139:
327:
31:
226:
2261:
171:
1937:
4007:
463:
2304:
445:
4024:
426:
130:. Most human activities cannot change the actual tree line, unless they affect the climate. The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately 6 °C or 43 °F. The seasonal mean temperature is taken over all days whose mean temperature is above 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). A growing season of 94 days above that temperature is required for tree growth.
43:
2288:(52°S) further south is treeless, except for one stunted Spruce, probably planted in 1907. The climate on these islands is not severe, but tree growth is limited by almost continual rain and wind. Summers are very cold with an average January temperature of 9 °C (48 °F). Winters are mild 5 °C (41 °F) but wet.
2284:(both 50°S) and these grow up to an elevation of 370 metres (1,200 ft) in sheltered valleys. These trees seldom grow above 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and they get smaller as one gains altitude, so that by 180 m (600 ft) they are waist-high. These islands have only between 600 and 800 hours of sun annually.
350:
Unlike alpine tree lines, the northern tree line occurs at low elevations. The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging 145 kilometres (90 mi) and widening markedly from west to east, in contrast with the telescoped alpine timberlines. North
281:
Compared with arctic tree lines, alpine tree lines may receive fewer than half of the number of degree days (above 10 °C (50 °F)) based on air temperature, but because solar radiation intensities are greater at alpine than at arctic tree lines the number of degree days calculated from leaf
297:
line, or on equator-facing and leeward slopes, can result in low rainfall and increased exposure to solar radiation. This dries out the soil, resulting in a localized arid environment unsuitable for trees. Many south-facing ridges of the mountains of the
Western U.S. have a lower treeline than the
285:
At the alpine tree line, tree growth is inhibited when excessive snow lingers and shortens the growing season to the point where new growth would not have time to harden before the onset of fall frost. Moderate snowpack, however, may promote tree growth by insulating the trees from extreme cold
93:
The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all. Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the
269:
The decrease in air temperature with increasing elevation creates the alpine climate. The rate of decrease can vary in different mountain chains, from 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) of elevation gain in the dry mountains of the western United States, to 1.4 °F
110:
are very frost-hardy during most of the year, they become sensitive to just 1 or 2 degrees of frost in mid-summer. A series of warm summers in the 1940s seems to have permitted the establishment of "significant numbers" of spruce seedlings above the previous treeline in the hills near
255:
The alpine tree line boundary is seldom abrupt: it usually forms a transition zone between closed forest below and treeless alpine zone above. This zone of transition occurs "near the top of the tallest peaks in the northeastern United States, high up on the giant
838:, the treeline rises 75 metres (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and 130 metres (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 metres (11,500 and 13,100 ft).
1968:
there is substantial maritime influence on high parallels that keep winters relatively mild, but enough inland effect to have summers well above the threshold for the tree line. Here are some typical polar treelines:
71:. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture). The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower
46:
In this view of an alpine tree line, the distant line looks particularly sharp. The foreground shows the transition from trees to no trees. These trees are stunted in growth and one-sided because of cold and constant
401:, with places where mean annual temperatures above 5 °C (41 °F) support trees and woody plants, and those below 5 °C (41 °F) do not. Another treeline exists in the southwesternmost parts of the
366:
or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and "open boreal forest" or "lichen woodland", consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by a carpet of
342:
where trees can grow; farther north, it is too cold all year round to sustain trees. Extremely low temperatures, especially when prolonged, can freeze the internal sap of trees, killing them. In addition,
142:
This map of the "Distribution of Plants in a
Perpendicular Direction in the Torrid, the Temperate, and the Frigid Zones" was first published 1848 in "The Physical Atlas". It shows tree lines of the
106:
Due to their vertical structure, trees are more susceptible to cold than more ground-hugging forms of plants. Summer warmth generally sets the limit to which tree growth can occur: while tree line
2608:
Viereck, L.A.; Van Cleve, K.; Dyrness, C. T. (1986). "Forest ecosystem distribution in the taiga environment". In Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F.S.; Flanagan, P.W.; Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T. (eds.).
236:
An alpine tree line is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year, to sustain trees. The climate above the tree line of
298:
northern faces because of increased sun exposure and aridity. Hawaii's treeline of about 8,000 ft (2,400 m) is also above the condensation zone and results due to a lack of moisture.
138:
286:
during the winter, curtailing water loss, and prolonging a supply of moisture through the early part of the growing season. However, snow accumulation in sheltered gullies in the
2202:
Determined by experimental tree planting in the absence of native trees because of isolation from natural seed sources; a very few trees are surviving, but growing slowly, at
1827:, summer is extraordinarily cool for the latitude, with frequent summer snow. Springtime receives an extreme amount of cold, heavy precipitation; winds are likewise extreme.
3235:
Fajardo, A; Piper, FI; Cavieres, LA (2011). "Distinguishing local from global climate influences in the variation of carbon status with altitude in a tree line species".
2257:—yet no trees survive there; only a few mosses, lichens, and species of grass do so. In addition, no trees survive on any of the subantarctic islands near the peninsula.
1964:
also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow as well as the warm summers experienced in extreme continental climates. In northern inland
2239:(54°S), and other subantarctic islands are all so heavily wind-exposed and with a too-cold summer climate (tundra) that none have any indigenous tree species. The
248:. Treelines on north-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are lower than on south-facing slopes, because the increased shade on north-facing slopes means the
3206:
310:
and isolated mountains, the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong
3701:"Tree-ring growth patterns and temperature reconstruction from Nothofagus pumilio (Fagaceae) forests at the upper tree line of southern, Chilean Patagonia"
3465:
Tree line, the elevation above which trees do not grow, is about 4,400 feet in the White
Mountains, nearly 2,000 feet below the summit of Mt. Washington.
405:
ecoregion, where the forest merges into the subantarctic tundra (termed
Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra). For example, the northern halves of
252:
takes longer to melt. This shortens the growing season for trees. In the southern hemisphere, the south-facing slopes have the shorter growing season.
3647:
Sottile, Gonzalo D.; Echeverría, Marcos E.; Tonello, Marcela S.; Marcos, María A.; Bamonte, Florencia P.; Rayó, Cecilia; Mancini, María V. (2020).
1720:
Despite the far inland location, summers are cool relative to the latitude, with occasional summer snow; and heavy springtime snowfalls are common
3903:"The Upward Migration of Alpine Vegetation as an Indicator of Climate Change: Observations from Indian Himalayan region using Remote Sensing Data"
3902:
2004:
makes Arctic climates in this region warmer than other coastal locations at comparable latitude. In particular the mildness of winters prevents
260:
in central Mexico, and on mountains in each of the 11 western states and throughout much of Canada and Alaska". Environmentally dwarfed shrubs (
375:. The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the "forest line", where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape.
2176:
Very strong influence of the
Labrador Current on summer temperatures as well as altitude effects (much of Labrador is a plateau). In parts of
3745:
3535:
3410:
3605:"Spatial and temporal variation in Nothofagus pumilio growth at tree line along its latitudinal range (35°40′–55° S) in the Chilean Andes"
2226:
2047:
means the summer is warm enough to allow tree growth at higher latitudes, extending to northernmost forests of the world at 72°28'N at
3953:
3170:
Chalupa, V. (1992). "Micropropagation of
European Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and Wild Service Tree ". In Bajaj, Y.P.S. (ed.).
290:
of southeastern
British Columbia causes the tree line to be 400 metres (1,300 ft) lower than on exposed intervening shoulders.
3875:
979:
originating in the arctic makes eastern Canada the sea-level region with the most southern tree-line in the northern hemisphere.
1952:
has a major impact on the ability of trees to place roots into the ground. When roots are too shallow, trees are susceptible to
3477:
3029:
3649:"Dinámica de la vegetación andina del lago Argentino (50° S, 72° O) desde el retiro de los glaciares (ca. 12.000 años cal AP)"
2117:
Trees grow north to the south-facing slopes of the Brooks Range. The mountains block cold air coming off of the Arctic Ocean.
3771:
3519:
3187:
2967:
2824:
2790:
2735:
2625:
2540:
2451:
2423:
2398:
2370:
2249:
is the northernmost point in
Antarctica (63°S) and has the mildest weather—it is located 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) from
384:
3954:"Land-use legacies rather than climate change are driving the recent upward shift of the mountain tree line in the Pyrenees"
2533:
Physiological
Ecology of the Alpine Timberline: tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps
2985:"The high subarctic forest–tundra of northwestern Canada: position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate"
827:. In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a
126:
The actual tree line is set by the mean temperature, while the realized tree line may be affected by disturbances, such as
3995:
3705:
3818:Ødum, S (1979). "Actual and potential tree line in the North Atlantic region, especially in Greenland and the Faroes".
2898:
Sowell, J.B.; McNulty, S.P.; Schilling, B.K. (1996). "The role of stem recharge in reducing the winter desiccation of
3449:
3214:
2136:
Reaches north of the Arctic Circle because of the continental nature of the climate and warmer summer temperatures.
2243:(51°S) summer temperature is near the limit, but the islands are also treeless, although some planted trees exist.
2240:
394:
270:(0.78 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) in the moister mountains of the eastern United States. Skin effects and
318:
or exposed rock formations, prevents trees from gaining an adequate foothold and exposes them to drought and sun.
82:
At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This is sometimes known as
3509:
1880:
474:
3648:
330:
Treeline visible in lower left, northern Quebec, Canada, while trees also grow in the sheltered river valleys.
3927:
2842:
2467:
1899:
4013:
3787:
2285:
1944:
Like the alpine tree lines shown above, polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as
1332:
2781:
Peet, R.K. (2000). "Forests and
Meadows of the Rocky Mountains". In Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. (eds.).
2641:
Körner, Christian; Paulsen, Jens (May 2004). "A World-Wide Study of High Altitude Treeline Temperatures".
3174:. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 18. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 211–226.
467:
402:
347:
in the soil can prevent trees from getting their roots deep enough for the necessary structural support.
3107:
2904:
2362:
1796:
3841:Ødum, S (1991). "Choice of species and origins for arboriculture in Greenland and the Faroe Islands".
3604:
2292:(Australia) is located at 54°S and has no vegetation beyond snow grass and alpine grasses and mosses.
1851:
Very snowy springs, strong cold winds and cool summers with frequent summer snow restrict tree growth
362:
Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic tree line: a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of
3350:
2751:
4064:
4030:
3855:
2884:
2357:
Elliott-Fisk, D.L. (2000). "The Taiga and Boreal Forest". In Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. (eds.).
2180:, the treeline extends as far south as 53°N. Along the coast the northernmost trees are at 58°N in
2030:
17:
3542:
3414:
4059:
3612:
3328:
Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation".
2685:
35:
4069:
3856:"Modeling environmental niche of Himalayan birch and remote sensing based vicarious validation"
3345:
2001:
1367:
618:
3921:
3389:
2330:
2122:
1405:
777:
747:
497:
414:
119:, including blasting with windborne particles, and may also contribute to the desiccation of
3876:"Monitoring the alpine treeline shift in parts of the Indian Himalayas using remote sensing"
1664:
Eastern Cordillera; treeline is lower because of lower solar radiation (more humid climate)
3796:
3585:
3337:
2236:
1960:
at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as
1387:
187:
3874:
Singh, C.P.; Panigrahy, S.; Thapliyal, A.; Kimothi, M.M.; Soni, P.; Parihar, J.S. (2012).
3603:; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Aravena, Juan Carlos; Luckman, Brian H.; Cuq, Emilio (2005).
1669:
1176:
Some peaks have even lower treelines because of fire and subsequent loss of soil, such as
8:
3559:
3066:
2246:
2203:
2072:
2044:
2013:
1503:
Geographic isolation and no local tree species with high tolerance to cold temperatures.
339:
3800:
3341:
2878:
3833:
3781:
Beringer, Jason; Tapper, Nigel J.; McHugh, Ian; Chapin, F. S. III; et al. (2001).
3629:
3371:
3297:
3285:
3083:
3046:
3006:
2921:
2859:
2708:
2666:
2658:
2590:
2513:
2313:
2163:
1945:
1872:
1208:
816:
757:
470:
326:
3890:
3746:"How the world's loneliest tree is helping scientists advance climate change research"
4054:
3936:
3767:
3625:
3515:
3363:
3289:
3248:
3183:
2963:
2820:
2786:
2731:
2654:
2621:
2561:
2536:
2517:
2505:
2447:
2419:
2394:
2366:
2076:
1567:
1465:
1304:
1039:
908:
824:
688:
668:
628:
608:
287:
163:
112:
3719:
3700:
3633:
2670:
3976:
3968:
3829:
3804:
3724:
3714:
3696:
3672:
3662:
3621:
3600:
3375:
3355:
3281:
3252:
3244:
3175:
3116:
3075:
3038:
2996:
2913:
2851:
2712:
2700:
2650:
2613:
2497:
2289:
2281:
2254:
2232:
2222:
2095:
2068:
1003:
976:
831:
environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone.
638:
588:
569:
555:
398:
388:
195:
76:
3152:
3134:
3179:
2579:
Viereck, L.A. (1979). "Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska".
2091:
1907:
1824:
1700:
1696:
1508:
1283:
1177:
1021:
961:
767:
728:
434:
410:
179:
2617:
484:
Some typical Arctic and alpine tree line tree species (note the predominance of
115:. Survival depends on a sufficiency of new growth to support the tree. Wind can
4049:
3901:
Panigrahy, Sushma; Singh, C.P.; Kimothi, M.M.; Soni, P.; Parihar, J.S. (2010).
3653:
2686:"A climate-based model to predict potential treeline position around the globe"
2501:
2277:
2265:
2207:
2060:
2056:
1961:
1856:
1752:
1650:
1545:
1181:
1077:
985:
869:
828:
718:
678:
658:
648:
515:
448:
241:
183:
3453:
2939:
Shaw, C.H. (1909). "The causes of timberline on mountains: the role of snow".
2704:
884:
At 71°N, near the coast, the tree-line is below sea level (Arctic tree line).
4043:
3667:
3293:
2416:
Alpine Treelines: Functional Ecology of the Global High Elevation Tree Limits
1425:
1275:
1249:
1161:
1116:
698:
598:
230:
175:
30:
3272:
Dickinson, Joshua C. (1969). "The Eucalypt in the Sierra of Southern Peru".
2565:
2229:
and not in Antarctica. Therefore, there is no explicit Antarctic tree line.
815:
The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as
3367:
2556:
Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. (1994).
2509:
2324:
2308:
2273:
2181:
2052:
1836:
1756:
1124:
1100:
835:
800:(not native to South America but grown in large amounts in the high Andes).
708:
535:
406:
294:
275:
225:
191:
3359:
841:
Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe:
314:
reduce tree growth. In addition, the lack of suitable soil, such as along
63:
are capable of growing and beyond which they are not. It is found at high
3981:
3809:
3782:
3435:
1965:
1925:
Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth
1771:
Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth
1688:
956:
Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth
939:
Much lower near the coast, down to 500–600 metres (1,600–2,000 ft).
820:
525:
245:
3677:
3257:
3010:
3001:
2984:
2094:
and strong winds affect summer temperatures to prevent tree growth. The
3729:
3301:
3050:
2925:
2863:
2728:
Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems
2662:
2594:
2488:
Körner, Christian (November 1, 2021). "The cold range limit of trees".
2260:
2155:
2005:
1949:
1936:
1590:
1527:
1371:
1059:
797:
545:
344:
271:
170:
3972:
3087:
2840:
Baker, F.S. (1944). "Mountain climates of the western United States".
3820:
2581:
2335:
2250:
2189:
1953:
1832:
1809:
1781:
1729:
1704:
1673:
1585:
Upper limit of forest trees; woody ericaeous scrub grows up to 3900m
787:
485:
262:
214:
116:
107:
95:
85:
64:
3694:
3598:
3120:
3042:
2917:
2855:
462:
3105:
forests after burning near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada".
3079:
2177:
1805:
1777:
1649:
Western Cordillera; highest treeline in the world on the slopes of
1571:
1447:
1336:
1257:
1234:
1144:
922:
Tree line around 1,500 feet (460 m) or lower in coastal areas
438:
335:
249:
237:
203:
159:
151:
147:
68:
3064:
Hare, F. Kenneth; Ritchie, J.C. (1972). "The boreal bioclimates".
2983:
Timoney, K.P.; La Roi, G.H.; Zoltai, S.C.; Robinson, A.L. (1992).
2958:
Pienitz, Reinhard; Douglas, Marianne S. V.; Smol, John P. (2004).
2225:(55°S) at the southern end of South America, but generally not on
444:
75:, which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed
2318:
2141:
2048:
1957:
1635:
1261:
1189:
456:
257:
210:
127:
56:
3854:
Singh, C.P.; Panigrahy, S.; Parihar, J.S.; Dharaiya, N. (2013).
2303:
417:
forests but the southern parts consist of moorlands and tundra.
2558:
Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia
2103:
1549:
1488:
1469:
1443:
1324:
1287:
889:
452:
430:
372:
352:
3873:
3646:
2555:
425:
3989:
3853:
3027:
Löve, Dd (1970). "Subarctic and subalpine: where and what?".
1911:
1884:
1799:
side of the island, summers are still cool for the latitude.
1733:
1725:
1631:
1626:
East side; on west side tree growth is restricted by dryness
1608:
1230:
1081:
478:
356:
315:
307:
199:
143:
3695:
Aravena, Juan C.; Lara, Antonio; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia;
2960:
Long-term environmental change in Arctic and Antarctic lakes
1747:
Temperature rather than precipitation restricts tree growth
42:
2982:
1612:
1483:
Strong winds and poor soil restrict further grow of trees.
1308:
1248:
Up to 2,600 m (8,500 ft) on favorable locations.
1226:
1054:
Heavy winter snowpack buries young trees until late summer
311:
155:
120:
60:
3780:
2321:: a transition between two adjacent ecological communities
123:, especially of shoots that project above the snow cover.
3951:
3916:: 73–80. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011.
3900:
27:
Edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing
2327:: the effect of contrasting environments on an ecosystem
3101:
R.A., Black; Bliss, L.C. (1978). "Recovery sequence of
2607:
2444:
Land Above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra
293:
In some mountainous areas, higher elevations above the
2897:
3952:
Ameztegui, A; Coll, L; Brotons, L; Ninot, JM (2016).
3586:"Alpine trees | ANU Research School of Biology"
3234:
3487:(in Georgian). National Statistic Office of Georgia
2957:
1323:Higher (nearly 11,000 feet or 3,400 metres in the
3937:"Alpine ecosystems in relation to climate change"
3274:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2612:. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 22–43.
2063:at 72°31'N, 105° 03' E east from Khatanga River.
4041:
3764:Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers
2817:Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers
3783:"Impact of Arctic treeline on synoptic climate"
1902:serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth
1708:
1639:
3552:
3478:"Georgia's natural resources and conservation"
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2441:
1376:
1341:
420:
3503:
3501:
2683:
2640:
1948:of slope and degree of shelter. In addition,
451:growing close to the Arctic tree line in the
351:of the arctic tree line lies the low-growing
3761:
3690:
3688:
2785:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2776:
2774:
2772:
2530:
2356:
2194:
2168:
2146:
2128:
2109:
2082:
2035:
2018:
1992:
83:
3452:. New Hampshire State Parks. Archived from
3063:
2474:
2437:
2435:
2384:
2382:
2264:Trees growing along the north shore of the
2206:, 67°N. There is one natural forest in the
1956:and erosion. Trees can often grow in river
209:Several types of tree lines are defined in
3507:
3498:
3404:
3402:
2902:(Pinaceae) needles at alpine timberline".
244:, and the habitat can be described as the
3980:
3808:
3728:
3718:
3685:
3676:
3666:
3436:"Physiogeography of the Russian Far East"
3349:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3271:
3256:
3201:
3199:
3100:
3000:
2769:
2719:
2684:Paulsen, Jens; Körner, Christian (2014).
2388:
805:
334:The arctic tree line is the northernmost
117:mechanically damage tree tissues directly
3382:
3153:"Magellanic subpolar Nothofagus forests"
2432:
2379:
2259:
1935:
834:Averaging over many locations and local
461:
443:
424:
325:
224:
169:
137:
41:
29:
3743:
3428:
3399:
3228:
3169:
3135:"Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra"
3022:
3020:
2976:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2578:
2352:
2350:
2216:
14:
4042:
3528:
3327:
3308:
3196:
2891:
2876:
2725:
2610:Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga
2487:
2413:
1252:is the most common tree line species.
278:that alter the general cooling trend.
3934:
3094:
3057:
2839:
2833:
2783:North American Terrestrial Vegetation
2601:
2418:. Illustrated by S. Riedl. Springer.
2359:North American Terrestrial Vegetation
385:Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra
3996:
3840:
3817:
3592:
3390:"Action For Scotland's Biodiversity"
3026:
3017:
2938:
2932:
2814:
2799:
2780:
2744:
2572:
2347:
1931:
810:
3762:Arno, S.F.; Hammerly, R.P. (1984).
3706:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
2870:
2524:
2442:Zwinger, A.; Willard, B.E. (1996).
1915:
1888:
1861:
1841:
1813:
1785:
1761:
1737:
1677:
1616:
1553:
1531:
429:Coniferous species tree line below
24:
3834:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1979.tb01293.x
3755:
3748:. Australian Broadcasting Company.
3411:"High Elevation Treeline Research"
3408:
3286:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00672.x
3103:Picea mariana–Vaccinium uliginosum
1594:
1575:
1513:
1493:
1473:
1451:
1429:
1410:
1313:
1292:
1265:
1238:
1212:
1194:
1166:
1149:
1129:
1105:
1086:
1063:
1044:
1025:
1007:
989:
965:
946:
929:
912:
894:
874:
393:A southern treeline exists in the
282:temperatures may be very similar.
25:
4081:
3172:High-Tech and Micropropagation II
2819:. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers.
2535:. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
2490:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
473:forest close to the tree line in
266:) commonly form the upper limit.
4022:
4005:
3626:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01191.x
3566:. Ecology Asia. 4 September 2016
3249:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00598.x
2655:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x
2302:
2098:are almost completely treeless.
740:
659:Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine
581:
395:New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
3961:Global Ecology and Biogeography
3737:
3720:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200008
3640:
3578:
3511:A Natural History of California
3470:
3442:
3265:
3237:Global Ecology and Biogeography
3163:
3145:
3127:
2951:
2677:
2634:
2158:moves the treeline southwards.
853:Approx. elevation of tree line
3560:"Mount Kinabalu National Park"
2549:
2460:
2407:
1981:Approx. latitude of tree line
475:Torres del Paine National Park
13:
1:
3766:. Seattle: The Mountaineers.
3744:Morwood, Maddy (4 Sep 2022).
3508:Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995).
3450:"Mount Washington State Park"
2341:
1900:Southern Patagonian Ice Field
90:(German for "crooked wood").
3889:(4): 559–562. Archived from
3843:Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift
3788:Geophysical Research Letters
3180:10.1007/978-3-642-76422-6_11
2756:Rocky Mountain National Park
1420:Precipitation low in summer
1042:, Washington, United States
649:Great Basin bristlecone pine
491:
378:
98:and roughly parallel to it.
7:
2880:The Climate near the Ground
2618:10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_3
2295:
2154:Influence of the very cold
2055:valley, a tributary of the
1400:East side of Sierra Nevada
623:Chaemaecyparis nootkatensis
421:Tree species near tree line
403:Magellanic subpolar forests
301:
229:An alpine tree line in the
10:
4086:
3108:Canadian Journal of Botany
3030:Arctic and Alpine Research
2905:American Journal of Botany
2502:10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.011
2363:Cambridge University Press
1977:
1974:
1940:Map of tree line in Canada
1898:Strong influence from the
1795:Although sheltered on the
508:
382:
355:, and southwards lies the
3926:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3211:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2962:. Springer. p. 102.
2752:"Alpine Tundra Ecosystem"
2705:10.1007/s00035-014-0124-0
2531:Tranquillini, W. (1979).
1695:
1630:
1366:
1351:On warm southwest slopes
1331:
1278:is the tree line species
944:Scotland, United Kingdom
909:Chugach Mountains, Alaska
855:
852:
849:
846:
455:region, Arctic northeast
321:
220:
101:
3668:10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3303
2885:Harvard University Press
2446:. Big Earth Publishing.
2389:Jørgensen, S.E. (2009).
2031:Central Siberian Plateau
1687:Precipitation low above
823:and proximity to either
133:
3613:Journal of Biogeography
2758:. National Park Service
1653:(Polylepis tarapacana)
190:, with the surmounting
36:St. Moritz, Switzerland
3699:; Cuq, Emilio (2002).
3159:. World Wildlife Fund.
3157:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3141:. World Wildlife Fund.
3139:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2269:
2059:and the more northern
2002:North Atlantic current
1941:
806:Worldwide distribution
481:
459:
441:
331:
233:
206:
167:
84:
48:
39:
3360:10.1007/s004420050540
2843:Ecological Monographs
2331:Massenerhebung effect
2263:
2123:Northwest Territories
1939:
1691:, also high exposure
1147:, Northwestern Italy
782:Podocarpus parlatorei
752:Nothofagus antarctica
502:Eucalyptus pauciflora
465:
447:
428:
415:Nothofagus antarctica
383:Further information:
329:
228:
173:
141:
45:
33:
3935:Singh, C.P. (2008).
3810:10.1029/2001GL012914
3536:"台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區"
2227:subantarctic islands
2217:Antarctic tree lines
2051:(102° 15' E) in the
1825:westerly storm track
1362:On northeast slopes
792:Polylepis tarapacana
188:Bistrishko Branishte
174:Alpine tree line of
3801:2001GeoRL..28.4247B
3564:www.ecologyasia.com
3342:1998Oecol.115..445K
3067:Geographical Review
3002:10.14430/arctic1367
2877:Geiger, R. (1950).
2815:Arno, S.F. (1984).
2414:Körner, C. (2012).
2247:Antarctic Peninsula
2045:continental climate
2014:West Siberian Plain
619:Alaska yellow cedar
397:and the Australian
340:Northern Hemisphere
2726:Körner, C (2003).
2393:. Academic Press.
2314:Montane ecosystems
2270:
2164:Labrador Peninsula
1978:Approx. longitude
1942:
1873:Nothofagus pumilio
1209:Caucasus Mountains
1119:than Western Alps
1117:cold Russian winds
762:Nothofagus pumilio
556:Arctic white birch
482:
460:
442:
332:
234:
207:
168:
49:
40:
3973:10.1111/geb.12407
3821:Holarctic Ecology
3795:(22): 4247–4250.
3773:978-0-89886-085-6
3697:Villalba, Ricardo
3601:Villalba, Ricardo
3521:978-0-520-06922-0
3189:978-3-642-76424-0
2969:978-1-4020-2126-8
2912:(10): 1351–1355.
2900:Picea engelmannii
2883:. Cambridge, MA:
2826:978-0-89886-085-6
2792:978-0-521-55986-7
2737:978-3-540-00347-2
2627:978-1-4612-4902-3
2582:Holarctic Ecology
2542:978-3-642-67107-4
2453:978-1-55566-171-7
2425:978-3-0348-0396-0
2400:978-0-444-53466-8
2391:Ecosystem Ecology
2372:978-0-521-55986-7
2276:forests exist on
2214:
2213:
2204:Søndre Strømfjord
1932:Arctic tree lines
1929:
1928:
1670:Sierra de Córdoba
1568:Mount Kilimanjaro
1333:Rocky Mountain NP
1305:Wasatch Mountains
1115:More exposure to
1103:, Austria, Italy
1040:Olympic Mountains
850:Approx. latitude
825:geographical pole
811:Alpine tree lines
693:Pinus culminicola
673:Pinus balfouriana
633:Picea engelmannii
613:Tsuga mertensiana
288:Selkirk Mountains
113:Fairbanks, Alaska
55:is the edge of a
16:(Redirected from
4077:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3986:
3984:
3958:
3948:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3870:
3863:Tropical Ecology
3860:
3850:
3837:
3814:
3812:
3777:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3722:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3670:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3609:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3541:. Archived from
3540:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3413:. Archived from
3406:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3353:
3325:
3306:
3305:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3213:. Archived from
3203:
3194:
3193:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3115:(6): 2020–2030.
3098:
3092:
3091:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2468:"Why treelines?"
2464:
2458:
2457:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2361:(2nd ed.).
2354:
2309:Trees portal
2307:
2306:
2290:Macquarie Island
2282:Auckland Islands
2255:Tierra del Fuego
2241:Falkland Islands
2233:Kerguelen Island
2223:Tierra del Fuego
2196:
2170:
2148:
2130:
2111:
2106:, United States
2096:Aleutian Islands
2084:
2069:Russian Far East
2037:
2020:
1994:
1972:
1971:
1881:Torres del Paine
1491:, United States
1374:, United States
1339:, United States
1311:, United States
1192:, United States
1164:, United States
1084:, United States
1004:Canadian Rockies
977:Labrador Current
927:Southern Norway
844:
843:
643:Pinus albicaulis
629:Engelmann spruce
609:Mountain hemlock
593:Abies lasiocarpa
574:Sorbus aucuparia
560:Betula pubescens
399:Macquarie Island
389:Tierra del Fuego
196:Vitosha Mountain
89:
34:Tree line above
21:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4065:Montane ecology
4040:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:from Wiktionary
4011:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:sister projects
3994:at Knowledge's
3956:
3919:
3918:
3905:
3893:
3883:Current Science
3878:
3858:
3774:
3758:
3756:Further reading
3753:
3742:
3738:
3693:
3686:
3645:
3641:
3607:
3599:Lara, Antonio;
3597:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3351:10.1.1.454.8501
3326:
3309:
3270:
3266:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3168:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3121:10.1139/b78-243
3099:
3095:
3062:
3058:
3043:10.2307/1550141
3025:
3018:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2956:
2952:
2937:
2933:
2918:10.2307/2446122
2896:
2892:
2875:
2871:
2856:10.2307/1943534
2838:
2834:
2827:
2813:
2800:
2793:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2724:
2720:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2606:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2529:
2525:
2496:(11): 979–989.
2486:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2301:
2298:
2286:Campbell Island
2221:Trees exist on
2219:
2092:Oyashio Current
1934:
1908:Navarino Island
1823:Exposed to the
1730:Laguna del Laja
1701:New South Wales
1697:Australian Alps
1509:Pico de Orizaba
1284:Steens Mountain
1260:Spain, France,
1178:Grand Monadnock
1022:Tatra Mountains
962:Northern Quebec
813:
808:
803:
772:Alnus acuminata
748:Antarctic beech
743:
738:
733:Pinus hartwegii
599:Subalpine larch
584:
579:
526:Macedonian pine
511:
494:
435:Pirin Mountains
423:
391:
381:
324:
304:
223:
180:European spruce
136:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Forest ecology
4057:
4052:
4037:
4036:
4019:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3949:
3941:ISG Newsletter
3932:
3898:
3896:on 2013-05-16.
3871:
3851:
3838:
3828:(4): 222–227.
3815:
3778:
3772:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3736:
3684:
3661:(3): 599–627.
3657:(in Spanish).
3654:Andean Geology
3639:
3620:(5): 879–893.
3591:
3577:
3551:
3548:on 2014-11-29.
3527:
3520:
3497:
3469:
3441:
3427:
3398:
3381:
3336:(4): 445–459.
3307:
3280:(2): 294–307.
3264:
3243:(2): 307–318.
3227:
3195:
3188:
3162:
3144:
3126:
3093:
3080:10.2307/213287
3074:(3): 333–365.
3056:
3016:
2975:
2968:
2950:
2931:
2890:
2869:
2850:(2): 223–254.
2832:
2825:
2798:
2791:
2768:
2743:
2736:
2718:
2676:
2649:(5): 713–732.
2633:
2626:
2600:
2589:(4): 228–238.
2571:
2548:
2541:
2523:
2473:
2459:
2452:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2399:
2378:
2371:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2297:
2294:
2278:Enderby Island
2266:Beagle Channel
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:Qinngua Valley
2200:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2061:Lukunsky grove
2057:Khatanga River
2041:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1962:ocean currents
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:Lago Argentino
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:, New Zealand
1829:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:, New Zealand
1753:Mount Taranaki
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:Sajama Volcano
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1546:Mount Kinabalu
1542:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1182:Mount Chocorua
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1078:Mount Katahdin
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
991:
988:
981:
980:
973:
970:
967:
964:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
905:
904:
902:
899:
896:
893:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:Finnmarksvidda
866:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:
795:
785:
778:Pino del cerro
775:
765:
755:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:
729:Hartweg's pine
726:
723:Larix laricina
716:
706:
696:
686:
683:Pinus flexilis
676:
666:
663:Pinus aristata
656:
653:Pinus longaeva
646:
639:Whitebark pine
636:
626:
616:
606:
596:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:
567:
553:
543:
533:
523:
520:Larix gmelinii
516:Dahurian larch
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
493:
490:
449:Dahurian larch
422:
419:
380:
377:
323:
320:
303:
300:
242:alpine climate
222:
219:
184:subalpine zone
135:
132:
103:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4070:Climate zones
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4033:
4032:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3983:
3982:10459.1/65151
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3869:(3): 321–329.
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3456:on 2013-04-03
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3417:on 2011-09-27
3416:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3217:on 2010-12-03
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:Alpine Botany
2687:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:South Georgia
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:Japanese Alps
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1406:Sierra Nevada
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:Sierra Nevada
1386:West side of
1385:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:Mountain Pine
1274:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:Mountain Pine
1247:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:New Hampshire
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
987:
983:
982:
978:
974:
971:
968:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
949:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
926:
925:
921:
918:
915:
910:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
877:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
859:
845:
842:
839:
837:
836:microclimates
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
799:
796:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
741:South America
734:
730:
727:
724:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
704:
703:Picea mariana
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:Potosi pinyon
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
670:
667:
664:
660:
657:
654:
650:
647:
644:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
617:
614:
610:
607:
604:
603:Larix lyallii
600:
597:
594:
590:
589:Subalpine fir
587:
586:
582:North America
575:
571:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
547:
546:Mountain pine
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
517:
514:
513:
503:
499:
496:
495:
489:
487:
480:
476:
472:
469:
464:
458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
436:
432:
427:
418:
416:
413:Islands have
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
365:
360:
358:
357:boreal forest
354:
348:
346:
341:
337:
328:
319:
317:
313:
309:
299:
296:
291:
289:
283:
279:
277:
276:microclimates
273:
267:
265:
264:
259:
253:
251:
247:
243:
240:is called an
239:
232:
231:Tararua Range
227:
218:
216:
212:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:mountain pine
172:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
131:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
99:
97:
91:
88:
87:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
44:
37:
32:
19:
4034:from Commons
4029:
4012:
3991:
3964:
3960:
3944:
3940:
3922:cite journal
3913:
3909:
3891:the original
3886:
3882:
3866:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3825:
3819:
3792:
3786:
3763:
3739:
3710:
3704:
3678:11336/141218
3658:
3652:
3642:
3617:
3611:
3594:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3543:the original
3530:
3514:. UC Press.
3510:
3489:. Retrieved
3484:
3472:
3464:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:the original
3444:
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:the original
3409:Körner, Ch.
3384:
3333:
3329:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3258:10533/134794
3240:
3236:
3230:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3210:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3037:(1): 63–73.
3034:
3028:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2879:
2872:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2816:
2782:
2760:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2730:. Springer.
2727:
2721:
2696:
2692:
2679:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2609:
2603:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2557:
2551:
2532:
2526:
2493:
2489:
2462:
2443:
2415:
2409:
2390:
2358:
2325:Edge effects
2271:
2245:
2231:
2220:
2182:Napartok Bay
2053:Novaya River
1943:
1871:
1859:, Argentina
1837:South Island
1757:North Island
1125:Sikhote-Alin
1101:Eastern Alps
840:
833:
814:
791:
781:
771:
761:
751:
732:
722:
713:Picea glauca
712:
709:White spruce
702:
699:Black spruce
692:
682:
672:
669:Foxtail pine
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
612:
602:
592:
573:
563:
559:
549:
540:Pinus cembra
539:
529:
519:
501:
483:
392:
368:
363:
361:
349:
333:
316:talus slopes
305:
295:condensation
292:
284:
280:
268:
261:
254:
235:
208:
192:Golyam Rezen
125:
105:
92:
81:
72:
52:
50:
4014:Definitions
3730:11336/40918
3570:6 September
2941:Plant World
2643:J. Biogeogr
1966:Scandinavia
1689:trade winds
1233:Mountains,
821:rain shadow
758:Lenga beech
679:Limber pine
530:Pinus peuce
431:Vihren Peak
274:can create
246:alpine zone
4044:Categories
3967:(3): 263.
3491:2023-04-13
3485:geostat.ge
3460:2013-08-22
3421:2010-06-14
3221:2011-06-22
3207:"Treeline"
2995:(1): 1–9.
2947:: 169–181.
2762:2011-05-13
2342:References
2156:Hudson Bay
2006:permafrost
1950:permafrost
1804:Southwest
1776:Northeast
1591:New Guinea
1528:Costa Rica
1060:Swiss Alps
819:of slope,
798:Eucalyptus
550:Pinus mugo
536:Swiss pine
468:Magellanic
466:View of a
345:permafrost
272:topography
182:below the
94:permanent
73:timberline
65:elevations
38:. May 2009
3992:Tree line
3346:CiteSeerX
3330:Oecologia
3294:0004-5608
2518:235999977
2336:Snow line
2272:Southern
2251:Cape Horn
2190:Greenland
2125:, Canada
2073:Kamchatka
1975:Location
1954:windthrow
1833:Fiordland
1810:Australia
1782:Australia
1705:Australia
1674:Argentina
1511:, Mexico
1127:, Russia
984:Southern
975:The cold
892:, Sweden
872:, Norway
847:Location
829:subalpine
788:Polylepis
492:Australia
379:Antarctic
364:krummholz
263:krummholz
258:volcanoes
238:mountains
215:geography
96:snow line
86:krummholz
69:latitudes
67:and high
59:at which
53:tree line
4055:Conifers
3947:: 54–57.
3910:NNRMS(B)
3634:51845387
3368:28308263
3011:40511186
2699:: 1–12.
2671:59025355
2566:66824523
2510:34272073
2296:See also
2235:(49°S),
2178:Labrador
2077:Chukotka
2043:Extreme
1806:Tasmania
1778:Tasmania
1572:Tanzania
1448:Himalaya
1408:, Spain
1368:Yosemite
1258:Pyrenees
1235:Bulgaria
1145:Piedmont
1143:Alps of
719:Tamarack
564:tortuosa
498:Snow gum
486:conifers
439:Bulgaria
411:Navarino
369:Cladonia
336:latitude
302:Exposure
250:snowpack
204:Bulgaria
160:Pyrenees
152:Himalaya
148:Tenerife
108:conifers
18:Treeline
3849:: 3–78.
3797:Bibcode
3376:8647814
3338:Bibcode
3302:2561632
3051:1550141
2926:2446122
2864:1943534
2713:8752987
2663:3554841
2595:3682417
2319:Ecotone
2268:, 55°S.
2142:Nunavut
2049:Ary-Mas
1989:Norway
1958:valleys
1797:leeward
1661:13,500
1646:17,100
1636:Bolivia
1623:12,800
1601:12,600
1582:10,200
1560:11,200
1538:11,200
1520:13,100
1480:11,800
1458:13,800
1397:11,800
1383:10,500
1359:10,700
1348:11,600
1262:Andorra
1190:Wyoming
562:subsp.
509:Eurasia
457:Siberia
373:lichens
338:in the
211:ecology
164:Lapland
128:logging
121:foliage
57:habitat
3770:
3632:
3518:
3374:
3366:
3348:
3300:
3292:
3186:
3088:213287
3086:
3049:
3009:
2989:Arctic
2966:
2924:
2862:
2823:
2789:
2734:
2711:
2669:
2661:
2624:
2593:
2564:
2539:
2516:
2508:
2450:
2422:
2397:
2369:
2104:Alaska
1984:Notes
1946:aspect
1922:2,000
1895:3,100
1868:3,300
1865:1,000
1848:3,100
1820:2,500
1792:3,900
1789:1,200
1768:4,900
1765:1,500
1744:5,200
1741:1,600
1717:5,900
1714:1,800
1684:6,600
1681:2,000
1658:4,100
1643:5,200
1620:3,900
1598:3,850
1579:3,100
1557:3,400
1554:6.1°N
1550:Borneo
1535:3,400
1532:9.5°N
1517:4,000
1500:9,800
1497:3,000
1489:Hawaii
1477:3,600
1470:Taiwan
1466:Yushan
1455:4,200
1444:Khumbu
1436:9,500
1433:2,900
1417:7,900
1414:2,400
1394:3,600
1380:3,200
1356:3,250
1345:3,550
1325:Uintas
1320:9,500
1317:2,900
1299:8,200
1296:2,500
1288:Oregon
1272:7,500
1269:2,300
1245:7,500
1242:2,300
1219:7,900
1216:2,400
1201:9,800
1198:3,000
1173:4,400
1170:1,350
1156:6,900
1153:2,100
1136:5,200
1133:1,600
1112:5,700
1109:1,750
1093:3,800
1090:1,150
1070:7,200
1067:2,200
1051:4,900
1048:1,500
1032:5,200
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1014:7,900
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996:3,600
993:1,100
953:1,600
936:3,600
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901:2,100
890:Abisko
881:1,600
856:Notes
817:aspect
453:Kolyma
353:tundra
322:Arctic
308:coasts
221:Alpine
194:Peak,
162:, and
102:Causes
77:canopy
4050:Trees
4031:Media
3957:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3879:(PDF)
3859:(PDF)
3713:(2).
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3608:(PDF)
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2514:S2CID
2199:64°N
2173:56°N
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2114:68°N
2110:152°W
2087:60°N
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2040:72°N
2036:102°E
2023:66°N
1997:70°N
1916:55°S
1912:Chile
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1862:50°S
1842:45°S
1814:43°S
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1762:39°S
1738:37°S
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1709:36°S
1678:31°S
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1609:Andes
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1474:23°N
1452:28°N
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1293:42°N
1290:, US
1266:42°N
1239:42°N
1231:Pirin
1213:42°N
1195:43°N
1167:44°N
1150:45°N
1130:46°N
1106:46°N
1087:46°N
1082:Maine
1064:47°N
1045:47°N
1026:49°N
1008:51°N
990:55°N
986:Urals
966:56°N
947:57°N
930:61°N
913:61°N
895:68°N
875:69°N
864:(ft)
768:Alder
570:Rowan
479:Chile
471:lenga
407:Hoste
371:spp.
312:winds
200:Sofia
144:Andes
134:Types
61:trees
47:wind.
3928:link
3768:ISBN
3572:2016
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3364:PMID
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1993:24°E
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1817:750
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