241:
112:
67:
33:
89:
663:, ranging from Kentucky southward to southern Mississippi, and to the eastern coast of South Carolina. It is native to Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, with naturalized populations in Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. There are hundreds of observations of
627:, a form marked by the absence of purple pigments from all floral parts. It occurs in the midst of purple-flowered plants throughout the range of the species. Although both have yellow (or greenish-yellow) petals,
500:
flower (no flower stalk), erect petals, and mottled leaves. The broad leaves surround a banana-scented flower with maroon, bronze, green, or yellow petals. It is known for its
1389:
697:
begins to flower in early March, with peak flowering occurring around mid-March. In its northernmost populations, flowering occurs in April. In the vicinity of
2124:
526:, which means "narrow below and wide above, wedge-shaped", refers to the tapered shape of the basal half of its flower petal. As of March 2023, the name
2094:
1898:
2084:
1973:
2079:
2114:
2099:
2012:
1859:
1911:
1214:
922:
1952:
1461:
1186:
380:
flowers from early March to late April (depending on latitude). It is the largest of the eastern sessile-flowered trilliums.
671:
outside of its native range, in more than a dozen states, but especially in
Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New York.
1916:
1326:
856:
2119:
1619:
793:
1978:
1885:
1308:
838:
96:
1015:
2109:
2030:
516:
231:
1851:
1686:
1023:
962:
1579:
1812:
1807:
1788:
1318:
1131:
1086:
988:
848:
1101:
1060:
768:
2104:
2025:
1314:
901:
896:
844:
660:
605:
361:
40:
1947:
1127:
1082:
984:
111:
1965:
1660:
555:
2017:
1218:
926:
1929:
1903:
1846:
1750:
1248:
1359:
215:
1991:
1833:
698:
551:
745:
8:
56:
2051:
2004:
1566:
1504:
1496:
609:
585:
497:
406:
253:
106:
2089:
1986:
1820:
1570:
1457:
1182:
534:
435:
357:
1508:
1113:
1068:
970:
2056:
1825:
1637:
1556:
1488:
763:
701:, fruits were observed to ripen and drop off between July 1 and July 10.
520:
501:
449:
346:
1539:
Lampley, Jayne A.; Gereau, Roy; Floden, Aaron; Schilling, Edward E. (2022-07-05).
1939:
1620:
Biodiversity
Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for
1322:
1176:
852:
668:
579:
570:
533:
is widely recognized. The species is a member of the sessile-flowered trilliums (
493:
453:
445:
400:
377:
342:
149:
1720:
1517:
1999:
1799:
1773:
1561:
1540:
717:
489:
461:
240:
136:
1450:
884:
504:
variability between (and even within) geographically distributed populations.
434:
species with greater morphological uniformity. All members of the complex are
2073:
1924:
754:
349:
182:
162:
76:
71:
2043:
1273:
709:
431:
415:
1627:
418:
and morphologically variable. Some populations currently considered to be
1960:
1872:
1782:
1631:
1397:
743:
1368:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1864:
1500:
685:
sites. It is found at elevations of 50–400 m (160–1,310 ft).
682:
562:
1877:
725:
678:
566:
469:
369:
48:
44:
32:
1744:
1492:
2038:
1767:
1042:
1040:
656:
365:
192:
172:
1890:
1292:
826:
677:
prefers to grow in rich soils in mostly upland woods, especially
457:
373:
338:
1838:
1037:
693:
In the southern part of its range, from
Mississippi to Georgia,
364:
but is especially common in a region that extends from southern
485:
481:
574:
477:
473:
465:
123:
1538:
1279:
1118:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1073:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
975:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
638:
is not regarded as the taxonomic or genetic equivalent of
1181:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
713:
601:
1340:
1158:
1156:
430:
populations. It may be split in the future into several
1428:
1426:
1411:
1195:
1112:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1067:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
969:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1260:
1229:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
937:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
728:, presumably its seeds are dispersed by ants as well.
1153:
1456:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 170–176.
1423:
995:
744:
Meredith, C.R.; Trillium
Working Group 2019 (2020).
1628:
Citizen science observations for Little Sweet Betsy
769:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T146084767A146089210.en
1449:
569:. As of March 2023, available evidence supports a
720:in most (if not all) species. Since each seed of
2071:
956:
954:
952:
879:
877:
875:
873:
821:
819:
1370:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
1448:Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997).
1285:
1168:
788:
786:
1115:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1070:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
972:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
949:
870:
816:
2125:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1138:
647:
1705:The Friends of the Wild Flower Garden, Inc
1213:
1093:
1052:
921:
783:
737:
239:
87:
65:
31:
1560:
1241:
1207:
767:
456:that persists by means of an underground
1541:"A revised subgeneric classification of
1519:A systematic and biogeographic study of
1447:
1417:
1201:
1174:
1099:
1058:
960:
2095:Flora of the Southeastern United States
1515:
1470:
1346:
1162:
1046:
1001:
2072:
1577:
1432:
1144:
616:. Some authorities recognize the name
2085:NatureServe apparently secure species
1749:
1748:
1718:
1352:
1227:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
935:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1471:Freeman, J. D. (1975). "Revision of
1382:
1013:
398:, along with its closest relatives,
2080:IUCN Red List least concern species
1327:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1007:
857:Australian National Botanic Gardens
755:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2115:Endemic flora of the United States
2100:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
1149:. Highland Rim Press. p. 372.
543:), a group of species typified by
14:
2136:
1672:Vascular Plants of North Carolina
1613:
2031:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:542532-1
110:
1578:Shaver, Jesse M. (April 1960).
1441:
1309:International Plant Names Index
1100:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
1059:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
961:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
839:International Plant Names Index
460:. Like all trilliums, it has a
1594:J. Of Tenn. Academy of Science
1526:(PhD). University of Tennessee
915:
383:
376:. In its native habitat, this
1:
1732:(MS). University of Tennessee
731:
517:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1024:United States Forest Service
422:are more closely related to
7:
1319:Harvard University Herbaria
1132:Harvard University Herbaria
1087:Harvard University Herbaria
989:Harvard University Herbaria
849:Harvard University Herbaria
507:
356:complex, a subgroup of the
10:
2141:
1694:) and Little Sweet Betsy (
1562:10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.1
1545:(Parideae, Melanthiaceae)"
1516:Lampley, Jayne A. (2021).
1315:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
902:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
897:Plants of the World Online
845:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
762:: e.T146084767A146089210.
688:
661:southeastern United States
606:Plants of the World Online
573:comprising eight distinct
436:sessile-flowered trilliums
362:southeastern United States
358:sessile-flowered trilliums
41:Cheekwood Botanical Garden
16:Species of flowering plant
1757:
1661:"Little Sweet Trillium -
1394:outside its native range"
1128:Missouri Botanical Garden
1126:– via eFloras.org,
1083:Missouri Botanical Garden
1081:– via eFloras.org,
985:Missouri Botanical Garden
983:– via eFloras.org,
259:
252:
248:US distribution by state
247:
238:
221:
214:
107:Scientific classification
105:
85:
63:
54:
39:
30:
23:
2120:Plants described in 1840
1175:Gledhill, David (2008).
1147:Wildflowers of Tennessee
1145:Carman, Jack B. (2001).
648:Distribution and habitat
589:, plus two new species (
352:. It is a member of the
1719:Adams, Alan B. (1975).
681:soils but also at less
515:was first described by
1418:Case & Case (1997)
1202:Case & Case (1997)
1130:, St. Louis, MO &
1085:, St. Louis, MO &
987:, St. Louis, MO &
556:molecular phylogenetic
480:, two whorls of three
468:(leaves) and a single
360:. It is native to the
2110:Flora of Pennsylvania
1280:Lampley et al. (2022)
1016:"Little Sweet Betsy (
600:As of February 2022,
488:(fused into a single
323:whip-poor-will flower
802:NatureServe Explorer
699:Nashville, Tennessee
1646:Alabama Plant Atlas
1178:The Names of Plants
610:infraspecific names
391:is a member of the
57:Conservation status
669:citizen scientists
591:Trillium freemanii
586:Trillium maculatum
472:flower with three
407:Trillium maculatum
319:little sweet betsy
273:Trillium cuneatum
93:Apparently Secure
2105:Flora of Illinois
2067:
2066:
1987:Open Tree of Life
1789:Trillium cuneatum
1759:Trillium cuneatum
1751:Taxon identifiers
1724:Trillium cuneatum
1696:Trillium cuneatum
1663:Trillium cuneatum
1640:Trillium cuneatum
1622:Trillium cuneatum
1582:Trillium cuneatum
1463:978-0-88192-374-2
1392:Trillium cuneatum
1390:"Observations of
1362:Trillium cuneatum
1349:, pp. 36–37.
1295:Trillium cuneatum
1251:Trillium cuneatum
1221:Trillium cuneatum
1188:978-0-521-86645-3
1018:Trillium cuneatum
965:Trillium cuneatum
929:Trillium cuneatum
887:Trillium cuneatum
829:Trillium cuneatum
796:Trillium cuneatum
748:Trillium cuneatum
695:Trillium cuneatum
675:Trillium cuneatum
653:Trillium cuneatum
629:Trillium cuneatum
618:Trillium cuneatum
614:Trillium cuneatum
595:Trillium radiatum
560:Trillium cuneatum
528:Trillium cuneatum
513:Trillium cuneatum
442:Trillium cuneatum
424:T. maculatum
412:Trillium cuneatum
394:Trillium cuneatum
389:Trillium cuneatum
354:Trillium cuneatum
314:Trillium cuneatum
310:
309:
301:
293:Trillium sessile
289:
281:
264:Trillium cuneatum
225:Trillium cuneatum
100:
80:
25:Trillium cuneatum
2132:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1906:
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1841:
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1802:
1793:
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1778:
1777:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1693:
1689:Trillium sessile
1682:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1591:
1586:
1574:
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1535:
1533:
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1512:
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1455:
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1386:
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1375:
1356:
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1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
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1268:
1266:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1134:, Cambridge, MA.
1125:
1123:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1089:, Cambridge, MA.
1080:
1078:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1014:Pistrang, Mark.
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
992:
991:, Cambridge, MA.
982:
980:
958:
947:
946:
944:
942:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
891:
881:
868:
867:
865:
863:
833:
823:
814:
813:
811:
809:
790:
781:
780:
778:
776:
771:
741:
724:has an attached
722:T. cuneatum
665:T. cuneatum
644:
637:
626:
545:Trillium sessile
532:
521:specific epithet
484:each, and three
428:T. cuneatum
420:T. cuneatum
368:through central
331:purple toadshade
321:, also known as
299:
296:
287:
279:
276:
243:
227:
207:T. cuneatum
115:
114:
94:
91:
90:
74:
69:
68:
35:
21:
20:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1937:MichiganFlora:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
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1824:
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1676:
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1665:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1636:
1616:
1603:
1601:
1589:
1584:
1529:
1527:
1523:(Melanthiaceae)
1493:10.2307/2805646
1464:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1121:
1119:
1098:
1094:
1076:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
978:
976:
959:
950:
940:
938:
920:
916:
906:
904:
889:
883:
882:
871:
861:
859:
831:
825:
824:
817:
807:
805:
792:
791:
784:
774:
772:
742:
738:
734:
691:
650:
642:
640:Trillium luteum
635:
624:
580:Trillium luteum
571:species complex
530:
510:
454:flowering plant
401:Trillium luteum
386:
378:perennial plant
343:flowering plant
327:large toadshade
306:
294:
285:Trillium hugeri
274:
267:
266:
234:
229:
223:
210:
109:
101:
92:
88:
81:
70:
66:
59:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:wfo-0000751085
2048:
2035:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1794:
1779:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1728:T. luteum
1716:
1683:
1657:
1634:
1625:
1615:
1614:External links
1612:
1611:
1610:
1575:
1555:(5): 278–286.
1536:
1513:
1479:(Liliaceae)".
1468:
1462:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1420:, p. 173.
1410:
1381:
1351:
1347:Freeman (1975)
1339:
1284:
1282:, p. 282.
1272:
1240:
1206:
1204:, p. 172.
1194:
1187:
1167:
1163:Freeman (1975)
1152:
1137:
1092:
1051:
1047:Lampley (2021)
1036:
1006:
1002:Freeman (1975)
994:
948:
914:
869:
815:
782:
735:
733:
730:
718:seed dispersal
710:myrmecochorous
690:
687:
649:
646:
509:
506:
426:than to other
385:
382:
335:bloody butcher
308:
307:
305:
304:
303:
302:
290:
282:
280:J.D.Freeman
262:
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2:
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2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
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1997:
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1635:
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1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1587:in Tennessee"
1583:
1576:
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1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
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1537:
1525:
1524:
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1514:
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1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Phyllantherum
1474:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1435:, p. 90.
1434:
1433:Shaver (1960)
1429:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1348:
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1320:
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1300:
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1222:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1165:, p. 36.
1164:
1159:
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1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:Phyllantherum
1105:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1049:, Ch. 2.
1048:
1043:
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1025:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1004:, p. 29.
1003:
998:
990:
986:
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804:. NatureServe
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643:(Muhl.) Harb.
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538:subgen.
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519:in 1840. The
518:
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350:Melanthiaceae
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216:Binomial name
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183:Melanthiaceae
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137:Tracheophytes
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72:Least Concern
62:
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
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1758:
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1729:
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1721:
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1704:
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1687:"Toadshade (
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
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1621:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
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1528:. Retrieved
1522:
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1480:
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1442:Bibliography
1413:
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1391:
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1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1361:
1354:
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1330:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
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1287:
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1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
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1231:. Retrieved
1226:
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1197:
1177:
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1146:
1140:
1120:. Retrieved
1114:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1075:. Retrieved
1069:
1062:
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1027:. Retrieved
1017:
1009:
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971:
964:
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934:
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895:
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837:
828:
806:. Retrieved
801:
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773:. Retrieved
759:
753:
747:
739:
721:
708:species are
705:
704:In general,
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673:
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651:
639:
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628:
621:
617:
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584:
578:
577:, including
567:paraphyletic
559:
549:
544:
539:
535:
527:
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512:
511:
496:). It has a
441:
440:
432:monophyletic
427:
423:
419:
416:paraphyletic
411:
405:
399:
393:
392:
388:
387:
372:to northern
353:
334:
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272:
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224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
156:
143:
130:
24:
18:
1961:NatureServe
1873:iNaturalist
1783:Wikispecies
1736:23 February
1722:A Study of
1632:iNaturalist
1530:10 February
1487:(1): 1–62.
1398:iNaturalist
1302:J.D.Freeman
941:15 December
716:facilitate
712:, that is,
636:J.D.Freeman
625:J.D.Freeman
608:accepts no
492:with three
384:Description
150:Angiosperms
97:NatureServe
2074:Categories
2005:kew-290650
2000:Plant List
1710:9 February
1677:9 February
1666:Rafinesque
1651:9 February
1604:1 February
1600:(2): 81–91
1403:4 February
1374:3 February
1332:4 February
1215:USDA, NRCS
1029:3 February
923:USDA, NRCS
808:4 February
732:References
683:calcareous
563:sensu lato
558:evidence,
552:morphology
450:herbaceous
1930:146084767
1852:242101987
1571:250368253
1549:Phytotaxa
1481:Brittonia
1475:subgenus
1452:Trilliums
1323:Libraries
853:Libraries
726:elaiosome
679:limestone
550:Based on
470:trimerous
464:of three
446:perennial
370:Tennessee
201:Species:
120:Kingdom:
49:Tennessee
45:Nashville
2090:Trillium
2044:18401355
2039:Tropicos
1966:2.145281
1904:11324616
1891:542532-1
1774:Q3062186
1768:Wikidata
1543:Trillium
1521:Trillium
1509:20824379
1473:Trillium
1297:f.
1265:30 March
1233:30 March
1217:(n.d.).
1122:29 March
1104:Trillium
1077:29 March
1063:Trillium
979:30 March
925:(n.d.).
907:31 March
862:30 March
706:Trillium
667:made by
631:f.
620:f.
540:Sessilia
536:Trillium
524:cuneatum
508:Taxonomy
476:, three
366:Kentucky
288:Small
254:Synonyms
194:Trillium
179:Family:
173:Liliales
163:Monocots
77:IUCN 3.1
1948:MoBotPF
1865:2742247
1839:1083266
1501:2805646
775:8 April
689:Ecology
659:to the
657:endemic
498:sessile
494:stigmas
486:carpels
482:stamens
458:rhizome
396:complex
374:Alabama
345:in the
339:species
337:, is a
297:praecox
189:Genus:
169:Order:
124:Plantae
95: (
75: (
2013:PLANTS
1992:426255
1953:281992
1878:123634
1813:430769
1569:
1507:
1499:
1460:
1321:&
1311:(IPNI)
1299:luteum
1185:
1106:subg.
851:&
841:(IPNI)
633:luteum
622:luteum
478:petals
474:sepals
466:bracts
347:family
333:, and
317:, the
300:Nutt.
277:luteum
1979:82479
1917:43056
1899:IRMNG
1826:7D5SK
1797:APA:
1590:(PDF)
1567:S2CID
1505:S2CID
1497:JSTOR
490:ovary
462:whorl
444:is a
157:Clade
144:Clade
131:Clade
2026:POWO
2018:TRCU
1974:NCBI
1940:2729
1925:IUCN
1912:ITIS
1886:IPNI
1860:GBIF
1808:BOLD
1800:4518
1738:2022
1726:and
1712:2022
1699:Raf.
1679:2022
1653:2022
1606:2022
1585:Raf.
1532:2022
1458:ISBN
1405:2022
1376:2022
1334:2022
1267:2023
1254:Raf.
1235:2023
1183:ISBN
1124:2023
1079:2023
1031:2022
981:2023
943:2015
909:2023
890:Raf.
864:2023
832:Raf.
810:2022
777:2024
760:2020
714:ants
612:for
593:and
583:and
575:taxa
554:and
531:Raf.
404:and
295:var.
232:Raf.
2052:WFO
1847:FNA
1834:EoL
1821:CoL
1630:at
1557:doi
1553:552
1489:doi
764:doi
655:is
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602:Kew
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