143:
22:
1422:
and individuals have the right to belong to an indigenous community or nation, in accordance with the traditions and customs of the community or nation concerned." No discrimination of any kind may arise from the exercise of such a right. Article 33 of that UN states that "Indigenous peoples have the
1564:
has had on the books until 2012 that they would enroll anyone who married black people. They were almost blocked from federal recognition due to an inquiry from the
Congressional Black Caucus. The tribe continues to deny citizenship to families who have been historically removed due to the "Black"
1580:
have a historical and continual practice of disenrolling and disavowing
Rappahannock of Black phenotype and Black marriages. Their constitution, until recently, explicitly forbid marriages with Black people or disenrollment. One of the most prominent cases is
2125:
1430:
to determine the criteria and procedures that an individual must meet and undergo to be considered for tribal membership. Most tribes do so pursuant to artificial tribal membership standards meted out by the
1595:
Robinson
Ranchiera of Pomo Indians (California)-In 2017 "...reinstated several dozen members who were disenrolled nearly a decade ago by corrupt tribal leaders who left the tribe millions of dollars in
1511:
Hopland Band of Pomo
Indians - 74 fully documented and legitimate descendants of a Hopland Distributee (Marian and William Wilder) were disenrolled for "errors in processing enrollment applications".
1411:
assert that disenrollments are meant to correct tribal rolls and protect the integrity of the tribe, others argue that empirical data shows they are politically and economically motivated.
1520:
have historically disenrolled members who were phenotypically black or married black people. They still today pass around pictures of applicants and reject enrollment based on phenotype.
1716:
1407:
was historically a matter of kinship, it has become increasingly legalistic. Research found that nearly 80 tribes across 20 states have engaged in disenrollment as of 2016. While some
1098:
208:
1423:
right to determine their own identity or membership in accordance with their customs and traditions." Individual and tribal rights clash in the disenrollment context.
2310:
2010:
1367:
1944:
1316:
403:
2575:
2443:
2182:
268:
1415:
1306:
1179:
2168:
1323:
1247:
1164:
2494:
1643:
1338:
1174:
1154:
152:
2042:
1992:
1912:
1291:
847:
350:
213:
2628:
1360:
1333:
1267:
1103:
428:
2087:
1237:
1159:
1769:
2481:
2280:"First Nations News & Views: 'Twilight' rips off Indians, Hate Crime Ignored, Jon Kyl's Water Deal | Native American Netroots"
1828:
1252:
413:
253:
1494:
1476:
family members who were phenotypically Black presenting or married Black partners were dropped from genealogies and membership rolls
263:
1663:
86:
1427:
1353:
408:
58:
2615:
1212:
2419:
1795:
1389:
1232:
1149:
999:
914:
889:
857:
433:
203:
133:
39:
2368:
65:
1648:
1592:
Redding
Racheria-formal Tribal Chairman Edward Foreman and descendants "disenrolled" 2004 over question of mother's lineage
1078:
929:
333:
1328:
1014:
2530:
1568:
2558:
2468:
2396:
2385:
2356:
2228:
2210:
2056:
1653:
1508:
Elem Promo Indian Colony - 132 members proposed for disenrollment (Note: Disenrollment action withdrawn March 30, 2017)
1444:
1262:
1242:
1039:
1034:
2325:
2246:
2139:
72:
1871:
1436:
1311:
1257:
852:
303:
288:
105:
2604:
1638:
1207:
308:
2456:
1296:
243:
54:
142:
1301:
1227:
699:
283:
173:
43:
2265:
1633:
1468:
1217:
1202:
1004:
812:
2512:
2652:
2544:
1930:
1658:
842:
655:
629:
328:
223:
2107:
1532:
994:
954:
884:
767:
525:
520:
2657:
2482:
VOA News 'Native
American Tribal Disenrollment Reaching Epidemic Levels" March 3,2017 Cecily Hilleary
1894:
934:
581:
273:
1009:
879:
864:
711:
79:
2369:"Native American Tribal Disenrollment Reaching Epidemic Levels | Voice of America - English"
1044:
707:
593:
423:
418:
383:
228:
32:
1617:
In 2017 it is reported that an estimated 9,000 members of 72 native tribes have been disenrolled
1619:
In 2020 it is estimated that nearly 10,000 members of 85 have been disenrolled over 15 years.
939:
874:
817:
323:
218:
2074:
1846:
2343:
1397:
822:
807:
802:
573:
515:
388:
358:
313:
625:
2531:"Dept. Of Interior's Larry Echo Hawk Rules 60 members of San Pasqual Band Are to Be Ousted"
735:
530:
490:
452:
278:
8:
1628:
1577:
1536:
1473:
1451:
tribe of
Louisiana, and their descendants have since then been denied tribal membership.
1393:
1120:
792:
747:
643:
613:
556:
465:
378:
1589:
was disavowed from the tribe because of the national attention on her black ancestry.
1490:
tribe of
Louisiana, and their descendants have since then been denied tribal membership.
2444:"50 Years Later, the Couple at the Heart of Loving v. Virginia Still Stirs Controversy"
2425:
2196:
1974:
1747:
1668:
1582:
1419:
1404:
1108:
944:
869:
703:
691:
687:
568:
438:
318:
298:
233:
188:
2415:
1803:
1768:
Abramoff, Malka; Villarreal, Mireya; Yamashita, Seiji; Alvim, Leda (April 20, 2022).
1673:
1600:
924:
621:
585:
1574:
Picayune
Rancheria of the Chukchansi over 50 descendants of Jack Roan "disenrolled"
1222:
1070:
1064:
722:
563:
510:
248:
198:
1542:
1460:
731:
715:
659:
505:
193:
178:
119:
2293:
2279:
2024:
1959:
1586:
1526:
1197:
1169:
797:
480:
475:
238:
1465:
Cahto Tribe
Rancheria disenrolled 33% of members after casino opened in 1995.
2646:
1872:"Native News on Line Feb 2016 "Tribal Disenrollment the new line of genocide"
1807:
1555:
1549:
1483:
1440:
1432:
1408:
1381:
893:
777:
609:
589:
577:
552:
495:
363:
293:
183:
163:
2429:
2409:
2247:"Nooksack Tribe elects felon as chairman after kicking out 306 people again"
647:
2495:"Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe members protest pending disenrollment cases"
2469:"EVEN the DEAD Can't Escape Disenrollment at Redding and Pechanga: Wilkins"
1615:
In 2016 a website called "Stop Disenrollment" was set up by Native Peoples.
919:
757:
695:
168:
782:
617:
605:
545:
535:
500:
485:
460:
258:
2397:
The Chukchansi casino faces closure in 2014 for non-submission of audits
2156:
1751:
1978:
1735:
1702:
Dismembered : native disenrollment and the battle for human rights
1487:
1479:
1448:
752:
742:
727:
683:
651:
600:
470:
2587:
1517:
964:
959:
949:
772:
762:
678:
667:
540:
1505:
by the US Army in 1855 (Note: Disenrollment reversed August 6, 2016)
21:
2609:
2559:"St. Croix Chippewa Tribe removes 10 people from rolls amid debate"
1960:"Chickahominy: The Changing Culture of a Virginia Indian Community"
1770:"Native Americans facing disenrollment fight to remain with tribes"
1561:
969:
787:
671:
663:
639:
634:
373:
2294:"9th Circuit won't interfere in Pala Band's disenrollment dispute"
2126:"Mattaponi adopt dueling tribal constitutions in leadership fight"
2057:"Descendants of treaty signer back on rolls of Grand Ronde Tribes"
1545:-306 members "disenrolled" because of ancestor Anne James (George)
990:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2229:"Nooksack Tribe tries to evict family amid mass enrollment purge"
1493:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde-in 2013 86 descendants of
398:
393:
368:
1767:
2513:"Saginaw Chippewa Tribe starts disenrollment proceedings again"
2326:"Supreme Court turns down another tribal disenrollment dispute"
1829:"Native American Tribal Disenrollment Reaching Epidemic Levels"
2629:""Stop Disenrollment" visual advocacy campaign resumes Monday"
2211:"Nooksack Tribe creates new court and puts chairman in charge"
2025:"Grand Ronde Tribes disenroll 86 descendants of treaty signer"
1734:
Norman, William R; Kickingbird, Kirke; Bailey, Adam P (2017).
2140:"Muscogee Creek Freedmen file lawsuit to restore citizenship"
1664:
Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians membership and disenrollment
1482:
tribe of Louisiana: Between 1904 and 1919, tribal members of
989:
1403:
Some native scholars have argued that although belonging in
209:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1733:
1599:
Saginaw Chippewa-230 members disenrolled on grounds of
1554:
Pala Band of Misson Indians-8 members disenrolled for
404:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1847:"UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples"
1529:
Freedmen -filed suit July 2018 to regain citizenship
1611:
St Croix Chippewa-10 disenrolled for Blood quantium
1548:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska-15 members disenrolled for
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1895:"Tribal Enrollment and Genetic Testing - Genetics"
1416:UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1967:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1884:Santa Clara Pueblo V Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978)
2644:
1644:Native American recognition in the United States
1339:List of Indian reservations in the United States
1736:"Tribal Disenrollment Demands a Tribal Answer"
1700:Wilkins, David; Wilkins, Shelly Hulse (2017).
1699:
1015:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
2264:Fletcher, Matthew L. M. (December 13, 2011).
1361:
1334:List of federally recognized tribes by state
1796:"Who Decides Who Counts as Native American?"
1454:
1443:. Between 1904 and 1919, tribal members of
2266:"On Tribal Disenrollments and "Tolerance""
1659:Nooksack people disenrollment controversy.
1514:Luiseno Nation of California-9 disenrolled
1484:mixed African and Native American ancestry
1445:mixed African and Native American ancestry
1368:
1354:
1324:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
264:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2320:
2318:
2263:
1826:
1608:Snoqualmie-9 banished and 80 disenrolled
630:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
2407:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
1993:"Lalosttribe Resources and Information"
1913:"Lalosttribe Resources and Information"
1714:
1605:San Pasqual Band-60 disenrolled in 2011
2645:
2197:"Indian Country Today August 11, 2016"
1793:
1717:"The Fight Over Who's a "Real Indian""
1535:made up of disenrolled members of the
1523:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma-15 disenrolled
2576:Indian Country Today February 8, 2016
2315:
2106:Opinion, I. C. T. (9 February 2020).
2043:"Indian Country Today August 9, 2016"
1957:
1558:June 1, 2011 total of 154 disenrolled
1000:National Congress of American Indians
915:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
204:European colonization of the Americas
2626:
2183:"Indian Country Today June 29, 2016"
2092:
1945:"Indian Country today July 28, 2015"
1763:
1761:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1649:Native American reservation politics
1005:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
712:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
334:Native American temperance activists
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
2457:remembering rancheria chairman 2012
2088:Indian Country Today April 26, 2017
1329:List of federally recognized tribes
13:
2616:Indian Country Today March 28,2017
2075:"Indian Country Today May 3, 2016"
1827:Hilleary, Cecily (March 3, 2017).
1654:Native American self-determination
1040:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
995:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
14:
2669:
2605:Indian Country Today January 2017
2545:"Indian Country Today 10/14/2011"
2108:"US must help stop disenrollment"
2011:"Indian Country Today 12/09/2013"
1758:
1686:
1437:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
304:Native Americans and World War II
289:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2311:Indian County Today January 2017
1715:Dunaway, Jamie (June 12, 2018).
1639:Impact of Native American gaming
1497:disenrolled because ancestor is
1396:or the right to belong within a
594:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
582:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
309:American Indian boarding schools
141:
20:
2627:Pool, Press (7 February 2020).
2620:
2598:
2580:
2569:
2551:
2537:
2523:
2505:
2487:
2475:
2461:
2450:
2436:
2401:
2390:
2379:
2361:
2350:
2336:
2304:
2286:
2272:
2257:
2239:
2221:
2203:
2189:
2175:
2169:"Indian Country Today 3/3/2014"
2161:
2150:
2132:
2118:
2081:
2067:
2049:
2035:
2017:
2003:
1985:
1951:
1937:
1923:
1905:
1887:
1501:on the restoration roll-he was
1010:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
269:Racism against Native Americans
244:Native American slave ownership
31:needs additional citations for
1878:
1864:
1839:
1820:
1787:
1727:
1708:
865:American Indian Movement (AIM)
284:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
174:Archaic period in the Americas
1:
1794:Jarvis, Brooke (2017-01-18).
1679:
1634:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1469:Cherokee freedmen controversy
818:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
586:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
574:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
2414:. Indiana University Press.
1426:In the United States, it is
823:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
808:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
803:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
723:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
329:Alcohol and Native Americans
224:Slavery in the United States
7:
1622:
1533:Northern Narragansett Tribe
732:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
716:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
708:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
704:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
688:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
614:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
10:
2674:
2408:Coleman, Arica L. (2013).
2386:Sierra Starr Sept 28, 2011
1486:were disenrolled from the
1447:were disenrolled from the
885:Occupation of Wounded Knee
656:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
644:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
626:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
622:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
521:American Revolutionary War
117:
1455:Examples of disenrollment
1428:entirely up to the tribes
1317:congressional politicians
1079:Native American languages
610:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
590:Red River War (1874–1875)
578:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
274:Indian Appropriations Act
2411:That the Blood Stay Pure
1958:Stern, Theodore (1952).
1388:is a process by which a
880:Trail of Broken Treaties
768:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
736:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
696:Colorado War (1863–1865)
118:Not to be confused with
793:Bannock Uprising (1895)
758:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
748:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
700:Powder River War (1865)
606:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
414:Indigenous Peoples' Day
229:Partus sequitur ventrem
1539:Nation of Rhode Island
1175:Southeastern Woodlands
1155:Northeastern Woodlands
940:Native American Church
875:Occupation of Alcatraz
728:Yakima War (1855–1858)
684:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
660:White River War (1879)
648:Walker War (1853–1854)
526:Cherokee–American wars
324:Native American rights
55:"Tribal disenrollment"
2592:stopdisenrollment.com
1833:Voice of America News
1398:Native American tribe
935:Traditional religions
843:Civil rights movement
798:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
773:Modoc War (1872–1873)
763:Snake War (1864–1869)
743:Mohave War(1858–1859)
672:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
668:Bluff War (1914–1915)
618:Tonto War (1871–1875)
359:Mississippian culture
314:Civil rights movement
2633:Indian Country Today
2588:"STOP DISENROLLMENT"
2112:Indian Country Today
1997:ww16.lalosttribe.com
1917:ww16.lalosttribe.com
1386:tribal disenrollment
1116:Tribal disenrollment
813:Last Massacre (1911)
778:Nez Perce War (1877)
531:Northwest Indian War
279:Racial Integrity Act
136:in the United States
40:improve this article
2653:Native American law
2077:. 24 November 2012.
1629:Loss of citizenship
1578:Rappahannock people
1474:Chickahominy people
1121:Reservation poverty
1104:Societal statistics
1028:Ethnic subdivisions
836:Political movements
640:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
557:Second Seminole War
466:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
128:Part of a series on
2547:. 14 October 2011.
2357:people disenrolled
1800:The New York Times
1754:– via JSTOR.
1669:Tribal sovereignty
1601:collateral descent
1583:Loving v. Virginia
1420:Indigenous peoples
945:Longhouse Religion
870:Red Power Movement
848:Self-determination
783:Bannock War (1878)
569:American Civil War
516:Lord Dunmore's War
439:Tribal sovereignty
319:Red Power movement
299:Blood quantum laws
254:American Civil War
234:Indian Removal Act
189:Post-Classic stage
2421:978-0-253-01043-8
1899:genetics.ncai.org
1674:Redding Rancheria
1414:Article 9 of the
1394:loses citizenship
1378:
1377:
1276:
1275:
1165:Pacific Northwest
1160:Northwest Plateau
955:Keetoowah Society
925:Eagle Feather law
853:Women in politics
692:Dakota War (1862)
652:Tintic War (1856)
564:Osage Indian War
491:King Philip's War
341:
340:
116:
115:
108:
90:
2665:
2658:Denaturalization
2637:
2636:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:. 9 August 2016.
2039:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1933:. April 7, 2016.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1571:-236 disenrolled
1435:pursuant to the
1370:
1363:
1356:
1292:Native Americans
1170:The Great Plains
1138:
1137:
1073:
1071:American English
1045:Louisiana Creole
753:Paiute War(1860)
679:Posey War (1923)
374:Iroquois culture
249:Indian Territory
199:Age of Discovery
158:
157:
145:
134:Native Americans
125:
124:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2499:www.cm-life.com
2493:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2446:. 12 June 2017.
2442:
2441:
2437:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2375:. 3 March 2017.
2373:www.voanews.com
2367:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:. 29 June 2016.
2181:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:. 28 July 2015.
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:"Disenrollment"
1929:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1759:
1732:
1728:
1713:
1709:
1704:. pp. 3–4.
1698:
1687:
1682:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1461:Black Seminoles
1457:
1439:, most notably
1390:Native American
1374:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1184:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1019:
984:
976:
975:
974:
909:
901:
900:
899:
837:
829:
828:
827:
788:Crow War (1887)
455:
445:
444:
443:
369:Hohokam culture
353:
343:
342:
194:Woodland period
179:Formative stage
155:
123:
120:Detribalization
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2639:
2638:
2619:
2608:
2597:
2579:
2568:
2550:
2536:
2522:
2504:
2486:
2474:
2460:
2449:
2435:
2420:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2360:
2349:
2335:
2314:
2303:
2285:
2271:
2256:
2238:
2220:
2202:
2188:
2174:
2160:
2149:
2131:
2128:. 10 May 2023.
2117:
2091:
2080:
2066:
2048:
2034:
2016:
2002:
1984:
1973:(2): 157–225.
1950:
1936:
1922:
1904:
1886:
1877:
1863:
1838:
1819:
1786:
1757:
1726:
1707:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:Mildred Loving
1575:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1527:Muscogee Creek
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1409:tribal leaders
1405:Native nations
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:North Carolina
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
861:
860:
850:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
738:
725:
719:
718:
681:
675:
674:
664:Ute War (1887)
637:
632:
603:
597:
596:
571:
566:
560:
559:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
481:Peach Tree War
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
451:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
355:
354:
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Trail of Tears
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
138:
137:
130:
129:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2670:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2157:Disenrollment
2153:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:blood quantum
1553:
1551:
1550:blood quantum
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:blood quantum
1438:
1434:
1433:U.S. Congress
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:United States
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:Neighborhoods
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Black Indians
1033:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
980:
979:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
905:
904:
895:
894:Red handprint
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
833:
832:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
554:
553:Seminole Wars
551:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Pontiac's War
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Tuscarora War
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
449:
448:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Neighborhoods
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Adena culture
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
347:
346:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Jim Crow laws
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
184:Classic stage
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Paleo-Indians
162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
149:
148:
144:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2632:
2622:
2611:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2539:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2477:
2463:
2452:
2438:
2430:j.ctt16gzn5n
2410:
2403:
2392:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2352:
2344:"Blood Feud"
2338:
2329:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2274:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2191:
2177:
2163:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2120:
2111:
2083:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1939:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1866:
1856:September 1,
1854:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1799:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:
1746:(1): 12–15.
1743:
1740:Human Rights
1739:
1729:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1614:
1537:Narragansett
1502:
1498:
1425:
1413:
1402:
1385:
1379:
1115:
1109:Reservations
1092:Demographics
920:Christianity
734: /
730: /
714: /
710: /
706: /
702: /
698: /
694: /
690: /
686: /
670: /
666: /
662: /
658: /
654: /
650: /
646: /
642: /
628: /
624: /
620: /
616: /
612: /
608: /
592: /
588: /
584: /
580: /
576: /
555: /
506:Dummer's War
169:Lithic stage
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1392:individual
1307:war leaders
1150:Great Basin
858:Nationalism
546:Arikara War
536:War of 1812
501:Yamasee War
486:Esopus Wars
476:Kieft's War
461:Beaver Wars
259:Dawes Rolls
2647:Categories
1813:2024-01-06
1779:January 6,
1680:References
1488:Chitimacha
1480:Chitimacha
1449:Chitimacha
1208:California
601:Cayuse War
471:Pequot War
419:Literature
96:April 2016
66:newspapers
1808:0362-4331
1518:Mattaponi
1418:states: "
1312:musicians
1268:Wisconsin
1180:Southwest
1141:by region
1134:Geography
1058:Languages
965:Wabunowin
960:Midewiwin
950:Sun Dance
930:Mormonism
541:Creek War
1774:ABC News
1752:26423467
1623:See also
1585:, where
1569:Pechanga
1562:Pamunkey
1543:Nooksack
1503:executed
1263:Virginia
1253:Oklahoma
1243:Nebraska
1238:Michigan
1233:Maryland
1213:Colorado
1189:by state
970:Wocekiye
908:Religion
635:Yuma War
214:Genocide
2563:Indianz
2517:Indianz
2330:Indianz
2298:Indianz
2251:Indianz
2233:Indianz
2215:Indianz
2144:Indianz
2061:Indianz
2029:Indianz
1979:3143721
1495:Tumulth
1380:In the
1297:artists
1218:Florida
1203:Arizona
1065:English
424:Fashion
394:Pow wow
351:Culture
219:Slavery
153:History
80:scholar
2428:
2418:
1977:
1806:
1750:
1596:debt."
1302:actors
1258:Oregon
1223:Hawaii
1198:Alaska
983:Groups
434:Health
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2426:JSTOR
1975:JSTOR
1963:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1748:JSTOR
1721:Slate
1565:law.
1285:Lists
399:Dance
389:Music
87:JSTOR
73:books
2416:ISBN
1858:2016
1852:. UN
1804:ISSN
1781:2024
1228:Iowa
890:MMIW
453:Wars
409:Film
384:Food
59:news
1499:not
1400:.
379:Art
42:by
2649::
2631:.
2590:.
2561:.
2515:.
2497:.
2424:.
2371:.
2328:.
2317:^
2296:.
2249:.
2231:.
2213:.
2142:.
2110:.
2094:^
2059:.
2027:.
1995:.
1971:96
1969:.
1965:.
1915:.
1897:.
1831:.
1802:.
1798:.
1772:.
1760:^
1744:43
1742:.
1738:.
1719:.
1688:^
1384:,
2635:.
2594:.
2565:.
2533:.
2519:.
2501:.
2484:"
2471:.
2432:.
2346:.
2332:.
2300:.
2282:.
2268:.
2253:.
2235:.
2217:.
2199:.
2171:.
2146:.
2114:.
2063:.
2031:.
2013:.
1999:.
1981:.
1919:.
1901:.
1874:.
1860:.
1835:.
1816:.
1783:.
1723:.
1369:e
1362:t
1355:v
896:)
892:(
122:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
