South African Republic

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they did not need to acquiesce to British demands. This is shown by the response that Cetewayo made to the calls for peace from the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal: "I shall not act on my own account. I shall not agree to any laws or rules from Natal." Writing on the 14th February 1877, Shepstone asserted: "While I am here, Cetewayo will do nothing; but if I were to withdraw without completing my mission, I believe that not only the Zulus but every native tribe in the Transvaal and bordering on it would attack and wipe it out." The danger of a Zulu attack was therefore very real, and not invented by the British. However, the British did apply pressure on the Boers to excite apprehensions of the danger the Zulus presented by cutting off Boer access to the coast, which prevented them from profiting from customs duties on maritime imports and exports, as well as cutting off their source of arms, which contributed to their fear of a Zulu attack.

1270:, the president of the Transvaal. Since the country was on the eve of an election which Burgers was bound to lose due to his unpopularity, Sir Theophilius therefore "was convinced beyond any doubt of Burgers' support against their common enemy: Kruger", since Kruger was Burger's primary rival in the election, against whom he could leverage the aid of the Natalian (Shepstone). Thomas Burgers hoped to use the presence of Shepstone to induce the Volksraad to accept, as an alternative to annexation, a reform to the constitution that would strengthen his executive authority and prolong his rule by two more years. Even when Shepstone informed Burgers of his determination to go through with annexing the Transvaal, Burgers assured Shepstone of his co-operation. 2359: 781: 80: 2140:

unsuspecting Boers into an ambush where hundreds of native warriors attacked the Potgieter party, killing Andries, then proceeding to drag Herman up a hill, where he was skinned alive. They stopped once they had torn the entrails from his body. At the same time of these events, the Ndebele chief Magobane (known to the Boers as Makapaan) attacked and killed an entire convoy of women and children traveling to Pretoria. The two chiefs had concluded an agreement to murder all the Europeans in their respective districts and to keep the cattle that they were raising for the Europeans.

1993:, collecting arms and with upholding the power of the state over the local black population. The commander of the ZAR's military was the elected commandant-general who like the field cornets performed both military and political functions. The commandant-general was responsible for buying guns and ammunition, fixed the prices of commodities and most importantly controlled the ivory trade. The economy of the Transvaal was very much a barter economy, and ivory was one of the principal currencies used in trade and commerce. The professional military of the ZAR was the 1913: 153: 672: 756: 742: 728: 714: 700: 1143:, adopted a policy of confederating South Africa, in order to solve the problems of a restless frontier and of containing the Boers, which both threatened their colonies of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope. These colonies were absolutely vital in providing a route to India, which was Britain's prime colony. Confederation of the South African region was thought to be very beneficial for the British, as it would "cheapen the administration of affairs" and reduce the need for imperial money and troops. 686: 1235:). Nonetheless, the situation could not be described as anything but critical. The war had been expensive, leading the government of the Republic to be insolvent, and the desertion of Boer commandos gave the Zulus, the arch-enemies of the Boers, the impression that the Transvaal was weak, as they had been barely able to defeat Sekhukhune, who they considered a minor vassal. In the spring and summer of 1876–77, frontier skirmishes between the Zulus and Boers flared up once again, and 2373:, which ended in failure. British forces started building up troops and resources at the borders, followed by a demand for voting rights for the ZAR's 60,000 foreign nationals—of whom 50,000 were British. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the ZAR's borders. When the British refused, Kruger declared war against Britain, Britain received assistance from its possessions Australia, and Canada, as well as Natal and the Cape Colony. 165: 2533: 66: 1164:

previously the British could at the very least restrict the supply of arms of ammunition that was exported and fell into the hands of the Boers and natives and thereby rein in what the British saw as the anarchy in the Transvaal. Additionally, the sea outlet that the Boers acquired which was outside the control of the British made persuading the Boers to enter a South African confederation far more difficult, as the Boers as a result achieved greater independence.

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practicable." Shepstone's warrant authorised him to annex the Transvaal, provided he was satisfied that a sufficient number of the inhabitants, or the legislature, desired it. By the time Shepstone arrived, however, the Bapedi and the Boers had signed a peace treaty. However, this conflict cannot be lightly dismissed as "the picturesque pretext" for annexation. In spite of the Boer "victory," on 16 February 1877, the Boers and Bapedi, mediated by

3866: 2455: 1193:, after claiming that the tribesmen stole their cattle. For the British, these conflicts had a high chance for escalating and presented big problems no matter how they turned out: if the Boers won in their war against the Zulus, there would be a substantial increase of Zulu refugees into the already crowded area of Natal, and the displacement of peoples had been shown to create an atmosphere conducive to war, as shown by the 2156:

of the joint commando, now under command of General Pretorius focussed their attention on Mapela. By the time the commando had reached Mapela, the natives had fled. A few wagons, bloody clothes, chests and other goods were discovered at a kop near Mapela's town. Mapela and his soldiers escaped and with their rifles and ammunition intact and Mapela was only captured much later, in 1858.

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offence. The British similarly had declared English to be the only language spoken in the Cape Colony some decades earlier to outlaw the Dutch language. The discovery of gold in 1885 led to a major influx of foreigners. By 1896, the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken.

2262:. The annexation would not suspend self-government, but nonetheless attempted to convert the ZAR into a colony of the British Empire. The ZAR unanimously decided to resist the British annexation. Instead of declaring war, the country decided to send a delegation to the United Kingdom and the United States, to protest. This did not have any effect, and the 1937:

magistrate within 8 days of arriving, were restricted to living in certain neighborhoods and had to pay an entry fee of £25. The Indian merchants, who were classified as "Arabs", objected to this law and appealed to the British government to protect their rights as British subjects. Following British diplomatic pressure, Law Number 3 was amended by the

1921:

oath and procuring the letters of naturalisation. The oath involved abandoning, discarding and renouncing all allegiance and subjugation towards foreign sovereignties and in particular their previous citizenship. Under a law of 1855, only white people were permitted to be citizens of the ZAR and to own land. The constitution of the ZAR stated: "The

1184:, reported that the Boers had interpreted the treaty as having placed Zululand under their exclusive control. Pine stated that such a union of the Zulus and the Boers, who had wanted to create a settlement in the North-West corner of Zululand, would imperil the safety of Natal. This combination meant that control of the land around the areas of 2431:. It was led by Boers who created a provisional government and sought to reestablish the South African Republic in the Transvaal. Many members of the South African government were themselves former Boers who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the British in the Second Boer War. The self-proclaimed rebel republic allied with 2152:

orphan sheep, or "hanslam". These children, even after their 16th birthday, and being free to come and go as they please, rarely re-connected with their own culture and own language and except for surviving and being cared for in terms of food and shelter, were basically forcefully divorced from their native tribe forever.

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he annex the Transvaal, which proposition, although rejected, raised the possibility of the Boers requesting German protection, which in turn raised the possibility of the appearance of a foreign and unfriendly power in the Cape which could threaten Britain's position there. These fears were further stoked by the trip that

1287:, High Commissioner for Southeast Africa, declared war on Sekhukhune. With British and allied troops, including the Swazis who had supported Burgers, in 1879 Wolseley defeated Sekhukhune and imprisoned him in Pretoria. With the Bapedi threat removed, the Burghers were no longer so amenable to British rule. 124: 128: 125: 127: 126: 2143:

General Piet Potgieter set out with 100 men from Zoutpansberg and Commandant General Pretorius left Pretoria with 200 men. After the commandos met up, they first attacked Magobane and the natives were driven back to their caves in the mountains where they lived before. The Boers held them at siege in

1941:

in 1887 to allow the "Asiatics" the right to own fixed property, though not land, and the entry fee was lowered to £3. Because the Indians in the ZAR had the British government to protect them, the anti-Asian laws in the ZAR tended to single out the Chinese, though the Hong Kong Chinese were like the

1936:

to pass Law Number 3, which was aimed at stopping Asian immigration into the Transvaal. Under Law Number 3, all Asians which were defined as "Coolies, Chinese etc, Arabs, Malays, and Mohammedan subjects of the Turkish dominion" were forbidden from owning fixed property, had to register with the local

1282:

At Pretoria the annexation was received quietly enough. The republican printing press (De Volksstem) made no difficulty over the printing of Shepstone's proclamation. Despite the official protest of the executive council, all but one of its members retained office under the new administration, and no

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argued that Britain should "use Cetewayo as a powerful lever to influence wavering spirit". It has therefore been suggested that the danger that the Zulus presented was specifically manufactured by the British to induce the Boers to accept annexation, and the impis had been massed on the border "on a

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Moreover, the Foreign Office was concerned that the opening of Delagoa Bay could signal the involvement of other nations in the Transvaal, which could threaten the Cape Colony. This concern was intensified by the fact that some German merchants had already approached Bismark with the proposition that

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On 12 April 1877, British officials issued the "Annexation of the S. A. Republic to the British Empire." The proclamation stated that the country was "unstable, ungovernable, bankrupt and facing civil war", though in reality the British wished to annex it for its strategic position, using skirmishes

2029:

of medieval Europe. The field cornets often waged war against local African natives in order to seize land, ivory and people to distribute as spoils to their constituents in exchange for their electoral support, often specifically for elections to higher republic offices. There was a strong dynastic

2024:

could be elected to a military office, in practice the men who were elected came from the wealthier families, who used their wealth to build up patronage networks that put the poorer farmers into their debt in one manner or another. The South African historian Ian van der Waag described Boer society

1221:

exaggerated this failure as a major and decisive defeat of the Boers, and was thereby led to anticipate an immediate application to the High Commissioner to take over the country. A. N. Pelzer wrote: "Although Sekhukhune made overtures for peace, he was not defeated and this fact, together with the

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Among the casualties of this war was Commandant General Potgieter. The natives were armed with rifles and were good shots. The general was killed by a native sniper on the ridge of a trench and his body recovered by then commandant Paul Kruger whilst under heavy fire from the natives. What remained

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In 1853, Herman Potgieter was called to Mapela to aid in a cull of the elephant population. Upon arrival, Maphela guided the Potgieter party, which included Herman, his son, his groom and a few other burghers to the purported location where the elephants were herding. Rather instead, Mapela led the

1438:

The constitution of the ZAR was legally interesting for its time. It contained provisions for the division between the political leadership and office bearers in government administration. The legal system consisted of higher and lower courts and had adopted a jury system. Laws were enforced by the

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It is argued by some that Shepstone had annexed the area in haste, "without troubling to ascertain the real drift of Dutch opinion." However, his decision was certainly not made in haste, as he remained in Pretoria for three months before making a proclamation of annexation, at which time he was in

2091:

These changes to the ZAR laws made the use of all other foreign languages illegal in the ZAR. On 1 October 1895 Alfred Fernandez Harington was appointed English master at the Staats Model School in Pretoria. Use of any foreign language was subject to criminal penalty and fine of £20 (ZAR) for each

1920:

Citizenship of the ZAR was legislated by the constitution as well as Law No 7 of 1882, as amended on 23 June 1890. Citizenship was gained by being born in the republic or by naturalisation. The voting age was 16 years. Persons not born in the republic could become citizens by taking the prescribed

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However, the independence of the Zulu kingdom mustn't be understated, and the influence that Shepstone had over Cetewayo should not be exaggerated. What kept the Zulus loyal to the British was their fear of the Boers: but once the Zulus realized that the Boers were not a threat, they realised that

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What precipitated action and confirmed the aforementioned fears was that in 1876, war broke out between the Boers and the Bapedi chief Sekhukhune. Initially, the Boers faced heavy defeats: the Republic was close to bankruptcy and its siege of Sekhukhune's stronghold failed because commando members

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would be in dispute between the Boers and the Zulus, raising tension in the region. The Boers had also been acting provocatively towards the Bantu peoples living in Bechuanaland: for instance, in 1852, Boer commandos raided the town of Kwena, taking many prisoners, and in 1857 a Boer commandos led

2224:

on 13 July 1876, against Johannes Dinkwanyane, who was Sekhukune's brother. The Boer forces were led by Commandant Coetzee and accompanied by Swazi warriors. The Swazi warriors launched a surprise and successful attack while the Boers held back. Seeing this, the Swazis refused to hand over to the

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As there were slavers and other criminals dealing in children, any burgher found in possession of an unregistered minor child was guilty of a criminal offence. These children were also often called "oorlams" in reference to being overly used to the Dutch culture, and in reference to a hand-raised

1899:

had issued a death sentence over two ZAR citizens, for treason. Kruger argued with President Boshoff that the Bible said punishment does not mean a death sentence and at the prisoner exchange, it was agreed that the accused would be punished if found guilty. After consulting Commandant Kruger's

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issued Proclamation 207 and compelled the Superintendent of Education to apply the language law enforcing the exclusive use of Dutch. On 30 July 1888, Dutch language was declared the sole official language, in court as well as education, trade and general use. All other languages were declared

2147:

Orphan children of the native tribes were booked in strictly controlled by legal process, at appointed Boer families to look after them until they came of age. The administration was similar to the system of indentured workers, which was simply another form of slavery, with the exception that

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There were some disputes over cattle which Mapela was raising on behalf of Potgieter and earlier Commandant Scholtz had confiscated a large number of rifles and amounts of ammunition, rifle repair equipment and materials of war from the home of an English missionary, the Reverend Livingstone.

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To be eligible for citizenship, white foreigners had to have been residing in the Republic for a period of two years, be of good character and have been accepted as member of the Dutch Reformed or Reformed Church. On 20 September 1893 the ZAR Constitution was amended so that two-thirds of the

2034:

as there was a tendency for men from the same families to be elected to the office of general generation after generation. In 1899, while the average age of a general in the ZAR was 58, the majority had a very limited education. In a society that venerated age, the most respected man was the

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were ready to support the annexation, which was expected to solve these problems, whilst providing them protection from the natives. Additionally, the state attorney, Dr Jorissen, opined that, had Shepstone summoned the Volksraad after annexation, he would have obtained a vote of confidence.

1163:

to the Portuguese, who were friendly to the Boers. The Transvaal government immediately took steps to acquire a loan to build a railway there, and even led discussions to purchase the bay outright. This railway and purchase caused the loss of the only control that that the British had, since

889:

between the two nations. The Boer victory confirmed the ZAR's independence; however, Anglo-ZAR tensions soon flared up again over various diplomatic issues. In 1899, war again broke out between Britain and the ZAR, which was swiftly occupied by British forces. Many Boer combatants in the ZAR

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the pretext he required to annex the republic ." Barkly's warning hastened the action of Lord Carnarvon and led to the dispatch of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, who happened to be in England, on his mission as special commissioner "to carry out any negotiations which may be found necessary and

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as independent Boer republics and placed them within the British Empire. On 20 May 1903, an Inter Colonial Council was established to manage the colonies of the British Government. The Boers were promised eventual limited self-government and this was granted in 1906 and 1907. The

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hint from Shepstone". This suggestion is supported by the presence of Zulu emissaries in March 1877 in Natal stating that the Zulu army had massed "in readiness at the call of Somtseu (Shepstone) to go round towards the upper side of the Dutch." Moreover, Shepstone requested

2328:. In 1885, rich gold reefs were discovered. ZAR burghers were farmers and not miners and much of the mining fell to immigrants. The immigrants were also referred to as "outlanders". By 1897, immigrants had invested over 300,000,000 British Pounds in the ZAR goldfields. 1213:, and others, would gain confidence that they might obtain their independence from the British or at least offer the British resistance, endangering the Cape Colony. Annexation was therefore the only way of preventing either of these outcomes. 2392:

where women and children were held without adequate food or medical care. The abhorrent conditions in these camps caused the death of 4,177 women and 22,074 children under 16; death rates were between 344 and 700 per 1000 per year.

122: 2470:

in 1886 changed the economic fortunes of the formerly impoverished ZAR. The city of Johannesburg was founded as a gold mining town in the same year. Within 10 years it grew into the largest city in Southern Africa, surpassing Cape Town.

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would be entitled to citizenship of the ZAR. Consequently, Paul Kruger was not accepted as a citizen and disallowed from political intercourse. Acting President van Rensburg called a special meeting of the general council of the

2490:. The construction of the Pretoria-Lourenço Marques line allowed the ZAR access to harbour facilities not controlled by the British Empire, a key policy of Paul Kruger who deemed it vital to the country's long-term survival. 1175:

The second issue that prompted the annexation was native policy and Boer relations with local African kingdoms. The British considered these relations a problem ever since the founding of the ZAR. Only one year after the

123: 1383:

was signed. The country independently also entered into various agreements with other foreign countries after that date. On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the

1146:

The first issue that prompted the annexation of Transvaal was the prospect that the Boers might gain an outlet to the sea, which the British government was trying to prevent, as shown by the annexation of

2522:" ("Unity makes strength," the motto of the republic), this was in fact rarely seen, and instead the motto was displayed with the republic's coat of arms. The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the 1012:

The name of the South African Republic was of such political significance that on 1 September 1900, the British declared by special proclamation that the name of the country had been changed from

2344:. Malaboch refused to pay taxes to the Transvaal after it was given back to the Boers in 1881 by the British, which resulted in a military drive against him by the South African Republic (ZAR). 2108:

was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessing equal powers. Commandant General

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children so registered had to be released at age 16. The commando would return all such children to the nearest landdrost district, for registration and allocation to a Boer family.

2001:

was armed with the modern Krupp artillery guns imported from Germany, and whose second-in-command was the Austrian officer Captain Adolf Zboril, who did his best to bring up the

1891:

The Bible itself was also often used to interpret the intention of legal documents. The Bible was also used to interpret a prisoner exchange agreement, reached in terms of the

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and in all other elections. Citizens who obtained their franchise through naturalization after 23 June 1890 would be able to vote in all elections, except those for the first

1065:

The Boer republics emerged when the British had annexed the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1806, in order to prevent the sea routes to the East (India etc.) from falling to

1029:

was signed with the government of the South African Republic, the Orange Free State government, and the British government, ending the war, and converted the ZAR into the

2039:, the wealthy patriarch with the long hair and long beard that indicated wisdom, and these were accordingly the people most likely to be elected as officers. Most of the 1989:

and performed both military and administrative functions in his district. The field cornet was responsible for collecting taxes, performing the census, training the male

4034: 4664: 6094: 6163: 2136:

Livingstone admitted to storing weaponry for the Secheli, a breach of the Sand River Convention, which prohibited providing arms or ammunition to the natives.

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was between Chief Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) of the Bahananwa (Xananwa) people and the South African Republic (ZAR) Government led by Commandant-General

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contact with the members of the community in Pretoria. Moreover, due to the economic depression, as well as the "incurable insolvency" of the government, the

6168: 5453: 6158: 4911: 4615: 1953:

All citizens who were born in the ZAR or had obtained their franchise prior to 23 June 1890 would have the right to vote for both the first and second

2213:, on 16 May 1876. The war only began in July 1876. The president of the ZAR, Burgers led an army of 2000 burghers and was joined by a strong force of 6056: 5990: 6063: 6148: 5558: 4831: 4622: 4027: 4329: 5872: 5851: 5712: 4629: 1172:, the president of Transvaal took to Europe, during which he tried to negotiate a loan for a railway, as well as possible European alliances. 5474: 4824: 2474:

The discovery of gold allowed the construction of a railway network in the ZAR. The east–west railways in the ZAR, and notably the line from

1343:

fell at the head of his troops. While the British would in other circumstances have sent more troops and defeated the rebels, Prime Minister

404: 336: 270: 6143: 5390: 5306: 4761: 4740: 2306:, accepted the name of the country as the South African Republic. The convention was signed in duplicate in London on 27 February 1884, by 2299:

of 1881 was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention, in which the British suzerainty over the South African Republic was relinquished.

965:(South African Republic to the North of the Vaal River). In 1858, the constitution permanently established the name of the country as the 3876: 5844: 4710: 4671: 1855: 253: 3881: 6081: 5523: 4879: 4500: 4020: 5907: 5768: 5691: 4981: 2487: 2459: 6049: 5837: 5572: 4904: 3911: 1073:, who, dissatisfied with British rule, decided to leave the colony and move into the hinterland of South Africa in what became the 1415:(sometimes referred to as "Goshen") were granted the ZAR franchise. On 25 July 1895, the burghers that took part in the battle at 5830: 5677: 5635: 5383: 5264: 4847: 4382: 4320: 2177: 2068: 1947: 1925:(people) are not prepared to allow any equality of the non-white with the white inhabitants, either in the church or the state". 1366: 1360: 1122: 461: 5928: 5893: 5411: 4608: 1950:

would have to agree to changes to the citizenship law. This proclamation, No 224, also changed Law No 7 with regard to voting.

1928:

The Witwatersrand gold rush led to an influx of Indians and Chinese into the new city of Johannesburg that was emerging on the

1251: 79: 1470:

The State Almanac for 1897 states that the total white population was 245,397; with the total black population being 622,544.

6138: 5802: 5369: 4463: 2801: 895: 2005:

to the level of a European army. The closest the ZAR had to a professional infantry and cavalry was the para-military ZARP (

6018: 5809: 5719: 5341: 3547: 2523: 1140: 3756: 5955: 5900: 5816: 5663: 5327: 4890: 4557: 4527: 2721:

Irish University Press Series: British Parliamentary Papers Colonies Africa, (BPPCA Transvaal Vol 37 (1971) No 41 at 267)

1136: 938: 6173: 5914: 5879: 5823: 5348: 5313: 5002: 4451: 4440: 3783: 3516:

Law articles 1017/1025 dd. 13 Juli 1888 & article 1026/1027, dd. 14 Juli 1888 & article 1030, dd. 16 Juli 1888.

2499: 1865: 1356: 313: 71: 5698: 5565: 5544: 5502: 5044: 4717: 3452: 3203: 2752: 2694: 2590: 2514:(English: "Four colour"). While the only legislation describing the flag required that the green panel be inscribed " 1885: 1871: 1854:

Initially, the state and church were not separated in the constitution; citizens of the ZAR had to be members of the

17: 5628: 5467: 4636: 4550: 4493: 870: 114: 2025:

as being characterized by a quasi-feudalism as the wealthier families set themselves up as something alike to the

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warriors. The Swazis joined the war to aid Mampuru, who was ousted from his position of chieftain by Sekhukune.

5607: 5516: 5271: 5030: 2462:, while lines were built from the Cape and Natal, and one to Pietersburg was built by a private British company 1259:, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, to cease the importation of military materiel into the Transvaal. 1009:

of 27 February 1884, where Britain acquiesced to the ZAR's demands to revert to the use of the previous name.

5761: 5747: 5670: 5551: 5509: 5488: 5362: 4925: 4571: 4293: 2010: 1440: 1198: 85: 4803: 2191:, which then voted in a special resolution to allow members of the Reformed Church access to the franchise. 6025: 5969: 5795: 5684: 5656: 5593: 5285: 5143: 3904: 3838: 3137: 1256: 4810: 3741:

Carman Miller, "Loyalty, Patriotism and Resistance: Canada's Response to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902."

1048:-dominated South African government broke up the province into four provinces and renamed the core region 5962: 5865: 5740: 5649: 5495: 4854: 3704: 2446:. By 1915, the rebellion had failed, and the ringleaders received heavy fines and terms of imprisonment. 2389: 2358: 2274: 2781: 1985:

wore no uniforms and had no medals. The basic officer was the field cornet who was elected by the local

99: 5432: 4953: 4861: 4817: 4594: 4472: 4371: 2439: 1321: 1309: 1100: 356: 289: 1267: 1169: 369: 6153: 5976: 5614: 5446: 5439: 5397: 5111: 5058: 4946: 4897: 4678: 4336: 3931: 3469: 2315: 1045: 1320:

there on 16 December. The war, not officially declared to the occupying British troops, opened with

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to "the Transvaal". This proclamation was issued during the British occupation of the region in the

5788: 5051: 4703: 4001: 2443: 2303: 2278: 1896: 1895:, between a commando of the ZAR, led by Kruger, and a Commando of the Orange Free State. President 1404: 1380: 1328: 1275: 1093: 1006: 705: 546: 3728:

C. N. Connolly, "Manufacturing 'spontaneity': The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War."

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Believing that the only answer to the instability of the region was British intervention, senior

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The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852, when the British signed the

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Jansen, E. (2017). "Afrikaans: A Language on the Move". In Gosselink, M.; et al. (eds.).

3289: 1324:. The British garrisons in the Transvaal were besieged, but only one fell to the republicans. 65: 5530: 5460: 5355: 5250: 5104: 4754: 4534: 4447: 4242: 4062: 2517: 2424: 2406: 2397: 2188: 1892: 1859: 1396: 1340: 1336: 1185: 1177: 1108: 1081: 1034: 1026: 911: 903: 866: 719: 572: 480: 447: 435: 5278: 5164: 4932: 4868: 4601: 4364: 4357: 4309: 4092: 1223: 1038: 1005:. This convention was renegotiated in a subsequent treaty between Britain and the ZAR, the 985:, including by the British and European press. The British objected to the use of the name 393: 2647:. George Routledge & Sons, Limited New York; E. P. Button & Co. pp. 360–361. 2289:

of 1881 was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October 1881 by the ZAR, where the

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could be called up for military service under their own elected officers. The men of the

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of the Cape Colony. Britain now referred to the territory as the Transvaal State, but the

1217:

objected to Burgers's theology, calling him a heretic, and abandoned the siege in droves.

8: 5733: 5705: 5579: 5097: 5090: 5023: 4988: 4939: 4419: 4226: 3829: 3189: 2538: 2296: 2286: 2165: 1942:

Indians able to claim as British subjects certain exemptions from the anti-Chinese laws.

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expanded into the Southern African interior, eventually leading to the outbreak of the

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In common with the Orange Free State, the basis of the military of the ZAR was the

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of 3 August 1881, the British insisted on the use of the name Transvaal State over

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Waag, Ian van der (January 2005). "Boer Generalship and the Politics of Command".

925:

The land area that was once the ZAR now comprises all or most of the provinces of

5257: 5171: 5065: 4733: 4657: 4578: 4302: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4146: 3936: 3773: 2648: 2377: 2353: 1428: 1412: 1284: 1148: 1019: 881:. Relations between the ZAR and Britain started to deteriorate after the British 859: 851: 559: 243: 3139:

The Mining Industry. Evidence and Report of the Industrial Commission of Enquiry

1965:. The total population of the republic in 1890 was an estimated 120,000 people. 978: 959:(South African Republic). The same year, the Volksraad renamed the state to the 152: 6004: 5726: 5600: 5243: 5157: 4840: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4486: 4412: 4258: 4218: 3941: 3920: 2613: 2385: 2263: 2238: 2121: 2074: 899: 886: 855: 847: 823: 677: 520: 215: 2793: 2565: 2362: 6127: 6109: 6096: 5921: 5642: 4747: 4726: 4696: 4689: 4398: 3966: 3872: 3772:

Totten, S.; Bartrop, P. R. (2008). "Concentration Camps, South African War".

3678: 3588: 3299: 2879: 2644:

Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795–1910

2436: 2432: 2400:

was signed on 31 May 1902. The treaty ended the existence of the ZAR and the

2319: 2113: 1459: 1181: 1112: 733: 197: 138: 3846: 2916:

Volksraad Commission (21 July 1868). "Report on the Zoutpansberg Question".

2652: 2583:

Colour, Confusion and Concessions The History of the Chinese in South Africa

2055:

The language spoken and written by the citizens of the ZAR was a variant of

2013:). In 1899, the ZAR had about 30,000 men who were called up to serve in the 1283:

military incidents occurred during or immediately after the annexation. Sir

953:

In 1853 the Volksraad adopted a resolution briefly adopting the name of the

5586: 5195: 5016: 4967: 4130: 4044: 2381: 2370: 2341: 2337: 2282: 2214: 2129: 2026: 1862:. In 1858, these clauses were altered in the constitution to allow for the 1416: 1305: 1218: 1206: 942: 891: 802: 31: 1322:

an irregular attack on a British regiment on the march at Bronkhorstspruit

5179: 4122: 2428: 2311: 2270: 2258: 2248: 2044: 1881: 1385: 1301: 1297: 1210: 1085: 915: 882: 381: 2958: 2887: 2855: 2502:

featured three horizontal stripes of red, white and blue (mirroring the

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Boers any spoils from the battle, thereafter leaving and returning to

2073:

stated that they had reason to believe that in certain schools impure

1916:

Coat of arms of the South African Republic displayed on Kruger's wagon

1266:

In 1877, Shepstone left Natal for Pretoria. He was warmly received by

5213: 5204: 5135: 4541: 4518: 4507: 3946: 3142:. Johannesburg: Times printing and publishing works. pp. 574–575 2509: 2273:

among British troops, marking the beginning of the end of the famous

2226: 2125: 2078: 1317: 1236: 1202: 1042: 761: 747: 235: 219: 3495:

Law number 1, Article 7 of 1882, Locale Wetten der Z.A Rep. I, 1071.

2856:"HISTORICAL REVISION: LXXVII.—The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877" 2144:

their caves and eventually hundreds of women and children came out.

2043:

serving as officers in 1899 were in some way connected to President

5983: 5481: 5126: 4250: 4107: 3294:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 484. 2475: 2210: 1116: 1088:, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the 1066: 807: 175: 2506:) with a vertical green stripe at the hoist, and was known as the 2285:

regiment carried its official regimental colours into battle. The

991:. After the end of the First Boer War, the ZAR came under British 4391: 3996: 3889: 3705:"Chief Malaboch is taken prisoner | South African History Online" 2454: 2423:

The Maritz rebellion was an armed insurrection which occurred in

1901: 1371:

regarded the old South African Republic as having been restored.

1347:

chose to make peace. Drawing up of the detailed peace treaty—the

1049: 930: 926: 918:, there was a failed attempt at resurrecting the republic in the 2229:. Dinkwanyane's followers also surrendered after this campaign. 1041:. The name Transvaal was finally changed in 1994, when the post- 5118: 4274: 4053: 2200: 1379:

The ZAR became fully independent on 27 February 1884, when the

1332: 2182:

proclamation of 20 September 1858, under which members of the

1300:. The meeting placed authority in the hands of a triumvirate: 1022:

and while the ZAR was still nominally an independent country.

854:

which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the

4266: 3257: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 2953:

Alan F. Hattersley, "The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877."

1900:

Bible, Boshoff commuted the men's sentences to lashes with a

1474:

Statistics of White Population of the South African Republic

1070: 874: 1351:—was left in the hands of a royal commission comprising Sir 1092:, which had previously been under British annexation as the 1240: 3245: 3224: 2369:

The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895

2120:

districts. On 16 December 1852, Andries died and his son,

1197:). If the Zulus won, other independent tribes such as the 1077:. These Boers then settled these lands, becoming farmers. 941:

in the northeastern portion of the modern-day Republic of

3810:

T. R. H. Davenport, "The South African Rebellion, 1914."

3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3498: 3154: 3136:

Transvaal and Orange Free State Chamber of Mines (1897).

3081: 2824: 3390: 3388: 3071: 3069: 2724: 2703: 2780:

Harlow, Barbara; Carter, Mia, eds. (31 December 2020),

2203:

broke out over cattle theft and land encroachment. The

1243:

towards the border between the Transvaal and Zululand.

2295:

is referred to by the name "Transvaal Territory". The

2030:

element to the election of generals who commanded the

906:

which ended the war, the ZAR was transformed into the

4042: 3792: 3519: 3445:

Good Hope: South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600

3424: 3400: 3385: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3330: 3328: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3269: 3212: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3066: 2100: 1997:(State Artillery), who in 1899 numbered 314 men. The 2915: 2761: 2666: 2528: 2458:All the east–west railways were constructed by the 2322:, and later ratified by the South African Republic 1151:, which had previously been a Boer republic called 962:

Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Benoorden de Vaalrivier

3833:Four Times President of the South African Republic 3685:. South African Military History Society – Journal 3537: 3412: 3373: 3361: 3340: 3325: 3306: 2435:, with whom Britain and South Africa were at war. 2930:Pine writing to Secretary of State, 3rd June 1853 1449:or ZARP) which were divided into Mounted Police ( 873:agreed to formally recognise independence of the 6125: 1462:District Court and the High Court of Transvaal. 1458:Also established were municipal government, the 865:The ZAR was established as a result of the 1852 4832:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 3599:(5). The South African Military History Society 3042: 2515: 2507: 2204: 2175: 2082: 2066: 2060: 1960: 1954: 1875: 1870:to approve other Dutch Christian churches. The 1863: 1450: 1444: 1395:In November 1859, the independent Republics of 1364: 1291: 1120: 972: 2689:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 249–250. 2412: 6164:States and territories disestablished in 1902 4028: 3905: 3778:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 84–85. 3771: 3556: 2747:. London: C. Hurst and Co. pp. 234–235. 2347: 2124:, was appointed as commandant general of the 1290:On 13 December 1880, the members of the last 6169:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations 3885:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3263: 3251: 3239: 2779: 2580: 2232: 1107:, who commanded the Boers to victory at the 3748: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3562: 3542:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 160–161. 2788:, Duke University Press, pp. 706–708, 2323: 2290: 1858:, a denomination which had broken from the 1013: 1000: 986: 971:. The ZAR was also commonly referred to as 966: 960: 954: 46: 6159:States and territories established in 1852 4035: 4021: 3912: 3898: 3569:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 14. 3447:. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 341. 3281: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 2853: 1880:in 1858, which had the effect of allowing 27:1852–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa 2941:Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa 2585:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 2488:Netherlands-South African Railway Company 2460:Netherlands-South African Railway Company 2266:formally broke out on 20 December 1880. 1888:himself, to remain a citizen of the ZAR. 1316:their seat of government and hoisted the 4905:Reconstruction and Development Programme 3871: 3754: 3573: 3057: 2972:History of Native Policy in South Africa 2742: 2684: 2581:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dianne (1996). 2453: 2449: 2357: 2242: 1911: 1433: 1422: 1388:and later a similar convention with the 612:191,789 km (74,050 sq mi) 147:Great Seal of the South African Republic 4501:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 3467: 3461: 3166: 2969: 2365:'s followers delivering up their rifles 2199:In 1876, a war between the ZAR and the 2159: 2047:, either by ties of blood or marriage. 1155:. This annexation happened because the 30:Not to be confused with the modern-day 14: 6149:1902 disestablishments in South Africa 6126: 4982:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 3827: 3798: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3586: 3525: 3504: 3442: 3287: 3275: 3218: 3187: 3160: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 2999: 2974:(1st ed.). pp. 123, 420–422. 2900: 2830: 2767: 2730: 2709: 2672: 2640: 2618:Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika 2281:would be the last occasion on which a 2194: 1103:, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader 4016: 3893: 3841:. Toronto: George N Morang & Co. 2984: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2745:The Afrikaners: Biography of a People 2634: 2545: 2331: 2269:It would see the introduction of the 2220:One of the early battles occurred at 1419:were granted citizenship of the ZAR. 1130: 1037:in 1910, the Transvaal Colony became 1033:. Following the establishment of the 977:in reference to the area beyond (or " 948: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3334: 3319: 2782:"Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902" 2687:Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners 2551: 1403:merged with the ZAR. On 9 May 1887, 1180:, the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, 6144:1856 establishments in South Africa 4912:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 4558:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 3027: 2095: 2007:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Politie 1977:system under which all able-bodied 1446:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek Politie 1222:shaky financial position, gave Sir 1137:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1099:The first president of the ZAR was 227: • Common languages 24: 3919: 3194:. Toronto: Morang and Co. p. 3045:Political history of England vol12 2872:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00681.x 2836: 2500:flag of the South African Republic 2101:War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854 1327:The Boers defeated the British at 1239:, the Zulu king, began moving his 25: 6185: 6064:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 5699:South African Party (Cape Colony) 3857: 2466:The discovery of gold during the 2209:declared war on the Pedi leader, 2184:Reformed Churches of South Africa 2112:became commandant general of the 2020:Though in theory, any white male 1111:. The capital was established at 1069:. This area was inhabited by the 898:to order the adoption of several 6076: 6075: 3864: 3743:South African Historical Journal 3538:Kachru, B.; et al. (2009). 3018:, vol. 370 (Natal Archives), p90 2531: 1119:. The parliament was called the 1060: 779: 754: 740: 726: 712: 698: 684: 670: 163: 151: 120: 78: 64: 5713:South African Party (1977–1980) 5706:South African Party (1911–1934) 5622:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 5419:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 3821: 3804: 3765: 3735: 3722: 3697: 3671: 3540:The Handbook of World Englishes 3531: 3510: 3489: 3436: 3129: 3051: 3036: 3021: 3008: 2993: 2978: 2963: 2947: 2933: 2924: 2909: 2894: 2773: 2302:The British government, in the 1465: 1374: 5031:2019 service delivery protests 5017:#FeesMustFall student protests 4762:1983 constitutional referendum 2736: 2715: 2678: 2607: 1907: 1335:, and on 27 February 1881, at 1296:were summoned to a meeting at 1084:treaty with about 40,000 13: 1: 5489:Johannesburg Reform Committee 4718:Israel–South Africa Agreement 4111: 4096: 4073: 4066: 3730:Australian Historical Studies 2627: 2388:as a whole. The British used 2011:South African Republic Police 1441:South African Republic Police 6139:19th century in South Africa 5144:Black Consciousness Movement 4898:Government of National Unity 3839:Alexander Teixeira de Mattos 3831:The Memoirs of Paul Kruger, 1596:Johannesburg (neighbourhood) 894:, leading British commander 7: 4855:Saint James Church massacre 4741:Weapons of mass destruction 3587:Kinsey, H. W. (June 1973). 3060:Transvaalsche Herinneringen 2413:Maritz Rebellion, 1914–1915 2292:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 2050: 1968: 1856:Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk 1849: 1231:, signed a peace treaty at 1015:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 1002:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 988:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 968:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 956:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 828:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek 48:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek 10: 6190: 4595:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 4473:South West Africa campaign 4372:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 4337:French Huguenot settlement 3291:Manual of Modern Geography 2905:(6th ed.). Routledge. 2854:Hattersley, A. F. (1936). 2486:, were constructed by the 2416: 2384:in particular and for the 2351: 2348:Second Boer War, 1899–1902 2236: 2163: 2077:(in fact an early form of 1426: 1310:Marthinus Wessel Pretorius 1135:By the 1870s, the British 1101:Marthinus Wessel Pretorius 1055: 389:• 1900–1902 (acting) 29: 6174:White supremacy in Africa 6073: 6050:African National Congress 6039: 5945: 5778: 5510:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 5233: 5224: 5082: 4878: 4848:1992 apartheid referendum 4517: 4462: 4381: 4319: 4292: 4285: 4051: 3927: 3812:English Historical Review 2794:10.1515/9780822385035-102 2566:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa 2409:was established in 1910. 2316:Stephanus Jacobus du Toit 2233:First Boer War, 1880–1881 2222:Botsabelo Mission Station 2065:. On 3 October 1884, the 2059:, locally referred to as 1481: 1478: 1094:Orange Rivers Sovereignty 1046:African National Congress 840:Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek 795: 649: 639: 635: 625: 621: 616: 606: 601: 597: 582: 569: 556: 543: 530: 517: 504: 491: 476: 472: 467: 457: 453: 441: 429: 417: 413: 403: 399: 387: 375: 363: 349: 345: 335: 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 279: 269: 259: 249: 225: 211: 181: 171: 162: 136: 109: 94: 60: 55: 41: 5503:Labour Party (1969–1994) 5496:Labour Party (1910–1958) 5052:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 5010:#RhodesMustFall protests 4609:1960 republic referendum 3593:Military History Journal 3563:De Villiers, J. (1896). 3264:Yap & Leong Man 1996 3252:Yap & Leong Man 1996 3240:Yap & Leong Man 1996 3058:Jorissen, E.J.P (1897). 3043:Low and Sanders (1911). 2901:Porter, Bernard (1996). 2600: 2444:German South West Africa 2427:in 1914 at the start of 2380:was a watershed for the 2132:districts in his stead. 1897:Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff 1407:from the territories of 706:Republic of Zoutpansberg 32:Republic of South Africa 5948:terrorist organisations 5038:2019 Johannesburg riots 4651:Constructive engagement 4616:International isolation 4434:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 3882:Encyclopædia Britannica 3468:Coetzee, A. J. (1948). 3030:In the Era of Shepstone 3002:History of South Africa 2526:between 1928 and 1994. 2504:flag of the Netherlands 2493: 2468:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 900:scorched-earth policies 115:Volkslied van Transvaal 6134:South African Republic 4961:Attack on Kennedy Road 4572:Congress of the People 4163:South African Republic 3775:Dictionary of Genocide 3732:18.70 (1978): 106–117. 3191:Memoirs of Paul Kruger 2641:Eybers, G. W. (1918). 2617: 2516: 2508: 2484:Portuguese East Africa 2463: 2366: 2324: 2291: 2252: 2205: 2176: 2083: 2081:) was being used. The 2067: 2061: 1961: 1955: 1917: 1876: 1864: 1451: 1445: 1365: 1292: 1178:Sand Rivers Convention 1121: 1014: 1001: 987: 973: 967: 961: 955: 839: 827: 820:South African Republic 357:Marthinus W. Pretorius 290:Marthinus W. Pretorius 264:Parliamentary republic 47: 43:South African Republic 5531:Natal Indian Congress 5251:Afrikaner Broederbond 5105:Afrikaner nationalism 4891:1994 general election 4862:Bophuthatswana crisis 4755:Church Street bombing 4535:Apartheid legislation 4528:1948 general election 4448:South Africa Act 1909 4243:Union of South Africa 4063:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 4043:Political history of 3828:Kruger, Paul (1902). 3814:78.306 (1963): 73–94 3755:Hobhouse, E. (1902). 3745:41.1 (1999): 312–323. 3683:samilitaryhistory.org 3679:"The Siege of Leboho" 2970:Brookes, E.H (1924). 2957:21.81 (1936): 41–47. 2743:Giliomee, H. (2011). 2685:Tamarkin, M. (1996). 2518:Eendracht maakt macht 2457: 2450:Economy and transport 2407:Union of South Africa 2398:Treaty of Vereeniging 2361: 2279:Battle of Laing's Nek 2246: 2189:Dutch Reformed Church 1915: 1893:Sand River Convention 1860:Dutch Reformed Church 1434:Constitution and laws 1423:Collapse and conquest 1341:George Pomeroy Colley 1109:Battle of Blood River 1082:Sand River Convention 1035:Union of South Africa 1027:Treaty of Vereeniging 912:Union of South Africa 910:, and eventually the 867:Sand River Convention 846:, was an independent 842:), also known as the 720:Republic of Lydenburg 592:Sep. 1914 – Feb. 1915 573:Treaty of Vereeniging 481:Sand River Convention 448:Francis William Reitz 436:Willem Johannes Leyds 314:W. C. J. van Rensburg 254:Dutch Reformed Church 5165:Greater South Africa 5003:2014 platinum strike 4869:Shell House massacre 4797:Transkei coup d'état 4602:Sharpeville massacre 4365:Battle of Blaauwberg 4358:Battle of Muizenberg 4310:Battle of Salt River 4093:Mthethwa Paramountcy 3758:The Brunt of the War 3709:www.sahistory.org.za 3016:Reports and Messages 3000:Walker, E.A (1928). 2524:flag of South Africa 2160:Civil War, 1861–1864 1874:was approved by the 1224:Theophilus Shepstone 1127:and had 24 members. 1025:On 31 May 1902, the 892:refused to surrender 877:living north of the 394:Schalk Willem Burger 104:Unity makes strength 6106: / 6057:Democratic Alliance 5234:Civic and political 5098:Afrikaner Calvinism 5091:African nationalism 4940:African Renaissance 4630:UNSC Resolution 591 4551:Internal resistance 4452:National Convention 4420:Transvaal Civil War 4344:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 4227:Orange River Colony 3761:. Methuen & Co. 3668:, pp. 469–470. 3656:, pp. 456–457. 3644:, pp. 454–455. 3632:, pp. 448–453. 3620:, pp. 448–449. 3589:"The Sekukuni wars" 3507:, pp. 481–482. 3471:Standaard Afrikaans 3288:Mackay, A. (1870). 3188:Kruger, P. (1902). 3163:, pp. 358–359. 3090:, pp. 420–422. 2985:Reitz, F.W (1900). 2943:. Cape Town: Nasou. 2833:, pp. 357–359. 2733:, pp. 469–474. 2539:South Africa portal 2440:operated in and out 2390:concentration camps 2297:Pretoria Convention 2287:Pretoria Convention 2195:Sekhukune War, 1876 2174:did not accept the 2170:Commandant-General 2166:Transvaal Civil War 1582:Johannesburg (town) 1475: 1455:) and Foot Police. 1349:Pretoria Convention 1252:Sir Garnet Wolseley 1115:and later moved to 997:Pretoria Convention 858:as a result of the 644:South African pound 534:Pretoria Convention 326:Marthinus Pretorius 100:Eendragt maakt magt 4804:Ciskei coup d'état 4623:UN Resolution 1761 4588:Women's March 1956 4441:South African Wars 4427:Mineral Revolution 3947:Lydenburg Republic 2987:A Century of Wrong 2786:Archives of Empire 2712:, p. 455–463. 2546:Books and articles 2464: 2367: 2332:Malaboch War, 1894 2253: 2172:Stephanus Schoeman 1918: 1473: 1229:Alexander Merensky 1131:British annexation 1039:Transvaal Province 949:Name and etymology 871:British government 844:Transvaal Republic 302:Stephanus Schoeman 212:National languages 6110:26.000°S 28.000°E 6089: 6088: 6042:political parties 6035: 6034: 6012:Orde van die Dood 5629:Progressive Party 5335:Congress Alliance 5151:Cape Independence 5083:Political culture 5078: 5077: 5045:COVID-19 pandemic 4975:Marikana massacre 4811:Venda coup d'état 4565:Defiance Campaign 4155:Orange Free State 4085:Dutch Cape Colony 4010: 4009: 3962:Orange Free State 3433:, pp. 25–26. 3409:, pp. 20–22. 3397:, pp. 18–19. 3028:Uys, C.J (1933). 2918:The Natal Witness 2803:978-0-8223-8503-5 2402:Orange Free State 2308:Hercules Robinson 2304:London Convention 2110:Andries Pretorius 2106:Hendrik Potgieter 1847: 1846: 1390:Orange Free State 1381:London Convention 1353:Hercules Robinson 1345:William Gladstone 1219:Sir Henry Barkley 1105:Andries Pretorius 1007:London Convention 816: 815: 791: 790: 787: 786: 767: 766: 547:London Convention 443:• 1898–1902 431:• 1888–1898 424:Willem Eduard Bok 419:• 1880–1888 377:• 1883–1902 370:Thomas F. Burgers 365:• 1872–1877 351:• 1866–1871 321:• 1864–1866 309:• 1862–1864 297:• 1860–1862 285:• 1857–1860 271:Executive Council 188:1880–1881 (exile) 129: 18:Transvaal (state) 16:(Redirected from 6181: 6154:Former republics 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6079: 6078: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5946:Paramilitary and 5938: 5936:Umkosi Wezintaba 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5781:social movements 5779:Trade unions and 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5300:Boerestaat Party 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5231: 5230: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5183: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5071: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4790:Dakar Conference 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4720: 4713: 4711:Israeli alliance 4706: 4699: 4692: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4665:Sporting boycott 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4637:Academic boycott 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4494:Great Depression 4489: 4482: 4480:Maritz rebellion 4475: 4455: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4330:Dutch settlement 4312: 4305: 4303:Bantu migrations 4290: 4289: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4235:Transvaal Colony 4230: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4203:Nieuwe Republiek 4198: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4139:Natalia Republic 4134: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4108:Ndwandwe Kingdom 4103: 4101: 4098: 4088: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4014: 4013: 3992:Utrecht Republic 3957:Nieuwe Republiek 3952:Natalia Republic 3914: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3851: 3850: 3825: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3549:978-1-40518831-9 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3477:. Afrikaner Pers 3476: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3266:, p. 79-80. 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3185: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2903:The Lion's Share 2898: 2892: 2891: 2851: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2638: 2621: 2611: 2596: 2577: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2521: 2513: 2480:Lourenço Marques 2419:Maritz rebellion 2327: 2294: 2208: 2181: 2096:Military history 2086: 2072: 2064: 2003:Staatsartillerie 1999:Staatsartillerie 1995:Staatsartillerie 1964: 1958: 1932:, which led the 1879: 1869: 1476: 1472: 1454: 1452:Rijdende Politie 1448: 1370: 1361:John de Villiers 1312:. They declared 1295: 1257:Sir Henry Bulwer 1189:another raid on 1126: 1031:Transvaal Colony 1017: 1004: 990: 976: 970: 964: 958: 920:Maritz rebellion 908:Transvaal Colony 783: 782: 775:Transvaal Colony 771: 770: 758: 757: 744: 743: 730: 729: 716: 715: 702: 701: 692:Nieuwe Republiek 688: 687: 674: 673: 667: 666: 651: 650: 593: 586:Maritz rebellion 552:27 February 1884 526:12 December 1880 508:Transvaal Colony 483: 359: 167: 155: 148: 131: 130: 82: 68: 50: 39: 38: 21: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6124: 6123: 6115:-26.000; 28.000 6114: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5447:HNP (Herstigte) 5445: 5440:HNP (Herenigde) 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5258:Afrikaner Party 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5186: 5177: 5172:Honorary whites 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4933:Soweto bombings 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4734:Soweto Uprising 4732: 4725: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4658:Tar Baby Option 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579:Freedom Charter 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4458: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4217: 4209: 4201: 4193: 4185: 4179:Griqualand West 4177: 4171:Griqualand East 4169: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4129: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4047: 4041: 4011: 4006: 3923: 3918: 3875:, ed. (1911). " 3865: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3826: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3307: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3186: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3009: 2998: 2994: 2983: 2979: 2968: 2964: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2895: 2852: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2804: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2593: 2548: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2496: 2452: 2421: 2415: 2378:Second Boer War 2356: 2354:Second Boer War 2350: 2334: 2241: 2235: 2197: 2168: 2162: 2103: 2098: 2053: 1971: 1910: 1852: 1468: 1436: 1431: 1429:Second Boer War 1425: 1377: 1285:Garnet Wolseley 1159:award gave the 1133: 1063: 1058: 1020:Second Boer War 951: 869:, in which the 860:Second Boer War 852:Southern Africa 812: 780: 755: 741: 727: 713: 699: 685: 671: 628: 609: 591: 588: 575: 565:11 October 1899 562: 560:Second Boer War 549: 536: 523: 510: 497: 487:17 January 1852 484: 479: 444: 432: 420: 405:State Secretary 390: 378: 366: 355: 352: 337:State President 322: 310: 298: 286: 244:Bantu languages 228: 218: 207: 191: 158: 146: 142: 132: 121: 118: 105: 90: 89: 88: 83: 75: 74: 69: 51: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6187: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6087: 6086: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6005:Ossewabrandwag 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5748:Unionist Party 5744: 5737: 5730: 5727:Torch Commando 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5601:Orde Boerevolk 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5377:DP (1989–2000) 5373: 5370:DP (1973–1977) 5366: 5363:Dominion Party 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5244:Afrikaner Bond 5239: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5158:Day of the Vow 5154: 5147: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4926:Floor crossing 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4841:Bisho massacre 4837: 4836: 4835: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4783:Operation Vula 4779: 4776:Rubicon speech 4772: 4769:Langa massacre 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4531: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4487:Rand Rebellion 4483: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4413:Boer Republics 4409: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4259:Bophuthatswana 4255: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4219:Klein Vrystaat 4215: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4104: 4089: 4081: 4058: 4056: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3942:Klein Vrystaat 3939: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3921:Boer republics 3917: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3873:Chisholm, Hugh 3859: 3858:External links 3856: 3853: 3852: 3820: 3803: 3801:, p. 516. 3791: 3785:978-0313346415 3784: 3764: 3747: 3734: 3721: 3696: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3572: 3555: 3548: 3530: 3528:, p. 483. 3518: 3509: 3497: 3488: 3460: 3453: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3339: 3324: 3305: 3280: 3278:, p. 501. 3268: 3256: 3244: 3223: 3221:, p. 495. 3211: 3204: 3165: 3153: 3128: 3126:, p. 515. 3116: 3114:, p. 505. 3104: 3102:, p. 479. 3092: 3080: 3078:, p. 477. 3065: 3050: 3047:. p. 315. 3035: 3032:. p. 272. 3020: 3007: 3004:. p. 371. 2992: 2977: 2962: 2946: 2932: 2923: 2908: 2893: 2835: 2823: 2802: 2772: 2770:, p. 514. 2760: 2753: 2735: 2723: 2714: 2702: 2695: 2677: 2675:, p. 363. 2665: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2578: 2554:War in History 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2495: 2492: 2451: 2448: 2437:Boer commandos 2417:Main article: 2414: 2411: 2386:British Empire 2352:Main article: 2349: 2346: 2333: 2330: 2264:First Boer War 2239:First Boer War 2237:Main article: 2234: 2231: 2196: 2193: 2164:Main article: 2161: 2158: 2122:Piet Pretorius 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2052: 2049: 1970: 1967: 1909: 1906: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1467: 1464: 1435: 1432: 1427:Main article: 1424: 1421: 1376: 1373: 1355:, General Sir 1339:, General Sir 1170:Thomas Burgers 1141:Lord Carnarvon 1132: 1129: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 950: 947: 896:Lord Kitchener 887:First Boer War 856:British Empire 830:, abbreviated 814: 813: 811: 810: 805: 799: 797: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 777: 768: 765: 764: 759: 751: 750: 745: 737: 736: 731: 723: 722: 717: 709: 708: 703: 695: 694: 689: 681: 680: 678:Klein Vrystaat 675: 663: 662: 657: 647: 646: 641: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 599: 598: 595: 594: 589: 583: 580: 579: 576: 570: 567: 566: 563: 557: 554: 553: 550: 544: 541: 540: 537: 531: 528: 527: 524: 521:First Boer War 518: 515: 514: 511: 505: 502: 501: 500:7 October 1862 498: 492: 489: 488: 485: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 465: 464: 459: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 442: 439: 438: 433: 430: 427: 426: 421: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 397: 396: 391: 388: 385: 384: 379: 376: 373: 372: 367: 364: 361: 360: 353: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 320: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 299: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 229: 226: 223: 222: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 194: 192: 190: 189: 186: 182: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 160: 159: 157: 156: 149: 143: 134: 133: 119: 107: 106: 103: 92: 91: 84: 77: 76: 70: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6186: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6122: 6119: 6084: 6083: 6072: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5922:Die Spoorbund 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762:Workers Party 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643:Radio Freedom 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594:Oranjewerkers 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236:organisations 5232: 5229: 5227:organisations 5223: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024:Tshwane riots 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4748:Project Coast 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727:Mafeje affair 4724: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4697:Durban Moment 4694: 4691: 4690:Rivonia Trial 4687: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4644:Disinvestment 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399:1820 Settlers 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967:Potchefstroom 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932:Graaff-Reinet 3930: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3862: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3566:The Transvaal 3559: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3492: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3454:9789460043130 3450: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3421:, p. 24. 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3382:, p. 29. 3381: 3376: 3370:, p. 33. 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 20. 3357: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3337:, p. 25. 3336: 3331: 3329: 3322:, p. 19. 3321: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3254:, p. 72. 3253: 3248: 3242:, p. 76. 3241: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3207: 3205:9780804610773 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3062:. p. 34. 3061: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2989:. p. 27. 2988: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2827: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2756: 2754:9781850657149 2750: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2698: 2696:9780714646275 2692: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2594: 2592:9789622094246 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2540: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2442:of bordering 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2320:Nicolaas Smit 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271:khaki uniform 2267: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:Potchefstroom 2111: 2107: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2027:marcher lords 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1872:Dopper Church 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1694:Potchefstroom 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1471: 1463: 1461: 1460:Witwatersrand 1456: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182:Benjamin Pine 1179: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1113:Potchefstroom 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1061:Establishment 1053: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1008: 1003: 998: 994: 989: 984: 980: 975: 969: 963: 957: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Boer republic 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 798: 796:Today part of 794: 778: 776: 773: 772: 769: 763: 760: 753: 752: 749: 746: 739: 738: 735: 734:Potchefstroom 732: 725: 724: 721: 718: 711: 710: 707: 704: 697: 696: 693: 690: 683: 682: 679: 676: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 648: 645: 642: 638: 634: 630: 624: 620: 615: 611: 605: 600: 596: 590: 587: 581: 577: 574: 568: 564: 561: 555: 551: 548: 542: 539:3 August 1881 538: 535: 529: 525: 522: 516: 513:12 April 1877 512: 509: 503: 499: 496: 490: 486: 482: 475: 471: 468:Establishment 466: 463: 460: 456: 452: 449: 446: 440: 437: 434: 428: 425: 422: 416: 412: 408: 406: 402: 398: 395: 392: 386: 383: 380: 374: 371: 368: 362: 358: 354: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 327: 324: 318: 315: 312: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 278: 274: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 237: 233: 230: 224: 221: 217: 214: 210: 204: 201: 199: 198:Potchefstroom 196: 195: 193: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 170: 166: 161: 154: 150: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139:National seal 135: 116: 112: 108: 101: 97: 93: 87: 81: 73: 67: 59: 54: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6091: 6080: 6040:Histories of 5741:United Party 5650:Reform Party 5587:Orangia Unie 5212: 5203: 5196:Swart gevaar 5194: 5178: 5134: 5125: 5066: 4968:Blikkiesdorp 4294:Pre-colonial 4162: 4147:Natal Colony 4131:Zulu Kingdom 4045:South Africa 4002:Zoutpansberg 3981: 3880: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3811: 3806: 3794: 3774: 3767: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3737: 3729: 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3708: 3699: 3687:. Retrieved 3682: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3603:28 September 3601:. Retrieved 3596: 3592: 3565: 3558: 3539: 3533: 3521: 3512: 3500: 3491: 3481:17 September 3479:. Retrieved 3470: 3463: 3444: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3375: 3363: 3290: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3214: 3190: 3156: 3144:. Retrieved 3138: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3023: 3015: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2980: 2971: 2965: 2954: 2949: 2940: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2863: 2859: 2826: 2815:, retrieved 2785: 2775: 2763: 2744: 2738: 2726: 2717: 2705: 2686: 2680: 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2643: 2636: 2609: 2582: 2560:(1): 15–43. 2557: 2553: 2497: 2473: 2465: 2425:South Africa 2422: 2395: 2382:British Army 2375: 2371:Jameson Raid 2368: 2342:Piet Joubert 2338:Malaboch War 2335: 2301: 2283:British Army 2268: 2257: 2254: 2219: 2198: 2169: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130:Zoutpansberg 2104: 2090: 2062:Hooghollands 2054: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1890: 1853: 1820:Zoutpansberg 1806:Wolmaranstad 1778:Wakkerstroom 1469: 1466:Demographics 1457: 1437: 1417:Zoutpansberg 1394: 1378: 1375:Independence 1359:and Justice 1326: 1306:Piet Joubert 1289: 1281: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1245: 1215: 1174: 1166: 1145: 1134: 1098: 1079: 1064: 1024: 1011: 952: 943:South Africa 924: 864: 843: 831: 819: 817: 803:South Africa 660:Succeeded by 659: 654: 627:• 1897 608:• Total 242:, and other 137: 110: 96:Motto: 95: 86:Coat of arms 36: 6113: / 5180:Rooi gevaar 5059:2021 unrest 4989:Nkandlagate 4818:Third Force 4679:Rugby union 4277:(1981–1994) 4269:(1979–1994) 4261:(1977–1994) 4253:(1976–1994) 4245:(1910–1961) 4237:(1902–1910) 4229:(1902–1910) 4221:(1886–1891) 4213:(1885–1887) 4205:(1884–1888) 4197:(1882–1885) 4189:(1882–1883) 4181:(1870–1873) 4173:(1861–1879) 4165:(1856–1902) 4157:(1854–1902) 4149:(1843–1910) 4141:(1839–1843) 4133:(1816–1897) 4125:(1795–1910) 4123:Cape Colony 4115: 1780 4100: 1780 4087:(1652–1806) 4077: 1220 4070: 1075 3799:Eybers 1918 3666:Eybers 1918 3654:Eybers 1918 3642:Eybers 1918 3630:Eybers 1918 3618:Eybers 1918 3526:Eybers 1918 3505:Eybers 1918 3276:Eybers 1918 3219:Eybers 1918 3161:Eybers 1918 3124:Eybers 1918 3112:Eybers 1918 3100:Eybers 1918 3088:Eybers 1918 3076:Eybers 1918 2831:Eybers 1918 2768:Eybers 1918 2731:Eybers 1918 2710:Eybers 1918 2673:Eybers 1918 2658:16 February 2429:World War I 2363:Piet Cronjé 2312:Paul Kruger 2259:casus belli 2249:Paul Kruger 2088:"foreign". 2045:Paul Kruger 1908:Citizenship 1882:Paul Kruger 1680:Piet-Retief 1624:Lichtenburg 1610:Krugersdorp 1386:Cape Colony 1357:Evelyn Wood 1329:Laing's Nek 1302:Paul Kruger 1298:Paardekraal 1161:Delagoa bay 1086:Boer people 995:and in the 916:World War I 883:Cape Colony 655:Preceded by 578:31 May 1902 458:Legislature 382:Paul Kruger 6128:Categories 5991:Greyshirts 5755:Volksparty 5293:Black Sash 4954:Xenophobia 4947:Travelgate 4704:Border War 4508:Bantustans 4406:Great Trek 4351:Xhosa Wars 4211:Upingtonia 4195:Stellaland 3987:Upingtonia 3977:Swellendam 3972:Stellaland 2866:(81): 45. 2628:References 2247:President 2118:Rustenburg 1736:Standerton 1722:Rustenburg 1666:Middelburg 1568:Heidelberg 1409:Stellaland 1397:Lijdenburg 1314:Heidelberg 1248:War Office 1233:Botshabelo 1195:Xhosa wars 1191:Batlhaping 1090:Vaal River 1075:Great Trek 993:suzerainty 983:Vaal River 939:North West 935:Mpumalanga 879:Vaal River 617:Population 260:Government 203:Heidelberg 5214:Volkstaat 5205:Uitlander 5136:Boerehaat 5112:Anarchism 4919:Arms Deal 4882:apartheid 4542:Pass laws 4519:Apartheid 4464:1910–1948 4383:1815–1910 4321:1652–1815 3982:Transvaal 3877:Transvaal 3837:. Trans. 3714:6 January 3689:6 January 3431:Waag 2005 3419:Waag 2005 3407:Waag 2005 3395:Waag 2005 3380:Waag 2005 3368:Waag 2005 3356:Waag 2005 3335:Waag 2005 3320:Waag 2005 3300:913570496 2880:0018-2648 2812:242687669 2653:24129017M 2574:220749361 2510:Vierkleur 2325:Volksraad 2227:Swaziland 2211:Sekhukune 2206:Volksraad 2178:Volksraad 2126:Lydenburg 2084:Volksraad 2079:Afrikaans 2069:Volksraad 2032:kommandos 2015:kommandos 1983:kommandos 1962:Volksraad 1956:Volksraad 1948:Volksraad 1939:volksraad 1934:volksraad 1877:Volksraad 1866:Volksraad 1792:Waterberg 1638:Lydenburg 1498:Barberton 1367:Volksraad 1318:Vierkleur 1293:Volksraad 1250:official 1123:Volksraad 1043:apartheid 974:Transvaal 914:. During 902:. In the 836:Afrikaans 762:Ohrigstad 748:Nylstroom 495:Civil War 462:Volksraad 250:Religion 236:Afrikaans 220:Afrikaans 185:1858–1860 56:1852–1902 6082:Category 5984:Boeremag 5482:Jeugkrag 5433:Het Volk 5127:Baasskap 5069:incident 4672:Olympics 4251:Transkei 4054:polities 4052:Defunct 3847:14911933 3146:23 March 2888:24401269 2476:Pretoria 2275:red coat 2051:Language 2041:takhaars 1991:burghers 1987:burghers 1979:burghers 1975:kommando 1969:Military 1850:Religion 1843:245,397 1764:Vrijheid 1708:Pretoria 1540:Carolina 1526:Boksburg 1512:Bloemhof 1479:District 1405:burghers 1276:burghers 1237:Cetewayo 1157:MacMahon 1117:Pretoria 1067:Napoleon 808:Eswatini 640:Currency 176:Pretoria 6101:28°00′E 6098:26°00′S 5887:SAAPAWU 5225:Defunct 5188:Slavery 4392:Mfecane 3997:Winburg 3014:S.N.A. 2955:History 2860:History 2817:9 March 2433:Germany 2251:in 1898 2037:takhaar 2022:burgher 1902:sjambok 1840:107,450 1837:137,947 1787:11,700 1750:Utrecht 1731:10,600 1717:30,300 1703:24,900 1619:20,450 1591:50,907 1490:Females 1401:Utrecht 1268:Burgers 1186:Utrecht 1153:Natalia 1056:History 1050:Gauteng 981:") the 931:Limpopo 927:Gauteng 631:867,941 584:• 571:• 558:• 545:• 532:• 519:• 506:• 493:• 478:• 232:English 172:Capital 113: " 111:Anthem: 5838:FOSATU 5692:SAYRCO 5664:SADECO 5580:Occupy 5119:Azania 5067:Lady R 4996:Racism 4825:CODESA 4286:Events 4275:Ciskei 4187:Goshen 4117:–1819) 4102:–1817) 3937:Goshen 3869: 3845: 3816:online 3782: 3546: 3451: 3298: 3202: 2959:online 2886: 2878: 2810: 2800: 2751: 2693: 2651: 2589: 2572: 2277:. The 2201:Bapedi 1886:Dopper 1829:8,700 1815:3,100 1801:4,900 1773:5,160 1759:2,860 1745:7,550 1714:14,600 1711:15,700 1700:12,300 1697:12,600 1689:1,160 1675:9,500 1661:6,500 1652:Marico 1647:2,750 1633:6,500 1613:10,600 1605:6,500 1588:18,520 1585:32,387 1577:7,820 1563:4,650 1554:Ermelo 1549:3,700 1535:5,300 1521:3,600 1507:6,400 1493:Total 1482:White 1413:Goosen 1337:Majuba 1333:Ingogo 1308:, and 1211:Bapedi 1201:, the 937:, and 904:treaty 409: 341: 275: 6019:PAGAD 5915:SATUC 5908:SARHU 5894:SACTU 5873:NURHS 5831:FNETU 5817:CTSWU 5810:CNETU 5803:BLATU 5685:SAYCO 5573:NUSAS 5454:IDASA 5265:AITUP 4880:Post- 4267:Venda 3475:(PDF) 2884:JSTOR 2808:S2CID 2620:(NHK) 2614:Dutch 2601:Notes 2570:S2CID 2256:as a 2215:Swazi 2075:Dutch 2057:Dutch 1834:Total 1826:4,200 1823:4,500 1812:1,600 1809:1,600 1798:2,300 1795:2,600 1784:6,700 1781:6,000 1770:2,520 1767:2,640 1756:1,100 1753:1,750 1742:3,750 1739:3,600 1728:5,000 1725:5,600 1672:4,000 1669:5,500 1658:3,000 1655:3,600 1644:1,250 1641:1,600 1630:3,000 1627:3,600 1616:9,950 1602:2,500 1599:4,000 1574:2,050 1571:5,770 1560:1,850 1557:2,700 1546:1,200 1543:2,500 1532:2,100 1529:3,200 1518:1,600 1515:2,000 1504:2,900 1501:3,500 1487:Males 1241:impis 1207:Swazi 1203:Pondo 1199:Bantu 1149:Natal 1071:Boers 979:trans 875:Boers 824:Dutch 216:Dutch 6026:SANF 5956:APLA 5901:SAIF 5880:PAWE 5866:NEUM 5859:MUSA 5824:FCWU 5769:WOSA 5720:TNIP 5678:SASO 5671:SAIC 5657:SABP 5608:PAVN 5342:COSG 5321:CTEG 5314:CNIP 3843:OCLC 3780:ISBN 3716:2020 3691:2020 3605:2014 3544:ISBN 3483:2014 3449:ISBN 3296:OCLC 3200:ISBN 3148:2021 2876:ISSN 2819:2022 2798:ISBN 2749:ISBN 2691:ISBN 2660:2021 2587:ISBN 2498:The 2494:Flag 2396:The 2376:The 2336:The 2318:and 2128:and 2116:and 1930:veld 1923:volk 1884:, a 1411:and 1399:and 1331:and 818:The 602:Area 240:Pedi 72:Flag 5977:BBB 5970:AWB 5963:ARM 5929:UDF 5852:IWW 5845:ICU 5796:BCM 5789:APF 5734:UFP 5636:PRP 5615:PFP 5566:NRP 5559:NPP 5545:NNP 5538:NLP 5524:NCP 5475:ISL 5426:GNP 5398:ECC 5391:DSM 5384:DPP 5356:DLF 5328:COD 5307:CDA 5286:BPC 5279:AVF 5272:APO 3879:". 2868:doi 2790:doi 2562:doi 2482:in 2478:to 1686:660 1683:600 850:in 832:ZAR 6130:: 5998:MK 5552:NP 5517:NA 5468:IP 5461:ID 5412:FD 5405:FA 5349:CP 4112:c. 4097:c. 4074:c. 4067:c. 3707:. 3681:. 3595:. 3591:. 3575:^ 3387:^ 3342:^ 3327:^ 3308:^ 3226:^ 3198:. 3196:59 3168:^ 3068:^ 2882:. 2874:. 2864:21 2862:. 2858:. 2838:^ 2806:, 2796:, 2784:, 2649:OL 2616:: 2568:. 2558:12 2556:. 2314:, 2310:, 2017:. 1904:. 1392:. 1304:, 1209:, 1205:, 1139:, 1096:. 1052:. 945:. 933:, 929:, 922:. 862:. 838:: 834:; 826:: 238:, 234:, 4454:) 4450:( 4110:( 4095:( 4079:) 4072:– 4065:( 4036:e 4029:t 4022:v 3913:e 3906:t 3899:v 3849:. 3818:. 3788:. 3718:. 3693:. 3607:. 3597:2 3552:. 3485:. 3457:. 3302:. 3208:. 3150:. 2920:. 2890:. 2870:: 2792:: 2757:. 2699:. 2662:. 2595:. 2576:. 2564:: 2009:- 1443:( 822:( 117:" 102:" 98:" 34:. 20:)

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