195:
103:
66:
272:
286:
115:
78:
314:
300:
342:
230:
328:
244:
202:
258:
216:
398:. Russia would retain the Tekes valley at the southwest end of the Ili Valley and passes over the mountains to the Tarim Basin. China would pay 5 million rubles, and various trade concessions were made. In January 1880 Chonghou returned to Peking and was greeted with indignation. He was declared to have betrayed his country and was arrested and then sentenced to death.
622:(1856-60), the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing. Meanwhile, new if not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions, bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia, and
667:
Compared to
Russian-controlled areas, more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz (Kazakhs) in the Chinese-controlled areas. Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz, which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China. The Muslim
659:
The
Russians observed that the Chinese were building up their arsenal of modern weapons during the Ili crisis, and the Chinese bought thousands of rifles from Germany. In 1880, massive amounts of military equipment and rifles were shipped via boats to China from Antwerp, as China purchased torpedoes,
663:
Russian military observer D. V. Putiatia visited China in 1888 and found that in
Northeastern China (Manchuria) along the Chinese-Russian border, the Chinese soldiers were potentially able to become adept at "European tactics" under certain circumstances and were armed with modern weapons like Krupp
430:
According to
Article 1, Russia agreed to return most of the occupied area to China. The Chinese government agreed in Article 2 to hold the residents of the area, regardless of their ethnicity and religion, harmless for their actions during the rebellion. The residents of the area would be allowed by
629:
The Qing dynasty forced Russia to hand over disputed territory in the Treaty of Saint
Petersburg (1881) in what was seen as a "diplomatic victory" against Russia. Russia acknowledged that Qing China potentially posed a serious military threat. Mass media in the West then portrayed China as a rising
613:
meant the Qing’s maritime forces were woefully outmatched against their
European counterparts. In contrast, the Qing achieved some military success against westerners fighting on land. Historian Edward L. Dreyer stated, "China's nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness
539:
Article 12 affirmed the right of duty-free trade for
Russian traders in Mongolia and Xinjiang. The treaty also contained various provisions designed to facilitate activities of Russian merchants and to regulate bilateral trade. An appendix to the treaty specified the list of border crossings that
450:; probably, silver roubles were meant) to serve as a payment for the occupation costs, as compensation for the claims of Russian subjects who lost their property during the rebellion, and as material assistance to the families of Russian subjects who were killed during the rebellion.
671:
Russian sinologists, the
Russian media, the threat of internal rebellion, the pariah status inflicted by the Congress of Berlin, and the negative state of the Russian economy all led Russia to concede and to negotiate with China in Saint Petersburg and to return most of Ili to China.
453:
Article 7 set the new border in the Ili Valley. The area west of the border was retained by Russia "for the settlement of the region's residents who will choose to become
Russian subjects and will have to leave the lands that they have owned" east of the new border.
1160:. CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets/Russia and Eurasia Programme at Chatham House (Report). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: CLSA (Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia)/Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs). pp. 1–32. Archived from
1104:. CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets/Russia and Eurasia Programme at Chatham House (Report). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: CLSA (Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia)/Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs). pp. 6–8. Archived from
411:
12 February] 1881 and ratified within six months. Two years later (March 1883), Russia evacuated the province. There were some minor border problems, and a final protocol was signed on 31 October [
1863:
388:
territory. There was talk of permanent annexation, but Saint
Petersburg declared that it was occupying the territory to protect its citizens. Chinese authority in Xinjiang was re-established by 1877.
404:
was appointed as the new ambassador. Russia refused to negotiate unless Chonghou was released, and it was backed by the other powers. In August 1880 Chonghou was released, and negotiations resumed.
1312:
1927:
1154:
1098:
1343:
2483:
1761:
1317:
2522:
609:
Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability to western imperialism in the 19th century as being due primarily to its naval weakness; centuries of deliberate
618:, China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go.... In the
1220:
422:, the head of the Asiatic Affairs Department of the Foreign Ministry (he would become Minister in 1882), and by Eugene Bützow, Russia's ambassador in China.
1856:
2527:
2363:
1280:
2202:
194:
2817:
1942:
1194:
86:
1161:
1105:
626:. But the defeat of the fleet, and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan, forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms."
2347:
2318:
1937:
1393:
1327:
2019:
2842:
2812:
1558:
20:
837:
1900:
2807:
2007:
1992:
1694:
652:
During the Ili crisis, while Qing China threatened to go to war against Russia over the Russian occupation of Ili, British officer
355:
2827:
832:
2730:
2069:
1362:
963:\\ в кн. Моисеев В.А. Россия и Китай в Центральной Азии (вторая половина XIX в. - 1917 г.). - Барнаул: АзБука, 2003. - 346 с.
2832:
2761:
2002:
1078:
1044:
1017:
898:
805:
548:
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was perceived as a huge loss and step backward by many in Russia, such as by Minister of War
2231:
1982:
1895:
1619:
956:
431:
Article 3 to stay or to move to Russia and would be asked about their choice before the withdrawal of the Russian troops.
384:, China lost control of much of its western territory, and power passed to various factions. In 1871, Russia occupied the
1804:
1634:
1187:
1132:, (Collected treaties and conventions between Russia and other states), Russian Foreign Ministry, 1902, pp. 264–281
457:
The treaty also provided in Article 8 for minor adjustments of the border between the two countries in the area east of
2837:
2447:
1816:
1689:
1513:
982:
2736:
2452:
1809:
1386:
1348:
1147:
968:
931:
862:
2547:
623:
470:
385:
2664:
1907:
1594:
1480:
1322:
583:. While some of them soon returned to China, most stayed in Russian domains, and their descendants have lived in
2248:
2114:
1882:
1629:
1568:
1538:
1528:
1180:
762:
732:
2682:
2457:
2313:
1997:
1987:
1972:
1967:
1799:
1749:
1729:
1669:
1503:
412:
408:
377:
158:
826:
2802:
2441:
2219:
2086:
1952:
1846:
1456:
1446:
1379:
1129:
Sbornik deĭstvuiushchikh traktatov, konventsiĭ i soglasheniĭ, zakliuchenykh Rossiei s drugimi gosudarstvami
1036:
China and the International System, 1840-1949: Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation
476:
Article 10 allowed Russia to expand its consular network in the northwestern parts of the Chinese Empire (
2358:
2341:
1851:
1826:
1789:
1699:
1659:
1411:
186:
170:
2741:
2187:
984:
Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century
536:), Russia would be allowed to establish consulates later, as would be required by the volume of trade.
2797:
2751:
2470:
2399:
2192:
1724:
1649:
1518:
1436:
954:РУССКО-КИТАЙСКИЕ ПЕРЕГОВОРЫ О ВОЗВРАЩЕНИИ КУЛЬДЖИ. ЛИВАДИЙСКИЙ (1879) и ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ (1881) ДОГОВОРЫ
642:
2672:
2492:
2226:
2197:
1947:
1296:
1225:
701:
462:
182:
656:
was sent to China by Britain to advise on its military options against Russia in a potential war.
2268:
1734:
1719:
1553:
1451:
1155:
China and Russia: Common interests, contrasting perceptions (Asian geopolitics: Specific reports)
1099:
China and Russia: Common interests, contrasting perceptions (Asian geopolitics: Specific reports)
595:
575:) families made use of the treaty to move to Russian-controlled territory, today's south-eastern
381:
2822:
2792:
2649:
2537:
2418:
2243:
1461:
1270:
1034:
923:
888:
2723:
2582:
2542:
2209:
2171:
2059:
2039:
1957:
1756:
1739:
1604:
1573:
1508:
1265:
1068:
1007:
653:
852:
2654:
2621:
2587:
2532:
2412:
2394:
2104:
2034:
1841:
1624:
1250:
1245:
821:
380:, Russia gained control of eastern Kazakhstan up to the current Chinese border. During the
161:
12 February] 1881. It provided for the return to China of the eastern part of the
8:
2707:
2557:
2497:
2429:
2109:
1962:
1917:
1664:
1543:
1523:
1431:
1215:
2592:
2303:
2298:
2124:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2044:
1868:
1714:
1533:
1240:
360:
2602:
2597:
2572:
2517:
2512:
2435:
2383:
2288:
2119:
2024:
1922:
1821:
1784:
1709:
1639:
1609:
1563:
1255:
1143:
1074:
1040:
1013:
964:
927:
916:
894:
858:
801:
419:
395:
684:
were more or less transferred during this treaty, and incorporated into what is now
2756:
2639:
2562:
2502:
2308:
2029:
1890:
1836:
1679:
1644:
1548:
1473:
1441:
753:
723:
634:. They even invoked fears that China would manage to conquer western colonies like
619:
553:
435:
434:
Under Article 6, the Chinese government would pay Russia 9,000,000 "metal rubles" (
150:
1127:
630:
military power because of its modernization programs and as a major threat to the
2771:
2717:
2567:
2552:
2376:
1831:
1794:
1744:
1704:
1654:
1599:
1468:
1235:
1230:
960:
615:
549:
505:
443:
914:
Paine, S. C. M. (1996). "Chinese Diplomacy in Disarray: The Treaty of Livadia".
825:
2634:
2507:
2273:
2236:
1684:
1674:
1614:
1275:
953:
142:
138:
119:
114:
77:
35:
594:
The border between the two empires set by Article 7 of the treaty remains the
2786:
2746:
2712:
2677:
2293:
2283:
2099:
1490:
631:
572:
489:
2766:
2463:
2405:
2094:
2076:
1932:
1402:
646:
610:
533:
525:
517:
368:
146:
102:
82:
65:
2702:
2423:
2144:
2139:
854:
Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868-1880
458:
107:
1172:
2370:
2214:
2164:
2134:
1977:
685:
599:
588:
584:
580:
576:
564:
501:
1371:
407:
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was concluded on 24 February [
2159:
2149:
689:
635:
401:
394:
was sent to Russia to negotiate. In September 1879, he concluded the
364:
162:
70:
645:
proposed an Anglo-Chinese alliance to check Russian expansionism in
2644:
2389:
2336:
2278:
2154:
2129:
624:
defeated the French forces on land in the Sino-French War (1884-85)
568:
521:
485:
477:
466:
391:
2629:
1094:
560:
509:
497:
493:
681:
529:
513:
359:
The Kulja territory is north of the Tien Shan and south of the
166:
154:
2353:
1912:
1363:
Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation (2001)
1097:; Rothman, Andy (1 May 2006). "The ebb and flow of history".
1009:
The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800-1911, pt. 2
603:
481:
990:(Thesis). Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. p. 11.
668:
Kirghiz were sure that in a war, China would defeat Russia.
2523:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2012:
1344:
Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950)
1140:
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
918:
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
680:
According to Chatham House sources, the Tajikistan part of
169:, which had been occupied by Russia since 1871 during the
504:) that had been provided for in earlier treaties (see
798:
Historical Atlas of the 19th Century World, 1783-1914
2528:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
664:artillery, Winchester carbines, and Mauser rifles.
1005:
915:
660:artillery, and 260,260 modern rifles from Europe.
1358:Russian Federation and People's Republic of China
886:
508:, 1851), Russia would open consulates in Suzhou (
2784:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1001:
999:
997:
800:. Barnes & Noble Books. 1998. p. 519.
1928:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1012:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–96.
882:
880:
2348:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2319:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1387:
1188:
1070:The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1860-1917
1066:
1053:
994:
893:. Columbia University Press. pp. 135–.
1337:Soviet Union and People's Republic of China
1032:
877:
21:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (disambiguation)
1394:
1380:
1195:
1181:
890:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
2008:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1202:
1152:
1093:
1026:
1857:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1328:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)
838:United States Government Printing Office
614:and failure at sea. At the start of the
2464:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1401:
488:). Besides the consulates in Ili City (
2818:Treaties involving territorial changes
2785:
1153:Lo, Bobo; Rothman, Andy (1 May 2006).
1126:Treaty text in Russian and French in:
850:
820:
2762:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2003:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1375:
1176:
913:
643:Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger
1983:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1290:Russian Empire and Republic of China
980:
833:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
299:
16:Treaty between Russia and Qing China
2731:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1313:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Peking (1924)
552:and the notable military commander
271:
13:
2813:19th century in the Russian Empire
2448:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1817:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1810:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1690:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1514:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1306:Soviet Union and Republic of China
1142:, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996
1067:Alex Marshall (22 November 2006).
14:
2854:
2737:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2578:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2453:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1605:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
692:valley staying in Chinese hands.
341:
285:
229:
2808:Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire
2548:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1864:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1620:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
1039:. SUNY Press. pp. 104–112.
981:PO o, Chung-yam (28 June 2013).
540:both countries were to operate.
471:Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
465:borders on the northern part of
363:. It is the upper valley of the
340:
326:
312:
298:
284:
270:
256:
242:
228:
214:
200:
193:
113:
101:
76:
64:
1595:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1481:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1087:
1033:David Scott (7 November 2008).
857:. Limestone Press. p. 81.
688:, with remaining parts such as
327:
243:
201:
2843:China–Russian Empire relations
2828:Treaties of the Russian Empire
2249:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1539:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
974:
947:
907:
844:
814:
790:
766:
744:
736:
714:
257:
215:
1:
2683:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2458:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2314:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1998:Provincial military commander
1988:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1973:Imperial Household Department
1800:Preparative Constitutionalism
1504:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1073:. Routledge. pp. 78–85.
778:
378:Russian conquest of Turkestan
313:
176:
2833:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
2442:Researches on Manchu Origins
1847:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1457:Transition from Ming to Qing
1447:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
783:
543:
165:Basin region, also known as
7:
2342:Changzhou School of Thought
1852:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1827:Railway Protection Movement
1805:1909 Parliamentary election
1790:British expedition to Tibet
1700:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1660:Self-Strengthening Movement
1635:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1006:John King Fairbank (1978).
695:
415:19 October] 1883.
187:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
157:, on 24 February [
10:
2859:
2742:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1630:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1569:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1559:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1529:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1323:Non-Aggression Pact (1937)
1318:Khabarovsk Protocol (1929)
1226:Kyakhta (1727, 1768, 1792)
1119:
887:James A. Millward (2007).
492:), Tarbagatai (Chuguchak,
425:
418:Russia was represented by
180:
131:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
27:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
18:
2752:Names of the Qing dynasty
2695:
2663:
2620:
2613:
2482:
2400:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2327:
2259:
2180:
2085:
1881:
1772:
1730:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1725:Gongche Shangshu movement
1670:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1582:
1519:Chinese Rites controversy
1489:
1419:
1410:
1357:
1336:
1305:
1289:
1208:
851:Fields, Lanny B. (1978).
757:
727:
675:
439:
94:
57:
49:
41:
31:
2673:Great Qing Treasure Note
2493:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2203:Administrative divisions
2020:Administrative divisions
1948:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1297:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)
1209:Russian and Qing empires
922:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
758:Договор об Илийском крае
707:
702:Xinjiang under Qing rule
463:East Kazakhstan Province
183:Xinjiang under Qing rule
53:Saint Petersburg, Russia
2269:Chengde Mountain Resort
2070:Three Eastern Provinces
1720:First Sino-Japanese War
1695:Northern Chinese Famine
1554:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1452:Qing invasion of Joseon
1349:Border Agreement (1991)
1261:Saint Petersburg (1881)
1134:(in Russian and French)
2650:Great Qing Copper Coin
2538:Convention of Tientsin
2471:Annotated Bibliography
2419:Qing official headwear
1462:Battle of Shanhai Pass
447:
2838:China–Russia treaties
2724:Draft History of Qing
2583:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2364:performance criticism
1968:Imperial Commissioner
1958:Great Qing Legal Code
1757:Eight-Nation Alliance
1740:Third plague pandemic
1650:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1574:White Lotus Rebellion
1276:Boxer Protocol (1901)
1203:Sino-Russian treaties
827:"Tsêng Chi-tsê"
822:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
728:Петербургский договор
654:Charles George Gordon
2655:Great Qing Gold Coin
2588:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2533:Convention of Peking
2413:Pentaglot Dictionary
2395:Literary inquisition
2105:Ever Victorious Army
1938:Deliberative Council
1842:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1795:1905 Batang uprising
1735:Hundred Days' Reform
1625:Small Swords Society
440:металлических рублей
356:class=notpageimage|
19:For other uses, see
2803:History of Xinjiang
2708:Anti-Qing sentiment
2558:Treaty of the Bogue
2498:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2430:Complete Tang Poems
2110:Green Standard Army
1993:Provincial governor
1963:Imperial Clan Court
1943:Diplomatic missions
1918:Consultative Bureau
1665:Tongzhi Restoration
1544:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1524:Ten Great Campaigns
1432:Jurchen unification
1167:on 16 January 2021.
1138:Sarah C. M. Paine,
1111:on 16 January 2021.
448:roubles métalliques
149:that was signed in
28:
2593:Treaty of Tientsin
2304:Western Qing tombs
2299:Eastern Qing tombs
2125:Peking Field Force
1869:Manchu Restoration
1762:Declaration of war
1715:Jindandao incident
1534:Lhasa riot of 1750
959:2008-04-14 at the
361:Borohoro Mountains
26:
2780:
2779:
2691:
2690:
2603:Treaty of Whampoa
2598:Treaty of Wanghia
2573:Treaty of Nanking
2543:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2518:Chefoo Convention
2513:Burlingame Treaty
2384:Kangxi Dictionary
2289:Old Summer Palace
2120:Firearm Battalion
1923:Cup of Solid Gold
1877:
1876:
1822:Manchurian plague
1785:Late Qing reforms
1776:(1901–1912)
1710:Sikkim expedition
1640:Panthay Rebellion
1610:Taiping Rebellion
1586:(1801–1900)
1564:Sino-Nepalese War
1509:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1495:(1683–1799)
1423:(1616–1683)
1369:
1368:
1251:Tarbagatai (1864)
1080:978-1-134-25379-1
1046:978-0-7914-7742-7
1019:978-0-521-22029-3
900:978-0-231-13924-3
807:978-0-7607-3203-8
641:British observer
559:Several thousand
420:Nicholas de Giers
396:Treaty of Livadia
367:which flows into
127:
126:
2850:
2798:Unequal treaties
2757:New Qing History
2640:Qianlong Tongbao
2618:
2617:
2563:Treaty of Canton
2503:Unequal treaties
2309:Fuling Mausoleum
1908:Advisory Council
1837:Wuchang Uprising
1777:
1680:Tianjin Massacre
1645:Second Opium War
1587:
1549:Sino-Burmese War
1496:
1474:Battle of Penghu
1442:Seven Grievances
1424:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1216:Nerchinsk (1689)
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1135:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
992:
991:
989:
978:
972:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
921:
911:
905:
904:
884:
875:
874:
872:
871:
848:
842:
841:
829:
818:
812:
811:
794:
772:
768:
759:
748:
742:
738:
729:
718:
554:Aleksei Brusilov
441:
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2081:
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1256:Livadia (1879)
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824:, ed. (1943).
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139:unequal treaty
125:
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2294:Summer Palace
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2284:Mukden Palace
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2100:Eight Banners
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1953:Grand Council
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1773:20th century
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1583:19th century
1581:
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1288:
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1279:
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1274:
1272:
1271:Peking (1898)
1269:
1267:
1266:Moscow (1896)
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Peking (1860)
1244:
1242:
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1234:
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1186:
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1148:1-56324-723-2
1145:
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1125:
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1021:
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986:
985:
977:
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969:5-93957-025-9
966:
962:
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950:
935:
933:9781563247248
929:
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919:
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896:
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891:
883:
881:
866:
864:0-919642-85-3
860:
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839:
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834:
828:
823:
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799:
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639:
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633:
632:Western world
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
587:and Northern
586:
582:
579:and northern
578:
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551:
541:
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535:
531:
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389:
387:
383:
382:Dungan Revolt
379:
370:
366:
362:
357:
196:
188:
184:
174:
172:
171:Dungan Revolt
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Treaty of Ili
132:
121:
116:
111:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
93:
88:
87:Evgeny Butsov
84:
79:
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67:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
22:
2767:Treaty ports
2729:
2722:
2696:Other topics
2577:
2469:
2462:
2440:
2428:
2411:
2406:Peiwen Yunfu
2404:
2382:
2375:
2346:
2095:Beiyang Army
2077:Zongli Yamen
1933:Da-Qing Bank
1750:Red Lanterns
1403:Qing dynasty
1260:
1236:Aigun (1858)
1231:Kulja (1851)
1162:the original
1139:
1128:
1106:the original
1089:
1069:
1035:
1028:
1008:
983:
976:
949:
937:. Retrieved
917:
909:
889:
868:. Retrieved
853:
846:
831:
816:
797:
792:
746:
716:
679:
670:
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640:
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593:
591:ever since.
558:
547:
538:
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475:
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452:
433:
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406:
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375:
369:Lake Balkash
306:Lake Balkash
147:Qing dynasty
141:between the
134:
130:
128:
83:Nikolay Girs
2703:Aisin Gioro
2665:Paper money
2424:Qing poetry
2145:Wuwei Corps
2140:Shuishiying
1901:Family tree
1221:Bura (1727)
939:22 February
459:Lake Zaysan
376:During the
278:TARIM BASIN
58:Signatories
2787:Categories
2371:Four Wangs
2262:mausoleums
2215:Golden Urn
2188:Inner Asia
2165:Xiang Army
2135:Hushenying
2060:Liangguang
2040:Liangjiang
1978:Lifan Yuan
1883:Government
870:2010-06-28
779:References
686:Tajikistan
600:Kazakhstan
589:Kyrgyzstan
585:Kazakhstan
581:Kyrgyzstan
577:Kazakhstan
502:Ulan Bator
500:and Urga (
181:See also:
177:Background
2193:Manchuria
2160:Huai Army
2150:Yong Ying
2035:Shaan-Gan
1491:High Qing
1437:Later Jin
784:Citations
690:Taxkorgan
636:Australia
620:Arrow War
616:Opium War
611:isolation
544:Aftermath
524:), Hami (
402:Zeng Jize
365:Ili River
348:Jade Gate
292:DZUNGARIA
236:Jade Gate
71:Zeng Jize
2645:Hongqian
2614:Currency
2484:Treaties
2390:Kaozheng
2337:Booi Aha
2279:Hetu Ala
2232:Timeline
2227:Xinjiang
2198:Mongolia
2155:Chu Army
2130:New Army
2087:Military
2025:Viceroys
1095:Lo, Bobo
957:Archived
696:See also
598:between
569:Taranchi
522:Uliastai
478:Xinjiang
467:Xinjiang
392:Chonghou
145:and the
50:Location
2630:Zhiqian
2622:Coinage
2359:Economy
2330:culture
2065:Yun-Gui
2055:Min-Zhe
2050:Sichuan
2045:Huguang
1891:Emperor
1412:History
1120:Sources
971:стр 199
763:Chinese
754:Russian
733:Chinese
724:Russian
512:), and
510:Jiuquan
498:Kashgar
494:Tacheng
436:Russian
426:Summary
334:Urumchi
250:Yarkand
208:Kashgar
167:Zhetysu
137:was an
95:Parties
2244:Taiwan
1420:Early
1405:topics
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676:Pamirs
596:border
573:Uyghur
567:) and
561:Dungan
530:Urumqi
514:Turpan
484:, and
444:French
264:Khotan
222:Turfan
155:Russia
120:Russia
42:Signed
2436:Queue
2354:Dibao
2210:Tibet
2030:Zhili
1913:Amban
1165:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
708:Notes
604:China
534:Qitai
526:Kumul
518:Khovd
490:Kulja
482:Gansu
461:(now
320:KULJA
108:China
2172:Navy
2013:Ejen
1896:List
1144:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1014:ISBN
965:ISBN
941:2018
928:ISBN
895:ISBN
859:ISBN
802:ISBN
767:伊犁條約
602:and
413:O.S.
409:O.S.
185:and
159:O.S.
129:The
85:and
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