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713:, because it lacks many high-forest features such as substantial dead-wood, clearings and stems of varied ages. Suitable conservation management of these abandoned coppices may be to restart coppice management, or in some cases it may be more appropriate to use singling and selective clearance to establish a high-forest structure.
345:
In the 18th century coppicing in
Britain began a long decline. This was brought about by the erosion of its traditional markets. Firewood was no longer needed for domestic or industrial uses as coal and coke became easily obtained and transported, and wood as a construction material was gradually
298:) seeks to harvest timber mechanically, and pigs are generally no longer fed from acorns, both systems have declined. However, there are cultural and wildlife benefits from these two silvicultural systems, so both can be found where timber production or some other main forestry purpose (such as a
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in the United States is an example of this. In this case the coppicing is done in a way that an annual or more likely a tri-annual cut can happen. This seems to maximize the production volume from the stand. Such frequent growth means the soils can be easily depleted and so fertilizers are often
203:
practices involve cutting and regrowth; coppicing has been of significance in many parts of lowland temperate Europe. The widespread and long-term practice of coppicing as a landscape-scale industry is something that remains of special importance in southern
England. Many of the English language
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Trees being coppiced do not die of old age as coppicing maintains the tree at a juvenile stage, allowing them to reach immense ages. The age of a stool may be estimated from its diameter; some are so large—as much as 5.5 metres (18 ft) across—that they are thought to have been continually
705:), forming a heavily shaded woodland of many closely spaced stems with little ground vegetation. The open-woodland animals survive in small numbers along woodland rides or not at all, and many of these once-common species have become rare. Overstood coppice is a habitat of relatively low
325:
or mature uncut trees) to be left in each acre, to be grown into timber. Coppice with standards (scattered individual stems allowed to grow on through several coppice cycles) has been commonly used throughout most of Europe as a means of giving greater flexibility in the resulting
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Evidence suggests that coppicing has been continuously practised since pre-history. Coppiced stems are characteristically curved at the base. This curve occurs as the competing stems grow out from the stool in the early stages of the cycle, then up toward the sky as the
698:. As the coup grows, the canopy closes and it becomes unsuitable for these animals again—but in an actively managed coppice there is always another recently cut coup nearby, and the populations therefore move around, following the coppice management.
215:
on a rotation. In this way, a crop is available each year somewhere in the woodland. Coppicing has the effect of providing a rich variety of habitats, as the woodland always has a range of different-aged coppice growing in it, which is beneficial for
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387:. Here some of the standards would be left, some harvested. Some of the coppice would be allowed to grow into new standards and some regenerated coppice would be there. Thus there would be three age classes. Coppiced
346:
replaced by newer materials. Coppicing died out first in the north of
Britain and steadily contracted toward the south-east until by the 1960s active commercial coppice was heavily concentrated in Kent and Sussex.
790:
required. The stock also becomes exhausted after some years and so will be replaced with new plants. The method of harvesting of energy wood can be mechanized by adaptation of specialized agricultural machinery.
282:, which translates as low forest. Later on in Mediaeval times, farmers encouraged pigs to feed from acorns, and so some trees were allowed to grow bigger. This different silvicultural system is called in English
313:, this required large amounts of coppice wood. With this coppice management, wood could be provided for those growing industries in principle indefinitely. This was regulated by a statute of 1544 of
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662:
Coppice management favours a range of wildlife, often of species adapted to open woodland. After cutting, the increased light allows existing woodland-floor vegetation such as
376:. This creates long, straight poles which do not have the bends and forks of naturally grown trees. Coppicing may be practised to encourage specific growth patterns, as with
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rejette mal de souche à l'étage collinéen, mais très facilement à l'étage montagnard ; (Does not coppice well in the foothill zone but very easily in the montane zone).
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2004:
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iron production became widely established in
England, continuing in some areas until the late 19th century Along with the growing need for oak bark for
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1999:
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were used. A small, and growing, number of people make a living wholly or partly by working coppices in the area today, at places such as at the
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However, most
British coppices have not been managed in this way for many decades. The coppice stems have grown tall (the coppice is said to be
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by the practice of singling. All but one of the regrowing stems are cut, leaving the remaining one to grow as if it were a maiden (uncut) tree.
1179:
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638:, a great deal was planted up with conifers or became neglected. Coppice-working almost died out, though a few men continued in the woods.
1185:. In D. G. Buckley (ed.). Archaeology in Essex to AD 1500 (Report). CBA Research Reports. The Council for British Archaeology. p. 104
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to grow from the stump or roots, thus ultimately regrowing the tree. A forest or grove that has been subject to coppicing is called a
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Originally, the silvicultural system now called coppicing was practiced solely for small wood production. In German this is called
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from any one area. The woodland provides the small material from the coppice as well as a range of larger timber for such uses as
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2014:
1016:
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that can use the brambles as protection from larger predators. Woodpiles (if left in the coppice) encourage insects such as
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is a similar process carried out at a higher level on the tree in order to prevent grazing animals from eating new shoots.
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for architectural use. Other material goes to make farm fencing and to be chipped for modern wood-fired heating systems.
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spars, local charcoal-burning or other crafts. The only remaining large-scale commercial coppice crop in
England is
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709:—it does not support the open-woodland species, but neither does it support many of the characteristic species of
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372:), or the new shoots may be allowed to grow into large poles, as was often the custom with trees such as oaks or
174:, in which young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level. The resulting living stumps are called
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has shown that poplars have a lower effect in greenhouse gas emissions for energy production than alternatives.
178:. New growth emerges, and after a number of years, the coppiced trees are harvested, and the cycle begins anew.
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terms referenced in this article are particularly relevant to historic and contemporary practice in that area.
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Trees and woodland in the
British landscape: the complete history of Britain's trees, woods & hedgerows
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Species and cultivars vary in when they should be cut, regeneration times and other factors. However, full
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757:), coppicing is more or less easy depending on the altitude: it is much more efficient for trees in the
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Coppice and pollard growth is a response of the tree to damage, and can occur naturally. Trees may be
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species are coppiced in a number of countries, including
Australia, North America, Uganda, and Sudan.
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1098:"Traditional coppice in South East England: the importance of workforce engagement for development"
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Coppicing in progress, note standard trees among the coppice stools, Lower Wood, Norfolk
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Poplar (Populus spp.) Trees for
Biofuel Production by Patricia A. Townsend, et al.
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Flore forestière française : guide écologique illustré. 1, Plaines et collines
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1042:"Incredible 15th-Century Japanese Technique for Growing Ultra-Straight Cedar Trees"
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The boundaries of coppice coups were sometimes marked by cutting certain trees as
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to come into an area. The open area is then colonised by many animals such as
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against an avalanche) is not the sole management objective of the woodland.
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Forestry in the Weald, Forestry
Commission Booklet 22, C. Barrington 1968
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1493:], Institut pour le développement forestier, 1989, p. 453,
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Diagram illustrating the coppicing cycle over a 7- to 20-year period
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Hammersley, G, 'The charcoal iron industry and its fuel 1540–1750'
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In France, sweet chestnut trees are coppiced for use as canes and
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1243:"A Critique of Silviculture Managing for Complexity" Chapter 1
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Old hornbeam coppice stools left uncut for at least 100 years,
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grow around the stools, encouraging insects, or various small
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Ancient Woodland; its history, vegetation and uses in England
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Wandering Woodsmen - Woodland & Countryside Conservation
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closes. The curve may allow the identification of coppice
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30:"Coppice" redirects here. For the locality in Oldham, see
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229:
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1380:. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia
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Coles, J M (1978). Limbrey, Susan and J G Evans (ed.).
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Coppices provided wood for many purposes, especially
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tree is coppiced in many countries, including India.
162:
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106:
1547:, Ralph D. Nyland 2002 Ch. 24 "Coppice Silviculture"
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The Effect of Man on the Landscape: The Lowland Zone
1157:
871:
159:
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1519:"Willows for energy and phytoremediation in Sweden"
1351:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 71, 202, 205.
1300:"Coppiced woodlands: their management for wildlife"
1148:
103:
1446:The Bill Hogarth MBE Memorial Apprenticeship Trust
579:before coal was economically significant in metal
305:In the 16th and 17th centuries, the technology of
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1491:French forest flora: illustrated ecological guide
1400:"coppice on sal tree (Shorea robusta ) – 2714050"
1084:...known as dai-sugi. This is a coppiced sugi ...
2712:
37:"Copse" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1017:"How to Make Biomass Energy Sustainable Again"
1657:
1378:Trees & Native Vegetation: Farm Forestry
1069:"Trees that tower over the past and present"
826:Bluebells among coppice in Bysing Wood, Kent
232:can be coppiced over a fifty-year cycle for
1202:
1200:
383:Another, more complicated system is called
1664:
1650:
1517:Dimitriou, Ioannis; Aronsson, Pär (2005).
1374:"Managing coppice in Eucalypt plantations"
1209:"Man and landscape in the Somerset Levels"
1206:
1010:
1008:
364:fencing (as is the practice with coppiced
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850:Ash coppice in Overlangbroek, Netherlands
457:Sometimes former coppice is converted to
2726:Habitat management equipment and methods
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785:has proven commercially successful. The
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228:on a three- or four-year cycle, whereas
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261:in archaeological sites. Timber in the
140:, which in many species encourages new
14:
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1545:Silviculture Concepts and Applications
1335:Silviculture Concepts and Applications
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480:Recently felled chestnut coppice near
391:were used extensively in carriage and
380:trees which are grown for their bark.
1645:
1102:IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry
716:
290:(middle forest). As modern forestry (
61:Coppice stool shortly after coppicing
1284:
1067:Taaffe, Gerard (26 September 2002).
196:), is a similar Japanese technique.
2589:
1425:(New ed.). Castlepoint Press.
448:tree is coppiced in India, and the
24:
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1245:Historical Context of Silviculture
973:Shredding (tree pruning technique)
838:Hornbeam coppice, Pond Wood, Essex
764:
607:. Much of this was established as
269:) has been identified as coppiced
25:
2757:
1938:Global Forest Information Service
1601:
1524:Food and Agriculture Organization
1180:"The medieval landscape of Essex"
1096:Bartlett, Debbie (4 April 2016).
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1218:. London: 86–89. Archived from
294:in German, which translates as
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13:
1:
1624:The dictionary definition of
1337:, Ralph D. Nyland 2002 p. 563
1258:"Coppicing – A Brief History"
999:
321:by animals) and 12 standels (
132:is the traditional method in
27:Method of woodland management
1671:
1597:Ser. II, 26 (1973), 593–613.
504:, coppice was traditionally
211:is harvested in sections or
136:of cutting down a tree to a
7:
1372:Hamilton, Liz (June 2000).
1247:Puettmann, K.J. et al. 2009
926:Even aged timber management
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599:which is grown in parts of
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286:. In German this is called
267:winter of 3807 and 3806 BCE
32:Coppice, Greater Manchester
10:
2762:
2049:Growth and yield modelling
1347:Matthews, John D. (1989).
1298:Fuller, R J; Warren, M S.
800:
674:to grow vigorously. Often
585:conservation organisations
265:in Somerset (built in the
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36:
29:
2623:Earth sciences portal
2609:Climate change portal
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2190:Great Green Wall (Africa)
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1579:. London: Phoenix Press.
1459:"Coppicing at the Museum"
727:large herbivorous animals
587:, producing material for
2731:Horticultural techniques
2195:Great Green Wall (China)
1768:Close to nature forestry
1421:Rackham, Oliver (2003).
1015:De Decker, Kris (n.d.).
560:standards. In wet areas
244:coppiced for centuries.
2229:Million Tree Initiative
1142:, 'cut') is pronounced
2651:Environment portal
2083:Sustainable management
1978:Trillion Tree Campaign
1448:Retrieved 17 June 2014
968:Short rotation coppice
787:Willow Biomass Project
745:. Some trees, such as
743:blown over by the wind
696:fritillary butterflies
659:
497:
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284:coppice with standards
2576:Wood process engineer
2280:Urban forest inequity
1349:Silvicultural systems
983:Stand level modelling
649:
491:
479:
401:
207:Typically a coppiced
2239:Shifting cultivation
2180:Forest fragmentation
2150:Carbon sequestration
2020:Woodland Carbon Code
1985:Forest certification
1893:Even-aged management
1808:Sustainable forestry
1616:at Wikimedia Commons
1225:on 27 September 2011
1115:10.3832/ifor1809-009
615:plant while growing
459:high-forest woodland
424:for the martial art
224:can be coppiced for
75:One year's regrowth:
2044:Formally designated
1888:Ecological thinning
1798:Plantation forestry
1706:Research institutes
1316:on 9 September 2011
911:Coarse woody debris
795:life cycle analysis
134:woodland management
2637:Ecology portal
2170:Forest degradation
2165:Ecosystem services
1773:Community forestry
1637:The National Trust
1634:What is coppicing?
961:Fruit tree pruning
717:Natural occurrence
660:
498:
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404:
2721:Forest management
2708:
2707:
2665:Plants portal
2451:green woodworking
1612:Media related to
1467:. 27 January 2023
1402:. 3 February 2003
1021:Low-Tech Magazine
814:Ash coppice stool
692:European nightjar
632:northwest England
534:small-leafed lime
300:protection forest
16:(Redirected from
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1763:Bamboo forestry
1758:Analog forestry
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652:sweet chestnut
643:
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625:finger-jointed
597:sweet chestnut
544:, grown among
522:sweet chestnut
484:in West Sussex
473:
472:United Kingdom
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430:Bâton français
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332:house building
328:forest product
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19:
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2600:
2593:
2571:Tree planter
2551:Resin tapper
2531:Truck driver
2526:River driver
2302:
2275:Tree hugging
2260:
2243:
2210:timber mafia
2200:High grading
2185:Ghost forest
2155:Clearcutting
2078:Silviculture
2054:Horticulture
1898:Fire ecology
1813:Urban forest
1788:Mycoforestry
1748:
1744:Agroforestry
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1692:Forest areas
1690:
1683:
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1576:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
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1469:. Retrieved
1462:
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1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:
1367:
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1342:
1334:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1311:the original
1306:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1229:13 September
1227:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1215:
1187:. Retrieved
1170:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1105:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:
993:Tree topping
978:Silvopasture
931:Fire ecology
882:Trees portal
792:
768:
759:montane zone
754:
751:common beech
737:, felled by
720:
707:biodiversity
702:
700:
661:
636:World War II
629:
621:paling fence
574:
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463:
456:
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405:
393:shipbuilding
384:
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291:
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242:
218:biodiversity
212:
206:
201:silviculture
198:
189:
183:
171:
145:
95:
94:
47:
2595:WikiProject
2519:smokejumper
2499:Firefighter
2462:Occupations
2446:Woodworking
2027:Forestation
1958:restoration
1913:informatics
1778:Ecoforestry
901:Basal shoot
783:energy wood
711:high forest
688:nightingale
609:plantations
546:pedunculate
536:and rarely
514:field maple
342:and so on.
340:cart-making
296:High forest
263:Sweet Track
188:(台杉, where
2715:Categories
2541:Lumberjack
2536:Log scaler
2419:engineered
2370:non-timber
2343:sawmilling
2295:Industries
2262:svedjebruk
1973:transition
1953:protection
1943:old-growth
1928:governance
1883:Dendrology
1833:management
1699:Ministries
1471:31 January
1320:6 November
1000:References
951:Pollarding
941:Lignotuber
729:, such as
650:Overstood
468:or stubs.
438:Eucalyptus
315:Henry VIII
288:Mittelwald
280:Niederwald
192:refers to
180:Pollarding
2489:Ecologist
2402:Tree farm
2303:Coppicing
2245:chitemene
2145:Acid rain
2093:allometry
2015:SmartWood
1963:secondary
1948:pathology
1923:inventory
1861:driftwood
1727:Arbor Day
1627:coppicing
1530:29 August
1121:1 January
1078:19 August
1052:19 August
735:elephants
703:overstood
593:thatching
591:-making,
389:hardwoods
323:standards
275:species.
96:Coppicing
87:Hampshire
81:Coppiced
2690:Category
2504:handcrew
2474:Arborist
2469:Forester
2429:mahogany
2375:palm oil
2365:charcoal
2350:Products
2285:Wildfire
2098:breeding
2059:GM trees
1908:dynamics
1720:Journals
1713:Colleges
1673:Forestry
1614:Coppices
1575:(2001).
1406:29 April
1384:17 April
1178:(1980).
1138:(French
1026:27 April
988:Thinning
936:Layering
868:See also
676:brambles
672:primrose
664:bluebell
658:, Surrey
642:Wildlife
581:smelting
577:charcoal
510:hornbeam
496:, London
482:Petworth
466:pollards
378:cinnamon
350:Practice
319:browsing
307:charcoal
292:Hochwald
238:firewood
209:woodland
18:Coppices
2736:Habitat
2700:Outline
2514:lookout
2509:hotshot
2390:tanbark
2360:biomass
2355:biochar
2333:plywood
2318:Logging
2222:wilding
1871:log jam
1828:Ecology
1267:12 June
1189:25 July
956:Pruning
906:Bodging
801:Gallery
739:beavers
723:browsed
684:beetles
680:mammals
668:anemone
566:willows
550:sessile
407:Withies
366:willows
357:suckers
311:tanning
248:History
226:faggots
185:Daisugi
172:coppice
2546:Ranger
2494:Feller
2479:Bucker
2385:rubber
2328:lumber
2138:topics
2125:volume
2120:height
2066:i-Tree
1903:Forest
1856:coarse
1851:Debris
1750:dehesa
1583:
1504:Cite:
1497:
1429:
1355:
779:poplar
771:willow
747:linden
731:cattle
601:Sussex
589:hurdle
526:sallow
422:bâtons
411:wicker
362:wattle
259:timber
255:canopy
176:stools
142:shoots
39:Corpse
2741:Trees
2380:rayon
2115:girth
2110:crown
2071:urban
1968:stand
1876:slash
1866:large
1737:Types
1685:Index
1489:[
1314:(PDF)
1303:(PDF)
1223:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
775:alder
562:alder
558:beech
552:oak,
542:beech
506:hazel
435:Some
415:osier
374:ashes
370:hazel
272:Tilia
234:poles
222:Birch
213:coups
199:Many
146:copse
138:stump
83:alder
2439:teak
2424:fuel
2414:Wood
2234:REDD
2088:Tree
2005:PEFC
1990:ATFS
1581:ISBN
1532:2021
1495:ISBN
1473:2023
1427:ISBN
1408:2014
1386:2008
1353:ISBN
1322:2017
1307:JNCC
1269:2018
1231:2007
1191:2022
1140:coup
1136:Coup
1123:2024
1080:2020
1054:2020
1028:2021
781:for
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617:hops
605:Kent
603:and
564:and
444:The
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190:sugi
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2010:SFI
2000:FSC
1995:CFS
1933:law
1918:IPM
1830:and
1110:doi
741:or
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630:In
613:hop
556:or
554:ash
548:or
540:or
538:oak
530:elm
518:ash
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