394:. The Native Tree Society, in addition to the American Forests formula, uses an alternative approach to compare relative sizes of trees, both within the same species and against others. The Tree Dimension Index (TDI) is highly adaptable and can be tailored to reflect the attributes of an individual tree and how they compare relative to the largest known specimen. The premise is that the specific dimensions of the tree are given a value (percentage) that reflects its relative rank against the maximum known for the same dimension for the species. For example, the tallest known eastern hemlock would get a value of 100 for height since it represents 100% of the maximum value known for the species. A shorter tree that was 75% of the maximum known height would get a value of 75 for its height. Likewise, the values of diameter and volume would be determined by the relative value when ranked against the known maxima. With three ranked attributes the maximum TDI value would theoretically be 300. However, this would represent one tree exhibiting all three maxima- an unlikely possibility. However, the apparent size of a tree can be realized by ranking the cumulative values against the theoretical maximum. A tree scaling close to 300 would suggest that it was nearly the largest specimen theoretically possible based on currently known maxima. A two-value TDI using height and girth was presented for 259 white pines (Pinus strobus) by Friends of Mohawk Trail State Forest to MA DCNR in 2006. The TDI values in the dataset ranged from 172.1 to 125.2 out of a possible maximum of 200.
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These are genetically the same, but as their growth form is different they should be considered as a different measurement category than single trunk trees. These multiple trunks commonly will grow together to form a large combined mass at the base and split into individual trunk at greater heights. If they are individual trunks at breast height then the individual trunks can be measured separately and treated as individual single trunk trees. If they have grown together at breast height then a measurement of their combined girth should be made at that height the number of trunks incorporated into the girth measurement listed. If the tree splays outward dramatically at breast height, then the girth should be measured at the narrowest point between breast height and the ground and that height noted. Other girth measurements guidelines outlined for single trunk trees, such as low branches and burls, apply to multitrunk girths as well. The height of the tallest trunk in the multitrunk specimen would then be the height of the multitrunk specimen and the combined crown spread of all the individual trunks the multitrunk specimen collectively would be the multitrunk crown spread. If one of the individual trunks is significantly larger than all the others, it can be treated as if it were a single trunk tree. Its girth is measured where it emerges from the combined mass, and the height and crown spread of that particular trunk is measured individually.
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This is ideal for plotting the three most commonly measured tree dimensions. The first step in the analysis is to determine what an average shape for trees is in general. These three basic parameters can be expressed as a ratio of height to girth to average crown spread. Some trees are tall and narrow, while others are low and broadly spreading. The data used to determine the average tree shape is derived from a tabulation of the largest trees of each of 192 different species in the NTS 2009 dataset. The average girth, height, and crown spread values were calculated for the measurements included in the listing. For the dataset the average height was 87.6 feet, the average girth was 100.1 inches, and the average spread was 54.9 feet. It is not critical that these values be exact for analysis purposes. The next step is to standardize each measured parameter. The quantity measured for a particular tree is divided by the standard value as determined above. The next step is to normalize the data set so that the sum of the three parameters expressed as a percentage will equal one. This enables the shapes of different trees of different sizes to be compared. The final step is to plot these results as a ternary graph to better compare the results. As an example, the measurement data for 140 live oaks measured as part of the NTS Live Oak
Project were graphically plotted using this process.
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edge. A second measurement is taken perpendicular to the first line through the central mass of the crown. The two values are averaged to calculate crown spread. A second method is to take a series of four or more spokes running from the side of the center of the trunk to the edge of the crown. The more spokes measured the better the crown size is represented. The crown spread is twice the average of all of the spokes. For trees in open areas, crown spreads can also be measured from aerial imagery such as Google Earth. There are length measurements tools built into the program that will allow multiple diameters across the crown to be measured or averaged. Alternatively there are add-on software packages available that can allow an area to be outlined on the Google Earth image and the area enclosed calculated. This can then be converted to crown spread. has also provided four options for measuring the crown area through compass and clinometer surveys around the outer edge of the crown or through a combination of measurements from the edge of the crown and to the trunk, and those around the crown perimeter. Maximum crown spread and maximum limb length measurements can also be measured if needed.
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The height of the tree top above eye level: the same process is used to measure the extension of the base of the tree below or even above eye level. Since the measurement is along the hypotenuse of the right triangle and both the top and bottom triangles are independent, it doesn’t matter if the tree top is offset from the base as this does not affect the calculation. In addition the top branches of the tree can be scanned with the laser rangefinder to find which top is actually the tallest and the major error of misidentifying the top can be avoided. If the true top of the tree is misidentified the height measurement for the tree will simply be short by some amount, and will not be exaggerated. The height will be correct for the target being measured. With calibration, multiple shots, and a technique to deal with scales that read only to the nearest yard or meter, tree heights can typically be measured to within one foot using this methodology. Other measurement techniques include surveying with a transit and a total station, extended baseline method, the parallax method, and the three verticals method.
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in degrees. If it has a percentage scale, then the percentage is multiplied by the distance to the tree to determine a height or extension above and below eye level. Others have a 66’ scale where if used at a distance of 66 feet from the tree the height above or below eye level can be directly read from the scale. Errors frequently accompany this type of measuring. The process assumes that the top of the tree is directly over the base of the tree. The tree top may be offset significantly from a point directly over the base (or level point on the trunk). Typical errors from this effect are often on the order of 10 to 20 feet. A bigger problem is misidentifying a forward leaning branch for the actual top of the tree. Errors associated with this mistake may yield measurements that are off many tens of feet and some errors of over forty feet and more have made it onto various champion tree lists, and in at least two cases, the errors have exceeded 60 feet.
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particularly in years of drought, a tree will not grow an annual ring. In other years where the growing season is interrupted a tree may grow a second false ring. The trees rings are commonly measured by taking a series of core samples. A borer is used to extract a pencil-size diameter or smaller core from a living tree or from a log. For downed and dead trees a disk section or "tree cookie" may also be taken, these are polished, the rings identified, and the number of rings and the distance between each are recorded. By comparing rings from multiple trees, through cross-dating, a dendrochronologists can determine if rings are missing or if false rings are present. Through this process the tree ring record can be used to investigate past climatic conditions. Tropical trees often lack annual rings and ages for these trees can be measured using radiocarbon dating of wood samples from the trees.
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used in many cases. In other cases footprint mapping is an option. In footprint mapping a level, rectangular reference frame is placed around the base of the tree to create a horizontal plane. The position of the multiple points on the trunk surface is measured with respect to the frame and plotted. This process is repeated at different heights creating a series of virtual slices at different heights. The volume of each individual slice is then calculated and all are added together to determine the volume of the basal wedge. Taylor has been developing a cloud mapping process using optical parallax scanning technology whereby thousands of measurements are made around the trunk of a tree. These can be used to recreate a three-dimensional model of the trunk and volume data is among the values that can be calculated.
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description of that particular tree. GPS locations should be taken whenever possible. Absent a GPS instrument, the locations should be pulled from Google Maps, or topographic maps. Beyond these basics, values like number of trunks larger than a prescribed value, the maximum girth of the largest trunk, and whatever seems appropriate for that particular tree grouping should be recorded. Photographs of these unusual trees are important as they can immensely improve the understanding of what is being described, and help others to visualize the tree. A process or system is needed whereby the photos of a particular tree can be associated with the description of the tree in the researcher’s notes. The goal of the narrative and measurements is to document the tree or tree grouping.
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tacked at this point and allowed to hang freely down the trunk. The distance from the highest climb point and the top of the tree is measured using a pole that extends from the treetop to the anchor point of the tape. This height is noted and the diameter of the tree is measured at that point. The climber then rappels down the tree measuring the trunk circumference by tape wrap at different heights with the height of each measurement referenced to the fixed tape running down the trunk. Whether using the aerial or ground-based methods, the diameter or girth measurements do not need to be evenly spaced along the trunk of the tree, but a sufficient number of measurements need to be taken to adequately represent the changes in diameter of the trunk.
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Aerial measurements are direct tape measures obtained by a climber in the tree. A monocular w/reticle is a small telescope with an internal scale visible through the glass. The monocular is mounted on a tripod and the trunk of the tree is sighted through the lens. The width of the trunk is measured as so many units of the reticle scale. The height and distance of the target point is measured using the laser rangefinder and clinometer. With the distance known, the diameter of the tree measured expressed as units of the reticle scale, and an optical scaling factor for the monocular w/reticle, provided by the manufacturer and calibrated by the user, the diameter of the tree at that point can be calculated:
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upside of the tape could easily be below ground level. In this case a better option would be to measure the standard girth measurement at 4.5 feet above ground level on the high side of the tree and note this in the measurement description. If measuring a mountaintop forest of stunted trees only six feet tall, a girth measurement made at 4.5 feet would be meaningless. In the case of these stunted trees a girth taken at 1 foot above the base might be more appropriate. Girth measurements should be taken at the standard heights whenever possible. Where this measurement is not meaningful, an additional girth measurement should be taken at a more appropriate position and that height noted.
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vertically. The surveyor moves in and out toward a tree until the base of the stick above the lower hand aligns with the base of the tree and the top of the stick aligns with the top of the tree. The distance from the lower hand to the surveyor’s eye is measured, the distance from the lower hand to the top of the stick is measured, and the distance from the eye to the base of the tree is measured with a tape. The ratio of distance from the eye to the hand is to the distance from eye to the base of the tree, as is equal to the ratio of the length of the stick to the height of the tree provided that the top of the tree is positioned vertically over the base.
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average of the height in feet of the tallest individual of each of the ten tallest species on a site. A particular species enters the index only once. The index provides a numerical evaluation of both maximum height and diversity of the dominant species. High index values are the result of many factors, including climate, topography, soils, and a lack of disturbance. While the most extensive sites benefit from a greater variety of habitat and more individual trees, some exceptional sites are quite small. The Rucker Height Index is essentially a foreshortened version of a complete profile of all the species found on a particular site.
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slope this is considered as halfway between the ground level at the upper and lower sides of the tree. Tree height can be measured in a number of ways with varying degrees of accuracy. There are direct measurements. Shorter trees can be measured using a long pole extended vertically to the top of the tree. Larger trees can be climbed and a tape measurement made from the highest point of the climb to the base of the tree. The distance to the top of the tree can be measured from that point, if needed, using a pole. Historically the most direct method of finding a tree's height was to cut it down and measure it prostrate on the ground.
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might be misidentified and re-measured as a different tree. GPS locations should be taken for every tree measured. GPS in most cases is accurate enough to distinguish the location of a specific tree. The actual accuracy users attain depends on a number of factors, including atmospheric effects and receiver quality. Real-world data collected by the FAA show that some high-quality GPS SPS receivers currently provide better than 3 meter horizontal accuracy. If GPs is not available then the approximate latitude and longitude data should be topographic maps, or air photo sources such as Bing Maps, Google Earth, or similar services.
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within the tree. Sketches and photographs are used to facilitate the process. Trees are climbed and the overall architecture is mapped including the location of the main stem and all reiterated trunks, in addition to all branches that originate from trunks. The position of every branch point in the canopy down to a certain size and also the positions of various reiterations, breaks, kinks, or any other eccentricities in the tree are also mapped. Each mapped trunk and branch is measured for basal diameter, length, and azimuth. Climbers measure specific circumferences and detail other features within the tree
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the volume of each segment calculated individually. For example, the crown could be subdivided into a series of disk-like slices by elevation, the volume of each disk calculated, and the total of all the disks are added together to determine crown volume. Frank developed a simpler method that requires measuring average crown spread, height of the crown from base to top, and matching the crown profile to best fit of a family of crown profile shapes. The method calculates the volume enclosed by rotating the selected profile around the axis of the tree given the measured crown length and average crown spread.
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data on 780 tree species. Most of the individual state big programs are administrated through the
American Forest Big Tree Programs. The Native Tree Society has its own database Trees Database with the requirement that the trees entered meet their height measurement standards. There also are databases maintained by Australia’s National Register of Big Trees, The New Zealand Tree Register, Monumental Trees (primarily focused on Europe but including trees from elsewhere in the world), and The Tree Register - A unique record of Notable and Ancient Trees in Britain and Ireland.
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58:; and d) NZ Notable Trees Trust. Other parameters also measured include trunk and branch volume, canopy structure, canopy volume, and overall tree shape. Overviews of some of these more advanced measurements are discussed in Blozan above and in "Tsuga Search Measurement Protocols" by Will Blozan and Jess Riddle, September 2006, and tree trunk modeling by Robert Leverett and Leverett and others. The appropriate measurement protocols for multi-trunk trees and other more exotic forms are less well-defined, but some general guidelines are presented below.
362:, growing in the White Mountains of eastern California. The tree was cored by Edmund Schulman in the late 1950s, but was never dated. Recently Tom Harlan completed the dating of the old core sample. The tree is still alive and is 5062 years old as of the 2012 growing season. Older ages are given for sprouts growing from roots or clonal colonies, but these values are not from an individual stem that has persisted for that duration. Whether these are considered to be older trees or not is dependent on the definition of the term 'tree'.
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tree species. Frank proposed a classification system for various tree forms: 1) Single Trunk Trees; 2) Multitrunk Trees; 3) Clonal
Coppices; 4) Clonal Colonies; 5) Conjoined and Hugging Trees; 6) Fallen Trees; 7) Tree complexes, and 8) Banyan-like trees; 9) Trees with Large Aerial Root Systems; and 10) Epiphytic Trees. This initial framework has continued to evolve in discussions within the NTS, but provides an initial beginning and suggestions on how to approach measuring these various tree growth forms.
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paleoclimatic reconstruction or archaeological investigation and longer lived trees provide longer data record. Most species believed to be shorter lived have not been systematically investigated and cross dated. The Native Tree
Society is compiling basic ring counts for many of these species in order to better understand the age structure of the forests they are investigating, with the recognition that ring counts ages may be off due to missing or false rings.
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40.25%, and
Average Crown Spread maximum of 49.08% and a minimum of 30.92%. These points represent the measurements of the largest specimens of live oak measured in the field and typically represent open grown specimens, but the tightness of the shape cluster is still remarkable. It is even more interesting to note that while the data set contains both multiple trunk trees and single trunk trees, both plot within the same tight cluster.
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145:. Many trees flare outward at their base. The standard height up the trunk for determining girth is easily measurable and in most trees it is above the majority of the basal flare and gives a fair approximation of the size of the trunk. For the largest trees, or those with a broad basal flare far up the trunk, it would be appropriate to also measure a second girth above the flare and to note this height.
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forested areas trees grow taller and put more energy into height growth as they compete with other trees for the available light. Often the tallest examples of many species are found where they are a secondary species on a site and competing for light with other taller tree species. The tall bay laurel (
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recognized. In addition to the original OldList, Neil
Pederson at the Tree Ring Laboratory of Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University has created an eastern OLDLIST focused on old trees in the eastern North America. In addition to these sources of tree ring data there is the ITRDB. The
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As with any other scientific investigation it is critical to establish the location of the trees being investigated. Without that information, the location of tree may be lost and other investigators will not be able to relocate the tree in the future. There is also the possibility that the same tree
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Multitrunk trees are the most common form after single trunk trees. Often these represent separate trunks growing from a single root mass. This occurs frequently in some species when the initial trunk has been damaged or broken and in its place two or more new shoots grow from the original root mass.
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Not all trees have a single trunk, and others pose additional measurement problems because of their size or configuration. The odd forms include those forms that grew because of unusual circumstances that affected the tree, or those trees that simply have an unusual growth form not seen in most other
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Many trees flare outward significantly at the base and this basal wedge has a complex surface of bumps and hollows. This becomes an even more complex volume in trees growing on a slope. Approximations of the volume of this basal segment using best estimates of the effective diameters exhibited may be
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A series of tree diameters up the trunk of the tree are systematically measured using this procedure from the base of the tree to the top and their height is noted. Some photographic methods are being developed to allow calculation of diameters of trunk and limb segments in photographs that contain a
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If the tree is growing on sloping ground the base of the tree should be considered to be where the center or pith of the tree intersects the supporting surface below, typically at mid-slope along the side of the tree. If the tree is large and this measurement would place one portion of the girth loop
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Variations of the Rucker Index can also be calculated. If the site has a high diversity of species a RI20 can be calculated using twenty species. For sites with limited data or low species diversity, a RI5 with only five species can be calculated. A Rucker Girth Index or RGI10 can also be calculated
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In spite of the extensive amounts of work done by dendrochronologists in investigating trees, the maximum ages attainable by most common species is not clear. Dendrochronologists typically focus on trees that are known to have a long life span when investigating a site. This is because their goal is
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If the tree extends below eye level the same process is used to determine the length below eye level and that is added to height above eye level to determine total tree height. Different clinometers have different reading scales, but all apply the same function. Calculations are as above if it reads
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Several of the larger tree groups maintain interactive databases of tree information. Different types of information are available on different databases and there are different requirements for data entry. American
Forests provides a searchable database of their Champion trees and in 2012 included
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There are two major listings of the maximum ages of trees. The OldList is a database of ancient trees maintained by Rocky
Mountain Tree-Ring research. Its purpose is to identify maximum ages that different species in different localities can attain such that exceptionally old age individuals may be
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Different tree species tend to have different shapes and tree shapes also vary within a single tree species. As a general observation trees growing in an open setting tend to be shorter and have broader crowns, while those growing in a forested setting tend to be taller and have narrower crowns. In
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In areas where the trunk bifurcates the trunk will not have a circular or simple elliptical diameter. Blozan as part of the Tsuga Search
Project created a wooden frame that would fit around the odd shaped section and measured the position of the surface of the trunk with respect to the frame. These
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To calculate trunk volume, the tree is subdivided into a series of segments with the successive diameters being the bottom and top of each segment and its length equal to the difference in height between the lower and upper diameter. Cumulative trunk volume is calculated by adding the volume of the
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Crown volumes can be measured as an extension of the basic crown spread measurement. One method is to map a network of points on the outer surface of the crown from various positions around the tree and plotted by map position and height. The crown itself can be subdivided into smaller segments and
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Crown spread is a measure of the footprint or plan area of the crown of the tree expressed as a diameter. The most basic crown spread measurement is the average length of two lines across the crown area. The first measurement is made along the longest axis of the crown from one edge to the opposite
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If there are significant low branches that emerge below this height, ignoring any minor epicormic sprouts and dead branches, then the girth should be measured at the narrowest point below the lowest branch and that height noted. If there is a burl or protuberance at the measurement height, then the
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Girth is a measurement of the distance around the trunk of a tree measured perpendicular to the axis of the trunk. Use of girth to arrive at an equivalent diameter is an older forestry measurement that is still used. In the United States girth is measured at a height of 4.5 feet above ground level.
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These are summaries of how to measure trees are also presented by various groups involved in documenting big trees around the world. These include among others: a) American
Forests Tree Measuring Guidelines; b) National Register of Big Trees - Australia's Champion Trees: Tree Measurement, Champions
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is maintained by the NOAA Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology. The Data Bank includes raw ring width or wood density measurements, and site chronologies. Reconstructed climate parameters, including North American Drought, are also available for some areas. Over 2000
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A third remote method is called the sine-height method or ENTS method. It requires the use of a laser rangefinder and clinometer. In this method the distance to the top of a tree is directly measured by the surveyor using the laser rangefinder. The angle to the top is measured with the clinometer.
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Tree height is the vertical distance between the base of the tree and the highest sprig at the top of the tree. The base of the tree is measured for both height and girth as being the elevation at which the pith of the tree intersects the ground surface beneath, or "where the acorn sprouted." On a
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There are many other sites maintained by groups and individuals that include tabulations of big trees of a specific area, of a particular species, or simply the largest individuals. Some of these include Landmark Trees, Native Tree Society, Old Trees in The Netherlands and Western Europe, the big
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For example, the Australian National Register of Big Trees uses the American Forests formula. The individual measurements are listed using both Imperial and metric values. Trees must be single-stemmed at 1.4m above ground where circumference is measured. They write that making the Australian tree
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Ternary Tree Shape Plots. A methodology for plotting different tree shapes graphically was developed by Frank using ternary plot diagrams. Ternary plots can be used to graphically display any set of data that includes three terms which total to some constant. Generally this constant is 1 or 100%.
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Canopy mapping is the process whereby the positions and size of the branches within the canopy are mapped in three-dimensional space. It is a labor-intensive process that is usually reserved for only the most significant specimens. This is usually done from a set position or a series of positions
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Tree climbers can physically measure the circumference of the tree using a tape. The climber will ascend into the tree until he reaches the highest safe climbing point. Once this point is reached a tape is pulled up along the side of the trunk via a drop rope. The upper end of the tape is lightly
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Tree heights can also be measured remotely from the ground. The most basic remote height methodologies are all variations of the stick measurement. The height is calculated using the principle of similar triangles. A short stick is held out pointing vertically at arm’s length by its base pointing
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In January 2012 the calculated Rucker Index for the World was 312.39 feet. The Rucker Index for the west coast of North America, and also all of North America is 297 The RI10 for Great Smoky Mountains National Park is 169.24, the tallest site in eastern United States. For the northeastern United
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Single trunk trees can also pose measurement problems. Consider trees with very large girths, such as some of the sequoias growing the western United States. If they are growing on even a gentle slope, if girth is measured at 4.5 feet above where the pith of the tree emerges from the ground, the
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Banyan-like trees similarly consist of multiple trunks spread across a large area. In many of these specimens the interior trunks are not easily accessible. An approach to their measurement would be to measure the area occupied by the many trunks, the area occupied by the crown of the tree, the
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Since most of these trees are unique or unusual in their form and not amenable to easy measurement, the recommended approach is to write a detailed narrative description of the tree with what measurements that can be taken to amplify and better illuminate the descriptions. These trees should be
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Tree volume measurements may include just the volume of the trunk, or may also include the volume of branches. Volume measurements can be achieved via ground-based or aerial methods. Ground-based measurements are obtained by the use of a monocular w/reticle, laser rangefinder, and a clinometer.
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Rucker Index is a family of indexes that are used to compare tree population between different tree sites. It is not species-dependent and can be applied to sites of different sizes. The basic Rucker Index is a measure of overall tree height. The Rucker Height Index 10 or RI10 is the numerical
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The American Forests National Big Tree Program is the largest in the world with coordinators in all fifty states and the District of Columbia and is used as a model for several Big Tree programs around the world. American Forests describe it as a conservation movement to locate, appreciate and
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is the science of dating and study of annual rings in trees. A tree in temperate and colder climates typically will grow one new ring every year, therefore the age of the tree can theoretically be determined by counting the number of rings present. The problem lies in the fact that some years,
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The cluster representing the live oak data falls on the extreme edge of the general pattern of tree shapes. The height proportion exhibits a maximum of 17.23% of the shape value and a minimum of 6.55%, the girth (minimum of 19 feet in the data set) exhibits a maximum of 58.25% and a minimum of
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It should always be noted whether or not the tree being measured is single or multitrunk. A single trunk tree is one which would only have a single pith at ground level. If the tree would have more than one pith at ground level, it should be listed as a multitrunk tree and the number of trunks
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There are some parameters that should be consistently measured whenever possible, height is one example. The cross-sectional areas occupied by the trunks and the crown are also parameters that are generally measurable. Other measurements could be taken where they seem to add to the narrative
377:. American Forests has developed a formula for calculation tree points for determining champion trees for each species. Three measurements: Trunk Circumference (inches), Height (feet), and Average Crown Spread (feet). Trees of the same species are compared using the following calculation:
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protect the biggest tree species in the United States with more than 780 champions crowned each year, with 200 more species without a crowned champion in 2012, and documented in their biannual publication — the National Register of Big Trees. The program has been operating since 1940.
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and a tape and is commonly employed in the forestry industry. This process applies the trigonometric tangent function. In this process the horizontal distance is measured to the trunk of a tree from a sighting position. The angle to the top of the tree is measured with the clinometer.
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Points directly comparable to the U.S.A. is important because Australians can view the American Forests Register of Big Trees and gain immediate, and much enjoyment, in comparing their Champions with ours, and vice versa for North American tree enthusiasts viewing our NRBT.
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height of the tree, and any other measurements the investigator deems appropriate. These measurements would then be supplemented by a narrative description and photographs. The goal in all of these cases of trees with unusual forms is to document their characteristics.
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Van Pelt, Robert; Sillett, Steven; and Nadkarni, Nalini. 2004. Chapter 3: Quantifying and Visualizing Canopy Structure in Tall Forests: Methods and a Case Study. in M. D. Lowman and H. B. Rinker (eds.), Forest Canopies, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.
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Leverett, Robert T.; Beluzo, Gary; and D'Amato, Anthony W. 2006. Friends of Mohawk Trail State Forest: Periodic Report to the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation Submitted by Friends of Mohawk Trail State Forest - May 23, 2006.
30:, or even more exotic tree complexes. Most champion tree programs focus finding and measuring the largest single-trunk example of each species. There are three basic parameters commonly measured to characterize the size of a single trunk tree:
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included in the girth measurement noted. If the flare at the base of the tree extends above this default girth height, then ideally a second girth measurement should be collected where possible above the basal flare and this height noted.
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Stokes, Marvin A.; and Smiley, Terah L. (1968 and 1996). An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating. Publisher (1968): Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 73 pp. Publisher (1996): Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona
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to perform the calculation. Extrapolations from any model can vary widely, so value estimates for diameters larger than 30 inches (760 mm) may have to be capped so trees do not exceed 27% of total appraised land value.
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In all cases, the data collected needs to be organized into a useful searchable format that can be used. The Native Tree Society provides a free downloadable excel spreadsheet that can be used for organizing tree datasets
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A similar, but more complex formula can be used where the trunk is significantly more elliptical in shape where the lengths of the major and minor axis of the ellipse are measured at the top and bottom of each segment.
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is commonly performed by wrapping a tape around the trunk at the correct height. Tree girth may also be measured remotely using a monocular with reticle, through photographic interpretation, or by some
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points were plotted on a graph and the cross-sectional area of the irregular trunk shape was calculated. This area was, in turn, converted to an equivalent circular area for use in the volume formula.
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Leverett, Robert T.; Blozan, Will; and Beluzo, Gary. 2008. Modeling tree trunks: approaches and Formula. Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society, Volume 3, Issue 2, Spring 2008, pp. 3–13.
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Sillett, S. C. and R. Van Pelt. 2001. A redwood tree whose crown may be the most complex on Earth. Pages 11-18 in M. Labrecque (ed.), L'Arbre 2000. Isabelle Quentin, Montréal, Québec.
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To get a sufficient diversity of trees of great height requires at least a modest size or larger plot of forest and a reasonably thorough examination to generate a high RI value.
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Clonal colonies, such as the Pando aspen, may occupy many acres. The area occupied by the colony should be measured as well as the size of the largest individual trunk present.
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Taylor, Michael. January 11, 2012. Re: 3D surface modeling of a giant redwood trunk. eNTS: The Magazine of the Native Tree Society, Volume 2, Number 01, January 2012, p. 57.
318:) at 169.4 feet discovered by Zane Moore in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park is an example of an exceptionally tall understory tree growing among other taller species.
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Frank, Edward Forrest. January 23, 2010. A Numerical Method of Plotting Tree Shapes. Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society, Volume 6, Issue 1, Winter 2011, pp. 2-8.
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These most likely use diameter measured at breast height, 4.5 feet (140 cm) above ground, not the larger base diameter. A general model for any year and diameter is
1068:
Frank, Edward F. 2011. A numerical method of plotting tree shapes with live oaks used as an example. Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
641:
Blozan, Will. 2006. Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society. Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society, Volume 1, Number 1, Summer 2006. pp. 3–10.
402:
Studies have shown that trees contribute as much as 27% of the appraised land value in certain markets and cite the following table which can be extrapolated with care.
1165:
Van Pelt, Robert and Nadkarni, Nalini. 2002. NSF Workshop on Canopy Structure Data, Development of Canopy Structure in Douglas-fir Forests of the Pacific Northwest.
141:. In these remote methods a diameter perpendicular to the surveyor is what is actually being measured and that is converted to girth by multiplying that number by
2173:
1228:
1180:
2168:
1474:
157:
girth should be measured immediately above the protuberance or at the narrowest point of the trunk below the protuberance and that height noted.
1531:
885:
Rucker, Colby. 2008. Great Eastern Trees, Past and Present. Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society, Volume 3, Issue 4, Fall 2008, pp. 6–40.
684:
1168:
NSF Workshop on Canopy Structure Data. This workshop took place from April 25–26, 2002, at The Evergreen State College. Accessed March 4, 2013.
1336:
Tucei, Larry. 2009. The Live Oak Project: An Update. Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society, Volume 4, Issue 3, Summer 2009, pp. 9-14.
56:
Tree Register: A unique record of Notable and Ancient Trees in Britain and Ireland - How to measure trees for inclusion in the Tree Register
3095:
2212:
1547:
1881:
1260:
1212:
531:
The Rucker Height Index or Rucker Index has numerous merits that make it a useful measurement when comparing various tall tree sites:
2901:
3603:
3613:
1166:
919:
Frank, Edward Forrest. January 12, 2010. The Really, Really Basics of Laser Rangefinder/Clinometer Tree Height Measurements.
222:
measured segments of the tree together. The volume of each segment is calculated as the volume of a frustum of a cone where:
2183:
861:
278:
documented even if the results are in the form of a written narrative rather than a collection of numerical measurements.
3578:
3548:
3113:
1874:
1832:
22:
have a wide variety of sizes and shapes and growth habits. Specimens may grow as individual trunks, multitrunk masses,
1490:
161:
below ground level, then the measurement should be made at 4.5 feet above ground level at the high side of the slope.
2106:
2086:
351:
1363:
1860:
624:
Blozan, Will. 2004, 2008. The Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society. Accessed March 4, 2013.
623:
597:
3543:
2178:
1503:
1725:
512:
3560:
2763:
1235:
2251:
1532:
http://www.americanforests.org/bigtrees/bigtrees-search/?search_val&submit_search=Search%20the%20Register
1288:
1044:
1781:
1187:
2894:
1617:
1448:
3526:
2061:
1867:
773:
656:
2575:
2217:
1853:
895:
80:(distance from eye to base of tree/distance from eye to base of stick) × length of stick = tree height
1435:
1140:
3655:
3618:
3043:
2538:
2358:
2227:
1888:
1153:
3135:
739:
692:
3348:
3248:
3243:
2677:
2363:
1971:
1936:
1737:
1462:
1337:
1315:
1118:
Leverett, Robert T. March 2013. Photo Measuring the Broad Brook Grandmother Pine (multiple posts).
1069:
2313:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3521:
3438:
2887:
2506:
2397:
2293:
2288:
1478:
1081:
822:
574:
201:
67:
43:
31:
1544:
1422:
1019:
3608:
3598:
3058:
2283:
2278:
2158:
2146:
1825:
932:
920:
174:
133:
124:
39:
35:
1327:
Riddle, Jess. 2009. ENTS Maximum List. October 2009. ENTS website. Accessed December 13, 2010.
528:
using the girth of the largest girth individual in each of the ten fattest species on a site.
3588:
3028:
2791:
2777:
2448:
541:
The index requires a fairly diverse mix of trees in order to generate a high index value; and
380:
Trunk Circumference (inches) + Height (feet) + ¼ Average Crown Spread (feet) = Total Points.
2385:
1105:
Leverett, Robert T. February 2013. Re: Photo Measuring for Trunk Modeling (multiple posts).
944:
130:
Elsewhere in the world it is measured at a height of 1.3 meters, 1.4 meters, or 1.5 meters.
3660:
3628:
3623:
3333:
2667:
2407:
2348:
2318:
2188:
1976:
8:
3593:
3125:
3103:
2868:
2239:
2056:
2024:
1756:
1577:
1275:
1119:
1106:
1093:
994:
1300:
969:
99:
horizontal distance at eye level to the tree trunk x tangent Θ = height above eye level
3443:
3418:
2819:
2338:
2333:
2163:
2126:
2081:
2034:
1941:
1931:
1518:
1274:
Frank, Edward Forrest. December 2007. Multitrunk Trees, Woody Vines, and Other Forms.
3448:
3428:
3063:
2974:
2949:
2858:
2619:
2141:
2121:
2111:
2096:
2001:
1818:
1615:
Tree Register: A unique record of Notable and Ancient Trees in Britain and Ireland -
1254:
1206:
685:"Tree Measurement : How to measure a tree : National Register of Big Trees"
549:
States, the RI10 is 152.6, and for the southeast, excluding GSMNP the RI10 is 166.9.
3378:
3280:
3108:
2734:
2719:
2481:
2438:
2131:
2116:
2091:
1506:
797:
Leverett, Robert T. 2007. A new look at tree trunk modeling: old formulae and new.
714:
579:
342:
1782:"Native Tree Society BBS • View topic - La Pine ponderosa likely top of class, OR"
1447:
Blozan, Will. January 22, 2005. RE: Formulas for points MY MEAGER TAKE ON THINGS.
325:
3053:
2917:
2744:
2602:
2587:
2443:
2390:
2373:
2076:
2044:
2014:
1966:
1951:
1926:
1551:
1434:
National Register of Big Trees, Australia's Champion Trees - Points Calculation.
1396:
1367:
477:
148:
27:
183:
3650:
3423:
3318:
3210:
3151:
3023:
2879:
2805:
2729:
2724:
2657:
2565:
2553:
2518:
2476:
2424:
2419:
2343:
2261:
2153:
1996:
1986:
1409:
1301:
Moore, Zane. December 19, 2012. New Tallest Bay Laurel. Accessed March 4, 2013.
847:
359:
3644:
3488:
3473:
3468:
3353:
3343:
3145:
3038:
2943:
2930:
2925:
2833:
2814:
2739:
2699:
2652:
2491:
2463:
2328:
2266:
2205:
2200:
2009:
1961:
1726:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/measure/tree_measurement_data_spreadshee.htm
289:
3493:
3433:
3395:
3385:
3338:
3270:
3255:
3200:
3080:
3048:
3033:
2980:
2964:
2847:
2682:
2378:
2368:
2353:
2323:
2246:
2222:
2136:
2101:
2066:
1981:
1956:
1912:
566:
1289:
http://www.ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?f=235&t=4773&start=10#p20715
538:
The index can be applied to forests in any area with any make-up of trees;
106:
3498:
3290:
3205:
3085:
3018:
3013:
2938:
2714:
2694:
2687:
2647:
2614:
2195:
1946:
1699:
1686:
1360:
834:
3478:
3179:
2986:
2959:
2709:
2704:
2430:
2051:
1449:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/measure/tdi/dimension_rating_index.htm
1287:
Frank, Edward Forrest. January 02, 2013. Re: Measuring Odd Tree Forms.
1092:
Leverett, Robert T. January 2013. Photo Measurements (multiple posts).
507:
eucalypts of Tasmania and Victoria, and the Old Growth Forest Network.
92:
3458:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3323:
3313:
3130:
3120:
3075:
3070:
2969:
2592:
2570:
2471:
2413:
2029:
1895:
1603:
469:
244:
210:
Diameter= (Reticle scale) X (distance to target) ÷ (optical factor)
83:
3453:
3413:
3328:
3265:
3238:
3174:
3169:
3140:
2910:
2672:
2642:
2637:
2597:
2543:
2533:
2453:
1841:
1657:
1436:
http://www.nationalregisterofbigtrees.com.au/points_calculation.php
1383:
1141:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/magazine/2011/NTS_December2011.pdf
468:
Value = 17.27939*(diameter^2)*1.0279^(year-1985) ...assuming 2.79%
23:
1712:
1590:
1154:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/magazine/2012/NTS_January2012.pdf
46:. A detailed guideline to these basic measurements is provided in
3463:
3373:
3305:
3295:
3275:
3260:
3233:
3228:
3190:
2954:
2662:
2558:
2528:
2523:
2511:
2501:
2486:
2039:
2996:
2842:
1463:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/mtstreports/FMTSF2006report.pdf
1338:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/bulletin/b4_3/B_ENTS_v04_03.pdf
1316:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/bulletin/b6_1/B_ENTS_v06_01.pdf
1070:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/bulletin/b6_1/B_ENTS_v06_01.pdf
598:
The Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society
560:
535:
The formula is straight forward, unambiguous, and easy to apply;
48:
The Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society
3483:
3390:
3195:
2496:
2234:
2071:
2019:
1918:
1621:
481:
214:
scale of known size and where distance to the target is known.
1045:"Native Tree Society BBS • View topic - Revisiting Crown Area"
1020:"Native Tree Society BBS • View topic - Revisiting Crown Area"
3285:
2828:
2548:
1545:
http://www.americanforests.org/bigtrees/bigtree-coordinators/
1423:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/ents_maximum_ages.htm
515:. The spreadsheet can be modified for the needs of the user.
1644:
1576:
National Register of Big Trees, Australia's Champion Trees.
921:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/measure/really_basic_3a.pdf
3184:
2913:
2607:
2582:
2256:
1810:
1757:"Native Tree Society BBS • View topic - World Rucker Index"
1673:
19:
1564:
3220:
3161:
1660:
995:"How to measure trees for inclusion in the Tree Register"
715:"How to measure trees for inclusion in the Tree Register"
476:
The right side of this equation is written to paste into
358:
The oldest known tree is a Great Basin bristlecone pine,
1131:
Taylor, Michael. December 29, 2011. 3D spacial [
142:
1578:
http://www.nationalregisterofbigtrees.com.au/index.php
1276:
http://www.nativetreesociety.org/multi/index_multi.htm
1120:
http://www.ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?f=235&t=5110
1107:
http://www.ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?f=235&t=5032
1094:
http://www.ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?f=235&t=4858
1519:
http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/
1493:
by Gary Moll, April, 1985, American Forests Magazine
556:
846:Champion Trees of Pennsylvania, Measurement Notes.
1724:Native Tree Society Tree Measurement Spreadsheet.
1672:Old Trees in The Netherlands and Western Europe.
397:
3642:
2909:
1738:Frank, Edward Forrest. 2008. The Rucker Index,
1634:Accessed March 4, 2013. Accessed March 4, 2013.
1397:http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
2895:
1826:
1475:"Protecting Existing Trees on Building Sites"
1408:NOAA. The International Tree-Ring Data Bank.
1139:, Volume 1, Number 12, December 2011, p. 87.
1137:eNTS: The Magazine of the Native Tree Society
833:Champion Trees of Pennsylvania, Measurement.
1410:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treering.html
1382:Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. Oldlist.
1310:
1308:
848:http://www.pabigtrees.com/measure_notes.aspx
657:"America's Biggest Trees - American Forests"
637:
635:
633:
631:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
195:
1742:, Volume 3, Number 4, Fall 2008, pp. 44–45.
1740:Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society
1618:"Local UK big trees from the Tree Register"
1563:Trees Database of the Native Tree Society.
801:, Volume 2, Issue 4, Summer 2007, pp. 5-11.
799:Bulletin of the Eastern Native Tree Society
757:
268:
2902:
2888:
1833:
1819:
1543:American Forests: Big Tree Coordinators.
1305:
1135:] modeling of a giant redwood trunk.
628:
602:
324:
288:
243:
182:
147:
105:
82:
1530:American Forests: Search the Register.
1378:
1376:
3643:
1751:
1749:
1700:http://victoriasgianttrees.weebly.com/
1687:http://tasmaniasgianttrees.weebly.com/
1361:http://web.utk.edu/~grissino/index.htm
1259:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1211:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
862:"Using a Clinometer to Measure Height"
835:http://www.pabigtrees.com/Measure.aspx
818:
816:
679:
677:
651:
649:
647:
355:sites on six continents are included.
2883:
1814:
1805:Native Tree Society unpublished data.
1481:, March 1989, Reprinted February 2000
1421:ENTS Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees.
406:Basic tree values (varies by region)
3534:
1373:
774:"Tsuga Search Measurement Protocols"
369:
3556:
2758:
1746:
813:
674:
644:
337:
13:
1604:http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/
14:
3672:
2107:Global Forest Information Service
1395:Pederson, Neil. Eastern OLDLIST.
859:
689:nationalregisterofbigtrees.com.au
518:
513:Tree Measurement Data Spreadsheet
497:
352:International Tree-Ring Data Bank
3555:
3533:
3512:
3511:
2995:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2827:
2813:
2799:
2785:
2771:
2757:
1658:http://www.nativetreesociety.org
1384:http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm
559:
139:electronic surveying instruments
2864:
1799:
1774:
1731:
1718:
1713:http://www.oldgrowthforest.net/
1711:The Old Growth Forest Network.
1705:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1650:
1637:
1609:
1596:
1591:http://www.notabletrees.org.nz/
1583:
1570:
1557:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1504:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
1496:
1484:
1468:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1353:
1343:
1330:
1321:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1220:
1171:
1159:
1146:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1075:
1062:
1037:
1012:
987:
962:
937:
926:
913:
888:
879:
853:
840:
827:
804:
329:Tree shape diagram for live oak
168:
791:
732:
707:
591:
398:Tree value approximation (USA)
152:Tree girth measurement diagram
1:
1502:based on 1985 to 2023, using
1491:"How Valuable Are Your Trees"
1477:p.4 published by the City of
585:
308:
187:Tree crown spread measurement
1840:
293:A double-trunked cherry tree
7:
1593:Accessed November 19, 2017.
1359:The Science of Tree Rings.
945:"How to measure tree girth"
552:
488:
10:
3677:
2218:Growth and yield modelling
199:
172:
122:
65:
3507:
3406:
3304:
3219:
3160:
3094:
3044:Hemispherical photography
3004:
2993:
2924:
2792:Earth sciences portal
2778:Climate change portal
2753:
2630:
2462:
2359:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2304:
1995:
1905:
1848:
1645:http://landmarktrees.net/
196:Volume and canopy mapping
61:
42:. Foresters also perform
3604:Machine and metalworking
3349:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
2364:Great Green Wall (China)
1937:Close to nature forestry
1698:Victoria's Giant Trees.
1685:Tasmania’s Giant Trees.
1674:http://www.bomeninfo.nl/
1589:NZ Notable Trees Trust.
1507:CPI Inflation Calculator
316:Umbellularia californica
269:Trees with unusual forms
118:
87:Stick measurement method
44:tree volume measurements
3614:Measuring and alignment
2398:Million Tree Initiative
1728:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1715:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1702:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1689:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1676:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1663:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1647:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1606:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1580:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1567:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1565:http://www.treesdb.org/
1554:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1550:March 15, 2013, at the
1534:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1521:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1479:Raleigh, North Carolina
1465:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1451:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1438:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1425:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1412:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1399:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1386:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1370:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1340:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1318:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1291:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1278:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1265:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1217:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1156:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1143:Accessed March 4, 2013.
1122:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1109:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1096:Accessed March 5, 2013.
1082:Tree volume measurement
1072:Accessed March 4, 2013.
923:Accessed March 4, 2013.
850:Accessed March 4, 2013.
837:Accessed March 4, 2013.
823:Tree height measurement
575:da Vinci branching rule
375:American Forest Formula
202:Tree volume measurement
110:Sine height measurement
91:A second method uses a
68:Tree height measurement
32:tree height measurement
2820:Environment portal
2252:Sustainable management
2147:Trillion Tree Campaign
1661:http://ww.ents-bbs.org
933:Tree girth measurement
330:
294:
249:
188:
175:Tree crown measurement
153:
134:Tree girth measurement
125:Tree girth measurement
111:
88:
40:tree crown measurement
36:tree girth measurement
2745:Wood process engineer
2449:Urban forest inequity
1656:Native Tree Society.
1366:May 13, 2012, at the
900:NativeTreeSociety.org
778:NativeTreeSociety.org
328:
292:
247:
186:
151:
109:
86:
54:and Verification; c)
3579:Cutting and abrasive
3561:WikiProject Forestry
2408:Shifting cultivation
2349:Forest fragmentation
2319:Carbon sequestration
2189:Woodland Carbon Code
2154:Forest certification
2062:Even-aged management
1977:Sustainable forestry
1624:on February 27, 2009
392:Tree Dimension Index
3104:Aerial firefighting
2213:Formally designated
2057:Ecological thinning
1967:Plantation forestry
1875:Research institutes
1193:on October 23, 2013
974:NotableTrees.org.nz
949:MonumentalTrees.com
896:"Mismeasured Trees"
744:NotableTrees.org.nz
661:AmericanForests.org
407:
16:Forestry techniques
3444:Hydraulic debarker
3419:Firewood processor
2806:Ecology portal
2339:Forest degradation
2334:Ecosystem services
1942:Community forestry
1602:Monumental Trees.
405:
331:
295:
250:
189:
154:
112:
89:
3638:
3637:
3449:Log house moulder
2975:Tree planting bar
2950:Groasis Waterboxx
2877:
2876:
2834:Plants portal
2620:green woodworking
740:"Measuring Trees"
695:on March 15, 2019
462:
461:
370:Big tree formulas
248:Frustum of a cone
3668:
3656:Forest modelling
3559:
3558:
3537:
3536:
3515:
3514:
3494:Wood-drying kiln
3429:Forestry mulcher
3379:Washington Winch
3281:Portable sawmill
3096:Fire suppression
2999:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2848:Trees portal
2846:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2482:Forest gardening
2439:Timber recycling
2386:Invasive species
2274:Tree measurement
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1643:Landmark Trees.
1641:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1620:. Archived from
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1234:. Archived from
1233:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1186:. Archived from
1185:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:TreeRegister.org
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
941:
935:
930:
924:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
892:
886:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
857:
851:
844:
838:
831:
825:
820:
811:
808:
802:
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
770:
755:
754:
752:
750:
736:
730:
729:
727:
725:
719:TreeRegister.org
711:
705:
704:
702:
700:
691:. Archived from
681:
672:
671:
669:
667:
653:
642:
639:
626:
621:
600:
595:
580:Forest inventory
569:
564:
563:
408:
404:
343:Dendrochronology
338:Dendrochronology
225:Volume= h(π/3)(r
50:by Will Blozan.
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3503:
3402:
3300:
3249:safety features
3244:safety clothing
3215:
3156:
3090:
3054:Increment borer
3000:
2991:
2929:
2920:
2908:
2878:
2873:
2840:
2826:
2812:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2784:
2772:
2770:
2749:
2626:
2603:spruce-pine-fir
2576:Christmas trees
2458:
2374:Illegal logging
2306:
2300:
2015:Controlled burn
2000:
1991:
1972:Social forestry
1952:Energy forestry
1932:Bamboo forestry
1927:Analog forestry
1901:
1844:
1839:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1552:Wayback Machine
1542:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1368:Wayback Machine
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:"Archived copy"
1227:
1225:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:"Archived copy"
1179:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
993:
992:
988:
978:
976:
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
943:
942:
938:
931:
927:
918:
914:
904:
902:
894:
893:
889:
884:
880:
870:
868:
858:
854:
845:
841:
832:
828:
821:
814:
809:
805:
796:
792:
782:
780:
772:
771:
758:
748:
746:
738:
737:
733:
723:
721:
713:
712:
708:
698:
696:
683:
682:
675:
665:
663:
655:
654:
645:
640:
629:
622:
603:
596:
592:
588:
565:
558:
555:
521:
500:
491:
417:
412:
400:
372:
340:
311:
271:
240:
236:
232:
228:
204:
198:
177:
171:
127:
121:
70:
64:
28:clonal colonies
17:
12:
11:
5:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Types of tools
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Forest railway
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Feller buncher
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3211:Splitting maul
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3136:Fire retardant
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Biltmore stick
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2837:
2823:
2809:
2795:
2781:
2767:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Timber cruiser
2732:
2730:Shingle weaver
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2566:Rail transport
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:pulp and paper
2504:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Forest farming
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:slash-and-char
2422:
2420:slash-and-burn
2417:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Forest dieback
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1987:Urban forestry
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1773:
1745:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1649:
1636:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1536:
1523:
1517:GPS Accuracy.
1510:
1495:
1483:
1467:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1372:
1352:
1342:
1329:
1320:
1304:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1241:on May 4, 2015
1219:
1170:
1158:
1145:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1074:
1061:
1036:
1011:
986:
961:
936:
925:
912:
887:
878:
852:
839:
826:
812:
803:
790:
756:
731:
706:
673:
643:
627:
601:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
571:
570:
554:
551:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
520:
519:Rucker Indexes
517:
499:
498:Tree databases
496:
490:
487:
474:
473:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
414:
399:
396:
371:
368:
360:Pinus longaeva
339:
336:
310:
307:
270:
267:
238:
234:
230:
226:
200:Main article:
197:
194:
173:Main article:
170:
167:
123:Main article:
120:
117:
66:Main article:
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3673:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Whoopie sling
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Chainsaw mill
3472:
3470:
3469:Stump grinder
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Diameter tape
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2931:afforestation
2927:
2926:Tree planting
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Rubber tapper
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Choker setter
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:Manufacturing
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Deforestation
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:Environmental
2303:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:reforestation
2204:
2202:
2201:afforestation
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Arboriculture
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Permaforestry
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
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29:
25:
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3538:
3516:
3434:Hand compass
3386:Steam donkey
3271:Lumber edger
3256:Crosscut saw
3201:Log splitter
3126:Fire flapper
3081:Tree caliper
3049:Inclinometer
3034:Cruising rod
3005:
2983:(Tuley tube)
2981:Tree shelter
2977:(dibble bar)
2965:Root trainer
2839:
2825:
2811:
2797:
2783:
2769:
2762:
2740:Tree planter
2720:Resin tapper
2700:Truck driver
2695:River driver
2444:Tree hugging
2429:
2412:
2379:timber mafia
2369:High grading
2354:Ghost forest
2324:Clearcutting
2273:
2247:Silviculture
2223:Horticulture
2067:Fire ecology
1982:Urban forest
1957:Mycoforestry
1917:
1913:Agroforestry
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1861:Forest areas
1859:
1852:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1786:ents-bbs.org
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1761:ents-bbs.org
1760:
1739:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1694:
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1668:
1652:
1639:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1611:
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1270:
1245:February 15,
1243:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1222:
1195:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1173:
1161:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1077:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1049:ents-bbs.org
1048:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1024:ents-bbs.org
1023:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
989:
977:. Retrieved
973:
970:"Tree Girth"
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
939:
928:
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
865:
855:
842:
829:
806:
798:
793:
781:. Retrieved
777:
747:. Retrieved
743:
734:
722:. Retrieved
718:
709:
697:. Retrieved
693:the original
688:
664:. Retrieved
660:
593:
567:Trees portal
547:
530:
526:
522:
509:
505:
501:
492:
475:
463:
418:(1985 US$ )
401:
391:
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190:
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169:Crown spread
163:
159:
155:
132:
128:
113:
101:
98:
90:
79:
75:
71:
55:
52:
47:
18:
3661:Measurement
3629:Woodworking
3499:Woodchipper
3291:Two-man saw
3206:Marking axe
3187:(shake axe)
3086:Wedge prism
3059:Rangefinder
3019:Angle gauge
3006:Mensuration
2939:Caulk boots
2764:WikiProject
2688:smokejumper
2668:Firefighter
2631:Occupations
2615:Woodworking
2196:Forestation
2127:restoration
2082:informatics
1947:Ecoforestry
1791:January 10,
1766:January 10,
1054:January 10,
1029:January 10,
1004:January 10,
979:January 10,
954:January 10,
905:January 10,
871:January 10,
783:January 10,
749:January 10,
724:January 10,
699:January 10,
666:January 10,
3645:Categories
3517:Categories
3339:Helicopter
3180:Brush hook
3014:3D scanner
2987:Tree spade
2960:Pottiputki
2710:Lumberjack
2705:Log scaler
2588:engineered
2539:non-timber
2512:sawmilling
2464:Industries
2431:svedjebruk
2142:transition
2122:protection
2112:old-growth
2097:governance
2052:Dendrology
2002:management
1868:Ministries
586:References
309:Tree shape
93:clinometer
3549:equipment
3527:equipment
3479:Tree tyer
3459:Log flume
3439:Hand hook
3369:Skid cone
3364:Pike pole
3359:Pickaroon
3344:Log truck
3334:Harvester
3324:Forwarder
3314:Cant hook
3148:(rakehoe)
3131:Fire rake
3121:Driptorch
3076:Relascope
3071:Microtome
2970:Seed trap
2918:equipment
2658:Ecologist
2571:Tree farm
2472:Coppicing
2414:chitemene
2314:Acid rain
2262:allometry
2184:SmartWood
2132:secondary
2117:pathology
2092:inventory
2030:driftwood
1896:Arbor Day
1628:March 13,
866:smcps.org
472:per year.
470:inflation
458:$ 15,554
450:$ 11,682
3584:Forestry
3574:Cleaning
3454:Log pond
3414:Denailer
3329:Go-devil
3266:Head saw
3239:Chainsaw
3175:Broadaxe
3170:Billhook
3141:Helitack
2946:(hoedag)
2911:Forestry
2859:Category
2673:handcrew
2643:Arborist
2638:Forester
2598:mahogany
2544:palm oil
2534:charcoal
2519:Products
2454:Wildfire
2267:breeding
2228:GM trees
2077:dynamics
1889:Journals
1882:Colleges
1842:Forestry
1548:Archived
1364:Archived
1255:cite web
1207:cite web
1197:April 3,
553:See also
489:Location
442:$ 5,588
434:$ 3,388
426:$ 1,729
413:(inches)
411:diameter
24:coppices
3609:Masonry
3599:Kitchen
3539:Commons
3464:Machete
3374:Skidder
3306:Logging
3296:Whipsaw
3276:Polesaw
3261:Dragsaw
3234:Bucksaw
3229:Bow saw
3191:Hatchet
3152:Pulaski
2955:Mattock
2869:Outline
2683:lookout
2678:hotshot
2559:tanbark
2529:biomass
2524:biochar
2502:plywood
2487:Logging
2391:wilding
2040:log jam
1997:Ecology
3619:Mining
3589:Garden
3484:Tsakat
3391:Yarder
3354:Peavey
3196:Labrys
3146:McLeod
2944:Hoedad
2715:Ranger
2663:Feller
2648:Bucker
2554:rubber
2497:lumber
2307:topics
2294:volume
2289:height
2235:i-Tree
2072:Forest
2025:coarse
2020:Debris
1919:dehesa
1350:Press.
482:Google
62:Height
38:, and
3651:Trees
3624:Power
3544:tools
3522:tools
3407:Other
3396:swing
3286:Resaw
3109:DC-10
3064:laser
3029:Chain
2914:tools
2549:rayon
2284:girth
2279:crown
2240:urban
2137:stand
2045:slash
2035:large
1906:Types
1854:Index
1239:(PDF)
1232:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
478:Excel
416:value
119:Girth
20:Trees
3594:Hand
3221:Saws
3185:Froe
3162:Axes
3114:UAVs
2916:and
2608:teak
2593:fuel
2583:Wood
2403:REDD
2257:Tree
2174:PEFC
2159:ATFS
1793:2017
1768:2017
1630:2009
1261:link
1247:2017
1213:link
1199:2013
1056:2017
1031:2017
1006:2017
981:2017
956:2017
907:2017
873:2017
785:2017
751:2017
726:2017
701:2017
668:2017
2179:SFI
2169:FSC
2164:CFS
2102:law
2087:IPM
1999:and
1133:sic
480:or
229:+ r
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