 11478: 11461: 8197: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7124: 5549:, Chapter 8: Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases. 5198: 5190: 5182: 4958: 4777: 4520: 4311: 3862: 3721: 3717: 3476: 3437: 3229:

However, for dilute solutions, the activity of a solute such as H

2751: 2725: 2695: 2605: 2586: 2333: 2227: 2121: 1909: 1897: 1854:

and density of the seawater just below it, in a process known as

1799: 1771: 1739: 1708: 1693: 1681: 1551: 1369: 1274: 1259: 1254: 1245: 1155: 788: 730: 718: 704: 557: 391: 8525:

Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification

7852: 7850: 7754: 7136: 6979: 6351: 6099: 5752: 5721: 5552: 3440:

of both hydrogen and oxygen exist, giving rise to several known

2289:

Because water is such a good solvent, it almost always has some

2219: 1610: 16467: 16459: 15697: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15249: 13871: 13697: 13298: 13158: 13060: 13015: 12973: 12959: 12945: 12623: 12521: 12419: 12351: 12317: 12059: 12049: 12019: 11959: 11909: 11852: 11842: 11812: 11752: 11705: 11679: 11601: 11562: 11536: 11444: 11410: 11325: 11274: 8383:

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005

7169:"Vibration-Rotation-Tunneling Dynamics in Small Water Clusters" 6577: 6122: 5806: 5169: 4883:, which is a rarely used name of water, and mostly used in the 4773: 4453:

metals. One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is:

4274: 3421: 2827: 2673: 2632: 2301: 2290: 2167: 2149: 2099: 2056: 2033: 1767: 1752: 1637: 1606: 1539: 1361: 708: 280: 8298:

Campbell, Neil A.; Williamson, Brad; Heyden, Robin J. (2006).

8227:

Boyd, Claude E. (2000). "pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity".

7979: 7955: 7943: 7931: 5634: 16201: 16077: 13989: 13899: 13753: 12266: 11257: 11222: 8923: 8864: 8849: 8790: 7874: 7862: 7847: 7835: 7570: 7148: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7009: 6967: 6834: 6363: 5778:(website). United States of America: USGS. October 22, 2019. 5711:

in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);

5023: 4940: 4936: 2806:

A single water molecule can participate in a maximum of four

2687: 2506: 2487: 2135: 2007: 1622: 1582: 1373: 980: 690: 415: 260: 226: 38: 4346:

ligand, i.e., it forms only one bond with the central atom.

2498:; that is, surfaces that have a strong attraction to water. 2316:

In pure water, sensitive equipment can detect a very slight

13102: 12538: 12487: 12126: 11919: 11899: 11376: 11359: 8754: 7212: 6991: 6213:. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications. p. 431. 6125:"Molecular structural order and anomalies in liquid silica" 4524: 4209: 3746: 2639: 2551:

Temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure water

1602: 1529: 1424: 1400: 547: 370: 7107: 6873: 6490:"Elastic Constants, Bulk Modulus, and Compressibility of H 5823: 5794: 5713: 5537:, Vapor Pressure of Water From 0 to 370 °C in Sec. 6. 3408:, naturally found in large quantities on the ocean floor. 1824:

freezing-point depression of a solvent containing a solute

1652:, in which water is heated to the critical temperature by 13368: 12086: 11191: 8854: 8690:"Structure and Properties of Water in its Various States" 6382: 6380: 6378: 6311: 6291:(2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall. pp. 162–163. 5013: 4944: 4397:

is said to occur. Notable examples of hydrolysis are the

3363:, a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces 2486:

properties because of its polar nature. On clean, smooth

2465: 2244: 1936: 1932: 1901: 1743:

initial increase is unusual because most liquids undergo

1586: 1377: 1204: 936: 8759: 8297: 5888: 5201:(melting point of 545 K (272 °C; 521 °F)) 3097:

The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is a quotient of

1457:

ions. Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes

7967: 5494:, Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6. 5263:

Both acid and base names exist for water because it is

5193:(melting point of 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F), 4808:

of water is a more commonly used standard point today.

3061: 1789:

Temperature distribution in a lake in summer and winter

7666:"Experimenter Drinks 'Heavy Water' at $ 5,000 a Quart" 6375: 5427: 4310:, which contains two water molecules coordinated to a 3728:, a moon of Saturn, is almost entirely made of water. 1589:

and commonly takes the structure of hard, amalgamated

801:

3.1690 kilopascals or 0.031276 atm at 25 °C

16022: 8418:

Leigh, G. J.; Favre, H. A; Metanomski, W. V. (1998).

8231:. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer. pp. 105–122. 8045:"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (1778–1850)" 6705:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

6680: 6052:, Chapter 6: Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water. 5683: 3243: 3110: 3090:), with a value close to 10 mol L at 25 °C. See 2981: 2032:

The solid/liquid/vapor triple point of liquid water,

1734:

Density of ice and water as a function of temperature

15530: 8417: 8179: 8134: 8116: 8110: 5359:

Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N. (1993-08-01).

4954: 3060:, has a value of about 10 at 25 °C. At neutral 2830:

effects in bulky residues. In water, intermolecular

7543: 7531: 6808: 6394:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 5454: 4875:, but this is not among the names published by the 1998:at 0 °C and 100 megapascals (1,000 bar). 8573: 8548: 8522: 8276: 7760: 7439: 6758: 6586: 6287:Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2005). 5817: 5558: 5461:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 4374:As a hard base, water reacts readily with organic 3332: 3218: 3052: 2694:into solution. An example of a nonionic solute is 1664:Heat capacity and heats of vaporization and fusion 8551:Living Ice: Understanding Glaciers and Glaciation 8378:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 8350: 8201:. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 8003: 7489: 7175:. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States): 6. 7142: 6357: 6204: 6110: 5758: 5599: 5189:of 1,687 K (1,414 °C; 2,577 °F)), 4877:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4855:. This is analogous to related compounds such as 17843: 15073: 6609:International Committee for Weights and Measures 6286: 5354: 5352: 5350: 3333:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}\approx K_{\rm {w}}=} 2347: 1696:by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. 403: 8640:Molecular Theory of Water and Aqueous Solutions 8529:. Techniques of Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. 8253: 7077:. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. 6985: 6502:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 5637:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 5164:Negative thermal expansion is also observed in 4867:(heavy water). Using chemical nomenclature for 4273:Water's Lewis base character makes it a common 3101:of all products and reactants including water: 2720:by internal rotations of the substituent water 2638:In general, ionic and polar substances such as 1867: 1805: 1766:with higher density than liquid water, such as 1577:Within the Earth's atmosphere and surface, the 1542:atom. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at 1423:, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an 1136: 212: 8604:Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A. (2013). 8603: 8578:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 8072: 7988: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7841: 7592: 7154: 7130: 6973: 6911:"Lecture 12: Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry" 6559:National Institute of Standards and Technology 6369: 3626:at 25 °C is 23% higher than the value of 3583:The most notable physical differences between 3079:) equals that of the (solvated) hydrogen ion ( 667:99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K) 27:Physical and chemical properties of pure water 15059: 14005: 11207: 10087: 9178: 9154: 8775: 8274: 8254:Campbell, Mary K.; Farrell, Shawn O. (2007). 7437: 6997: 6869: 6867: 6282: 6280: 5959: 5347: 5267:(able to react both as an acid or an alkali). 5181:Other substances that expand on freezing are 3543:because of its higher density. It is used in 2731: 657:0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K) 8696:. Wiley Online Library 2019. pp. 1–19. 8501: 7717: 7380: 7118: 6211:Handbook of semiconductor silicon technology 6010: 5829: 5800: 5716:, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 5358: 3974:, or electron-pair donor, in reactions with 2662:; the sodium chloride, NaCl, separates into 2362:Water molecule - structure and dipole moment 1715:. Before and since the advent of mechanical 1376:and the only common substance to exist as a 606:(temperature of maximum density, often 4 °C) 16935: 16699: 16622: 15594: 15134: 6759:Debenedetti, P. G.; Stanley, H. E. (2003). 6415: 5504: 5502: 5500: 4559:. An example of the oxidation of water is: 4432: 1725: 16518: 15066: 15052: 14012: 13998: 11214: 11200: 10094: 10080: 9185: 9171: 8782: 8768: 8275:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2009). 7633: 7269: 6915:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 6908: 6864: 6277: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 5835: 4947:, or a component in a mixture or mineral. 2475:Water molecules stay close to each other ( 2238: 1465:, or approximately, the concentrations of 308: 30:"HOH" redirects here. For other uses, see 16541: 16405: 16267: 15174: 8506:(10th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Pearson. 8457:Lewis, William C.M.; Rice, James (1922). 8456: 7693:"Is 'Heavy Water' the Fountain of Youth?" 7406: 7295: 7238: 7068:"Physical Forces Organizing Biomolecules" 7043: 6938: 6724: 6686: 6630: 6143: 5936: 5926: 4890:Other systematic names for water include 4851:The simplest systematic name of water is 4425:reactions; the latter is then known as a 3966:Because the oxygen atom in water has two 3745:: it has the ability to act as either an 2067:, rather than the triple point of water. 2024:Triple point § Triple point of water 439: 15999: 15962: 15495: 15460: 8634: 8581:. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 7772: 7684: 7658: 7446:(1st ed.). HarperResource. p. 7166: 6636: 6487: 5847:IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 5508: 5497: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5089: 5087: 4832:used for naming derivatives of water by 4348: 3753:in chemical reactions. According to the 2793: 2580: 2546: 2534: 2505: 2460: 2454: 2357: 2233: 2027: 1956: 1871: 1809: 1784: 1729: 1667: 1572: 68:Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule 37:For broader coverage of this topic, see 16876: 16495: 15889: 15425: 8687: 8520: 8329: 7973: 7802:– via Applied Physics Laboratory. 7490:Theodore L. Brown; et al. (2015). 7329: 7270:Kolesnikov, Alexander I. (2016-04-22). 6876:Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 6667: 6449: 6447: 6238: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 1364:, which is nearly colorless apart from 328: 78:Space filling model of a water molecule 14: 17844: 16912: 16838: 16458: 15855: 15826: 15688: 15240: 14040: 9192: 8555:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7690: 6698: 6067: 6021:. IPCC WGI AR5 (Report). p. 257. 5889:Campbell, Williamson & Heyden 2006 5254:Using the fact that 0.5/0.0073 = 68.5. 5248: 4739:, was done in 1800 by English chemist 4555:. Almost all such reactions require a 4353:Some hydrogen-bonding contacts in FeSO 3736: 2888: 2857:Molecular orbital diagram § Water 2850: 2592:from high concentrations of dissolved 2076:Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann 2063:, the kelvin is now defined using the 1490: 16214: 16076: 15390: 15047: 14732: 13993: 11195: 10075: 9166: 9153: 8763: 8543: 8469:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 8376: 8122: 7627: 7498:(13 ed.). Pearson. p. 351. 6820: 6814: 6498:for the Temperature Range 50 K-273 K" 5782:from the original on December 1, 2021 5416: 5231: 5084: 4281:complexes, examples of which include 2570: 466:Key: XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 288: 268: 10101: 9123: 8465: 8226: 7549: 7537: 7512:from the original on 4 February 2024 7496:Chemistry : the central science 7104:, Surface Tension of Common Liquids. 7101: 6618:from the original on 27 January 2018 6453: 6444: 6061: 6049: 5727: 5695: 5689: 5677: 5546: 5534: 5491: 5473:from the original on 23 October 2023 4931:is a term used for hydrogen oxide (H 4507:Some other reactive metals, such as 4369: 3888:ion, and is thus acting as an acid: 3411: 2701: 2328:at 25.00 °C. Water can also be 8658:"Water Properties and Measurements" 8193:"Compound Summary for CID 22247451" 7711: 6565:from the original on 20 August 2018 6317:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6253: 5774:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 5335:from the original on 13 August 2017 5210:(1-0.95865/1.00000) × 100% = 4.135% 5019:Optical properties of water and ice 4989:Electromagnetic absorption by water 4268: 2742:Water is relatively transparent to 2738:Electromagnetic absorption by water 2562: 2243:Pure water containing no exogenous 2082:The various triple points of water 1900:in all proportions. Water and most 394: 378: 24: 8828: 8628: 8260:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. 8180:Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998 8135:Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998 8111:Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998 7782:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 5099: 4761:isolated the first sample of pure 3316: 3312: 3293: 3283: 3268: 3253: 3250: 3203: 3194: 3174: 3170: 3149: 3139: 3120: 3117: 3094:for values at other temperatures. 3036: 3032: 3013: 3003: 2988: 2893: 2530: 1965: 1946: 1609:, other crystalline and amorphous 1132: 73: 63: 25: 17938: 8650: 8304:. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. 6941:Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 4925:hydroxide by IUPAC nomenclature. 3757:definition, an acid is a proton ( 2658:An example of an ionic solute is 9133: 9122: 9112: 9111: 9100: 8185: 8140: 8066: 8037: 8017:"Enterprise and electrolysis..." 8009: 7814:"Planetologie und Fernerkundung" 6601:Proceedings of the 106th meeting 6075:"Decree on weights and measures" 5511:"Properties of substance: water" 5257: 5155:and more complex ions that form. 5094:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 4957: 4519:protective layer. Note that the 3446:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 3431: 2971:for this reaction, known as the 2204: 1961:Vapor pressure diagrams of water 1607:common hexagonal crystalline ice 1544:ambient temperature and pressure 1305: 530:18.01528(33) g/mol 103: 50: 8751:Why does ice float in my drink? 8662:United States Geological Survey 8490:from the original on 2024-02-04 8406:from the original on 2019-12-12 8318:from the original on 2014-11-02 8219: 8205:from the original on 2014-08-27 8162:from the original on 2016-08-16 8075:The Journal of Chemical Physics 8055:from the original on 2023-05-29 8026:from the original on 2016-03-03 7908:from the original on 2016-06-22 7886: 7824:from the original on 2023-04-11 7806: 7795:from the original on 2023-04-11 7766: 7691:Müller, Grover C. (June 1937). 7581:from the original on 2017-01-28 7555: 7483: 7431: 7374: 7323: 7312:from the original on 2020-11-18 7263: 7206: 7195:from the original on 2020-08-01 7160: 7060: 7003: 6932: 6902: 6855: 6844:from the original on 2014-03-02 6797:from the original on 2018-11-01 6752: 6741:from the original on 2020-08-18 6692: 6661: 6637:Schlüter, Oliver (2003-07-28). 6592: 6555:"Base unit definitions: Kelvin" 6547: 6536:from the original on 2021-11-28 6481: 6470:from the original on 2007-10-28 6409: 6398:from the original on 2020-07-06 6305: 6266:from the original on 2016-06-25 6227:from the original on 2024-02-04 6198: 6116: 6077:. April 7, 1795. Archived from 6028:from the original on 2020-10-16 6004: 5953: 5894: 5871:from the original on 2019-04-29 5764: 5733: 5628: 5593: 5582:from the original on 2016-02-14 5576:University of California, Davis 5564: 5517:from the original on 2014-06-02 5405:from the original on 2019-12-01 5213: 5204: 5175: 5158: 5071: 4811: 4603: 4437:Water contains hydrogen in the 3342: 2017: 1888:List of water-miscible solvents 1780:very-high-density amorphous ice 1301:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 14019: 8702:10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0002 8459:A System of Physical Chemistry 8389:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 8333:Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7442:The cartoon guide to chemistry 7297:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.167802 6761:"Supercooled and Glassy Water" 6668:Tammann, Gustav H.J.A (1925). 6611:. Sèvres. 16–20 October 2017. 5772:"Water, the Universal Solvent" 5448: 5317: 5284: 3709:10 km is found in the oceans. 3327: 3307: 3304: 3277: 3047: 3027: 3024: 2997: 2904:In liquid water there is some 2802:(1) between molecules of water 1356:inorganic compound that is at 1091:Occupational safety and health 149:Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH) 13: 1: 9002:Extraterrestrial liquid water 8587:10.1002/14356007.a28_001.pub3 8427:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 8156:National Institutes of Health 8004:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 7652:10.1126/science.81.2098.273-a 7143:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 6648:Technische Universität Berlin 6358:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 6260:The USGS Water Science School 6111:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5759:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5602:Journal of Chemical Education 5368:Journal of Chemical Education 5273: 4869:type I ionic binary compounds 3684: 3655:Consumption of pure isolated 2348:Polarity and hydrogen bonding 2087:Phases in stable equilibrium 2070:Due to the existence of many 1896:with many liquids, including 1006:75.385 ± 0.05 J/(mol·K) 15075:Binary compounds of hydrogen 8476:(84th ed.). CRC Press. 7773:Prockter, Louise M. (2005). 7732:10.1016/0031-9384(79)90124-0 6961:10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5 5509:Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. 5292:"naming molecular compounds" 5065: 4871:, water would take the name 4804:were defined similarly. The 4662:The anode half reaction is: 3731: 3523:in 0.2% of water molecules. 3053:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {w}}=} 2789: 2555:Water has an unusually high 2524:Plateau–Rayleigh instability 2266:) and one hydronium cation ( 1868:Miscibility and condensation 1806:Density of saltwater and ice 1030:69.95 ± 0.03 J/(mol·K) 7: 8237:10.1007/978-1-4615-4485-2_7 7383:"Water—an enduring mystery" 7167:Pugliano, N. (1992-11-01). 6986:Campbell & Farrell 2007 6418:Journal of Chemical Physics 5622:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00623 4950: 3064:, the concentration of the 2754:light, but it absorbs most 2393:. Due to the difference in 2385:Another consequence of its 2247:is an excellent electronic 2181:ice II, ice III, and ice V 2134:liquid water, ice III, and 1057:−285.83 ± 0.04 kJ/mol 59: 10: 17943: 14734: 11424:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide 11221: 8020:Royal Society of Chemistry 7989:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7962:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7950:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7938:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7926:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7881:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7869:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7857:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7842:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7155:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7131:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 6974:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 6370:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 6205:Bullis, W. Murray (1990). 6162:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011202 5907:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 5572:"What is the pKa of Water" 4979:Dihydrogen monoxide parody 4885:dihydrogen monoxide parody 4727: 4607: 2897: 2854: 2735: 2732:Electromagnetic absorption 2708:Quantum tunneling of water 2705: 2655:with non-polar molecules. 2653:van der Waals interactions 2574: 2351: 2192:ice II, ice V, and ice VI 2021: 1950: 1885: 1879: 1776:high-density amorphous ice 1749:negative thermal expansion 1494: 36: 29: 17815: 17656: 17427: 17084:Transition metal hydrides 17082: 17032: 16609: 16065: 15646: 15585: 15229: 15121: 15081: 14042: 14027: 13973: 13927: 13846: 13767: 13616: 13452: 12878: 12136: 11731: 11512: 11229: 10109: 9200: 9160: 9155:Links to related articles 9095: 9062: 8994: 8921: 8880: 8840: 8826: 8797: 8789: 8461:. Longmans, Green and Co. 8356:Chemistry of the Elements 8354:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 8283:(8th ed.). Pearson. 8198:Pubchem Compound Database 7820:(in German). 2006-02-28. 7775:"Ice in the Solar System" 7720:Physiology & Behavior 7087:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6998:Campbell & Reece 2009 6670:The States Of Aggregation 6456:"Bulk Elastic Properties" 5843:"Autoprotolysis constant" 5241:as 1,000,000 dynes/cm (a 4974:Chemical bonding of water 4879:(IUPAC). Another name is 2293:dissolved in it, often a 2220:crystalline states of ice 2148:liquid water, ice V, and 1876:Red line shows saturation 1597:, or loosely accumulated 1360:a tasteless and odorless 1295: 1288: 1283: 1196: 1088: 1083: 986: 923: 495: 475: 450: 196: 140: 128: 116: 111: 102: 58: 49: 8746:Water Density Calculator 8736:dynamic liquid viscosity 8688:Chaplin, Martin (2019). 6464:Georgia State University 6016:"3: Observations: Ocean" 6014:; Rintoul, S.R. (2013). 5442:10.1088/0026-1394/38/4/3 5278: 4834:substituent nomenclature 4433:Water in redox reactions 3970:, water often acts as a 3099:thermodynamic activities 2900:Self-ionization of water 2879:molecular orbital theory 2111:273.16 K (0.01 °C) 1953:Vapour pressure of water 1862:thermohaline circulation 1726:Density of water and ice 1546:. Liquid water has weak 1497:Water chemistry analysis 1366:an inherent hint of blue 1284:Supplementary data page 771:Partially miscible with 12654:Praseodymium(III) oxide 11390:Manganese(II,III) oxide 8466:Lide, David R. (2003). 8301:Biology: Exploring Life 7761:Weingärtner et al. 2016 7697:Popular Science Monthly 7670:Popular Science Monthly 7276:Physical Review Letters 7240:10.1126/science.aae0012 6587:Weingärtner et al. 2016 6488:Neumeier, J.J. (2018). 6388:"Can the ocean freeze?" 5928:10.1073/pnas.0506899102 5855:10.1351/goldbook.A00532 5818:Weingärtner et al. 2016 5559:Weingärtner et al. 2016 5059:Water thread experiment 4749:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2782:in the red part of the 2772:photosynthetic pigments 2368:bent molecular geometry 2318:electrical conductivity 2239:Electrical conductivity 1408:of 100 °C for its 695:Improved solubility in 17912:Extraterrestrial water 17817:Exotic matter hydrides 13225:Protactinium(IV) oxide 13211:Praseodymium(IV) oxide 12399:Einsteinium(III) oxide 12297:Californium(III) oxide 11715:Water (hydrogen oxide) 11230:Mixed oxidation states 9012:Planetary oceanography 8834: 8521:Riddick, John (1970). 6699:Murphy, D. M. (2005). 6392:National Ocean Service 5714:NIST Chemistry WebBook 5325:"Definition of Hydrol" 5081:of water is incorrect. 5034:Viscosity § Water 4984:Double distilled water 4753:Alexander von Humboldt 4409:. Water can also be a 4366: 3367:. It also occurs when 3334: 3220: 3054: 2803: 2604:Water is an excellent 2601: 2552: 2544: 2527: 2472: 2449:specific heat capacity 2363: 2040: 1962: 1877: 1818: 1790: 1735: 1678:specific heat capacity 1676:Water has a very high 1673: 1143: 79: 69: 13975:Oxides are sorted by 13826:Technetium(VII) oxide 13562:Protactinium(V) oxide 12671:Promethium(III) oxide 12450:Gadolinium(III) oxide 12382:Dysprosium(III) oxide 12006:Protactinium monoxide 11458:Terbium(III,IV) oxide 8832: 8694:Encyclopedia of Water 8679:(simpler formulation) 8545:Sharp, Robert Phillip 8360:Butterworth-Heinemann 7492:"9.2 The Vsepr Model" 7381:Ball, Philip (2008). 7016:Nature Communications 6687:Lewis & Rice 1922 6674:Constable And Company 4610:Electrolysis of water 4531:Water can be oxidized 4352: 3861:In the reaction with 3335: 3221: 3055: 2797: 2584: 2550: 2538: 2509: 2464: 2455:Cohesion and adhesion 2361: 2234:Electrical properties 2031: 1960: 1875: 1813: 1788: 1733: 1684:), as well as a high 1671: 1617:of water is known as 1585:of water is known as 1573:Water, ice, and vapor 1461:. The product of the 1395:Water molecules form 1142: 182:κ-Hydroxylhydrogen(0) 130:Systematic IUPAC name 77: 67: 18:Triple point of water 17852:Amphoteric compounds 13775:Dichlorine heptoxide 13545:Phosphorus pentoxide 13511:Dinitrogen pentoxide 13309:Technetium(IV) oxide 13026:Dinitrogen tetroxide 12841:Ytterbium(III) oxide 12603:Neodymium(III) oxide 12586:Manganese(III) oxide 12229:Berkelium(III) oxide 12178:Americium(III) oxide 11339:Dichlorine pentoxide 11322:Cobalt(II,III) oxide 11288:Chlorine perchlorate 9075:Ocean stratification 8908:Doubly labeled water 8352:Greenwood, Norman N. 8330:Charlot, G. (2007). 7928:, pp. 932, 936. 7818:www.geo.fu-berlin.de 7352:10.1364/ao.36.008710 6081:on February 25, 2013 5361:"Why is water blue?" 5302:on 24 September 2018 4840:is recommended over 4759:Gilbert Newton Lewis 4427:dehydration reaction 4382:, a hydroxyl group ( 4283:metal aquo complexes 3241: 3108: 2979: 2969:equilibrium constant 2840:Stockholm University 2516:Cohesion (chemistry) 2482:Water also has high 2468:drops adhering to a 2320:of 0.05501 ± 0.0001 2129:251 K (−22 °C) 1686:heat of vaporization 1634:critical temperature 1554:, also appear blue. 1125:(fire diamond) 1079:−237.24 kJ/mol 905:1.3330 (20 °C) 881:Thermal conductivity 158:(DHMO) (parody name) 118:Preferred IUPAC name 32:HOH (disambiguation) 17917:Transport phenomena 17867:Triatomic molecules 17429:Lanthanide hydrides 17036:(Group 17 hydrides) 16615:(Group 16 hydrides) 16069:(Group 15) hydrides 13882:Ruthenium tetroxide 13792:Manganese heptoxide 13638:Molybdenum trioxide 13253:Ruthenium(IV) oxide 13183:Plutonium(IV) oxide 13127:Neptunium(IV) oxide 12928:Californium dioxide 12900:Berkelium(IV) oxide 12824:Vanadium(III) oxide 12807:Tungsten(III) oxide 12790:Titanium(III) oxide 12756:Thallium(III) oxide 12705:Samarium(III) oxide 12637:Phosphorus trioxide 12569:Lutetium(III) oxide 12433:Europium(III) oxide 12365:Dinitrogen trioxide 12331:Chromium(III) oxide 12280:Caesium sesquioxide 12144:Actinium(III) oxide 11986:Phosphorus monoxide 11976:Palladium(II) oxide 11936:Manganese(II) oxide 11739:Aluminium(II) oxide 11572:Dichlorine monoxide 11492:Triuranium octoxide 11475:Tribromine octoxide 11441:Silver(I,III) oxide 11305:Chloryl perchlorate 9080:Lake stratification 9063:Physical parameters 8087:1933JChPh...1..341L 7644:1935Sci....81..273U 7613:2001JChPh.114.3174H 7399:2008Natur.452..291B 7344:1997ApOpt..36.8710P 7288:2016PhRvL.116p7802K 7231:2016Sci...351.1310R 7225:(6279): 1310–1313. 7173:UNT Digital Library 7133:, pp. 458–459. 7075:Biophysical Society 7028:2014NatCo...5.4565C 6953:1979JMoSp..74....1H 6909:Crofts, A. (1996). 6780:2003PhT....56f..40D 6717:2005QJRMS.131.1539M 6514:2018JPCRD..47c3101N 6430:1973JChPh..59.5529F 6329:2001PCCP....3.5355L 6289:Inorganic Chemistry 6154:2002PhRvE..66a1202S 5974:2007SMat....3..797D 5919:2005PNAS..10214171S 5913:(40): 14171–14174. 5730:, 9—Dipole Moments. 5649:1995JPCRD..24.1377R 5614:2017JChEd..94..690S 5380:1993JChEd..70..612B 5224:resulting from the 4881:dihydrogen monoxide 4378:; for example in a 3737:Acid–base reactions 3539:, is also known as 3501:present in 99.76%, 3376:clathrate compounds 3374:Water ice can form 3213: 2889:Chemical properties 2875:valence bond theory 2851:Molecular structure 2692:crystalline lattice 2596:turns the water of 2520:Van der Waals force 2389:is that water is a 2116:liquid water, ice I 2083: 1630:supercritical fluid 1628:Water also forms a 1559:standard conditions 1491:Physical properties 915:0.890 mPa·s (0.890 777:methyl ethyl ketone 644:0.9167 g/mL at 0 °C 250:Beilstein Reference 156:Dihydrogen monoxide 46: 17887:Neutron moderators 17882:Inorganic solvents 17862:Hydrogen compounds 15085:(Group 1) hydrides 13847:+8 oxidation state 13809:Rhenium(VII) oxide 13768:+7 oxidation state 13708:Tellurium trioxide 13617:+6 oxidation state 13579:Tantalum pentoxide 13460:Antimony pentoxide 13453:+5 oxidation state 13421:Vanadium(IV) oxide 13393:Tungsten(IV) oxide 12998:Chromium(IV) oxide 12879:+4 oxidation state 12858:Yttrium(III) oxide 12773:Thulium(III) oxide 12739:Terbium(III) oxide 12688:Rhodium(III) oxide 12501:Holmium(III) oxide 12467:Gallium(III) oxide 12246:Bismuth(III) oxide 12137:+3 oxidation state 12103:Vanadium(II) oxide 12093:Titanium(II) oxide 11886:Germanium monoxide 11876:Europium(II) oxide 11859:Dinitrogen dioxide 11829:Chromium(II) oxide 11759:Berkelium monoxide 11732:+2 oxidation state 11520:Aluminium(I) oxide 11513:+1 oxidation state 11407:Mellitic anhydride 11356:Iron(II,III) oxide 11237:Antimony tetroxide 9194:Hydrogen compounds 9027:List of Candidates 8888:Deuterium-depleted 8835: 8051:. Footnote 122-1. 7904:. 2 October 2013. 7036:10.1038/ncomms4565 6837:. September 2011. 6711:(608): 1539–1565. 5746:2023-07-28 at the 5009:Hydrogen polyoxide 4900:hydrogen hydroxide 4770:temperature scales 4380:hydration reaction 4367: 4363:metal aquo complex 4314:center. In solid 3877:, water donates a 3781:ion from HCl when 3555:, decaying with a 3380:clathrate hydrates 3330: 3216: 3187: 3050: 2804: 2602: 2571:Water as a solvent 2553: 2545: 2528: 2473: 2399:bond dipole moment 2364: 2105:, and water vapor 2081: 2065:Boltzmann constant 2041: 1963: 1878: 1839:lakes and rivers. 1819: 1791: 1736: 1705:enthalpy of fusion 1674: 1650:hydrothermal vents 1503:chemical substance 1386:molecular hydrogen 1328:Infobox references 1224:Hydrogen telluride 1197:Related compounds 1144: 1114:Water intoxication 763:dimethyl sulfoxide 677:Poorly soluble in 167:Hydrohydroxic acid 80: 70: 44: 17839: 17838: 17833: 17832: 17658:Actinide hydrides 17034:Hydrogen halides 16996: 16961: 16960: 16931: 16930: 16908: 16907: 16872: 16871: 16834: 16833: 16695: 16694: 16601: 16567: 16566: 16537: 16536: 16514: 16513: 16491: 16490: 16454: 16453: 16401: 16400: 16263: 16262: 16210: 16209: 16061: 16060: 16018: 16017: 15995: 15994: 15958: 15957: 15885: 15884: 15851: 15850: 15822: 15821: 15684: 15683: 15642: 15641: 15587:Group 14 hydrides 15581: 15580: 15526: 15525: 15491: 15490: 15456: 15455: 15421: 15420: 15386: 15385: 15225: 15224: 15170: 15169: 15041: 15040: 15035: 15034: 13987: 13986: 13910:Hassium tetroxide 13854:Iridium tetroxide 13722:Tungsten trioxide 13680:Selenium trioxide 13652:Polonium trioxide 13624:Chromium trioxide 13596:Vanadium(V) oxide 13528:Niobium pentoxide 13494:Bismuth pentoxide 13477:Arsenic pentoxide 13435:Zirconium dioxide 13337:Terbium(IV) oxide 13323:Tellurium dioxide 13239:Rhodium(IV) oxide 13113:Manganese dioxide 13085:Hafnium(IV) oxide 13043:Germanium dioxide 12886:Americium dioxide 12620:Nickel(III) oxide 12518:Indium(III) oxide 12416:Erbium(III) oxide 12348:Cobalt(III) oxide 12314:Cerium(III) oxide 12195:Antimony trioxide 12113:Yttrium(II) oxide 11996:Polonium monoxide 11946:Mercury(II) oxide 11819:Chlorine monoxide 11689:Thallium(I) oxide 11559:Dicarbon monoxide 11373:Lead(II,IV) oxide 11189: 11188: 10069: 10068: 9147: 9146: 9087:Ocean temperature 8619:978-1-13-361109-7 8566:978-0-521-33009-1 8434:978-0-86542-685-6 8396:978-0-85404-438-2 8369:978-0-08-037941-8 8343:978-1-4067-4789-8 8311:978-0-13-250882-7 8290:978-0-8053-6844-4 8267:978-0-495-39041-1 8182:, pp. 27–28. 8148:"Tetrahydropyran" 8095:10.1063/1.1749300 8049:1902 Encyclopedia 7621:10.1063/1.1340584 7505:978-0-321-91041-7 7393:(7185): 291–292. 7119:Reece et al. 2013 6988:, pp. 37–38. 6888:10.1149/1.1836121 6788:10.1063/1.1595053 6522:10.1063/1.5030640 6438:10.1063/1.1679903 6323:(24): 5355–5357. 6254:Perlman, Howard. 5864:978-0-9678550-9-7 5830:Reece et al. 2013 5801:Reece et al. 2013 5388:10.1021/ed070p612 5221:Adiabatic cooling 5044:Water (data page) 5029:Superheated water 4921:, is also called 4873:hydrogen monoxide 4857:hydrogen peroxide 4820:name of water is 4741:William Nicholson 4588:→ 4 AgF + 4 HF + 4449:metals, and some 4370:Organic chemistry 3783:hydrochloric acid 3549:neutron moderator 3526:Deuterium oxide, 3412:Acidity in nature 3384:methane clathrate 3361:mineral hydration 3214: 2812:hydrogen fluoride 2756:ultraviolet light 2714:quantum tunneling 2702:Quantum tunneling 2618:attractive forces 2590:calcium carbonate 2395:electronegativity 2354:Chemical polarity 2202: 2201: 1745:thermal expansion 1642:critical pressure 1525:of water has two 1336:Chemical compound 1334: 1333: 1290:Water (data page) 1270:Hydrogen fluoride 1234:Hydrogen peroxide 1229:Hydrogen polonide 1219:Hydrogen selenide 1185:Safety data sheet 1064:Gibbs free energy 931:Crystal structure 755:dimethylformamide 463:InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2 238:Interactive image 179:μ-Oxidodihydrogen 98: 97: 92: Hydrogen, H 16:(Redirected from 17934: 17927:Greenhouse gases 17872:Oxygen compounds 16994: 16933: 16932: 16910: 16909: 16874: 16873: 16836: 16835: 16697: 16696: 16620: 16619: 16599: 16539: 16538: 16516: 16515: 16493: 16492: 16456: 16455: 16403: 16402: 16265: 16264: 16212: 16211: 16074: 16073: 16020: 16019: 15997: 15996: 15960: 15959: 15887: 15886: 15853: 15852: 15824: 15823: 15686: 15685: 15644: 15643: 15592: 15591: 15528: 15527: 15493: 15492: 15458: 15457: 15423: 15422: 15388: 15387: 15238: 15237: 15172: 15171: 15132: 15131: 15068: 15061: 15054: 15045: 15044: 15012: 15002: 14989: 14976: 14967: 14957: 14944: 14935: 14922: 14912: 14897: 14887: 14877: 14867: 14857: 14847: 14837: 14827: 14818: 14808: 14798: 14788: 14778: 14768: 14759: 14749: 14676: 14650: 14640: 14631: 14621: 14607: 14597: 14566: 14553: 14528: 14518: 14508: 14499: 14489: 14479: 14461: 14448: 14432: 14422: 14410: 14382: 14372: 14362: 14352: 14342: 14328: 14318: 14308: 14299: 14289: 14279: 14270: 14260: 14251: 14241: 14232: 14223: 14213: 14201: 14176: 14166: 14156: 14146: 14136: 14111: 14101: 14091: 14081: 14071: 14061: 14031: 14030: 14014: 14007: 14000: 13991: 13990: 13868:Osmium tetroxide 13736:Uranium trioxide 13666:Rhenium trioxide 13379:Titanium dioxide 13267:Selenium dioxide 13197:Polonium dioxide 13169:Platinum dioxide 13141:Nitrogen dioxide 13012:Curium(IV) oxide 12984:Chlorine dioxide 12970:Cerium(IV) oxide 12212:Arsenic trioxide 12073:Thorium monoxide 12056:Disulfur dioxide 12026:Silicon monoxide 11956:Nickel(II) oxide 11849:Copper(II) oxide 11839:Cobalt(II) oxide 11779:Bromine monoxide 11624:Mercury(I) oxide 11585:Gallium(I) oxide 11546:Caesium monoxide 11216: 11209: 11202: 11193: 11192: 11177: 11163: 11149: 11135: 11121: 11107: 11093: 11083: 11076: 11065: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10289: 10288: 10103:Oxygen compounds 10096: 10089: 10082: 10073: 10072: 10061: 10050: 10039: 10025: 10011: 9997: 9986: 9971: 9953: 9935: 9917: 9906: 9888: 9874: 9860: 9836: 9821: 9807: 9793: 9779: 9768: 9754: 9743: 9728: 9710: 9692: 9678: 9664: 9650: 9636: 9622: 9608: 9594: 9583: 9569: 9558: 9540: 9530: 9510: 9495: 9481: 9467: 9457: 9447: 9437: 9407: 9393: 9379: 9364: 9340: 9330: 9320: 9300: 9290: 9280: 9260: 9249: 9228: 9214: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9164: 9163: 9151: 9150: 9137: 9126: 9125: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9007:Asteroidal water 8995:Extraterrestrial 8784: 8777: 8770: 8761: 8760: 8723: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8646: 8644:World Scientific 8623: 8610:Cengage Learning 8608:(9th ed.). 8600: 8570: 8554: 8540: 8528: 8517: 8504:Campbell Biology 8498: 8496: 8495: 8462: 8453: 8451: 8445:. Archived from 8426: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8405: 8388: 8373: 8358:(2nd ed.). 8347: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8294: 8282: 8271: 8250: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7992: 7986: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7779: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7607:(7): 3174–3181. 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7567: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7519: 7517: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7445: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7410: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7299: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7242: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7086: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6917:. Archived from 6906: 6900: 6899: 6871: 6862: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6843: 6832: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6765: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6728: 6726:10.1256/qj.04.94 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6650:. Archived from 6645: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6606: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6384: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6337:10.1039/b108676f 6313:Loerting, Thomas 6309: 6303: 6302: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6251: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6186: 6180:. Archived from 6147: 6145:cond-mat/0203383 6129: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6097: 6096: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5982:10.1039/b611584e 5957: 5951: 5950: 5940: 5930: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5657:10.1063/1.555963 5643:(3): 1377–1381. 5632: 5626: 5625: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5506: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5425: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5404: 5365: 5356: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5298:. Archived from 5288: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5235: 5229: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5179: 5173: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5082: 5075: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4911: 4910: 4861:hydrogen sulfide 4745:Anthony Carlisle 4719: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4405:of proteins and 4401:of fats and the 4392: 4391: 4390: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4279:transition metal 4269:Ligand chemistry 4264: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4228: 4216:their basic pH: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3680: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3562: 3545:nuclear reactors 3538: 3536: 3535: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3011: 3010: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2871:sp hybridization 2784:visible spectrum 2748:near ultraviolet 2686: 2685: 2684: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2622:precipitated out 2577:Aqueous solution 2563:Capillary action 2445:room temperature 2442: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2407:hydrogen bonding 2343: 2338:proton conductor 2285: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2275: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2084: 2080: 2061:starting in 2019 1997: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1925:partial pressure 1690:hydrogen bonding 1567:hydrogen bonding 1548:absorption bands 1520: 1518: 1517: 1507:chemical formula 1486: 1485: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1358:room temperature 1350: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1214:Hydrogen sulfide 1164: 1157: 1150: 1135: 1075: 1053: 1026: 1002: 987:Thermochemistry 892:Refractive index 638: 634: 632: 629: 622: 618: 616: 613: 605: 603: 597: 595: 592: 585: 581: 579: 576: 542:, colorless gas 519: 517: 516: 503:Chemical formula 443: 407: 396: 382: 360:Gmelin Reference 343: 332: 312: 292: 272: 240: 216: 161:Dihydrogen oxide 107: 91: 85: 60: 54: 47: 43: 21: 17942: 17941: 17937: 17936: 17935: 17933: 17932: 17931: 17897:Water chemistry 17842: 17841: 17840: 17835: 17834: 17829: 17811: 17807: 17799: 17791: 17783: 17775: 17767: 17759: 17751: 17743: 17735: 17727: 17719: 17711: 17703: 17696: 17692: 17685: 17677: 17669: 17652: 17648: 17640: 17632: 17624: 17616: 17608: 17600: 17592: 17584: 17576: 17568: 17560: 17552: 17544: 17536: 17528: 17520: 17512: 17504: 17496: 17488: 17480: 17472: 17464: 17456: 17448: 17440: 17423: 17413: 17404: 17396: 17392: 17379: 17371: 17340: 17326: 17311: 17296: 17288: 17280: 17272: 17264: 17251: 17243: 17230: 17217: 17204: 17191: 17183: 17175: 17167: 17159: 17151: 17143: 17135: 17127: 17119: 17111: 17103: 17095: 17078: 17035: 17028: 17023: 17014: 16991: 16982: 16974: 16957: 16947: 16927: 16923: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16887: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16851: 16830: 16821: 16817: 16809: 16805: 16797: 16793: 16785: 16781: 16773: 16769: 16761: 16757: 16749: 16745: 16737: 16733: 16725: 16721: 16712: 16691: 16683: 16679: 16671: 16667: 16659: 16655: 16647: 16643: 16634: 16614: 16612: 16605: 16597: 16588: 16575: 16563: 16553: 16533: 16529: 16510: 16506: 16487: 16483: 16479: 16471: 16450: 16446: 16442: 16434: 16430: 16422: 16418: 16397: 16388: 16384: 16376: 16372: 16364: 16360: 16352: 16348: 16340: 16336: 16328: 16324: 16316: 16312: 16304: 16300: 16292: 16288: 16280: 16259: 16255: 16251: 16243: 16239: 16231: 16227: 16206: 16197: 16193: 16185: 16181: 16173: 16169: 16161: 16157: 16149: 16145: 16137: 16133: 16125: 16121: 16113: 16109: 16101: 16097: 16089: 16068: 16057: 16053: 16045: 16014: 16010: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15975: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15938: 15934: 15926: 15922: 15914: 15910: 15902: 15881: 15872: 15868: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15818: 15809: 15805: 15797: 15793: 15785: 15781: 15773: 15769: 15761: 15757: 15749: 15745: 15737: 15733: 15725: 15721: 15713: 15709: 15701: 15680: 15675: 15667: 15659: 15638: 15577: 15573: 15565: 15561: 15553: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15506: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15471: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15436: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15401: 15382: 15378: 15374: 15366: 15362: 15354: 15350: 15342: 15338: 15330: 15326: 15318: 15314: 15306: 15302: 15294: 15290: 15282: 15278: 15270: 15266: 15253: 15232: 15221: 15217: 15209: 15201: 15193: 15185: 15166: 15126: 15124: 15117: 15084: 15077: 15072: 15042: 15037: 15036: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14997: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14962: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14930: 14921: 14917: 14911: 14907: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14882: 14876: 14872: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14813: 14807: 14803: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14783: 14777: 14773: 14767: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14748: 14744: 14675: 14671: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14626: 14620: 14616: 14614: 14606: 14602: 14596: 14592: 14565: 14561: 14552: 14548: 14527: 14523: 14517: 14513: 14507: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14474: 14460: 14456: 14447: 14443: 14431: 14427: 14421: 14417: 14409: 14405: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14347: 14341: 14337: 14335: 14327: 14323: 14317: 14313: 14307: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14288: 14284: 14278: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14265: 14259: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14246: 14240: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14208: 14200: 14196: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14161: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14131: 14110: 14106: 14099: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14066: 14060: 14056: 14023: 14018: 13988: 13983: 13981:Category:Oxides 13977:oxidation state 13969: 13923: 13919: 13905: 13896:Xenon tetroxide 13891: 13877: 13863: 13842: 13838: 13834: 13821: 13817: 13804: 13800: 13787: 13783: 13763: 13759: 13745: 13731: 13717: 13703: 13694:Sulfur trioxide 13689: 13675: 13661: 13647: 13633: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13591: 13587: 13574: 13570: 13557: 13553: 13540: 13536: 13523: 13519: 13506: 13502: 13489: 13485: 13472: 13468: 13448: 13444: 13430: 13416: 13407:Uranium dioxide 13402: 13388: 13374: 13360: 13351:Thorium dioxide 13346: 13332: 13318: 13304: 13290: 13281:Silicon dioxide 13276: 13262: 13248: 13234: 13220: 13206: 13192: 13178: 13164: 13150: 13136: 13122: 13108: 13094: 13080: 13071:Iridium dioxide 13066: 13052: 13038: 13034: 13021: 13007: 12993: 12979: 12965: 12956:Carbon trioxide 12951: 12937: 12923: 12914:Bromine dioxide 12909: 12895: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12853: 12849: 12836: 12832: 12819: 12815: 12802: 12798: 12785: 12781: 12768: 12764: 12751: 12747: 12734: 12730: 12717: 12713: 12700: 12696: 12683: 12679: 12666: 12662: 12649: 12645: 12632: 12628: 12615: 12611: 12598: 12594: 12581: 12577: 12564: 12560: 12552:Lanthanum oxide 12547: 12543: 12535:Iron(III) oxide 12530: 12526: 12513: 12509: 12496: 12492: 12484:Gold(III) oxide 12479: 12475: 12462: 12458: 12445: 12441: 12428: 12424: 12411: 12407: 12394: 12390: 12377: 12373: 12360: 12356: 12343: 12339: 12326: 12322: 12309: 12305: 12292: 12288: 12275: 12271: 12258: 12254: 12241: 12237: 12224: 12220: 12207: 12203: 12190: 12186: 12173: 12169: 12161:Aluminium oxide 12156: 12152: 12132: 12068: 12064: 12046:Sulfur monoxide 12036:Strontium oxide 11926:Magnesium oxide 11906:Iodine monoxide 11871: 11867: 11809:Carbon monoxide 11769:Beryllium oxide 11727: 11723: 11710: 11697: 11684: 11671: 11658: 11650:Potassium oxide 11645: 11632: 11619: 11606: 11598:Iodine(I) oxide 11593: 11580: 11567: 11554: 11541: 11533:Copper(I) oxide 11528: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11487: 11483: 11470: 11466: 11453: 11449: 11436: 11432: 11419: 11415: 11402: 11398: 11385: 11381: 11368: 11364: 11351: 11347: 11334: 11330: 11317: 11313: 11300: 11296: 11283: 11279: 11271:Carbon suboxide 11266: 11262: 11249: 11245: 11225: 11220: 11190: 11185: 11175: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11059: 11054: 11050: 11037: 11033: 11024: 11016: 11008: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10984: 10980: 10971: 10963: 10950: 10946: 10938: 10930: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10898: 10885: 10881: 10868: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10843: 10835: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10811: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10759: 10755: 10747: 10743: 10730: 10726: 10717: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10683: 10674: 10665: 10656: 10648: 10635: 10631: 10622: 10614: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10561: 10557: 10544: 10540: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10500: 10496: 10488: 10480: 10476: 10468: 10464: 10451: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10390: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10350: 10337: 10324: 10320: 10312: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10275: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10173: 10165: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10105: 10100: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10055: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9991: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9752: 9748: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9315: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9275: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9243: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9196: 9191: 9156: 9148: 9143: 9091: 9058: 8990: 8917: 8876: 8836: 8824: 8793: 8788: 8740:surface tension 8726:Calculation of 8712: 8667: 8665: 8656: 8653: 8631: 8629:Further reading 8626: 8620: 8597: 8567: 8537: 8514: 8493: 8491: 8484: 8449: 8435: 8424: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8386: 8370: 8344: 8321: 8319: 8312: 8291: 8268: 8247: 8222: 8217: 8208: 8206: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8165: 8163: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8109: 8102: 8071: 8067: 8058: 8056: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8029: 8027: 8022:. August 2003. 8015: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7995: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7911: 7909: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7825: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7632: 7628: 7597: 7593: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7515: 7513: 7506: 7488: 7484: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7436: 7432: 7408:10.1038/452291a 7379: 7375: 7338:(33): 8710–23. 7328: 7324: 7315: 7313: 7268: 7264: 7211: 7207: 7198: 7196: 7181:10.2172/6642535 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7117: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7080: 7079: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6937: 6933: 6924: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6744: 6742: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6539: 6537: 6493: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6471: 6452: 6445: 6414: 6410: 6401: 6399: 6386: 6385: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6285: 6278: 6269: 6267: 6256:"Water Density" 6252: 6239: 6230: 6228: 6221: 6203: 6199: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6100: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6009: 6005: 5958: 5954: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5849:. IUPAC. 2009. 5841: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5748:Wayback Machine 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5707: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5633: 5629: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5583: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5507: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5467:10.18434/T4D303 5453: 5449: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5363: 5357: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5329:Merriam-Webster 5323: 5322: 5318: 5305: 5303: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5236: 5232: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5180: 5176: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4943:, some form of 4934: 4929:Water substance 4917: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4896:hydroxylic acid 4865:deuterium oxide 4846:tetrahydropyran 4814: 4772:. Notably, the 4733:Henry Cavendish 4730: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4439:oxidation state 4435: 4418: 4407:polysaccharides 4389: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4372: 4360: 4356: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3739: 3734: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3678: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613:coefficient of 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3434: 3414: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3369:Portland cement 3345: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2906:self-ionization 2902: 2896: 2894:Self-ionization 2891: 2859: 2853: 2814:, ammonia, and 2792: 2776:Microwave ovens 2740: 2734: 2710: 2704: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2579: 2573: 2565: 2557:surface tension 2533: 2531:Surface tension 2512:Surface tension 2500:Irving Langmuir 2457: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2306:reverse osmosis 2282: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2236: 2207: 2165: 2119: 2103: 2037: 2026: 2020: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1972:compressibility 1968: 1966:Compressibility 1955: 1949: 1947:Vapour pressure 1931:, and creating 1890: 1884: 1870: 1857:brine rejection 1817:surface density 1808: 1728: 1666: 1613:are known. The 1601:crystals, like 1575: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1459:self-ionization 1452: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1390:carbon monoxide 1348: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1323: ?) 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1279: 1248: 1238: 1207: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1037:Std enthalpy of 1027: 1024: 1017: 1014: 1003: 996: 976: 962: 960:Molecular shape 953: 947: 933: 902: 900: 885:0.6065 W/(m·K) 874: 857: 853: 833: 815: 781:dichloromethane 770: 759:dimethoxyethane 743:tetrahydrofuran 712: 694: 647: 636: 630: 627: 625: 620: 614: 611: 609: 601: 599: 593: 590: 588: 583: 577: 574: 572: 565:Liquid (1 atm, 515: 512: 511: 510: 508: 505: 491: 488: 483: 482: 471: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 446: 426: 410: 397: 385: 362: 353: 335: 315: 295: 275: 252: 243: 230: 219: 206: 192: 191: 152:Hydroxylic acid 136: 135: 124: 123: 94: 93: 89: 87: 86: Oxygen, O 83: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17940: 17930: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17857:Forms of water 17854: 17837: 17836: 17831: 17830: 17828: 17827: 17821: 17819: 17813: 17812: 17810: 17809: 17805: 17801: 17797: 17793: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17745: 17741: 17737: 17733: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17717: 17713: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17697: 17694: 17690: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17667: 17662: 17660: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17614: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17586: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17542: 17538: 17534: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17433: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17421: 17411: 17406: 17402: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17369: 17365: 17353: 17348: 17338: 17333: 17322: 17318: 17307: 17303: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17258: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17237: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17219: 17215: 17211: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17153: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17129: 17125: 17121: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17105: 17101: 17097: 17093: 17088: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17038: 17030: 17029: 17027: 17026: 17021: 17017: 17012: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16989: 16984: 16980: 16976: 16972: 16968: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16955: 16945: 16939: 16937: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16925: 16921: 16916: 16914: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16898: 16894: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16878: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16866: 16862: 16858: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16842: 16832: 16831: 16829: 16828: 16823: 16819: 16815: 16811: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16779: 16775: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16735: 16731: 16727: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16703: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16685: 16681: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16661: 16657: 16653: 16649: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16632: 16628: 16626: 16617: 16613:chalcogenides 16607: 16606: 16604: 16603: 16595: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16577: 16573: 16568: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16561: 16551: 16545: 16543: 16535: 16534: 16532: 16531: 16527: 16522: 16520: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16508: 16504: 16499: 16497: 16489: 16488: 16486: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16469: 16464: 16462: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16411: 16409: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16358: 16354: 16350: 16346: 16342: 16338: 16334: 16330: 16326: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16298: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16282: 16278: 16273: 16271: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16241: 16237: 16233: 16229: 16225: 16220: 16218: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16204: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16187: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16159: 16155: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16123: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16082: 16080: 16071: 16063: 16062: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16033: 16031: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16012: 16008: 16003: 16001: 15993: 15992: 15990: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15968: 15966: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15900: 15895: 15893: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15874: 15870: 15866: 15861: 15859: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15832: 15830: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15811: 15807: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15694: 15692: 15682: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15600: 15598: 15589: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15541: 15539: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15499: 15497: 15489: 15488: 15486: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15464: 15462: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15429: 15427: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15394: 15392: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15352: 15348: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15255: 15251: 15246: 15244: 15235: 15227: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15178: 15176: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15129: 15127:earth hydrides 15119: 15118: 15116: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15089: 15087: 15079: 15078: 15071: 15070: 15063: 15056: 15048: 15039: 15038: 15033: 15032: 15029: 15026: 15023: 15020: 15017: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14991: 14986: 14982: 14973: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14950: 14941: 14932: 14927: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14737: 14736: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14687: 14684: 14681: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14658: 14655: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14586: 14583: 14580: 14577: 14574: 14571: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14539: 14538: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14437: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14392: 14387: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14229: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14187: 14186: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14097: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14017: 14016: 14009: 14002: 13994: 13985: 13984: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13917: 13907: 13903: 13893: 13889: 13879: 13875: 13865: 13861: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13841: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13771: 13769: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13761: 13757: 13750:Xenon trioxide 13747: 13743: 13733: 13729: 13719: 13715: 13705: 13701: 13691: 13687: 13677: 13673: 13663: 13659: 13649: 13645: 13635: 13631: 13620: 13618: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13593: 13589: 13585: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13446: 13442: 13432: 13428: 13418: 13414: 13404: 13400: 13390: 13386: 13376: 13372: 13362: 13358: 13348: 13344: 13334: 13330: 13320: 13316: 13306: 13302: 13295:Sulfur dioxide 13292: 13288: 13278: 13274: 13264: 13260: 13250: 13246: 13236: 13232: 13222: 13218: 13208: 13204: 13194: 13190: 13180: 13176: 13166: 13162: 13155:Osmium dioxide 13152: 13148: 13138: 13134: 13124: 13120: 13110: 13106: 13096: 13092: 13082: 13078: 13068: 13064: 13057:Iodine dioxide 13054: 13050: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13023: 13019: 13009: 13005: 12995: 12991: 12981: 12977: 12967: 12963: 12953: 12949: 12942:Carbon dioxide 12939: 12935: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12907: 12897: 12893: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12722:Scandium oxide 12719: 12715: 12711: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12263:Boron trioxide 12260: 12256: 12252: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12120: 12110: 12100: 12090: 12080: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12053: 12043: 12033: 12023: 12013: 12003: 11993: 11983: 11973: 11963: 11953: 11943: 11933: 11923: 11916:Lead(II) oxide 11913: 11903: 11896:Iron(II) oxide 11893: 11883: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11856: 11846: 11836: 11826: 11816: 11806: 11796: 11786: 11776: 11766: 11756: 11746: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11721: 11712: 11708: 11699: 11695: 11686: 11682: 11673: 11669: 11663:Rubidium oxide 11660: 11656: 11647: 11643: 11634: 11630: 11621: 11617: 11608: 11604: 11595: 11591: 11582: 11578: 11569: 11565: 11556: 11552: 11543: 11539: 11530: 11526: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11489: 11485: 11481: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11254:Boron suboxide 11251: 11247: 11243: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11219: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11196: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11077: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10672: 10668: 10663: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10301: 10294: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10076: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9130: 9119: 9108: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9070:Stratification 9066: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8748: 8743: 8732:liquid density 8728:vapor pressure 8724: 8710: 8685: 8680: 8674: 8652: 8651:External links 8649: 8648: 8647: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8618: 8601: 8596:978-3527306732 8595: 8571: 8565: 8541: 8536:978-0471927266 8535: 8518: 8513:978-0321775658 8512: 8499: 8483:978-0849304842 8482: 8463: 8454: 8452:on 2011-07-26. 8433: 8415: 8395: 8374: 8368: 8348: 8342: 8336:. Read Books. 8327: 8310: 8295: 8289: 8272: 8266: 8251: 8246:978-1461544852 8245: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8184: 8172: 8139: 8127: 8115: 8100: 8065: 8036: 8008: 8006:, p. 601. 7993: 7991:, p. 866. 7978: 7976:, p. 275. 7966: 7964:, p. 981. 7954: 7952:, p. 862. 7942: 7940:, p. 338. 7930: 7918: 7885: 7883:, p. 171. 7873: 7871:, p. 984. 7861: 7859:, p. 654. 7846: 7844:, p. 659. 7834: 7805: 7788:(2): 175–188. 7765: 7753: 7710: 7683: 7657: 7626: 7591: 7554: 7552:, p. 106. 7542: 7540:, p. 105. 7530: 7504: 7482: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7430: 7373: 7332:Applied Optics 7322: 7282:(16): 167802. 7262: 7205: 7159: 7157:, p. 518. 7147: 7145:, p. 627. 7135: 7123: 7106: 7094: 7059: 7002: 6990: 6978: 6976:, p. 393. 6966: 6931: 6901: 6882:(1): E16–E19. 6863: 6854: 6819: 6807: 6751: 6691: 6679: 6660: 6657:on 2008-03-09. 6629: 6591: 6576: 6546: 6491: 6480: 6443: 6408: 6374: 6372:, p. 493. 6362: 6360:, p. 624. 6350: 6304: 6297: 6276: 6237: 6219: 6197: 6115: 6113:, p. 625. 6098: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6003: 5968:(7): 797–803. 5952: 5893: 5881: 5863: 5834: 5822: 5805: 5793: 5763: 5761:, p. 620. 5751: 5732: 5720: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5627: 5608:(6): 690–695. 5592: 5578:. 2015-08-09. 5563: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5496: 5484: 5447: 5436:(4): 301–309. 5415: 5346: 5316: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5256: 5247: 5230: 5212: 5203: 5174: 5157: 5147: 5138: 5130: 5121: 5110: 5098: 5083: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4994:Fluid dynamics 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4952: 4949: 4932: 4916: 4908: 4853:hydrogen oxide 4830:parent hydride 4813: 4810: 4729: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4707: 4697: 4685: 4672: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4642: 4634: 4624: 4608:Main article: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4581: 4569: 4548: 4539: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4488: 4476: 4463: 4451:alkaline earth 4434: 4431: 4423:E2 elimination 4419:2 substitution 4416: 4399:saponification 4388: 4371: 4368: 4358: 4354: 4334: 4325: 4308:perrhenic acid 4300: 4291: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4234: 4225: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4184: 4160: 4137: 4127: 4121: 4110: 4086: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4017: 3994: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3946: 3924: 3900: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3842: 3833: 3811: 3776: 3764: 3755:Brønsted-Lowry 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3695: 3686: 3683: 3661: 3645: 3632: 3619: 3611:self-diffusion 3602: 3589: 3573: 3559:of 4500 days; 3532: 3517: 3512:in 0.04%, and 3506: 3495: 3484: 3465: 3433: 3430: 3413: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3344: 3341: 3329: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3085: 3074: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2948: 2939: 2926: 2898:Main article: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2852: 2849: 2808:hydrogen bonds 2800:hydrogen bonds 2791: 2788: 2768:photoreceptors 2760:infrared light 2736:Main article: 2733: 2730: 2706:Main article: 2703: 2700: 2682: 2668: 2575:Main article: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2532: 2529: 2456: 2453: 2436: 2423: 2391:polar molecule 2349: 2346: 2310:ultra-filtered 2281: 2272: 2261: 2253:autoionization 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170:, and ice III 2163: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2145: 2144: 2143:−17.0 °C 2141: 2138: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098:liquid water, 2095: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2035: 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 1967: 1964: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1921:vapor pressure 1880:Main article: 1869: 1866: 1807: 1804: 1727: 1724: 1665: 1662: 1574: 1571: 1514: 1492: 1489: 1482: 1471: 1451: 1438: 1397:hydrogen bonds 1380:, liquid, and 1346: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1304: 1303: 1299:standard state 1296: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1179:Non-flammable 1177: 1171: 1170: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 992: 989: 988: 984: 983: 977: 972: 969: 968: 963: 958: 955: 954: 951: 948: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 926: 925: 921: 920: 913: 907: 906: 903: 898: 890: 887: 886: 883: 877: 876: 872: 866: 864:Conjugate base 860: 859: 855: 851: 845: 843:Conjugate acid 839: 838: 835: 831: 821: 820: 817: 813: 803: 802: 799: 797:Vapor pressure 793: 792: 713:Miscible with 689:hydrocarbons, 675: 669: 668: 665: 659: 658: 655: 649: 648: 646: 645: 642: 639: 633:(96) g/mL 623: 617:(83) g/mL 607: 596:(84) g/mL 586: 580:(84) g/mL 570: 562: 560: 554: 553: 550: 544: 543: 536: 532: 531: 528: 522: 521: 513: 506: 501: 498: 497: 493: 492: 490: 489: 486: 478: 477: 476: 473: 472: 470: 469: 465: 462: 461: 453: 452: 451: 448: 447: 445: 444: 436: 434: 428: 427: 425: 424: 420: 418: 412: 411: 409: 408: 400: 398: 390: 387: 386: 384: 383: 375: 373: 367: 366: 363: 358: 355: 354: 352: 351: 347: 345: 337: 336: 334: 333: 325: 323: 317: 316: 314: 313: 305: 303: 297: 296: 294: 293: 285: 283: 277: 276: 274: 273: 265: 263: 257: 256: 253: 248: 245: 244: 242: 241: 233: 231: 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 209: 207: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 189: 188:Neutral liquid 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173:Hydroxoic acid 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 153: 150: 147: 146:Hydrogen oxide 143: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 126: 125: 121: 120: 114: 113: 109: 108: 100: 99: 96: 95: 88: 82: 81: 71: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17939: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17922:Heat transfer 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17849: 17847: 17826: 17823: 17822: 17820: 17818: 17814: 17808: 17802: 17800: 17794: 17792: 17786: 17784: 17778: 17776: 17770: 17768: 17762: 17760: 17754: 17752: 17746: 17744: 17738: 17736: 17730: 17728: 17722: 17720: 17714: 17712: 17706: 17704: 17698: 17688: 17686: 17680: 17678: 17672: 17670: 17664: 17663: 17661: 17659: 17655: 17649: 17643: 17641: 17635: 17633: 17627: 17625: 17619: 17617: 17611: 17609: 17603: 17601: 17595: 17593: 17587: 17585: 17579: 17577: 17571: 17569: 17563: 17561: 17555: 17553: 17547: 17545: 17539: 17537: 17531: 17529: 17523: 17521: 17515: 17513: 17507: 17505: 17499: 17497: 17491: 17489: 17483: 17481: 17475: 17473: 17467: 17465: 17459: 17457: 17451: 17449: 17443: 17441: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17430: 17426: 17419: 17415: 17414: 17407: 17405: 17399: 17397: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17374: 17372: 17366: 17363: 17359: 17358: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17346: 17342: 17341: 17334: 17332: 17330: 17325: 17319: 17317: 17315: 17310: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17291: 17289: 17283: 17281: 17275: 17273: 17267: 17265: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17246: 17244: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17186: 17184: 17178: 17176: 17170: 17168: 17162: 17160: 17154: 17152: 17146: 17144: 17138: 17136: 17130: 17128: 17122: 17120: 17114: 17112: 17106: 17104: 17098: 17096: 17090: 17089: 17087: 17085: 17081: 17075: 17071: 17070: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17037: 17031: 17025: 17018: 17016: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16985: 16983: 16977: 16975: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16963: 16953: 16949: 16948: 16941: 16940: 16938: 16934: 16924: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16901: 16891: 16889: 16882: 16881: 16879: 16875: 16865: 16855: 16853: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16841: 16837: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16812: 16810: 16800: 16798: 16788: 16786: 16776: 16774: 16764: 16762: 16752: 16750: 16740: 16738: 16728: 16726: 16716: 16714: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16674: 16672: 16662: 16660: 16650: 16648: 16638: 16636: 16629: 16627: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16591: 16589: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16570: 16569: 16559: 16555: 16554: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16540: 16530: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16517: 16507: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16484: 16474: 16472: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16461: 16457: 16447: 16437: 16435: 16425: 16423: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16408: 16404: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16379: 16377: 16367: 16365: 16355: 16353: 16343: 16341: 16331: 16329: 16319: 16317: 16307: 16305: 16295: 16293: 16283: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16270: 16266: 16256: 16246: 16244: 16234: 16232: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16213: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16188: 16186: 16176: 16174: 16164: 16162: 16152: 16150: 16140: 16138: 16128: 16126: 16116: 16114: 16104: 16102: 16092: 16090: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16079: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16064: 16054: 16048: 16046: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16025: 16021: 16011: 16005: 16004: 16002: 15998: 15988: 15978: 15976: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15951: 15941: 15939: 15929: 15927: 15917: 15915: 15905: 15903: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15892: 15888: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15863: 15862: 15860: 15858: 15854: 15844: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15800: 15798: 15788: 15786: 15776: 15774: 15764: 15762: 15752: 15750: 15740: 15738: 15728: 15726: 15716: 15714: 15704: 15702: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15687: 15677: 15670: 15668: 15662: 15660: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15601: 15599: 15597: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15584: 15574: 15568: 15566: 15556: 15554: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15519: 15509: 15507: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15484: 15474: 15472: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15459: 15449: 15439: 15437: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15414: 15404: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15379: 15369: 15367: 15357: 15355: 15345: 15343: 15333: 15331: 15321: 15319: 15309: 15307: 15297: 15295: 15285: 15283: 15273: 15271: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15228: 15218: 15212: 15210: 15204: 15202: 15196: 15194: 15188: 15186: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15120: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15086: 15083:Alkali metal 15080: 15076: 15069: 15064: 15062: 15057: 15055: 15050: 15049: 15046: 15030: 15027: 15024: 15021: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15005: 15003: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14977: 14968: 14960: 14958: 14945: 14936: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14915: 14913: 14905: 14902: 14901: 14898: 14890: 14888: 14880: 14878: 14870: 14868: 14860: 14858: 14850: 14848: 14840: 14838: 14830: 14828: 14819: 14811: 14809: 14801: 14799: 14791: 14789: 14781: 14779: 14771: 14769: 14760: 14752: 14750: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14731: 14727: 14724: 14721: 14718: 14715: 14712: 14709: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14694: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14659: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14643: 14641: 14632: 14624: 14622: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14600: 14598: 14590: 14587: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14521: 14519: 14511: 14509: 14500: 14492: 14490: 14482: 14480: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14441: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14425: 14423: 14415: 14413: 14411: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14375: 14373: 14365: 14363: 14355: 14353: 14345: 14343: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14321: 14319: 14311: 14309: 14300: 14292: 14290: 14282: 14280: 14271: 14263: 14261: 14252: 14244: 14242: 14233: 14224: 14216: 14214: 14206: 14204: 14202: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14169: 14167: 14159: 14157: 14149: 14147: 14139: 14137: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14104: 14102: 14092: 14084: 14082: 14074: 14072: 14064: 14062: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14026: 14022: 14015: 14010: 14008: 14003: 14001: 13996: 13995: 13992: 13982: 13978: 13972: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13901: 13897: 13894: 13887: 13883: 13880: 13873: 13869: 13866: 13859: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13814: 13810: 13807: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13766: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13741: 13737: 13734: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13671: 13667: 13664: 13657: 13653: 13650: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13601: 13597: 13594: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13550: 13546: 13543: 13533: 13529: 13526: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13465: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13384: 13380: 13377: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13328: 13324: 13321: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13300: 13296: 13293: 13286: 13282: 13279: 13272: 13268: 13265: 13258: 13254: 13251: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13132: 13128: 13125: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13090: 13086: 13083: 13076: 13072: 13069: 13062: 13058: 13055: 13048: 13044: 13041: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12989: 12985: 12982: 12975: 12971: 12968: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12919: 12915: 12912: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12877: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12710: 12706: 12703: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12659: 12655: 12652: 12642: 12638: 12635: 12625: 12621: 12618: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12591: 12587: 12584: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12489: 12485: 12482: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12353: 12349: 12346: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12319: 12315: 12312: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12251: 12247: 12244: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12200: 12196: 12193: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12083:Tin(II) oxide 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12051: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11850: 11847: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11799:Calcium oxide 11797: 11794: 11790: 11789:Cadmium oxide 11787: 11784: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11760: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11681: 11677: 11674: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11642: 11638: 11637:Nitrous oxide 11635: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11611:Lithium oxide 11609: 11603: 11599: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11276: 11272: 11269: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11217: 11212: 11210: 11205: 11203: 11198: 11197: 11194: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11165: 11162: 11151: 11148: 11137: 11134: 11123: 11120: 11109: 11106: 11095: 11092: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11067: 11064: 11053: 11051: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11019: 11017: 11011: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10975: 10973: 10966: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10931: 10925: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10901: 10899: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10859: 10857: 10847: 10845: 10838: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10814: 10812: 10806: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10786: 10784: 10774: 10772: 10762: 10760: 10750: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10721: 10719: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10697: 10687: 10685: 10678: 10676: 10669: 10667: 10660: 10658: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10626: 10624: 10617: 10615: 10605: 10603: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10564: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10535: 10533: 10527: 10525: 10515: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10481: 10471: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10442: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10394: 10392: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10365: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10315: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10278: 10276: 10266: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10180: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10092: 10090: 10085: 10083: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10062: 10053: 10051: 10042: 10040: 10028: 10026: 10014: 10012: 10000: 9998: 9989: 9987: 9974: 9972: 9956: 9954: 9938: 9936: 9920: 9918: 9909: 9907: 9891: 9889: 9877: 9875: 9863: 9861: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9824: 9822: 9810: 9808: 9796: 9794: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9769: 9757: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9731: 9729: 9713: 9711: 9695: 9693: 9681: 9679: 9667: 9665: 9653: 9651: 9639: 9637: 9625: 9623: 9611: 9609: 9597: 9595: 9586: 9584: 9572: 9570: 9561: 9559: 9543: 9541: 9533: 9531: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9484: 9482: 9470: 9468: 9460: 9458: 9450: 9448: 9440: 9438: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9396: 9394: 9382: 9380: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9333: 9331: 9323: 9321: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9293: 9291: 9283: 9281: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9217: 9215: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9176: 9174: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9152: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9129: 9120: 9118: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9022:Hycean planet 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8833:Water droplet 8831: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8785: 8780: 8778: 8773: 8771: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8711:9781119300755 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8664:. May 2, 2016 8663: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8423: 8422: 8416: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8328: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8229:Water Quality 8225: 8224: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8137:, p. 99. 8136: 8131: 8125:, p. 85. 8124: 8119: 8113:, p. 34. 8112: 8107: 8105: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7843: 7838: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7763:, p. 29. 7762: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7601:J. Chem. Phys 7595: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7564: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7534: 7527: 7526: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7477: 7474:O are called 7459: 7457:9780060936778 7453: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7121:, p. 46. 7120: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7103: 7098: 7090: 7084: 7076: 7069: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 7000:, p. 47. 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6921:on 2009-05-10 6920: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6858: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6823: 6817:, p. 27. 6816: 6811: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6768:Physics Today 6762: 6755: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6508:(3): 033101. 6507: 6503: 6499: 6497: 6484: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6220:0-8155-1237-6 6216: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6187:on 2016-06-04 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6138:(1): 011202. 6137: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6093: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5832:, p. 44. 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5803:, p. 48. 5802: 5797: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5561:, p. 13. 5560: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5226:ideal gas law 5223: 5222: 5216: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187:melting point 5184: 5178: 5171: 5167: 5166:molten silica 5161: 5150: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Water cluster 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:hydroxic acid 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4816:The accepted 4809: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4411:leaving group 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4128: 4054: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3864: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3768: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3653: 3612: 3581: 3558: 3554: 3551:. Tritium is 3550: 3546: 3542: 3524: 3478: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442:isotopologues 3439: 3432:Isotopologues 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3365:clay minerals 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353:water erosion 3350: 3340: 3320: 3297: 3287: 3274: 3263: 3259: 3245: 3209: 3198: 3188: 3178: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3143: 3133: 3126: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3067: 3063: 3040: 3017: 3007: 2994: 2983: 2974: 2973:ionic product 2970: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2886: 2884: 2881:explanation ( 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845:string theory 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:thermodynamic 2817: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744:visible light 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:hydrogen bond 2715: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2675: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2568: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2224:with pressure 2221: 2216: 2212: 2205:Melting point 2197: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2161: 2160: 2157:0.16 °C 2156: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1973: 1959: 1954: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1912:such as with 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1753:hexagonal ice 1750: 1746: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717:refrigeration 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703:The specific 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:gaseous phase 1612: 1611:phases of ice 1608: 1605:. Aside from 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1563:oxygen family 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1508: 1504: 1501:Water is the 1498: 1488: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1443: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1414:heat capacity 1412:, and a high 1411: 1407: 1406:boiling point 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1000: 995: 994:Heat capacity 991: 990: 985: 982: 978: 975: 974:Dipole moment 971: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 956: 949: 946: 942: 941: 938: 935: 932: 928: 927: 922: 918: 914: 912: 909: 908: 904: 897: 893: 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 878: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 836: 830: 826: 823: 822: 818: 812: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 794: 790: 786: 785:ethyl acetate 782: 778: 774: 773:diethyl ether 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 710: 706: 702: 698: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 674: 671: 670: 666: 664: 663:Boiling point 661: 660: 656: 654: 653:Melting point 651: 650: 643: 640: 624: 608: 604:(670) °C 587: 571: 568: 564: 563: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 537: 534: 533: 529: 527: 524: 523: 507: 504: 500: 499: 494: 485: 484: 481: 474: 460: 459: 456: 449: 442: 438: 437: 435: 433: 430: 429: 422: 421: 419: 417: 414: 413: 406: 402: 401: 399: 393: 389: 388: 381: 377: 376: 374: 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 357: 356: 349: 348: 346: 344: 339: 338: 331: 327: 326: 324: 322: 319: 318: 311: 307: 306: 304: 302: 299: 298: 291: 290:ChEMBL1098659 287: 286: 284: 282: 279: 278: 271: 267: 266: 264: 262: 259: 258: 254: 251: 247: 246: 239: 235: 234: 232: 228: 223: 222: 215: 211: 210: 208: 205: 201: 200: 195: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 170:Hydroxic acid 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 139: 131: 127: 119: 115: 110: 106: 101: 76: 72: 66: 62: 61: 57: 53: 48: 40: 33: 19: 17907:Oceanography 17417: 17408: 17361: 17355: 17344: 17335: 17328: 17323: 17313: 17308: 17073: 17067: 16986: 16951: 16942: 16936:Livermoranes 16701:Polysulfanes 16630: 16624:Polyoxidanes 16592: 16557: 16548: 16049: 16041: 16036: 16027: 15629:Cycloalkynes 15624:Cycloalkenes 15619:Cycloalkanes 15596:Hydrocarbons 15569: 15557: 15549: 15544: 15535: 15135:Monohydrides 14034: 13099:Lead dioxide 12016:Radium oxide 11966:Nitric oxide 11749:Barium oxide 11714: 11702:Sodium oxide 11676:Silver oxide 10652: 10056:H[Co(CO) 9587: 8952:Hydrobiology 8937:Distribution 8819: 8693: 8666:. Retrieved 8639: 8636:Ben-Naim, A. 8605: 8577: 8550: 8524: 8503: 8492:. Retrieved 8474:CRC Handbook 8468: 8458: 8447:the original 8420: 8408:. Retrieved 8382: 8355: 8332: 8320:. Retrieved 8300: 8278: 8257:Biochemistry 8256: 8228: 8220:Bibliography 8207:. Retrieved 8196: 8187: 8175: 8164:. Retrieved 8151: 8142: 8130: 8118: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8057:. Retrieved 8048: 8039: 8028:. Retrieved 8019: 8011: 7974:Charlot 2007 7969: 7957: 7945: 7933: 7921: 7910:. Retrieved 7897: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7837: 7826:. Retrieved 7817: 7808: 7797:. Retrieved 7785: 7781: 7768: 7756: 7726:(1): 69–74. 7723: 7719: 7713: 7701:. Retrieved 7696: 7686: 7674:. Retrieved 7669: 7660: 7635: 7629: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7583:. Retrieved 7569: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7524: 7521: 7514:. Retrieved 7495: 7485: 7475: 7461: 7441: 7433: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7314:. Retrieved 7279: 7275: 7265: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7197:. Retrieved 7172: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7097: 7074: 7062: 7019: 7015: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6923:. Retrieved 6919:the original 6904: 6879: 6875: 6857: 6846:. Retrieved 6822: 6810: 6799:. Retrieved 6774:(6): 40–46. 6771: 6767: 6754: 6743:. Retrieved 6708: 6704: 6694: 6682: 6669: 6663: 6652:the original 6639: 6632: 6620:. Retrieved 6600: 6594: 6589:, p. 5. 6567:. Retrieved 6549: 6538:. Retrieved 6505: 6501: 6495: 6483: 6472:. Retrieved 6460:HyperPhysics 6459: 6424:(10): 5529. 6421: 6417: 6411: 6400:. Retrieved 6391: 6365: 6353: 6320: 6316: 6307: 6298:0130-39913-2 6288: 6268:. Retrieved 6259: 6229:. Retrieved 6210: 6200: 6189:. Retrieved 6182:the original 6135: 6132:Phys. Rev. E 6131: 6118: 6091: 6090: 6083:. Retrieved 6079:the original 6069: 6057: 6045: 6036: 6030:. Retrieved 6006: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5884: 5873:. Retrieved 5846: 5837: 5825: 5820:, p. 2. 5796: 5786:December 15, 5784:. Retrieved 5775: 5766: 5754: 5735: 5723: 5712: 5685: 5673: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5584:. Retrieved 5566: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5519:. Retrieved 5487: 5475:. Retrieved 5457: 5450: 5433: 5429: 5407:. Retrieved 5371: 5367: 5337:. Retrieved 5328: 5319: 5311: 5304:. Retrieved 5300:the original 5295: 5286: 5259: 5250: 5233: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5177: 5160: 5148: 5101: 5073: 4965:Water portal 4928: 4927: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4872: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812:Nomenclature 4806:triple point 4767: 4757: 4737:electrolysis 4731: 4722: 4661: 4613: 4604:Electrolysis 4529: 4506: 4436: 4376:carbocations 4373: 4272: 4203: 4171:(Lewis acid) 4146:(Lewis base) 4097:(Lewis base) 4072:(Lewis acid) 4028:(Lewis base) 4003:(Lewis acid) 3965: 3860: 3740: 3711: 3688: 3673: 3671: 3654: 3582: 3525: 3435: 3415: 3373: 3357:metasomatism 3346: 3343:Geochemistry 3228: 3096: 2966: 2903: 2860: 2837: 2805: 2741: 2711: 2657: 2637: 2626: 2603: 2598:Havasu Falls 2585:Presence of 2566: 2554: 2481: 2474: 2458: 2443:is a gas at 2411: 2384: 2380:sigma bonded 2365: 2330:electrolyzed 2315: 2299: 2288: 2242: 2208: 2198:−70 °C 2187:−24 °C 2176:−35 °C 2093:Temperature 2069: 2053:triple point 2042: 2018:Triple point 2012: 2003:bulk modulus 2000: 1969: 1941: 1918: 1914:hydrocarbons 1891: 1855: 1841: 1833:Arctic Ocean 1827: 1820: 1792: 1761: 1757: 1737: 1721: 1702: 1675: 1627: 1579:liquid phase 1576: 1556: 1538:to a single 1500: 1418: 1394: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1121: 1100:Main hazards 1089: 1071: 1046: 1019: 998: 895: 828: 810: 767:acetonitrile 751:acetaldehyde 697:carboxylates 540:hint of blue 416:RTECS number 197:Identifiers 141:Other names 16519:Bismuthanes 13965:Oxypnictide 13365:Tin dioxide 9017:Ocean world 8942:Hydrosphere 8870:superheated 6622:19 November 6207:"Chapter 6" 5962:Soft Matter 5741:PubChem 962 5296:www.iun.edu 5115:represents 5054:Water model 5049:Water dimer 5004:Heavy water 4763:heavy water 4747:. In 1805, 4344:monodentate 4214:baking soda 3980:HSAB theory 3976:Lewis acids 3785:is formed: 3674:Light water 3553:radioactive 3541:heavy water 3473:quintillion 3452:. Only 155 3378:, known as 2883:Bent's rule 2832:tetrahedral 2750:light, and 2696:table sugar 2614:hydrophobic 2610:hydrophilic 2496:hydrophilic 2376:tetrahedral 2211:supercooled 2108:611.657 Pa 2045:temperature 1837:fresh water 1798:in central 1796:Lake Baikal 1778:(HDA), and 1751:. Regular, 1619:water vapor 1583:solid phase 1175:Flash point 1094:(OHS/OSH): 945:Point group 739:1,4-dioxane 727:isopropanol 679:haloalkanes 535:Appearance 496:Properties 270:CHEBI:15377 164:Hydric acid 17877:Hydroxides 17846:Categories 16542:Moscovanes 16407:Phosphenes 16269:Phosphanes 16067:Pnictogen 16024:Flerovanes 15175:Dihydrides 15125:(Group 2) 14021:Hydroxides 13960:Superoxide 12123:Zinc oxide 9139:Wiktionary 8974:management 8820:Properties 8668:August 31, 8494:2016-05-29 8410:2016-07-31 8322:2008-11-19 8209:2017-09-08 8166:2016-07-31 8123:IUPAC 2005 8081:(6): 341. 8059:2016-05-26 8030:2016-06-24 7912:2016-06-25 7894:"Hydrides" 7828:2023-04-11 7799:2023-04-11 7585:2008-03-21 7316:2019-09-08 7199:2019-07-05 6947:(1): 1–8. 6925:2009-12-06 6848:2013-02-19 6815:Sharp 1988 6801:2011-11-22 6745:2020-08-31 6646:(Thesis). 6540:2021-08-03 6474:2007-10-26 6402:2016-06-09 6270:2016-06-03 6231:2010-07-11 6191:2009-07-07 6032:2017-12-22 5875:2018-08-09 5586:2016-04-09 5521:2014-06-01 5477:17 October 5430:Metrologia 5409:2018-08-09 5374:(8): 612. 5274:References 5265:amphoteric 5239:atmosphere 4999:Hard water 4824:or simply 4786:Fahrenheit 4395:hydrolysis 3972:Lewis base 3968:lone pairs 3743:amphoteric 3714:frost line 3685:Occurrence 3444:of water. 3349:weathering 2975:of water, 2855:See also: 2780:absorption 2764:microwaves 2660:table salt 2600:turquoise. 2541:paper clip 2492:organelles 2470:spider web 2372:lone pairs 2352:See also: 2215:nucleation 2154:632.4 MPa 2140:350.1 MPa 2126:209.9 MPa 2072:polymorphs 1996:10 Pa 1988:10 Pa 1980:10 Pa 1886:See also: 1764:polymorphs 1644:is 22.064 1593:, such as 1533:covalently 1495:See also: 1463:activities 1421:amphoteric 1410:molar mass 924:Structure 673:Solubility 637:95 °C 621:25 °C 526:Molar mass 441:059QF0KO0R 301:ChemSpider 225:3D model ( 204:CAS Number 17902:Limnology 17418:predicted 17362:predicted 17345:predicted 17074:predicted 16952:predicted 16611:Hydrogen 16558:predicted 16028:predicted 16000:Plumbanes 15964:Stannanes 15634:Annulenes 15536:predicted 15532:Nihonanes 15496:Thallanes 15461:Indiganes 15231:Group 13 15123:Alkaline 13935:Oxocarbon 9738:[PtCl 9052:Enceladus 9033:Specific 8969:Resources 8964:Pollution 8947:Hydrology 8913:Hydronium 8903:Tritiated 8893:Semiheavy 8798:Overviews 8720:213738895 8606:Chemistry 7550:Boyd 2000 7538:Boyd 2000 7249:0036-8075 7102:Lide 2003 6896:1099-0062 6735:122365938 6530:105357042 6454:Nave, R. 6345:1463-9084 6085:August 3, 6062:Lide 2003 6050:Lide 2003 6012:Rhein, M. 5990:1744-6848 5728:Lide 2003 5690:Lide 2003 5678:Lide 2003 5665:0047-2689 5547:Lide 2003 5535:Lide 2003 5492:Lide 2003 5396:0021-9584 5306:1 October 5195:germanium 5066:Footnotes 4765:in 1933. 4513:beryllium 4509:aluminium 4457:2 Na + 2 4403:digestion 4253:⇌ NaOH + 4206:hydrolyze 3741:Water is 3732:Reactions 3557:half-life 3458:deuterium 3426:acid rain 3371:hardens. 3321:− 3260:≈ 3179:− 3162:⋅ 3092:data page 3066:hydroxide 3041:− 2914:hydroxide 2912:ions and 2910:hydronium 2798:Model of 2790:Structure 2629:hydration 2587:colloidal 2387:structure 2249:insulator 2090:Pressure 1929:dew point 1892:Water is 1713:drift ice 1595:ice cubes 1419:Water is 1111:(as snow) 1109:Avalanche 1039:formation 1013:Std molar 937:Hexagonal 911:Viscosity 869:Hydroxide 848:Hydronium 747:sulfolane 683:aliphatic 584:0 °C 552:Odorless 423:ZC0110000 350:231-791-2 342:EC Number 214:7732-18-5 17331:< 1) 16877:Tellanes 16496:Stibanes 15891:Germanes 15426:Gallanes 15233:hydrides 13955:Peroxide 13945:Oxyanion 13940:Suboxide 9831:[SiF 9255:H[BF 9117:Category 8742:of water 8638:(2011), 8547:(1988). 8488:Archived 8443:37341352 8401:Archived 8380:(2005). 8316:Archived 8203:Archived 8160:Archived 8053:Archived 8024:Archived 7906:Archived 7902:UC Davis 7898:Chemwiki 7822:Archived 7790:Archived 7748:39474797 7576:Archived 7574:. 2001. 7516:21 April 7510:Archived 7462:Water, H 7417:18354466 7368:11061625 7360:18264420 7310:Archived 7306:27152824 7257:26989250 7193:Archived 7083:cite web 7054:24699509 7022:: 4565. 6839:Archived 6792:Archived 6739:Archived 6613:Archived 6569:9 August 6563:Archived 6534:Archived 6468:Archived 6396:Archived 6264:Archived 6225:Archived 6170:12241346 6023:Archived 5998:32900070 5947:16179387 5869:Archived 5780:Archived 5776:usgs.gov 5744:Archived 5692:, 6.186. 5580:Archived 5515:Archived 5471:Archived 5400:Archived 5339:21 April 5333:Archived 4951:See also 4842:oxidanyl 4838:hydroxyl 4557:catalyst 4443:hydrides 4361:O. This 4316:hydrates 4285:such as 3475:include 3456:include 3438:isotopes 3436:Several 3418:nitrogen 2816:methanol 2722:monomers 2644:alcohols 2484:adhesion 2477:cohesion 2195:626 MPa 2184:344 MPa 2173:213 MPa 2049:pressure 1906:polarity 1894:miscible 1882:Humidity 1852:salinity 1848:seawater 1782:(VHDA). 1709:glaciers 1654:volcanic 1640:and the 1599:granular 1591:crystals 1552:glaciers 1527:hydrogen 1523:molecule 1265:Methanol 1246:solvents 1244:Related 1122:NFPA 704 1105:Drowning 1084:Hazards 825:Basicity 735:glycerol 723:propanol 715:methanol 701:alcohols 687:aromatic 321:DrugBank 255:3587155 17316:< 1) 16913:Polanes 16840:Selanes 16826:more... 16688:more... 16460:Arsanes 16393:more... 16202:more... 15857:Silynes 15828:Silenes 15814:more... 15690:Silanes 15614:alkynes 15609:alkenes 15604:alkanes 15242:Boranes 14735: 14096:[NH 13950:Ozonide 13928:Related 11181:more... 9128:Commons 8805:Outline 8279:Biology 8152:Pubchem 8083:Bibcode 7640:Bibcode 7636:Science 7609:Bibcode 7425:4365814 7395:Bibcode 7340:Bibcode 7284:Bibcode 7227:Bibcode 7219:Science 7189:6642535 7045:3988813 7024:Bibcode 6949:Bibcode 6776:Bibcode 6713:Bibcode 6510:Bibcode 6494:O Ice I 6426:Bibcode 6325:Bibcode 6178:6109212 6150:Bibcode 5970:Bibcode 5938:1242322 5915:Bibcode 5645:Bibcode 5610:Bibcode 5376:Bibcode 5199:bismuth 5191:gallium 5183:silicon 5170:kelvins 4822:oxidane 4798:Réaumur 4790:Delisle 4782:Rankine 4778:Celsius 4728:History 4521:rusting 4517:passive 4312:rhenium 3863:ammonia 3722:ammonia 3718:methane 3681:level. 3679:155 ppm 3477:tritium 3450:protium 2908:giving 2824:kinetic 2766:. Most 2752:far-red 2726:hexamer 2674:cations 2606:solvent 2415:melting 2334:protons 2228:Ice VII 2122:ice III 2059:, but, 1910:soluble 1898:ethanol 1844:surface 1842:As the 1800:Siberia 1772:ice III 1740:density 1694:climate 1682:ammonia 1636:is 647 1370:solvent 1352:) is a 1321:what is 1319: ( 1275:Ammonia 1260:Ethanol 1255:Acetone 1067:(Δ 1015:entropy 979:1.8546 837:13.995 819:13.995 807:Acidity 789:bromine 731:acetone 719:ethanol 705:ketones 558:Density 520: 392:PubChem 330:DB09145 134:Oxidane 17892:Oxides 16216:Azenes 16078:Azanes 15391:Alanes 15008:Cm(OH) 14998:Am(OH) 14972:Np(OH) 14963:Np(OH) 14918:Th(OH) 14908:Ac(OH) 14893:Yb(OH) 14883:Tm(OH) 14873:Er(OH) 14863:Ho(OH) 14853:Dy(OH) 14843:Tb(OH) 14833:Gd(OH) 14823:Eu(OH) 14814:Eu(OH) 14804:Sm(OH) 14794:Pm(OH) 14784:Nd(OH) 14774:Pr(OH) 14764:Ce(OH) 14755:Ce(OH) 14745:La(OH) 14672:Ra(OH) 14646:Bi(OH) 14636:Pb(OH) 14627:Pb(OH) 14617:Tl(OH) 14603:Hg(OH) 14593:Au(OH) 14562:Lu(OH) 14549:Ba(OH) 14524:Te(OH) 14514:Sb(OH) 14504:Sn(OH) 14495:Sn(OH) 14485:In(OH) 14475:Cd(OH) 14457:Rh(OH) 14444:Tc(OH) 14428:Zr(OH) 14406:Sr(OH) 14378:As(OH) 14368:Ge(OH) 14358:Ga(OH) 14348:Zn(OH) 14338:Cu(OH) 14324:Ni(OH) 14314:Co(OH) 14304:Fe(OH) 14295:Fe(OH) 14285:Mn(OH) 14275:Cr(OH) 14266:Cr(OH) 14237:Ti(OH) 14228:Ti(OH) 14219:Ti(OH) 14209:Sc(OH) 14197:Ca(OH) 14152:Si(OH) 14142:Al(OH) 14132:Mg(OH) 14057:Be(OH) 11223:Oxides 9132: 9121: 9110: 9106:Portal 9099: 9037:Europa 8986:Supply 8979:policy 8959:Origin 8850:Liquid 8842:States 8738:, and 8718: 8708: 8616: 8593: 8563: 8533: 8510: 8480: 8441: 8431: 8393: 8366: 8340: 8308: 8287: 8264: 8243: 7746: 7740:515218 7738: 7502: 7454: 7423: 7415: 7387:Nature 7366: 7358: 7304: 7255: 7247: 7187: 7052: 7042: 6894: 6733: 6528: 6343: 6295: 6217: 6176: 6168: 6092:Gramme 5996: 5988: 5945: 5935: 5861: 5663: 5394: 4923:hydron 4898:, and 4863:, and 4800:, and 4794:Newton 4784:, and 4774:Kelvin 4447:alkali 4275:ligand 3935:(acid) 3910:(base) 3822:(base) 3797:(acid) 3726:Tethys 3422:sulfur 2916:ions. 2873:. The 2867:linear 2865:, not 2828:steric 2762:, and 2688:anions 2646:, and 2633:solute 2403:dipole 2291:solute 2168:Ice II 2150:ice VI 2120:, and 2057:kelvin 2008:oceans 1768:ice II 1657:plumes 1632:. The 1557:Under 1540:oxygen 1536:bonded 1521:; one 1362:liquid 1316:verify 1313: 1205:anions 1203:Other 1187:(SDS) 871:OH (pK 709:amines 691:ethers 641:Solid: 480:SMILES 380:C00001 281:ChEMBL 176:Hydrol 112:Names 90: 84: 45:Water 14940:U(OH) 14931:U(OH) 14418:Y(OH) 14256:V(OH) 14247:V(OH) 14172:S(OH) 14162:P(OH) 14107:O(OH) 14087:N(OH) 14077:C(OH) 14067:B(OH) 9506:NaHCO 8932:Cycle 8924:Earth 8898:Heavy 8881:Forms 8865:Steam 8860:Vapor 8815:Model 8791:Water 8716:S2CID 8450:(PDF) 8425:(PDF) 8404:(PDF) 8387:(PDF) 7793:(PDF) 7778:(PDF) 7744:S2CID 7703:7 Jan 7676:7 Jan 7579:(PDF) 7571:IAPWS 7566:(PDF) 7470:and H 7421:S2CID 7364:S2CID 7071:(PDF) 6842:(PDF) 6835:IAPWS 6831:(PDF) 6795:(PDF) 6764:(PDF) 6731:S2CID 6655:(PDF) 6644:(PDF) 6616:(PDF) 6605:(PDF) 6526:S2CID 6185:(PDF) 6174:S2CID 6140:arXiv 6128:(PDF) 6026:(PDF) 6019:(PDF) 5739:GHS: 5709:Water 5403:(PDF) 5364:(PDF) 5279:Notes 5024:Steam 4941:steam 4937:water 4826:water 4818:IUPAC 4802:Rømer 4255:NaHCO 3749:or a 3547:as a 3068:ion ( 2648:salts 2640:acids 2539:This 2488:glass 2336:(see 2162:ice I 2136:ice V 2100:ice I 2034:ice I 1623:steam 1530:atoms 1505:with 1427:or a 1378:solid 1374:Earth 1354:polar 1340:Water 875:= 0) 858:= 0) 854:O (pK 626:0.961 610:0.997 600:3.983 589:0.999 573:0.999 567:VSMOW 455:InChI 261:ChEBI 227:JSmol 122:Water 39:Water 14985:(OH) 14953:(OH) 14666:FrOH 14612:TlOH 14543:CsOH 14469:AgOH 14400:RbOH 14390:BrOH 14333:CuOH 14181:ClOH 14126:NaOH 14051:LiOH 9846:HNCS 9841:HSCN 9515:HNCO 9463:HMnO 9350:HCNO 9336:HClO 9326:HClO 9316:HClO 9310:HClO 9296:HBrO 9286:HBrO 9276:HBrO 9270:HBrO 9233:HArF 9047:Moon 9042:Mars 8810:Data 8755:NASA 8706:ISBN 8670:2016 8614:ISBN 8591:ISBN 8561:ISBN 8531:ISBN 8508:ISBN 8478:ISBN 8439:OCLC 8429:ISBN 8391:ISBN 8364:ISBN 8338:ISBN 8306:ISBN 8285:ISBN 8262:ISBN 8241:ISBN 7736:PMID 7705:2011 7678:2011 7518:2019 7500:ISBN 7476:bent 7452:ISBN 7413:PMID 7356:PMID 7302:PMID 7253:PMID 7245:ISSN 7185:OSTI 7089:link 7050:PMID 6892:ISSN 6624:2018 6571:2018 6341:ISSN 6293:ISBN 6215:ISBN 6166:PMID 6087:2016 5994:PMID 5986:ISSN 5943:PMID 5859:ISBN 5788:2020 5661:ISSN 5479:2023 5392:ISSN 5341:2019 5308:2018 4751:and 4743:and 4702:+ 4 4691:+ 4 4629:+ 2 4575:+ 2 4525:iron 4511:and 4493:+ 2 4482:+ 2 4421:and 4321:FeSO 4287:Fe(H 4212:and 4210:soap 3751:base 3747:acid 3720:and 3701:and 3596:and 3420:and 3397:·23H 3386:, 4 3351:and 2967:The 2863:bent 2770:and 2712:The 2676:and 2594:lime 2397:, a 2295:salt 2245:ions 2047:and 2043:The 2001:The 1970:The 1902:oils 1738:The 1711:and 1621:(or 1603:snow 1476:and 1444:and 1429:base 1425:acid 1401:ions 1388:and 966:Bent 685:and 548:Odor 432:UNII 371:KEGG 365:117 185:Aqua 17825:PsH 17804:CfH 17796:CfH 17788:BkH 17780:BkH 17772:CmH 17764:AmH 17756:AmH 17748:PuH 17740:PuH 17732:NpH 17724:NpH 17700:PaH 17682:ThH 17674:ThH 17666:AcH 17645:LuH 17637:LuH 17629:YbH 17621:TmH 17613:TmH 17605:ErH 17597:ErH 17589:HoH 17581:HoH 17573:DyH 17565:DyH 17557:TbH 17549:TbH 17541:GdH 17533:GdH 17525:EuH 17517:SmH 17509:SmH 17501:NdH 17493:NdH 17485:PrH 17477:PrH 17469:CeH 17461:CeH 17453:LaH 17445:LaH 17437:LaH 17410:CnH 17401:HgH 17384:HgH 17376:CdH 17368:ZnH 17357:RgH 17351:CuH 17337:DsH 17321:PtH 17306:PdH 17301:NiH 17293:IrH 17285:RhH 17277:CoH 17269:FeH 17261:FeH 17256:FeH 17248:CrH 17240:CrH 17235:CrH 17227:TaH 17222:TaH 17214:NbH 17209:NbH 17188:HfH 17180:HfH 17172:ZrH 17164:ZrH 17156:TiH 17148:TiH 17140:LuH 17132:LuH 17092:ScH 17069:HTs 17063:HAt 17053:HBr 17048:HCl 17006:HDO 16995:(?) 16992:O–O 16944:LvH 16920:PoH 16600:(?) 16550:McH 16526:BiH 16503:SbH 16468:AsH 16050:FlH 16042:FlH 16037:FlH 16007:PbH 15972:SnH 15899:GeH 15877:SiH 15698:SiH 15570:NhH 15550:NhH 15545:NhH 15503:TlH 15468:InH 15433:GaH 15398:AlH 15214:BaH 15206:SrH 15198:CaH 15190:MgH 15182:BeH 15162:BaH 15157:SrH 15152:CaH 15147:MgH 15142:BeH 15113:CsH 15108:RbH 15098:NaH 15093:LiH 15031:No 15028:Md 15025:Fm 15022:Es 15019:Cf 15016:Bk 14993:Pu 14981:NpO 14926:Pa 14903:** 14728:Og 14725:Ts 14722:Lv 14719:Mc 14716:Fl 14713:Nh 14710:Cn 14707:Rg 14704:Ds 14701:Mt 14698:Hs 14695:Bh 14692:Sg 14689:Db 14686:Rf 14683:Lr 14680:** 14660:Rn 14657:At 14654:Po 14588:Pt 14585:Ir 14582:Os 14579:Re 14573:Ta 14570:Hf 14537:Xe 14533:IOH 14465:Pd 14452:Ru 14439:Mo 14436:Nb 14394:Kr 14386:Se 14191:KOH 14185:Ar 14120:Ne 14116:FOH 14100:]OH 14045:He 14035:HOH 11172:PtF 11047:NbO 11042:NbO 11013:NaO 10935:MoO 10927:MoO 10895:MnO 10890:MnO 10873:MgO 10800:IrO 10709:HgO 10701:HfO 10645:GeO 10640:GeO 10590:FeO 10549:CuO 10529:CsO 10485:CrO 10456:CoO 10379:ClO 10347:CeO 10342:CdO 10334:CaO 10329:CaO 10248:BrO 10228:BiO 10211:BeO 10206:BaO 10138:AmO 10035:TiO 10021:TeO 10007:TeO 9817:SiO 9803:SeO 9789:SeO 9579:NSO 9564:HNO 9536:HNO 9526:HNO 9520:HNO 9500:HNC 9491:MoO 9477:MnO 9453:HIO 9443:HIO 9433:HIO 9427:HIO 9417:HFO 9360:CrO 9345:HCN 9305:HCl 9265:HBr 9244:HSO 9238:HAt 9224:AsO 9210:AsO 8922:On 8855:Ice 8698:doi 8583:doi 8233:doi 8091:doi 7728:doi 7648:doi 7617:doi 7605:114 7403:doi 7391:452 7348:doi 7292:doi 7280:116 7235:doi 7223:351 7177:doi 7040:PMC 7032:doi 6957:doi 6884:doi 6784:doi 6721:doi 6709:131 6518:doi 6434:doi 6333:doi 6158:doi 5978:doi 5933:PMC 5923:doi 5911:102 5851:doi 5653:doi 5618:doi 5463:doi 5438:doi 5384:doi 5243:bar 5014:Ice 4945:ice 4565:AgF 4523:of 4413:in 4330:·7H 4306:to 4277:in 4178:Cl( 4104:Fe( 3792:HCl 3565:HDO 3561:THO 3454:ppm 3359:or 2466:Dew 2230:). 1992:3.9 1984:4.4 1976:5.1 1937:dew 1935:or 1933:fog 1828:not 1815:WOA 1646:MPa 1587:ice 1392:). 1382:gas 1191:SDS 1050:298 1023:298 635:at 628:887 619:at 612:047 602:035 598:at 591:974 582:at 575:842 405:962 395:CID 310:937 17848:: 17716:UH 17708:UH 17695:15 17689:Th 17455:10 17389:Hg 17201:VH 17196:VH 17124:YH 17116:YH 17108:YH 17100:YH 17058:HI 17043:HF 17001:HS 16979:HO 16971:HO 16966:HO 16897:Te 16888:Te 16861:Se 16852:Se 16820:10 16594:NH 16585:HN 16580:NH 16572:HN 16476:As 16387:12 16383:10 16375:11 16363:10 16277:PH 16196:12 16192:10 16184:11 16172:10 16086:NH 15980:Sn 15949:12 15943:Ge 15937:10 15931:Ge 15919:Ge 15907:Ge 15865:Si 15836:Si 15808:22 15804:10 15802:Si 15796:20 15790:Si 15784:18 15778:Si 15772:16 15766:Si 15760:14 15754:Si 15748:12 15742:Si 15736:10 15730:Si 15718:Si 15706:Si 15664:CH 15656:CH 15651:CH 15558:Nh 15511:Tl 15476:In 15441:Ga 15406:Al 15377:22 15373:18 15365:14 15361:10 15353:12 15341:10 15329:11 15305:10 15258:BH 15250:BH 15103:KH 14949:UO 14740:* 14576:W 14557:* 13979:. 13914:Hs 13900:Xe 13886:Ru 13872:Os 13858:Ir 13830:Tc 13813:Re 13796:Mn 13779:Cl 13754:Xe 13712:Te 13684:Se 13670:Re 13656:Po 13642:Mo 13628:Cr 13583:Ta 13566:Pa 13532:Nb 13498:Bi 13481:As 13464:Sb 13439:Zr 13383:Ti 13369:Sn 13355:Th 13341:Tb 13327:Te 13313:Tc 13285:Si 13271:Se 13257:Ru 13243:Rh 13229:Pa 13215:Pr 13201:Po 13187:Pu 13173:Pt 13159:Os 13131:Np 13117:Mn 13103:Pb 13089:Hf 13075:Ir 13047:Ge 13016:Cm 13002:Cr 12988:Cl 12974:Ce 12932:Cf 12918:Br 12904:Bk 12890:Am 12845:Yb 12794:Ti 12777:Tm 12760:Tl 12743:Tb 12726:Sc 12709:Sm 12692:Rh 12675:Pm 12658:Pr 12624:Ni 12607:Nd 12590:Mn 12573:Lu 12556:La 12539:Fe 12522:In 12505:Ho 12488:Au 12471:Ga 12454:Gd 12437:Eu 12420:Er 12403:Es 12386:Dy 12352:Co 12335:Cr 12318:Ce 12301:Cf 12284:Cs 12250:Bi 12233:Bk 12216:As 12199:Sb 12182:Am 12165:Al 12148:Ac 12129:O) 12127:Zn 12119:O) 12109:O) 12099:O) 12097:Ti 12089:O) 12087:Sn 12079:O) 12077:Th 12052:O) 12042:O) 12040:Sr 12032:O) 12030:Si 12022:O) 12020:Ra 12012:O) 12010:Pa 12002:O) 12000:Po 11992:O) 11982:O) 11980:Pd 11972:O) 11962:O) 11960:Ni 11952:O) 11950:Hg 11942:O) 11940:Mn 11932:O) 11930:Mg 11922:O) 11920:Pb 11912:O) 11902:O) 11900:Fe 11892:O) 11890:Ge 11882:O) 11880:Eu 11855:O) 11853:Cu 11845:O) 11843:Co 11835:O) 11833:Cr 11825:O) 11823:Cl 11815:O) 11805:O) 11803:Ca 11795:O) 11793:Cd 11785:O) 11783:Br 11775:O) 11773:Be 11765:O) 11763:Bk 11755:O) 11753:Ba 11745:O) 11743:Al 11724:O) 11711:O) 11706:Na 11698:O) 11693:Tl 11685:O) 11680:Ag 11672:O) 11667:Rb 11659:O) 11646:O) 11633:O) 11628:Hg 11620:O) 11615:Li 11607:O) 11594:O) 11589:Ga 11581:O) 11576:Cl 11568:O) 11555:O) 11550:Cs 11542:O) 11537:Cu 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