478:
466:
31:
435:
420:
450:
274:, Decius' surviving son, ascending the imperial throne in Rome. This action of the army, and the fact that Gallus seems to have been on good terms with Decius' family, makes Dexippus' allegation improbable. Gallus did not back down from his intention to become emperor, but accepted Hostilian as co-emperor, perhaps to avoid the damage of another civil war.
277:
Anxious to secure his position at Rome and stabilize the situation on the Danube frontier, Gallus made peace with the Goths. Peace terms allowed the Goths to leave Roman territory while keeping their captives and plunder. In addition, it was agreed that they would be paid an annual subsidy. Reaching
557:
None of the identifications of specific emperors proposed to date are truly convincing... The highly divergent coinage of the emperors of this period lends credibility to the possibility that the subject is in fact
Trebonianus
449:
827:
As had been stipulated by other scientists, the head does not compare to any other imperial portrait proposed. Moreover, the denomination of other heads kept in Rome, supposedly representing this
Emperor, remains
408:
were murdered by their own troops; or Gallus did not have the chance to face
Aemilian at all because his army went over to the usurper. In any case, both Gallus and Volusian were killed in August 253.
477:
404:
before the arrival of
Valerian. What exactly happened there is not clear, as sources do not agree with each other. Later sources claim that after an initial defeat, Gallus and
270:, Decius' failure was largely owing to Gallus, who had conspired with the invaders. In any case, when the army heard the news, the soldiers proclaimed Gallus emperor, despite
5890:
356:, confronted Shapur and forced him to retreat. Uranius proclaimed himself emperor, however, and minted coins with his image upon them. On the Danube,
465:
286:
being appointed Caesar. On 24 June 251, Decius was deified, but by
November Hostilian disappears from history—he may have died in an outbreak of
340:
in 253. Shapur I then invaded the defenseless Syrian provinces, capturing all of their legionary posts and ravaging their cities, including
1017:
5905:
5900:
1047:
5880:
5875:
1572:
434:
5979:
5885:
793:
Portrait bust of man in armour made from disparate elements. Antioch on the
Orontes (Syria). Late third to early fourth century
360:
tribes were once again on the loose, despite the peace treaty signed in 251. They invaded Asia Minor by sea, burned the great
5865:
2366:
2234:
820:
647:
617:
550:
2399:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
5989:
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1579:
455:
Statue traditionally identified as Gallus, the only near-complete, full-size Roman bronze to survive from the 3rd century (
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2202:
419:
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3194:
2454:
2428:
609:
915:
891:
855:
5999:
5915:
5102:
2168:
2151:
1978:
1966:
5152:
4879:
4735:
2139:
1931:
1893:
1853:
1820:
5448:
5238:
5170:
5035:
4902:
4812:
4625:
2743:
2354:
2180:
2007:
1973:
1937:
1826:
878:
400:. Despite these dispositions, Aemilian marched onto Italy ready to fight for his claim and caught Gallus at
5020:
4957:
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1995:
1040:
30:
6004:
5381:
4490:
4402:
3887:
3664:
3655:
2076:
1755:
1221:
325:
220:: Gaius Vibius Volusianus, later co-emperor, and a daughter, Vibia Galla. His early career was a typical
384:
Since the army was no longer pleased with the
Emperor, the soldiers proclaimed Aemilian emperor. With a
6014:
5210:
4543:
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2256:
1803:
1450:
865:
484:
388:, supported by Pauloctus, threatening the throne, Gallus prepared for a fight. He recalled several
328:, then fled to the Persians. Gallus ordered his troops to attack the Persians, but Persian Emperor
6009:
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3128:
3070:
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2421:
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1056:
943:
316:
Like his predecessors, Gallus did not have an easy reign. In the East, an
Antiochene nobleman,
217:
134:
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1418:
810:
534:
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2298:
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2106:
2081:
2046:
1961:
1875:
1725:
1556:
376:, governor of Moesia Superior and Pannonia, took the initiative and defeated the invaders.
262:
they were supposed to punish for raids into the empire. According to rumours supported by
8:
5969:
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5421:
5396:
5361:
5298:
4673:
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3852:
3847:
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2214:
2192:
2127:
2116:
2071:
2017:
1507:
1445:
1408:
506:
5711:
5275:
4285:
3857:
3832:
2899:
2674:
2276:
2219:
2163:
2145:
2134:
2096:
2066:
1944:
1662:
1566:
1316:
1278:
988:
901:
397:
344:, without any response. Persian invasions were repeated in the following year, but now
310:
255:
251:
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2414:
2241:
2187:
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1926:
1901:
1750:
1612:
1348:
1333:
1211:
1179:
911:
887:
851:
816:
643:
613:
603:
546:
361:
267:
141:
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5600:
5366:
5120:
4703:
4000:
3896:
3837:
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2371:
2348:
2251:
2224:
2209:
2175:
2101:
2061:
2051:
1776:
1703:
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1358:
633:
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4120:
3842:
3236:
2874:
2842:
2681:
2012:
2002:
1911:
1698:
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1440:
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1154:
905:
845:
637:
570:
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309:, right after his election. The latter was recalled to Rome during the reign of
35:
Detail of a statue of a mid 3rd-century emperor, most likely
Trebonianus Gallus.
5994:
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1189:
1149:
873:
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The statue is not compatible with depictions of other bearded emperors such as
385:
298:
287:
231:
222:
5958:
5492:
5391:
5223:
5193:
4869:
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4581:
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3146:
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2376:
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1880:
1688:
1496:
869:
306:
302:
193:
41:
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5178:
5137:
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1656:
1518:
1159:
995:
389:
369:
294:
279:
227:
209:
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Gallus may have also ordered a localized and uncoordinated persecution of
5681:
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2719:
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1985:
1860:
1810:
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1309:
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1199:
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321:
271:
168:
109:
84:
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1956:
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1886:
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1393:
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1303:
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1206:
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197:
146:
89:
72:
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3179:
3093:
2919:
2800:
2537:
1788:
1740:
1650:
1637:
1424:
1353:
1326:
1321:
1290:
1236:
1184:
1119:
1114:
952:
574:
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4222:
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3141:
3048:
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3031:
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2881:
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2811:
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2056:
1838:
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1683:
1643:
1625:
1545:
1480:
1460:
1430:
1403:
1398:
1383:
1373:
1343:
1251:
1246:
1194:
1169:
1164:
1129:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
967:
958:
707:
582:
405:
373:
357:
329:
317:
283:
263:
773:
5785:
5724:
5567:
5251:
5062:
5056:
5044:
4925:
4920:
4857:
4836:
4681:
4633:
4533:
4523:
4248:
4145:
4115:
4097:
4086:
4069:
4021:
4014:
3945:
3867:
3515:
3323:
3309:
3221:
3172:
3078:
3021:
2972:
2805:
2795:
2775:
2708:
2558:
2437:
1990:
1693:
1600:
1513:
1368:
1144:
692:
365:
345:
341:
333:
226:, with several appointments, both political and military. He was
2449:
5692:
5562:
5199:
5082:
4687:
4658:
4528:
4503:
4295:
4229:
4055:
4048:
3975:
3930:
3924:
3750:
3670:
3256:
3083:
3036:
2990:
2962:
2888:
2766:
2725:
2607:
2572:
2544:
1762:
1619:
1501:
1273:
1139:
982:
936:
425:
239:
235:
62:
597:
5778:
5557:
5547:
5525:
5183:
4092:
4080:
3993:
3910:
3761:
3695:
3357:
3026:
2984:
2978:
2770:
2729:
2600:
2593:
2579:
1363:
1134:
1124:
1104:
401:
353:
259:
124:
297:. However, only two incidents are known to us: the exile of
5530:
5520:
4910:
4785:
3986:
3316:
3136:
3118:
3003:
2785:
2780:
2614:
2406:
1109:
1099:
393:
336:
and destroyed a large Roman army, taking it by surprise at
196:
from June 251 to August 253, in a joint rule with his son
3735:
731:
719:
278:
Rome, Gallus' proclamation was formally confirmed by the
175:
Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius
Trebonianus Gallus Augustus
4956:
850:. Kent Town, S. Australia: Wakefield Press. p. 20.
748:
746:
656:
305:, where he died in 253, and the exile of his successor,
238:, an appointment that showed the confidence of Emperor
763:
761:
743:
864:
779:
713:
701:
680:
674:
266:(a contemporary Greek historian) and the thirteenth
847:
Gallienus: A study in reformist and sexual politics
535:"30. Over-Lifesize Statue of Trebonianus Gallus(?)"
216:ancestry. He had two children in his marriage with
758:
392:and ordered reinforcements to return to Rome from
507:"Bronze statue of the emperor Trebonianus Gallus"
5956:
808:
250:In June 251, Decius and his co-emperor and son
2422:
1041:
809:Koçak, Mustafa; Kreikenbom, Detlev (2022).
642:. Cambridge University Press. p. 498.
2429:
2415:
1048:
1034:
29:
593:
591:
208:Gallus was born in Italy, in a respected
5839:
396:under the command of the future emperor
639:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
5957:
4986:
4351:
3453:
2479:
1018:L. Valerius Poplicola Balbinus Maximus
900:
752:
737:
725:
686:
662:
588:
532:
352:), a descendant of the royal house of
348:Antoninus (a priest originally called
5838:
4955:
4320:
3422:
2448:
2410:
1029:
5491:
843:
767:
230:and in 250 was made governor of the
907:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395
13:
884:The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337
780:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005
714:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005
702:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005
675:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005
632:
368:, and returned home with plunder.
14:
6026:
815:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 60.
476:
464:
448:
433:
418:
245:
802:
785:
372:was also invaded in early 253.
186:Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus
163:Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus
886:. Cambridge University Press.
812:Sculptures from Roman Syria II
626:
563:
526:
499:
487:sometimes identified as Gallus
320:, revolted and began ravaging
1:
5980:3rd-century murdered monarchs
5449:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
879:The Cambridge Ancient History
837:
602:& Matthäus Heil (2017) .
203:
189:
119:
104:
51:
16:Roman emperor from 251 to 253
2436:
471:Profile of the Gallus statue
7:
5990:Crisis of the Third Century
5382:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
398:Publius Licinius Valerianus
10:
6031:
5975:3rd-century Roman emperors
4281:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
3665:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
3429:Second Intermediate Period
2321:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2272:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2159:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
543:Metropolitan Museum of Art
512:Metropolitan Museum of Art
411:
5985:3rd-century Roman consuls
5943:
5845:
5834:
5732:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
5476:
5422:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
5317:
5289:
5274:
5237:
5209:
5169:
5151:
5101:
5034:
5019:
4977:
4973:
4951:
4901:
4878:
4811:
4734:
4672:
4624:
4609:
4542:
4489:
4401:
4386:
4342:
4338:
4327:Third Intermediate Period
4316:
4239:
4198:
4106:
4038:
3886:
3654:
3639:
3575:
3549:
3501:
3486:
3444:
3440:
3418:
3373:
3333:
3208:
3193:
3127:
3069:
3012:
2953:
2938:
2828:
2757:
2742:
2643:
2527:
2512:
2470:
2466:
2455:First Intermediate Period
2444:
2397:
2329:
2294:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2262:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2087:Constantine IX Monomachos
1775:
1672:
1555:
1382:
1220:
1068:
1009:
993:
979:
974:
964:
941:
933:
928:
797:Last Statues of Antiquity
174:
167:
162:
157:
153:
140:
130:
115:
100:
96:
78:
68:
58:
47:
40:
28:
23:
5444:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3701:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
2459: (<3150–2040 BC)
2257:Michael VIII Palaiologos
492:
402:Interamna (modern Terni)
379:
6000:Murdered Roman emperors
5417:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
5332:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3626:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
2112:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1746:Tiberius II Constantine
192:206 – August 253) was
5459:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
5438:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
5432:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
5387:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
5357:Arsinoe III Philopator
4271:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3741:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
3681:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
3272:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
2267:Michael IX Palaiologos
605:Römische Kaisertabelle
218:Afinia Gemina Baebiana
135:Afinia Gemina Baebiana
5407:Ptolemy X Alexander I
5372:Ptolemy VI Philometor
5352:Ptolemy IV Philopator
5347:Berenice II Euergetes
5342:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5304:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3813:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3808:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
3162:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
2361:Thessalonian emperors
2355:Trapezuntine emperors
2316:John VIII Palaiologos
2311:Manuel II Palaiologos
2282:John VI Kantakouzenos
2198:Andronikos I Komnenos
2035:Constantine Lekapenos
1063:and empresses regnant
791:J. Lenaghan (2012). "
533:Zanker, Paul (2016).
122:August 253 (aged ~47)
54:June 251 – August 253
5840:Dynastic genealogies
5464:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4760:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
4674:High Priests of Amun
4176:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3878:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3873:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3726:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
3433: (2040–1550 BC)
3152:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
2299:John VII Palaiologos
2247:Theodore II Laskaris
2107:Constantine X Doukas
2047:Nikephoros II Phokas
612:. pp. 200–201.
258:at the hands of the
5362:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5299:Alexander the Great
4331: (1550–664 BC)
3853:Mershepsesre Ini II
3848:Merkawre Sobekhotep
3242:Neferkare IV Khendu
2230:Theodore I Laskaris
2215:Alexios III Angelos
2193:Alexios II Komnenos
2117:Romanos IV Diogenes
2072:Romanos III Argyros
2018:Romanos I Lekapenos
844:Bray, John (1997).
740:, pp. 249–250.
728:, pp. 248–249.
665:, pp. 247–248.
457:Metropolitan Museum
6005:Romans from Moesia
5699:Trebonianus Gallus
4286:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3904:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3858:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3833:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
3262:Neferkare V Tereru
3232:Neferkare III Neby
2900:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
2349:Britannic emperors
2343:Palmyrene emperors
2277:John V Palaiologos
2220:Alexios IV Angelos
2169:Constantine Doukas
2164:Alexios I Komnenos
2152:Constantine Doukas
2135:Michael VII Doukas
2097:Michael VI Bringas
1663:Romulus Augustulus
1286:Trebonianus Gallus
1279:Herennius Etruscus
1061:Byzantine emperors
989:Herennius Etruscus
975:Political offices
950:Served alongside:
598:Kienast, Dietmar;
545:. pp. 94–98.
256:Battle of Abrittus
252:Herennius Etruscus
24:Trebonianus Gallus
6015:Temple of Artemis
5952:
5951:
5939:
5938:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5746:Claudius Gothicus
5640:Severus Alexander
5607:Septimius Severus
5472:
5471:
5270:
5269:
5015:
5014:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4654:Osorkon the Elder
4605:
4604:
4382:
4381:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4276:Nubkheperre Intef
4156:Sekhemre Shedwast
3778:Sehetepkare Intef
3706:Semenkare Nebnuni
3635:
3634:
3482:
3481:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3189:
3188:
3167:Netjerkare Siptah
3089:Neferirkare Kakai
2934:
2933:
2738:
2737:
2508:
2507:
2404:
2403:
2242:John III Vatatzes
2188:Manuel I Komnenos
1927:Michael I Rangabe
1771:
1770:
1613:Petronius Maximus
1212:Severus Alexander
1180:Septimius Severus
1024:
1023:
1010:Succeeded by
965:Succeeded by
882:. Vol. XII:
822:978-3-11-071152-3
677:, pp. 39–40.
649:978-0-521-84026-2
634:Cooley, Alison E.
619:978-3-534-26724-8
552:978-1-58839-599-3
362:Temple of Artemis
183:
182:
179:
178:
6022:
5946:List of pharaohs
5836:
5835:
5601:Pescennius Niger
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5397:Ptolemy IX Soter
5367:Cleopatra I Syra
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4953:
4952:
4704:Djedkhonsuefankh
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4369:
4364:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4318:
4317:
3911:Qareh Khawoserre
3897:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3838:Mersekhemre Ined
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3420:
3419:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2446:
2445:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2252:John IV Laskaris
2225:Alexios V Doukas
2210:Isaac II Angelos
2176:John II Komnenos
2102:Isaac I Komnenos
2062:Constantine VIII
2052:John I Tzimiskes
1779:Byzantine Empire
1553:
1552:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1026:
980:Preceded by
934:Preceded by
926:
925:
921:
902:Potter, David S.
897:
861:
831:
830:
806:
800:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
756:
750:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
653:
630:
624:
623:
595:
586:
567:
561:
560:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
503:
480:
468:
452:
437:
422:
268:Sibylline Oracle
191:
155:
154:
121:
106:
81:
53:
33:
21:
20:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6019:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5935:
5841:
5818:
5718:Macrianus Minor
5647:Maximinus Thrax
5583:Marcus Aurelius
5482:
5481:
5480:
5468:
5327:Ptolemy I Soter
5313:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5266:
5233:
5205:
5165:
5147:
5127:Psammetichus IV
5097:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5011:
4989:
4980:
4969:
4966:(664 BC–313 AD)
4965:
4964:
4935:
4897:
4874:
4870:Menkheperre Ini
4807:
4730:
4668:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4538:
4485:
4466:Neferneferuaten
4392:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4362:
4361:Pharaohs
4354:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4300:
4235:
4194:
4121:Sobekhotep VIII
4102:
4034:
3882:
3843:Sewadjkare Hori
3645:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3571:
3545:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3456:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3402:
3369:
3329:
3237:Djedkare Shemai
3199:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3123:
3065:
3008:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2824:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2639:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2482:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2440:
2435:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2337:Gallic emperors
2325:
2013:Constantine VII
1794:Constantine III
1781:
1778:
1767:
1676:
1668:
1607:Valentinian III
1595:Constantius III
1589:Priscus Attalus
1573:Constantine III
1559:
1551:
1441:Valerius Valens
1386:
1378:
1224:
1216:
1175:Didius Julianus
1155:Marcus Aurelius
1072:
1064:
1054:
1020:
1016:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
970:
956:
949:
948:251–253
947:
939:
918:
894:
876:, eds. (2005).
874:Cameron, Averil
866:Bowman, Alan K.
858:
840:
835:
834:
828:questionable...
823:
807:
803:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
759:
751:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
693:
685:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
650:
631:
627:
620:
596:
589:
571:Philip the Arab
568:
564:
553:
539:Roman Portraits
531:
527:
517:
515:
505:
504:
500:
495:
488:
481:
472:
469:
460:
453:
444:
438:
429:
423:
414:
382:
282:, with his son
248:
236:Moesia Superior
206:
149:and Vibia Galla
123:
108:
88:
79:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6028:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6010:Roman pharaohs
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5814:Maximinus Daza
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Antoninus Pius
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5483:(30 BC–313 AD)
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5247:Artaxerxes III
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5118:
5116:Petubastis III
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5053:
5048:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4971:
4970:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4611:3 Intermediate
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4393:(1550–1070 BC)
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:Neferhotep III
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Sewadjkare III
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3925:Maaibre Sheshi
3921:
3918:'Ammu Ahotepre
3914:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Merhotepre Ini
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Sobekhotep III
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3646:(1802–1550 BC)
3641:2 Intermediate
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3536:Mentuhotep III
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3493:(2040–1802 BC)
3488:Middle Kingdom
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3425:Middle Kingdom
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Neferkare VIII
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:Nebkaure Khety
3350:
3345:
3343:Meryibre Khety
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Neferkamin Anu
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3203:
3200:(2181–2040 BC)
3195:1 Intermediate
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3114:Djedkare Isesi
3111:
3109:Menkauhor Kaiu
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2945:(2686–2181 BC)
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2749:(3150–2686 BC)
2744:Early Dynastic
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2291:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2156:
2132:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Theodora (III)
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1988:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1954:
1942:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Constantine VI
1904:
1899:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Theodosius III
1868:
1863:
1858:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1816:Constantine IV
1813:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:Eastern Empire
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:Western Empire
1550:
1549:
1542:
1530:Magnus Maximus
1526:
1524:Valentinian II
1521:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:Constantius II
1453:
1451:Constantine II
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1150:Antoninus Pius
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1073:27 BC – AD 235
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1008:
992:
981:
977:
976:
972:
971:
966:
963:
940:
935:
931:
930:
929:Regnal titles
924:
923:
916:
898:
892:
870:Garnsey, Peter
862:
856:
839:
836:
833:
832:
821:
801:
784:
772:
757:
755:, p. 252.
742:
730:
718:
716:, p. 636.
706:
691:
689:, p. 248.
679:
667:
655:
648:
625:
618:
587:
562:
551:
525:
497:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
485:Antakya museum
482:
475:
473:
470:
463:
461:
454:
447:
445:
439:
432:
430:
424:
417:
413:
410:
381:
378:
299:Pope Cornelius
247:
244:
232:Roman province
228:suffect consul
223:cursus honorum
205:
202:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
165:
164:
160:
159:
151:
150:
144:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
117:
113:
112:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
82:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6027:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5947:
5942:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5837:
5833:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
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5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Cleopatra III
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:Nepherites II
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4725:Psusennes III
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4616:(1069–664 BC)
4612:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Ramesses VIII
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Amenhotep III
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Seqenenre Tao
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Sobekemsaf II
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:Wepwawetemsaf
4213:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Merneferre Ay
3821:
3819:
3818:Wahibre Ibiau
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Sobekhotep IV
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Amenemhat III
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3541:Mentuhotep IV
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Mentuhotep II
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Wahkare Khety
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Neferkare VII
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Seth-Peribsen
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Hotepsekhemwy
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:Double Falcon
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:(pre-3150 BC)
2515:
2514:Protodynastic
2511:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2451:Protodynastic
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:Theodora (II)
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:Constantine V
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Anastasius II
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
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1797:
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1774:
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1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Theodosius II
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1629:
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1610:
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1605:
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1602:
1598:
1596:
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1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
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1540:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Valentinian I
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:Constantine I
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Constantius I
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
990:
984:
978:
973:
969:
962:
960:
954:
946:
945:
944:Roman Emperor
938:
932:
927:
919:
917:0-415-10058-5
913:
910:. Routledge.
909:
908:
903:
899:
895:
893:0-521-30199-8
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:1-86254-337-2
853:
849:
848:
842:
841:
829:
824:
818:
814:
813:
805:
798:
794:
788:
782:, p. 41.
781:
776:
770:, p. 38.
769:
764:
762:
754:
749:
747:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
704:, p. 40.
703:
698:
696:
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
659:
651:
645:
641:
640:
635:
629:
621:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
594:
592:
584:
580:
576:
572:
566:
559:
554:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
514:
513:
508:
502:
498:
486:
479:
474:
467:
462:
458:
451:
446:
442:
436:
431:
427:
421:
416:
415:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Sampsiceramus
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
246:Rise to power
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
194:Roman emperor
187:
173:
170:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
118:
114:
111:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
50:
46:
43:
42:Roman emperor
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5599:
5592:
5578:Lucius Verus
5535:
5436:
5412:Berenice III
5402:Cleopatra IV
5377:Cleopatra II
5309:Alexander IV
5229:Nectanebo II
5198:
5179:Nepherites I
5138:Artaxerxes I
5125:
5055:
5043:
5026:(664–332 BC)
5006:
4962:Roman Period
4864:Shoshenq VII
4862:
4835:
4795:
4776:Shoshenq III
4758:
4723:
4686:
4664:Psusennes II
4577:Ramesses VII
4557:Ramesses III
4441:Amenhotep II
4436:Thutmose III
4372:
4261:Sobekemsaf I
4253:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4187:
4180:
4085:
4068:
4063:'Aper-'Anati
4061:
4054:
4047:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3971:Sekheperenre
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3793:Neferhotep I
3783:Seth Meribre
3760:
3746:Djedkheperew
3663:
3624:
3615:Amenemhat IV
3605:Senusret III
3595:Amenemhat II
3511:Mentuhotep I
3473:
3362:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3227:Neferkare II
3178:
3171:
3104:Nyuserre Ini
3058:
3041:
2996:
2989:
2977:
2918:
2913:Neferkasokar
2911:
2904:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2817:
2810:
2718:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2661:Finger Snail
2659:
2652:
2632:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2499:
2304:Andronikos V
2302:
2285:
2233:
2201:
2179:
2167:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2033:
2027:
2021:
1994:
1977:
1965:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1917:Nikephoros I
1892:
1891:
1885:
1852:
1849:Justinian II
1844:Tiberius III
1834:Justinian II
1825:
1819:
1802:
1754:
1726:Anastasius I
1717:
1661:
1657:Julius Nepos
1649:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1519:Theodosius I
1506:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1436:Maximinus II
1423:
1325:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1265:
1198:
1160:Lucius Verus
1002:
996:Roman consul
994:
951:
942:
906:
883:
877:
846:
826:
811:
804:
796:
787:
775:
733:
721:
709:
682:
670:
658:
638:
628:
604:
565:
556:
538:
528:
516:. Retrieved
510:
501:
383:
370:Lower Moesia
315:
303:Centumcellae
292:
276:
254:died in the
249:
221:
212:family with
207:
185:
184:
18:
5682:Gordian III
5627:Diadumenian
5427:Cleopatra V
5281:(332–30 BC)
5276:Hellenistic
5219:Nectanebo I
5111:Cambyses II
5093:Psamtik III
5051:Tefnakht II
4853:Takelot III
4848:Osorkon III
4843:Shoshenq VI
4797:Pedubast II
4781:Shoshenq IV
4754:Shoshenq II
4719:Pinedjem II
4709:Menkheperre
4644:Psusennes I
4597:Ramesses XI
4587:Ramesses IX
4572:Ramesses VI
4562:Ramesses IV
4509:Ramesses II
4471:Tutankhamun
4446:Thutmose IV
4426:Thutmose II
4416:Amenhotep I
4388:New Kingdom
4323:New Kingdom
4182:Senusret IV
4166:Dedumose II
4141:Nebiriau II
4136:Nebiryraw I
4131:Mentuhotepi
3936:Khakherewre
3863:Merkheperre
3773:Imyremeshaw
3756:Sedjefakare
3711:Sehetepibre
3686:Ameny Qemau
3620:Sobekneferu
3600:Senusret II
3585:Amenemhat I
3567:Iyibkhentre
3297:Neferirkare
3292:Neferkauhor
3099:Shepseskare
2940:Old Kingdom
2926:Khasekhemwy
2906:Neferkara I
2875:Weneg-Nebty
2720:Scorpion II
2363:(1224–1242)
2357:(1204–1461)
2146:Konstantios
2023:Christopher
1996:Constantine
1986:Michael III
1967:Constantine
1950:Constantine
1932:Theophylact
1861:Philippicus
1811:Constans II
1736:Justinian I
1632:Severus III
1580:Constans II
1334:Claudius II
1310:Silbannacus
1257:Gordian III
1232:Maximinus I
1200:Diadumenian
753:Potter 2004
738:Potter 2004
726:Potter 2004
687:Potter 2004
663:Potter 2004
579:Claudius II
518:8 September
338:Barbalissos
307:Pope Lucius
272:Hostilianus
169:Regnal name
85:Hostilianus
80:Co-emperors
59:Predecessor
5970:253 deaths
5965:206 births
5959:Categories
5799:Diocletian
5753:Quintillus
5706:Aemilianus
5661:Gordian II
5633:Elagabalus
5454:Arsinoe IV
5337:Arsinoe II
5262:Darius III
5189:Psammuthes
5078:Psamtik II
4893:Bakenranef
4831:Pedubast I
4826:Takelot II
4821:Harsiese A
4803:Osorkon IV
4791:Shoshenq V
4771:Osorkon II
4744:Shoshenq I
4714:Smendes II
4694:Pinedjem I
4639:Amenemnisu
4592:Ramesses X
4567:Ramesses V
4519:Amenmesses
4499:Ramesses I
4461:Smenkhkare
4431:Hatshepsut
4421:Thutmose I
4171:Montuemsaf
4161:Dedumose I
3961:Nebdjefare
3951:Merdjefare
3721:Nedjemibre
3716:Sewadjkare
3590:Senusret I
3562:Qakare Ini
3383:Meryhathor
3287:Neferkaure
3282:Qakare Iby
3267:Neferkahor
3252:Neferkamin
3060:Thamphthis
3054:Shepseskaf
2968:Sekhemkhet
2819:Horus Bird
2696:Scorpion I
2140:Andronikos
2128:Nikephoros
2077:Michael IV
2042:Romanos II
1962:Theophilos
1957:Michael II
1938:Staurakios
1922:Staurakios
1894:Nikephoros
1887:Artabasdos
1799:Heraclonas
1756:Theodosius
1714:Basiliscus
1474:Nepotianus
1467:Magnentius
1461:Constans I
1414:Severus II
1394:Diocletian
1339:Quintillus
1304:Aemilianus
1297:Volusianus
1242:Gordian II
1207:Elagabalus
1070:Principate
1013:Volusianus
1005:Volusianus
838:References
799:. LSA-254.
600:Werner Eck
443:of Gallus.
441:Sestertius
428:of Gallus.
326:Cappadocia
295:Christians
210:senatorial
204:Early life
198:Volusianus
147:Volusianus
90:Volusianus
73:Aemilianus
5931:Ptolemaic
5739:Gallienus
5654:Gordian I
5617:Caracalla
5543:Vespasian
5537:Vitellius
5319:Ptolemaic
5161:Amyrtaeus
5143:Darius II
5088:Ahmose II
5068:Psamtik I
5007:uncertain
4995:Pharaohs
4931:Tanutamun
4766:Takelot I
4749:Osorkon I
4699:Masaharta
4649:Amenemope
4552:Setnakhte
4514:Merneptah
4456:Akhenaten
4373:uncertain
4255:Nebmaatre
4076:Sakir-Har
4029:Yaqub-Har
3941:Nebefawre
3691:Hotepibre
3557:Segerseni
3526:Intef III
3474:uncertain
3462:Pharaohs
3094:Neferefre
2920:Hudjefa I
2801:Semerkhet
2538:Hedju Hor
2500:uncertain
2488:Pharaohs
2382:Classical
2367:Empresses
2351:(286–296)
2345:(267–273)
2339:(260–274)
2082:Michael V
2008:Alexander
1821:Heraclius
1789:Heraclius
1741:Justin II
1651:Glycerius
1638:Anthemius
1508:Procopius
1446:Martinian
1425:Maxentius
1354:Florianus
1327:Saloninus
1322:Gallienus
1291:Hostilian
1267:Philip II
1237:Gordian I
1185:Caracalla
1120:Vespasian
1115:Vitellius
961:(251–253)
953:Hostilian
768:Bray 1997
575:Gallienus
125:Interamna
92:(251–253)
69:Successor
5891:21 to 23
5809:Galerius
5804:Maximian
5793:Numerian
5760:Aurelian
5712:Valerian
5675:Balbinus
5668:Pupienus
5622:Macrinus
5594:Pertinax
5588:Commodus
5553:Domitian
5516:Claudius
5511:Caligula
5506:Tiberius
5501:Augustus
5121:Darius I
5073:Necho II
4916:Shebitku
4888:Tefnakht
4481:Horemheb
4411:Ahmose I
4223:Pantjeny
4209:Senebkay
4189:Pepi III
4151:Bebiankh
4008:Shenshek
3966:Nebsenre
3798:Sihathor
3768:Khendjer
3731:Renseneb
3676:Nerikare
3521:Intef II
3398:Merykare
3303:Wadjkare
3247:Merenhor
3142:Userkare
3049:Menkaure
3043:Bikheris
3032:Djedefre
2998:Qahedjet
2882:Wadjenes
2868:Horus Sa
2861:Nubnefer
2848:Nynetjer
2812:Sneferka
2552:Ni-Neith
2438:Pharaohs
2377:Usurpers
2372:Augustae
2330:See also
2235:Nicholas
2057:Basil II
1854:Tiberius
1839:Leontius
1827:Tiberius
1804:Tiberius
1782:610–1453
1777:Eastern/
1731:Justin I
1684:Arcadius
1644:Olybrius
1626:Majorian
1567:Honorius
1546:Eugenius
1481:Vetranio
1431:Licinius
1404:Galerius
1399:Maximian
1384:Dominate
1374:Numerian
1344:Aurelian
1317:Valerian
1262:Philip I
1252:Balbinus
1247:Pupienus
1195:Macrinus
1170:Pertinax
1165:Commodus
1130:Domitian
1095:Claudius
1090:Caligula
1085:Tiberius
1080:Augustus
968:Aemilian
959:Volusian
904:(2004).
636:(2012).
583:Aurelian
483:Bust in
406:Volusian
374:Aemilian
358:Scythian
332:invaded
330:Shapur I
318:Mariades
311:Valerian
284:Volusian
264:Dexippus
242:in him.
214:Etruscan
5786:Carinus
5767:Tacitus
5725:Quietus
5568:Hadrian
5252:Khabash
5083:Wahibre
5063:Necho I
5057:Nekauba
5045:Ammeris
4988:Dynasty
4926:Taharqa
4921:Shabaka
4858:Rudamun
4837:Iuput I
4682:Herihor
4634:Smendes
4534:Twosret
4524:Seti II
4368:female)
4353:Dynasty
4249:Rahotep
4146:Semenre
4116:Djehuti
4098:Khamudi
4087:Yanassi
4070:Salitis
4022:Yakareb
4015:Khamure
3946:Sehebre
3868:Merkare
3516:Intef I
3455:Dynasty
3364:Imhotep
3324:Iytjenu
3310:Khuiqer
3222:Menkare
3173:Neferka
3157:Pepi II
3079:Userkaf
2973:Sanakht
2796:Anedjib
2776:Hor-Aha
2709:Iry-Hor
2703:Shendjw
2675:Pen-Abu
2559:Hat-Hor
2481:Dynasty
2387:Eastern
2287:Matthew
2181:Alexios
2029:Stephen
1991:Basil I
1876:Leo III
1751:Maurice
1694:Marcian
1677:395–610
1601:Joannes
1560:395–480
1514:Gratian
1387:284–610
1369:Carinus
1349:Tacitus
1225:235–285
1145:Hadrian
558:Gallus.
412:Gallery
390:legions
386:usurper
366:Ephesus
346:Uranius
342:Antioch
334:Armenia
5926:Argead
5773:Probus
5693:Decius
5688:Philip
5563:Trajan
5291:Argead
5200:Muthis
5153:XXVIII
5133:Xerxes
5001:female
4979:Period
4688:Piankh
4659:Siamun
4529:Siptah
4504:Seti I
4344:Period
4296:Kamose
4230:Snaaib
4200:Abydos
4056:Semqen
4049:Sharek
4001:Sheneh
3981:'Apepi
3976:Bebnum
3931:Nehesy
3751:Sebkay
3671:Sonbef
3468:female
3446:Period
3257:Nikare
3147:Pepi I
3084:Sahure
3037:Khafre
3022:Snefru
2991:Sedjes
2963:Djoser
2889:Senedj
2767:Narmer
2726:Narmer
2608:Wazner
2573:Hsekiu
2545:Ny-Hor
2494:female
2472:Period
2149:&
2125:&
2032:&
2003:Leo VI
1979:Thekla
1935:&
1902:Leo IV
1824:&
1763:Phocas
1719:Marcus
1704:Leo II
1620:Avitus
1537:Victor
1502:Valens
1492:Jovian
1487:Julian
1359:Probus
1294:&
1274:Decius
1222:Crisis
1140:Trajan
983:Decius
937:Decius
914:
890:
854:
819:
646:
616:
549:
426:Aureus
288:plague
280:Senate
240:Decius
131:Spouse
63:Decius
5995:Vibii
5779:Carus
5558:Nerva
5548:Titus
5526:Galba
5493:XXXIV
5478:Roman
5257:Arses
5184:Hakor
5103:XXVII
4813:XXIII
4403:XVIII
4363:(male
4093:Apepi
4081:Khyan
3994:Wazad
3762:Wegaf
3696:Iufni
3550:Nubia
3358:Setut
3180:Nefer
3027:Khufu
2985:Khaba
2979:Nebka
2843:Nebra
2771:Menes
2730:Menes
2682:Stork
2645:Upper
2601:Neheb
2594:Thesh
2580:Khayu
2529:Lower
1945:Leo V
1912:Irene
1699:Leo I
1364:Carus
1135:Nerva
1125:Titus
1105:Galba
1057:Roman
1003:with
987:with
955:(251)
493:Notes
380:Death
354:Emesa
322:Syria
260:Goths
158:Names
142:Issue
110:Italy
87:(251)
48:Reign
5612:Geta
5531:Otho
5521:Nero
5239:XXXI
5224:Teos
5171:XXIX
5036:XXVI
5021:Late
4998:male
4958:Late
4911:Piye
4880:XXIV
4786:Pami
4736:XXII
4325:and
4241:XVII
3987:Nuya
3656:XIII
3465:male
3427:and
3317:Khui
3214:VIII
3137:Teti
3119:Unas
3004:Huni
2806:Qa'a
2786:Djet
2781:Djer
2689:Bull
2668:Fish
2634:Wash
2615:Mekh
2491:male
2301:(w.
2284:(w.
2232:(w.
2203:John
2200:(w.
2178:(w.
2166:(w.
2137:(w.
2119:(w.
2020:(w.
1993:(w.
1976:(w.
1964:(w.
1947:(w.
1929:(w.
1890:(w.
1851:(w.
1818:(w.
1801:(w.
1753:(w.
1716:(w.
1709:Zeno
1576:(w.
1533:(w.
1324:(w.
1288:(w.
1276:(w.
1264:(w.
1197:(w.
1190:Geta
1110:Otho
1100:Nero
1059:and
957:and
912:ISBN
888:ISBN
852:ISBN
817:ISBN
644:ISBN
614:ISBN
547:ISBN
520:2023
394:Gaul
324:and
116:Died
101:Born
5211:XXX
4960:to
4903:XXV
4626:XXI
4491:XIX
4108:XVI
3888:XIV
3736:Hor
3577:XII
3210:VII
2955:III
2791:Den
2587:Tiu
2453:to
2122:Leo
2067:Zoe
1313:(?)
1000:252
795:."
610:WBG
581:or
364:at
301:to
234:of
107:206
5961::
5921:31
5916:30
5911:27
5906:26
5901:25
5896:24
5886:20
5881:19
5876:18
5871:12
5866:11
4544:XX
4476:Ay
4040:XV
3503:XI
3335:IX
3129:VI
3014:IV
2854:Ba
2830:II
2769:/
2728:/
2714:Ka
2566:Pu
2143:,
2026:,
872:;
868:;
825:.
760:^
745:^
694:^
608:.
590:^
577:,
573:,
555:.
541:.
537:.
509:.
313:.
290:.
200:.
190:c.
120:c.
105:c.
52:c.
5861:4
5857:3
5854:2
5850:1
3375:X
3212:/
3071:V
2759:I
2654:A
2622:A
2430:e
2423:t
2416:v
2307:)
2290:)
2238:)
2206:)
2184:)
2172:)
2155:)
2131:)
2038:)
1999:)
1982:)
1970:)
1953:)
1941:)
1898:)
1857:)
1830:)
1807:)
1759:)
1722:)
1584:)
1541:)
1330:)
1300:)
1282:)
1270:)
1203:)
1049:e
1042:t
1035:v
1015:,
985:,
922:.
920:.
896:.
860:.
652:.
622:.
585:.
522:.
459:)
188:(
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