128:
1522:(Wallenberg syndrome) is a clinical demonstration of the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve, summarizing how it processes sensory information. A stroke usually affects only one side of the body; loss of sensation due to a stroke will be lateralized to the right or the left side of the body. The only exceptions to this rule are certain spinal-cord lesions and the medullary syndromes, of which Wallenberg syndrome is the best-known example. In this syndrome, a stroke causes a loss of pain-temperature sensation from one side of the face and the other side of the body.
50:
1195:
1529:(which carries pain-temperature information from the opposite side of the body) is adjacent to the ascending spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve (which carries pain-temperature information from the same side of the face). A stroke which cuts off the blood supply to this area (for example, a clot in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery) destroys both tracts simultaneously. The result is a loss of pain-temperature (but not touch-position) sensation in a "checkerboard" pattern (ipsilateral face, contralateral body), facilitating diagnosis.
675:
1396:
1101:
1625:
1637:
1592:
1574:
659:
1583:
1613:
1649:
116:
1483:
directly to the brain at a deep level, without prior processing. Touch-position information is handled differently. Diffuse thalamic projections from the IL and other thalamic nuclei are responsible for a given level of consciousness, with the thalamus and reticular formation "activating" the brain; peripheral pain-temperature information also feeds directly into this system.
1013:
722:) carries sensory information from the lower lip, the lower teeth and gums, the chin and jaw (except the angle of the jaw, which is supplied by C2-C3), parts of the external ear and parts of the meninges. The mandibular nerve carries touch-position and pain-temperature sensations from the mouth. Although it does not carry taste sensation (the
754:, results in the complete loss of sensation from well-defined areas of the face and mouth. For example, teeth on one side of the jaw can be numbed by injecting the mandibular nerve. Occasionally, injury or disease processes may affect two (or all three) branches of the trigeminal nerve; in these cases, the involved branches may be termed:
937:(smell, sight, taste, hearing and balance) processed by different cranial nerves and sent to the cerebral cortex through different pathways. The perception of magnetic fields, electrical fields, low-frequency vibrations and infrared radiation by some nonhuman vertebrates is processed by their equivalent of the fifth cranial nerve.
883:), no matter how large, is unlikely to produce an observable deficit. Injury to a peripheral nerve can cause paralysis of muscles on one side of the jaw, with the jaw deviating towards the paralyzed side when it opens. This direction of the mandible is due to the action of the functioning pterygoids on the opposite side.
1160:
nuclei. The parts of the trigeminal nucleus receive different types of sensory information; the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives pain-temperature fibers, the principal sensory nucleus receives touch-position fibers and the mesencephalic nucleus receives proprioceptor and mechanoreceptor fibers from
1135:
All sensory fibers from these nerves terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. On entering the brainstem, sensory fibers from V, VII, IX and X are sorted and sent to the trigeminal nucleus (which contains a sensory map of the face and mouth). The spinal counterparts of the trigeminal nucleus (cells in the
1482:
The insular and cingulate cortices are parts of the brain which represent touch-position and pain-temperature in the context of other simultaneous perceptions (sight, smell, taste, hearing and balance) in the context of memory and emotional state. Peripheral pain-temperature information is channeled
1255:
of the brainstem. The latter pathways are analogous to the spinomesencephalic and spinoreticular tracts of the spinal cord, which send pain-temperature information from the rest of the body to the same areas. The mesencephalon modulates painful input before it reaches the level of consciousness. The
1074:
Pathways for touch-position and pain-temperature sensations from the face and body merge in the brainstem, and touch-position and pain-temperature sensory maps of the entire body are projected onto the thalamus. From the thalamus, touch-position and pain-temperature information is projected onto the
1377:
Activities such as biting, chewing and swallowing require symmetrical, simultaneous coordination of both sides of the body. They are automatic activities, requiring little conscious attention and involving a sensory component (feedback about touch-position) processed at the unconscious level in the
1445:
Information from all four maps in SI is sent to the secondary sensory cortex (SII) in the parietal lobe. SII contains two more sensory homunculi. Information from one side of the body is generally represented on the opposite side in SI, but on both sides in SII. Functional MRI imaging of a defined
1441:
surface of the cortex when they are actually represented on the convexity. The classic diagram implies a single primary sensory map of the body, when there are multiple primary maps. At least four separate, anatomically distinct sensory homunculi have been identified in the postcentral gyrus. They
1185:
The spinal trigeminal nucleus contains a pain-temperature sensory map of the face and mouth. From the spinal trigeminal nucleus, secondary fibers cross the midline and ascend in the trigeminothalamic (quintothalamic) tract to the contralateral thalamus. Pain-temperature fibers are sent to multiple
1177:
are carried in cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X. On entering the brainstem, sensory fibers are grouped and sent to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. This bundle of incoming fibers can be identified in cross-sections of the pons and medulla as the spinal tract of the trigeminal nucleus, which parallels
1091:
Although thresholds for touch-position perception are relatively easy to measure, those for pain-temperature perception are difficult to define and measure. "Touch" is an objective sensation, but "pain" is an individualized sensation which varies among different people and is conditioned by memory
1004:
Although sensory pathways are often depicted as chains of individual neurons connected in series, this is an oversimplification. Sensory information is processed and modified at each level in the chain by interneurons and input from other areas of the nervous system. For example, cells in the main
897:
The two basic types of sensation are touch-position and pain-temperature. Touch-position input comes to attention immediately, but pain-temperature input reaches the level of consciousness after a delay; when a person steps on a pin, the awareness of stepping on something is immediate but the pain
1386:
Sensation has been defined as the conscious perception of touch-position and pain-temperature information. With the exception of smell, all sensory input (touch-position, pain-temperature, sight, taste, hearing and balance) is sent to the thalamus and then the cortex. The thalamus is anatomically
1211:
Within the spinal trigeminal nucleus, information is represented in a layered, or "onion-skin" fashion. The lowest levels of the nucleus (in the upper cervical cord and lower medulla) represent peripheral areas of the face (the scalp, ears and chin). Higher levels (in the upper medulla) represent
1373:
is an example; tapping the jaw elicits a reflex closure of the jaw in the same way that tapping the knee elicits a reflex kick of the lower leg. Other incoming fibers from the teeth and jaws go to the main nucleus of V. This information is projected bilaterally to the thalamus and available for
1207:
fashion. Information from the lower extremities is represented in the lumbar cord, and that from the upper extremities in the thoracic cord. Information from the neck and the back of the head is represented in the cervical cord, and that from the face and mouth in the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
1147:
The trigeminal nucleus extends throughout the brainstem, from the midbrain to the medulla, continuing into the cervical cord (where it merges with the dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord). The nucleus is divided into three parts, visible in microscopic sections of the brainstem. From caudal to
733:
The peripheral processes of mesencephalic nucleus of V neurons run in the motor root of the trigeminal nerve and terminate in the muscle spindles in the muscles of mastication. They are proprioceptive fibers, conveying information regarding the location of the masticatory muscles. The central
944:(the difference between touching one point and two closely spaced points) or the difference between coarse, medium or fine sandpaper. People without touch-position perception can feel the surface of their bodies and perceive touch in a broad sense, but they lack perceptual detail.
1202:
Exactly how pain-temperature fibers from the face are distributed to the spinal trigeminal nucleus is disputed. The present general understanding is that pain-temperature information from all areas of the human body is represented in the spinal cord and brainstem in an ascending,
1280:
represents touch-pressure sensation from the face. It is located in the pons, near the entrance for the fifth nerve. Fibers carrying touch-position information from the face and mouth via cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X are sent to this nucleus when they enter the brainstem.
962:
Touch-position and pain-temperature sensations are processed by different pathways in the central nervous system. This hard-wired distinction is maintained up to the cerebral cortex. Within the cerebral cortex, sensations are linked with other cortical areas.
1215:
The onion skin distribution differs from the dermatome distribution of the peripheral branches of the fifth nerve. Lesions which destroy lower areas of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (but spare higher areas) preserve pain-temperature sensation in the nose
983:
1240:). Although analgesia in this distribution is "nonphysiologic" in the traditional sense (because it crosses several dermatomes), this analgesia is found in humans after surgical sectioning of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nucleus.
1454:
Pain-temperature information is sent to the VPL (body) and VPM (face) of the thalamus (the same nuclei which receive touch-position information). From the thalamus, pain-temperature and touch-position information is projected onto SI.
1087:
older, more primitive sensory system. The detailed information received from peripheral touch-position receptors is superimposed on a background of awareness, memory and emotions partially set by peripheral pain-temperature receptors.
702:) carries sensory information from the scalp and forehead, the upper eyelid, the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, the nose (including the tip of the nose, except alae nasi), the nasal mucosa, the frontal sinuses and parts of the
901:
Touch-position information is generally carried by myelinated (fast-conducting) nerve fibers, and pain-temperature information by unmyelinated (slow-conducting) fibers. The primary sensory receptors for touch-position
1458:
Unlike touch-position information, however, pain-temperature information is also sent to other thalamic nuclei and projected onto additional areas of the cerebral cortex. Some pain-temperature fibers are sent to the
951:. Proprioceptors (muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs) provide information about joint position and muscle movement. Although much of this information is processed at an unconscious level (primarily by the
1442:
represent combinations of input from surface and deep receptors and rapidly and slowly adapting peripheral receptors; smooth objects will activate certain cells, and rough objects will activate other cells.
746:) of the three sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve have sharp borders with relatively little overlap (unlike dermatomes in the rest of the body, which have considerable overlap). The injection of a
1369:
fibers from the jaw and mechanoreceptor fibers from the teeth. Some of these incoming fibers go to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (V), bypassing the pathways for conscious perception. The
1346:) embedded in the brainstem and the sole exception to the rule that sensory information passes through peripheral sensory ganglia before entering the central nervous system. It has been found in all
1083:
The complex processing of pain-temperature information in the thalamus and cerebral cortex (as opposed to the relatively simple, straightforward processing of touch-position information) reflects a
1284:
The principal nucleus contains a touch-position sensory map of the face and mouth, just as the spinal trigeminal nucleus contains a complete pain-temperature map. This nucleus is analogous to the
611:
Motor fibers pass through the trigeminal ganglion without synapsing on their way to peripheral muscles, their cell bodies being located in the nucleus of the fifth nerve, deep within the pons.
1092:
and emotion. Anatomical differences between the pathways for touch-position perception and pain-temperature sensation help explain why pain, especially chronic pain, is difficult to manage.
1426:. Adjacent areas of the body are represented by adjacent areas in the cortex. When body parts are drawn in proportion to the density of their innervation, the result is a "little man": the
718:
and upper lip, the upper teeth and gums, the nasal mucosa, the palate and roof of the pharynx, the maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses and parts of the meninges. The mandibular nerve (V
1358:. They are the only vertebrates without jaws and have specific cells in their brainstems. These "internal ganglion" cells were discovered in the late 19th century by medical student
971:
Sensory pathways from the periphery to the cortex are separate for touch-position and pain-temperature sensations. All sensory information is sent to specific nuclei in the
993:(cross the spinal cord or brainstem), because the spinal cord develops in segments. Decussated fibers later reach and connect these segments with the higher centers. The
1112:. In classical anatomy most sensory information from the face is carried by the fifth nerve, but sensation from parts of the mouth, parts of the ear and parts of the
282:
997:
is the primary cause of decussation; nasal fibers of the optic nerve cross (so each cerebral hemisphere receives contralateral—opposite—vision) to keep the
3001:
2996:
2925:
2780:
2760:
820:(GSA), which innervate the skin of the face via ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions. The trigeminal nerve also carries
1001:
connections responsible for processing information short. All sensory and motor pathways converge and diverge to the contralateral hemisphere.
435:
2765:
2366:
1277:
1153:
258:
2943:
2770:
606:. Immediately adjacent to the sensory root, a smaller motor root emerges from the pons slightly rostrally and medially to the sensory root.
2717:
2712:
1059:(both the anterior and posterior trigeminothalamic tracts). Pain-temperature information from the body is carried to the thalamus by the
3132:
2775:
2585:
836:
The motor component of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve controls the movement of eight muscles, including the four
2376:
2115:
1331:
1157:
1322:. Touch-position information from the teeth and jaws of one side of the face is represented bilaterally in the thalamus and cortex.
3359:
2991:
2304:
2142:
1315:
1186:
thalamic nuclei. The central processing of pain-temperature information differs from the processing of touch-position information.
1204:
875:
With the exception of the tensor tympani, all these muscles are involved in biting, chewing and swallowing and all have bilateral
933:
Sensation in this context refers to the conscious perception of touch-position and pain-temperature information, rather than the
132:
2575:
547:). The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory, whereas the mandibular nerve supplies motor as well as sensory (or "
1256:
reticular formation is responsible for the automatic (unconscious) orientation of the body to painful stimuli. Incidentally,
3097:
2570:
1803:
3520:
1212:
central areas (nose, cheeks and lips). The highest levels (in the pons) represent the mouth, teeth and pharyngeal cavity.
2590:
2313:
2299:
1612:
428:
3314:
2948:
2580:
2558:
93:
71:
1540:(also known as sensory ganglionopathy) is a type of peripheral neuropathy in which sensory nerve cell bodies in the
64:
3495:
3324:
3218:
3065:
2896:
2891:
2847:
2842:
2553:
1300:
1068:
289:
1446:
stimulus (for example, stroking the skin with a toothbrush) "lights up" a single focus in SI and two foci in SII.
2873:
2868:
1117:
817:
17:
1009:
and cerebellar cortex. This information contributes to the final output of the cells in Main V to the thalamus.
3319:
3125:
3070:
2981:
1460:
1404:
1029:
1025:
1017:
655:
ganglia of the spinal cord, which contain the cell bodies of incoming sensory fibers from the rest of the body.
3386:
3022:
2986:
1408:
1137:
1037:
651:
and containing the cell bodies of incoming sensory-nerve fibers. The trigeminal ganglion is analogous to the
421:
277:
3525:
3505:
2289:
2135:
1835:"Transient receptor potential channels encode volatile chemicals sensed by rat trigeminal ganglion neurons"
1709:
1021:
2801:
1648:
1624:
1548:
of the trigeminal nerve, are damaged due to a variety of mechanisms leading to sensory symptoms such as
3500:
2245:
2206:
1519:
1514:
1894:"The sensory cortical representation of the human penis: revisiting somatotopy in the male homunculus"
3485:
3201:
3118:
2920:
2618:
2543:
2371:
1170:
1149:
1045:
903:
821:
567:
1723:
246:
3297:
3206:
3058:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2498:
2381:
1680:
941:
940:
Touch in this context refers to the perception of detailed, localized tactile information, such as
915:
853:
687:
552:
229:
58:
1636:
810:
190:
127:
3515:
3490:
3448:
3391:
2632:
2128:
1423:
1319:
1041:
849:
408:
367:
205:
1467:. Other fibers are sent to the ventromedial (VM) nucleus of the thalamus, which projects to the
1108:
All sensory information from the face, both touch-position and pain-temperature, is sent to the
3441:
3424:
3382:
3376:
3302:
3273:
2690:
2520:
2505:
2493:
1668:
1335:
1125:
837:
794:
777:
Nerves on the left side of the jaw slightly outnumber the nerves on the right side of the jaw.
582:
373:
265:
253:
174:
75:
1438:
3284:
2961:
2748:
1675:
1173:
represents pain-temperature sensation from the face. Pain-temperature fibers from peripheral
923:
907:
695:
683:
3401:
3351:
3265:
3211:
3196:
3168:
2956:
2678:
2608:
2533:
1846:
1537:
1492:
1472:
1314:
Some sensory information from the teeth and jaws is sent from the principal nucleus to the
1178:
the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The spinal tract of V is analogous to, and continuous with,
1064:
1056:
1033:
892:
857:
802:
578:
182:
930:) are structurally more complex than those for pain-temperature, which are nerve endings.
8:
3191:
3089:
2473:
2391:
1545:
1541:
1526:
1476:
1427:
1343:
1252:
1179:
1060:
1006:
927:
911:
743:
682:
The ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches leave the skull through three separate
662:
644:
457:
120:
Schematic illustration of the trigeminal nerve and the organs (or structures) it supplies
1850:
1296:
nuclei) of the spinal cord, which contain a touch-position map of the rest of the body.
3510:
3309:
3173:
2548:
2468:
2284:
1920:
1893:
1869:
1834:
1771:
1746:
1560:
in the affected nerve distribution including the distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
1109:
1311:, which carries touch-position information from the rest of the body to the thalamus.
581:. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the
3183:
3080:
2666:
2661:
2644:
2334:
2080:
1960:
1925:
1874:
1819:
1799:
1776:
1412:
956:
391:
38:
2106:
2102:
3396:
3340:
3223:
3150:
3053:
3027:
3017:
2806:
2796:
2673:
2613:
2432:
2411:
2401:
2308:
2272:
1952:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1864:
1854:
1766:
1758:
1497:
1464:
1308:
1265:
1052:
876:
865:
861:
806:
747:
691:
648:
636:
620:
540:
524:
337:
186:
161:
153:
1833:
Lübbert M, Kyereme J, Schöbel N, Beltrán L, Wetzel CH, Hatt H (October 21, 2013).
3453:
3292:
3254:
3041:
2743:
2649:
2406:
2325:
2221:
2194:
1943:
Amato, Anthony A.; Ropper, Allan H. (22 October 2020). "Sensory
Ganglionopathy".
1859:
1525:
This is explained by the anatomy of the brainstem. In the medulla, the ascending
1434:
1370:
1299:
From the principal nucleus, secondary fibers cross the midline and ascend in the
1293:
1289:
976:
845:
841:
628:
532:
488:
385:
343:
325:
234:
157:
1422:
The representation of sensory information in the postcentral gyrus is organized
3235:
2738:
2656:
2565:
2510:
2423:
2216:
2160:
2152:
1685:
1468:
1407:(VPL) of the thalamus. Touch-position information from the face is sent to the
1366:
948:
934:
919:
869:
828:, which innervate the muscles of mastication via the mandibular (V3) division.
798:
786:
723:
556:
508:
500:
403:
355:
319:
309:
178:
979:. Each pathway consists of three bundles of nerve fibers connected in series:
3479:
3436:
3429:
3160:
2860:
2831:
2753:
2730:
2701:
2515:
2172:
2090:
1416:
1411:(VPM) of the thalamus. From the VPL and VPM, information is projected to the
1359:
1285:
1248:
1141:
1104:
Brainstem nuclei: Red = Motor; Blue = Sensory; Dark blue = Trigeminal nucleus
1084:
727:
476:
270:
3458:
3408:
2485:
2452:
2255:
1964:
1929:
1878:
1780:
1689:
1557:
1549:
1365:
Two types of sensory fibers have cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus:
1121:
1051:
Touch-position information from the body is carried to the thalamus by the
994:
647:(also called the semilunar ganglion or gasserian ganglion), located within
519: 'twin') derives from each of the two nerves (one on each side of the
449:
361:
31:
2087:
may be the mechanism through which "homing pigeons" detect magnetic fields
1956:
1892:
Kell CA, von
Kriegstein K, Rösler A, Kleinschmidt A, Laufs H (June 2005).
1144:
nuclei of the spinal cord) contain a sensory map of the rest of the body.
30:
Not to be confused with other nerves that innervate the face, such as the
2820:
2260:
2233:
1762:
1553:
1347:
1194:
1174:
1129:
998:
790:
652:
379:
331:
136:
2095:
1243:
The spinal trigeminal nucleus sends pain-temperature information to the
1005:
trigeminal nucleus (Main V in the diagram below) receive input from the
3110:
982:
952:
707:
598:
From the trigeminal ganglion, a single, large sensory root enters the
241:
1264:
family stimulate receptors found in trigeminal ganglia, bypassing the
1012:
975:. Thalamic nuclei, in turn, send information to specific areas in the
295:
2120:
1395:
1355:
1100:
990:
751:
734:
processes of mesencephalic V neurons synapse in the motor nucleus V.
599:
548:
1891:
785:
The sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is to provide tactile,
1502:
1351:
1339:
1304:
1244:
1148:
rostral (ascending from the medulla to the midbrain), they are the
1113:
972:
714:) carries sensory information from the lower eyelid and cheek, the
703:
674:
27:
Cranial nerve responsible for the face's senses and motor functions
1591:
1582:
793:
afference to the face and mouth. Its motor function activates the
2973:
2110:
1573:
1479:. The IL projects diffusely to all parts of the cerebral cortex.
496:
115:
2093:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
2935:
1257:
880:
571:
492:
1261:
879:
representation. A unilateral central lesion (for example, a
715:
560:
551:") functions. Adding to the complexity of this nerve is that
480:
217:
201:
2063:
1832:
1228:) and remove pain-temperature sensation from the forehead (V
566:
The motor division of the trigeminal nerve derives from the
2883:
1307:. The ventral trigeminothalamic tract runs parallel to the
825:
603:
574:
520:
484:
197:
658:
1403:
Touch-position information from the body is sent to the
1437:-Rasmussen diagram , with the toes and genitals on the
2083:
An experiment indicating that the trigeminal nerve in
1381:
2027:
1994:
Neurological
Anatomy in Relation to Clinical Medicine
619:
The three major branches of the trigeminal nerve—the
1063:, and from the face by the anterior division of the
767:– Referring to the maxillary and mandibular branches
761:– Referring to the ophthalmic and maxillary branches
1751:
Journal of
Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry
726:is responsible for taste), one of its branches—the
1798:(12th ed.). Elsevier Australia. p. 478.
2064:Wilson-Pauwels L, Akesson EJ, Stewart PA (1998).
959:nuclei), some is available at a conscious level.
37:"Trigeminal" redirects here. For the artery, see
3477:
1016:C = Cervical segment, S = Sacral segment, VPL =
1744:
1198:Onion-skin distribution of the trigeminal nerve
947:Position, in this context, refers to conscious
2009:
678:Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve
3126:
2136:
2066:Cranial Nerves: Anatomy and Clinical Comments
1618:Diagram of facial sensory nerves (front view)
1508:
1449:
1260:-containing compounds found in plants in the
1189:
577:, and the sensory division originates in the
429:
1747:"Imaging evaluation of trigeminal neuralgia"
1721:
1600:Distribution schemes of the trigeminal nerve
1433:Many textbooks have reproduced the outdated
1164:
2057:Adam's and Victor's Principles of Neurology
2054:
2028:Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000).
1942:
1885:
1738:
1390:
3133:
3119:
2143:
2129:
1982:
1793:
710:and blood vessels). The maxillary nerve (V
436:
422:
1936:
1919:
1909:
1868:
1858:
1770:
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
3140:
1996:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1486:
1394:
1325:
1193:
1099:
1011:
673:
657:
57:This article includes a list of general
1532:
1471:. Finally, some fibers are sent to the
698:, respectively. The ophthalmic nerve (V
14:
3478:
2150:
2045:
2036:
2018:
2000:
1991:
989:The secondary neurons in each pathway
614:
3114:
2124:
2014:(8th ed.). Williams and Wilkins.
1463:(MD), which projects to the anterior
742:The areas of cutaneous distribution (
1563:
1271:
1095:
730:—carries sensation from the tongue.
665:distribution of the trigeminal nerve
43:
2048:Neurological Differential Diagnosis
1985:Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases
1787:
1654:Cerebrum (deep inferior dissection)
1382:Pathways to the thalamus and cortex
966:
669:
523:) having three major branches: the
24:
981:
63:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3537:
2074:
1722:Pazhaniappan N (15 August 2020).
856:. The other four muscles are the
773:– Referring to all three branches
3219:sensory root of ciliary ganglion
2103:Trigeminal nerve anatomy, part 1
1821:Cunningham's Textbook of Anatomy
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1069:anterior trigeminothalamic tract
499:; it is the most complex of the
290:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
126:
114:
48:
1945:New England Journal of Medicine
1301:ventral trigeminothalamic tract
1118:general somatic afferent fibers
898:associated with it is delayed.
818:general somatic afferent fibers
811:anterior belly of the digastric
191:anterior belly of the digastric
2081:Pigeons Detect Magnetic Fields
2010:Carpenter MB, Sutin J (1983).
1911:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0712-05.2005
1826:
1812:
1794:Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011).
1745:Kontzialis M, Kocak M (2017).
1715:
1703:
1461:medial dorsal thalamic nucleus
1405:ventral posterolateral nucleus
1030:Medial dorsal thalamic nucleus
1026:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1018:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
139:, with cranial nerves labelled
13:
1:
3023:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1724:"The Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)"
1696:
1475:(IL) of the thalamus via the
1409:ventral posteromedial nucleus
1247:and sends information to the
1038:Ventral posteromedial nucleus
816:The trigeminal nerve carries
737:
2059:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2055:Ropper AH, Brown RH (2001).
2041:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2032:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2030:Principles of Neural Science
1860:10.1371/journal.pone.0077998
1710:American Heritage Dictionary
1413:primary somatosensory cortex
1022:Primary somatosensory cortex
886:
864:, the anterior belly of the
588:
7:
3521:Nerves of the head and neck
3315:posterior superior alveolar
2802:Inferior salivatory nucleus
2039:Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas
1898:The Journal of Neuroscience
1662:
1120:in cranial nerves VII (the
1055:, and from the face by the
780:
563:) are contained within it.
10:
3542:
3325:anterior superior alveolar
2246:lateral geniculate nucleus
2207:anterior olfactory nucleus
2021:The Neurologic Examination
2005:. Oxford University Press.
2003:The Central Nervous System
1975:
1666:
1630:Trigeminal nerve in yellow
1520:Lateral medullary syndrome
1515:Lateral medullary syndrome
1512:
1509:Lateral medullary syndrome
1450:Pain-temperature sensation
1190:Somatotopic representation
1078:
890:
831:
515: 'three' and
463:nerve), also known as the
36:
29:
3417:
3377:to muscles of mastication
3368:
3349:
3339:
3282:
3263:
3253:
3234:
3182:
3159:
3149:
3079:
3040:
3010:
2972:
2934:
2926:Superior cervical cardiac
2882:
2858:
2829:
2819:
2789:
2728:
2699:
2689:
2631:
2619:Superior salivary nucleus
2601:
2531:
2482:
2461:
2451:
2422:
2372:spinal trigeminal nucleus
2353:
2324:
2271:
2232:
2193:
2159:
2050:(2nd ed.). Springer.
1676:List of mnemonics#Anatomy
1544:, commonly including the
1171:spinal trigeminal nucleus
1165:Spinal trigeminal nucleus
1046:Spinal trigeminal nucleus
822:special visceral efferent
593:
288:
276:
264:
252:
240:
228:
216:
211:
167:
149:
144:
125:
113:
108:
3320:middle superior alveolar
3059:spinal accessory nucleus
2499:pterygopalatine ganglion
2290:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
1681:Trigeminovascular system
1391:Touch-position sensation
1387:subdivided into nuclei.
942:two-point discrimination
688:superior orbital fissure
3496:Innervation of the face
3387:to tensor veli palatini
2441:no significant branches
2343:no significant branches
2183:no significant branches
2023:(3rd ed.). Hoeber.
1378:mesencephalic nucleus.
1320:dorsal trigeminal tract
1318:thalamus via the small
1042:Main trigeminal nucleus
206:temporomandibular joint
78:more precise citations.
3442:submandibular ganglion
2761:Stylopharyngeal branch
2521:submandibular ganglion
2506:Nerve to the stapedius
1757:(3 Suppl 1): S62–S68.
1669:anatomical terminology
1400:
1374:conscious perception.
1199:
1126:glossopharyngeal nerve
1105:
1048:
986:
838:muscles of mastication
795:muscles of mastication
679:
666:
583:central nervous system
553:autonomic nerve fibers
175:Muscles of mastication
3285:pterygopalatine fossa
1987:. Sinauer Associates.
1983:Blumenfeld H (2002).
1957:10.1056/NEJMra2023935
1487:Clinical significance
1398:
1332:mesencephalic nucleus
1326:Mesencephalic nucleus
1303:to the contralateral
1197:
1103:
1015:
985:
924:muscle spindle organs
904:Meissner's corpuscles
677:
661:
3352:middle cranial fossa
3266:middle cranial fossa
2609:Facial motor nucleus
2305:parasympathetic root
2116:Trigeminal neuralgia
1763:10.17096/jiufd.27242
1538:Sensory neuronopathy
1533:Sensory neuronopathy
1493:Trigeminal neuralgia
1473:intralaminar nucleus
1182:in the spinal cord.
1161:the jaws and teeth.
1065:trigeminal lemniscus
1057:trigeminal lemniscus
1034:Intralaminar nucleus
916:Ruffini's corpuscles
893:Somatosensory system
858:tensor veli palatini
803:tensor veli palatini
602:at the level of the
579:cranial neural crest
183:tensor veli palatini
3526:Human head and neck
3506:Otorhinolaryngology
3202:posterior ethmoidal
2921:Recurrent laryngeal
2766:Pharyngeal branches
2544:Posterior auricular
2392:trigeminal ganglion
1851:2013PLoSO...877998L
1642:Trigeminal ganglion
1546:trigeminal ganglion
1542:dorsal root ganglia
1527:spinothalamic tract
1477:reticular formation
1428:cortical homunculus
1399:Cortical homunculus
1344:trigeminal ganglion
1253:reticular formation
1061:spinothalamic tract
1007:reticular formation
928:Golgi tendon organs
912:Pacinian corpuscles
645:trigeminal ganglion
615:Trigeminal ganglion
555:as well as special
465:fifth cranial nerve
3418:posterior division
3298:zygomaticotemporal
3207:anterior ethmoidal
2904:Superior laryngeal
2771:Tonsillar branches
2469:Intermediate nerve
2285:oculomotor nucleus
2037:Martin JH (2003).
2019:DeJong RN (1970).
2012:Human Neuroanatomy
1667:This article uses
1401:
1338:; it is a sensory
1200:
1110:trigeminal nucleus
1106:
1049:
987:
908:Merkel's receptors
854:lateral pterygoids
771:V1-V3 distribution
765:V2/V3 distribution
759:V1/V2 distribution
680:
667:
643:)—converge on the
3501:Medical mnemonics
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3449:inferior alveolar
3392:lateral pterygoid
3369:anterior division
3335:
3334:
3249:
3248:
3108:
3107:
3036:
3035:
3002:Posterior gastric
2897:pharyngeal plexus
2892:Pharyngeal branch
2815:
2814:
2679:Scarpa's ganglion
2667:lateral lemniscus
2662:striae medullares
2645:vestibular nuclei
2633:Vestibulocochlear
2627:
2626:
2046:Patten J (1996).
2001:Brodal P (2004).
1992:Brodal A (1981).
1951:(17): 1657–1662.
1904:(25): 5984–5987.
1805:978-0-7295-3752-0
1564:Additional images
1278:principal nucleus
1272:Principal nucleus
1205:caudal-to-rostral
1154:principal sensory
1150:spinal trigeminal
1096:Trigeminal nuclei
1075:cerebral cortex.
1067:(also called the
446:
445:
368:Vestibulocochlear
304:
303:
299:
223:nervus trigeminus
104:
103:
96:
39:Trigeminal artery
16:(Redirected from
3533:
3486:Trigeminal nerve
3425:auriculotemporal
3383:medial pterygoid
3347:
3346:
3303:zygomaticofacial
3274:middle meningeal
3261:
3260:
3224:ciliary ganglion
3157:
3156:
3143:trigeminal nerve
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3054:nucleus ambiguus
3028:Solitary nucleus
3018:Nucleus ambiguus
2997:Anterior gastric
2944:Inferior cardiac
2874:Auricular branch
2869:Meningeal branch
2827:
2826:
2807:Solitary nucleus
2797:Nucleus ambiguus
2776:Lingual branches
2697:
2696:
2691:Glossopharyngeal
2614:Solitary nucleus
2494:Greater petrosal
2459:
2458:
2309:ciliary ganglion
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1969:
1968:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1726:. TeachMeAnatomy
1719:
1713:
1707:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1498:Cluster headache
1465:cingulate cortex
1309:medial lemniscus
1266:olfactory system
1180:Lissauer's tract
1085:phylogenetically
1053:medial lemniscus
967:Sensory pathways
748:local anesthetic
692:foramen rotundum
670:Sensory branches
637:mandibular nerve
621:ophthalmic nerve
541:mandibular nerve
525:ophthalmic nerve
479:responsible for
454:trigeminal nerve
438:
431:
424:
374:Glossopharyngeal
306:
305:
296:edit on Wikidata
293:
162:Mandibular nerve
154:Ophthalmic nerve
130:
118:
109:Trigeminal nerve
106:
105:
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
74:this article by
65:inline citations
52:
51:
44:
21:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3413:
3364:
3331:
3278:
3245:
3230:
3178:
3145:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3075:
3032:
3006:
2968:
2930:
2878:
2854:
2811:
2785:
2749:lesser petrosal
2744:tympanic plexus
2724:
2685:
2650:cochlear nuclei
2623:
2597:
2535:
2527:
2484:
2478:
2447:
2418:
2349:
2320:
2267:
2228:
2222:olfactory tract
2189:
2155:
2149:
2077:
2072:
2068:. B. C. Decker.
1978:
1973:
1972:
1941:
1937:
1890:
1886:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1788:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1535:
1517:
1511:
1489:
1452:
1424:somatotopically
1393:
1384:
1371:jaw jerk reflex
1328:
1274:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:), upper lip (V
1219:
1192:
1167:
1098:
1081:
977:cerebral cortex
969:
895:
889:
846:temporal muscle
834:
783:
740:
721:
713:
701:
672:
642:
634:
629:maxillary nerve
626:
617:
596:
591:
546:
538:
533:maxillary nerve
530:
489:motor functions
469:cranial nerve V
442:
413:
300:
193:
160:
158:Maxillary nerve
156:
140:
121:
100:
89:
83:
80:
70:Please help to
69:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Trifacial nerve
15:
12:
11:
5:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Nervous system
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Cranial nerves
3488:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:external nasal
3204:
3199:
3197:infratrochlear
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3169:supratrochlear
3165:
3163:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2657:Cochlear nerve
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2566:Parotid plexus
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2511:Chorda tympani
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2217:olfactory bulb
2211:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2153:cranial nerves
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2075:External links
2073:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1935:
1884:
1845:(10): e77998.
1825:
1811:
1804:
1796:Last's Anatomy
1786:
1737:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1686:Alveolar nerve
1683:
1678:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1534:
1531:
1513:Main article:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1469:insular cortex
1451:
1448:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1334:is not a true
1327:
1324:
1273:
1270:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:) and mouth (V
1221:
1217:
1191:
1188:
1166:
1163:
1116:is carried by
1097:
1094:
1080:
1077:
968:
965:
949:proprioception
935:special senses
920:hair receptors
891:Main article:
888:
885:
870:tensor tympani
833:
830:
799:tensor tympani
787:proprioceptive
782:
779:
775:
774:
768:
762:
739:
736:
724:chorda tympani
719:
711:
699:
671:
668:
640:
632:
624:
616:
613:
595:
592:
590:
587:
557:sensory fibers
544:
536:
528:
501:cranial nerves
444:
443:
441:
440:
433:
426:
418:
415:
414:
412:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
313:
312:
310:Cranial nerves
302:
301:
292:
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
209:
208:
179:tensor tympani
169:
165:
164:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
131:
123:
122:
119:
111:
110:
102:
101:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3538:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:otic ganglion
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:deep temporal
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:Vagal trunks
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2861:jugular fossa
2857:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:jugular fossa
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2781:Carotid sinus
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:otic ganglion
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2731:jugular fossa
2727:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2702:jugular fossa
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:lingual nerve
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:septal nuclei
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:cranialnerves
2089:
2086:
2085:Columba livia
2082:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:Excerpt from
1815:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1417:parietal lobe
1414:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:proprioceptor
1363:
1361:
1360:Sigmund Freud
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:dorsal column
1282:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1249:mesencephalon
1246:
1241:
1236:) and chin (V
1213:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1158:mesencephalic
1155:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1142:dorsal column
1139:
1133:
1131:
1128:) and X (the
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:, Spinal V =
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1002:
1000:
999:interneuronal
996:
992:
984:
980:
978:
974:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
894:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
778:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
745:
735:
731:
729:
728:lingual nerve
725:
717:
709:
705:
697:
696:foramen ovale
693:
689:
685:
676:
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
649:Meckel's cave
646:
638:
630:
622:
612:
609:
608:
605:
601:
586:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
534:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:cranial nerve
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
439:
434:
432:
427:
425:
420:
419:
417:
416:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
387:
383:
381:
377:
375:
371:
369:
365:
363:
359:
357:
353:
351:
347:
345:
341:
339:
335:
333:
329:
327:
323:
321:
317:
316:
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:
297:
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
138:
134:
133:Inferior view
129:
124:
117:
112:
107:
98:
95:
87:
77:
73:
67:
66:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3375:
3310:infraorbital
3192:long ciliary
3174:supraorbital
3142:
2534:stylomastoid
2486:facial canal
2440:
2354:
2342:
2256:optic chiasm
2182:
2094:
2084:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1717:
1705:
1690:Dental nerve
1558:hyperalgesia
1554:dysesthesias
1550:parasthesias
1536:
1524:
1518:
1481:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1432:
1421:
1415:(SI) in the
1402:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1329:
1313:
1298:
1288:nuclei (the
1283:
1275:
1242:
1232:), cheeks (V
1214:
1210:
1201:
1184:
1168:
1146:
1134:
1122:facial nerve
1107:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1050:
1003:
995:optic chiasm
988:
970:
961:
946:
939:
932:
900:
896:
874:
835:
815:
784:
776:
770:
764:
758:
741:
732:
681:
618:
610:
607:
597:
565:
516:
512:
504:
503:. Its name (
472:
471:, or simply
468:
464:
460:
453:
450:neuroanatomy
447:
349:
259:A14.2.01.012
222:
194:
171:
90:
84:October 2014
81:
62:
32:facial nerve
3184:nasociliary
3081:Hypoglossal
2462:Near origin
2261:optic tract
1348:vertebrates
1316:ipsilateral
1175:nociceptors
1138:dorsal horn
1130:vagus nerve
1124:), IX (the
1040:, Main V =
791:nociceptive
653:dorsal root
568:basal plate
539:), and the
507:, from
392:Hypoglossal
212:Identifiers
137:human brain
76:introducing
3480:Categories
3397:masseteric
3341:mandibular
3151:ophthalmic
2674:Vestibular
2586:mandibular
2559:stylohyoid
2549:Suprahyoid
2474:Geniculate
2412:mandibular
2402:ophthalmic
2355:Trigeminal
2273:Oculomotor
1697:References
1342:(like the
957:vestibular
953:cerebellum
848:, and the
750:, such as
744:dermatomes
738:Dermatomes
635:) and the
505:trigeminal
366:CN VIII –
350:Trigeminal
338:Oculomotor
242:NeuroNames
168:Innervates
59:references
3511:Neurology
3454:mylohyoid
3360:meningeal
3293:zygomatic
3255:maxillary
3094:Branches
3042:Accessory
2962:posterior
2949:Pulmonary
2635:(CN VIII)
2576:zygomatic
2554:digastric
2437:Branches
2407:maxillary
2398:Branches
2339:Branches
2326:Trochlear
2296:Branches
2195:Olfactory
1356:hagfishes
991:decussate
887:Sensation
866:digastric
862:mylohyoid
807:mylohyoid
752:lidocaine
663:Dermatome
600:brainstem
589:Structure
572:embryonic
549:cutaneous
481:sensation
390:CN XII –
386:Accessory
360:CN VII –
344:Trochlear
336:CN III –
326:Olfactory
187:mylohyoid
3236:lacrimal
3083:(CN XII)
2957:anterior
2914:internal
2909:external
2848:inferior
2843:superior
2839:Ganglia
2739:Tympanic
2718:inferior
2713:superior
2709:Ganglia
2591:cervical
2571:temporal
2455:(CN VII)
2424:Abducens
2314:inferior
2300:superior
2275:(CN III)
2161:Terminal
1965:33085862
1930:15976087
1879:24205061
1839:PLOS ONE
1781:29354310
1663:See also
1503:Migraine
1435:Penfield
1352:lampreys
1340:ganglion
1305:thalamus
1251:and the
1245:thalamus
1156:and the
1114:meninges
1036:, VPM =
973:thalamus
955:and the
877:cortical
868:and the
842:masseter
809:and the
781:Function
704:meninges
694:and the
684:foramina
517:-geminus
491:such as
404:Overview
384:CN XI –
372:CN IX –
356:Abducens
354:CN VI –
342:CN IV –
330:CN II –
320:Terminal
195:Sensory:
3437:lingual
3161:frontal
3098:lingual
3090:Nucleus
3066:Cranial
3050:Nuclei
3044:(CN XI)
2992:Hepatic
2974:Abdomen
2830:Before
2700:Before
2693:(CN IX)
2641:Nuclei
2536:foramen
2433:Nucleus
2426:(CN VI)
2388:Course
2363:Nuclei
2335:Nucleus
2328:(CN IV)
2281:Nuclei
2252:Course
2242:Nuclei
2236:(CN II)
2213:Course
2203:Nuclei
2179:Course
2169:Nuclei
2111:YouTube
1976:Sources
1921:6724806
1870:3804614
1847:Bibcode
1772:5750829
1730:5 April
1712:, 1969.
1350:except
1336:nucleus
1294:cuneate
1290:gracile
1079:Summary
1032:, IL =
1028:, MD =
1024:, VM =
1020:, SI =
832:Muscles
627:), the
570:of the
531:), the
497:chewing
483:in the
475:, is a
461:triplet
378:CN X –
348:CN V –
324:CN I –
318:CN 0 –
235:D014276
145:Details
135:of the
72:improve
3459:mental
3409:buccal
3071:Spinal
3011:Nuclei
2982:Celiac
2936:Thorax
2859:After
2823:(CN X)
2790:Nuclei
2729:After
2602:Nuclei
2581:buccal
2483:Inside
2453:Facial
2357:(CN V)
2197:(CN I)
2163:(CN 0)
2107:part 2
1963:
1928:
1918:
1877:
1867:
1802:
1779:
1769:
1439:mesial
1258:Sulfur
1152:, the
881:stroke
860:, the
850:medial
844:, the
840:: the
824:(SVE)
797:, the
789:, and
690:, the
686:: the
594:Origin
493:biting
452:, the
362:Facial
172:Motor:
61:, but
2987:Renal
2821:Vagus
2234:Optic
1556:, or
1262:onion
826:axons
716:nares
706:(the
561:taste
511:
509:Latin
409:Table
380:Vagus
332:Optic
294:[
283:50866
218:Latin
202:mouth
3343:(V3)
3257:(V2)
3153:(V1)
3141:The
2884:Neck
2151:The
2105:and
1961:PMID
1926:PMID
1875:PMID
1800:ISBN
1777:PMID
1732:2021
1354:and
1330:The
1292:and
1276:The
1169:The
1140:and
926:and
852:and
708:dura
604:pons
575:pons
521:pons
513:tri-
495:and
487:and
485:face
473:CN V
458:lit.
271:6192
254:TA98
230:MeSH
198:Face
3350:in
3283:in
3264:in
2532:At
2382:TMN
2367:PSN
2307:of
2109:on
1953:doi
1949:383
1916:PMC
1906:doi
1865:PMC
1855:doi
1767:PMC
1759:doi
1132:).
1071:).
872:.
448:In
278:FMA
266:TA2
247:549
3482::
2377:MN
1959:.
1947:.
1924:.
1914:.
1902:25
1900:.
1896:.
1873:.
1863:.
1853:.
1841:.
1837:.
1775:.
1765:.
1755:51
1753:.
1749:.
1552:,
1430:.
1419:.
1362:.
1268:.
1216:(V
922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
813:.
805:,
801:,
639:(V
631:(V
623:(V
585:.
543:(V
535:(V
527:(V
467:,
204:,
200:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
150:To
3385:/
3134:e
3127:t
3120:v
2144:e
2137:t
2130:v
2099:)
2096:V
1967:.
1955::
1932:.
1908::
1881:.
1857::
1849::
1843:8
1808:.
1783:.
1761::
1734:.
1692:)
1688:(
1671:.
1238:3
1234:2
1230:1
1226:3
1222:2
1218:1
902:(
720:3
712:2
700:1
641:3
633:2
625:1
559:(
545:3
537:2
529:1
456:(
437:e
430:t
423:v
298:]
97:)
91:(
86:)
82:(
68:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
