176:, just like a home receiver. Since received signal is already modulated there is no need for a modulator. Instead an input mixer or down-converter shifts the radio-frequency (RF) signal down to an intermediate-frequency (IF) signal. A second mixer (known as output mixer or up-converter) shifts the IF signal back up to the FM or TV band output signal frequency.
195:
If the frequency of the output signal were to be set equal to the frequency of the input RF signal, the output RF would feed back from the output antenna to the input antenna and the input stage would overload, completely blocking out the translator. Because of this, the translator output frequency
39:
which can’t properly receive the signals of the transmitter because of a physical obstruction (like a hill). A translator receives the signals of the transmitter and rebroadcasts the signals to the area of poor reception. Sometimes the translator is also called a
181:
171:
The output stages of both devices are similar, but the input stages are quite different. There is no baseband audio or video input to the translator. The translator receives an over-the air RF input signal by means of an
216:), some TV translator operators abandoned their stations or switched over to low power TV station (LPTV) licenses because of the higher broadcast quality provided by non-over-the-air input program streams.
72:, it follows than that the higher frequency broadcast is more sensitive to objects between the transmitter and receiver. If the transmitter and the receiver were at the opposite sides of a hill,
52:
Since translators are used to cover a small shadowed area, their output powers are usually lower than that of the radio or television station transmitters feeding them.
219:
With the operation of an FM or TV translator being less expensive than the same power full-service station they remained an attractive signal delivery alternative.
338:
64:
signals is sensitive to the size of obstruction in the path between the transmitter and the receiver. Generally speaking, if the size exceeds the
331:
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685:
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must be different from the input signal frequency. Input and output band-pass filters further isolate the two signals.
237:(IBOC) hybrid analog digital FM (HDFM) technologies provided further opportunities for translator system operators.
180:
680:
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529:
191:
In order to stabilize the output power, the amplification of the input RF signal is automatically controlled by
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TV signals won’t be received at all. That’s why translators are mostly employed for VHF and UHF broadcasting (
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The level of the incoming RF signal can fluctuate greatly, depending on weather and other factors.
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790:
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standard resulted in a resurgence in popularity of TV translator systems in the United States.
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With television translators, for example, a difference of at least two channels is required.
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the reception is interrupted. Since the wavelength is inversely proportional to
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is a device in or beyond the service area of a radio or television
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293:, European Broadcasting Union, Bruxxeles,Brussels, 1967, p. 93.
208:
broadcasting. With the introduction of satellite broadcasting (
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In North
America FM and TV translators were common before
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Broadcast station transmitters have the following stages:
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213:
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FM and TV translator stations have the following stages.
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187:Relationship between input and output RF signals.
997:
226:television broadcasting standard to the digital
291:High Altitude VHF and UHF broadcasting stations
332:
167:RF output stages (RF amplifiers and filters).
199:
339:
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16:Type of transmitter in telecommunications
766:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
262:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
277:
91:
55:
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796:Direct-broadcast satellite television
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76:radio signals may be received, but
147:RF input stages (RF amplifiers with
686:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
13:
14:
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681:Quadrature amplitude modulation
222:The transition from the analog
845:Television channel frequencies
305:
296:
283:
1:
816:Digital television transition
645:Multichannel television sound
35:that rebroadcasts signals to
888:Field strength in free space
589:Horizontal blanking interval
7:
786:Superheterodyne transmitter
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10:
1027:
624:Vertical blanking interval
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926:
863:
824:
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637:
599:Nominal analogue blanking
522:
471:
357:
200:Future of the translator
918:Television interference
791:Television receive-only
247:Broadcast relay station
46:rebroadcast transmitter
840:Microwave transmission
806:Terrestrial television
801:Television transmitter
761:Intermediate frequency
554:Chrominance subcarrier
164:Output mixer (IF → RF)
1011:Television technology
1006:Broadcast engineering
712:Broadcast transmitter
158:Input mixer (RF → IF)
954:Zero reference pulse
939:Field strength meter
676:Frequency modulation
584:Horizontal scan rate
278:References and notes
233:The introduction of
92:Translator circuitry
56:Physical obstruction
893:Noise (electronics)
756:Intercarrier method
716:Transmitter station
351:broadcasting topics
33:station transmitter
781:Split sound system
731:Differential phase
235:In-band on-channel
132:RF output stages (
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992:
908:Radiation pattern
726:Differential gain
348:Analog television
42:relay transmitter
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835:Frequency offset
776:Residual carrier
721:Cavity amplifier
619:Television lines
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153:band-pass filter
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934:Distortionmeter
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751:Frequency mixer
707:Antenna (radio)
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574:Composite video
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741:Dipole antenna
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544:Blanking level
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629:White clipper
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579:Frame (video)
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472:Color systems
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60:Reception of
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47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
980:Hanover bars
810:
771:Pre-emphasis
695:Transmission
660:Zweikanalton
564:Color killer
489:Clear-Vision
307:
298:
290:
285:
257:Transmitters
232:
221:
218:
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190:
178:
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142:
139:and filters)
108:) frequency
104:) or video (
95:
59:
49:
45:
41:
28:
24:
21:broadcasting
18:
949:VIT signals
944:Vectorscope
883:Earth bulge
865:Propagation
828:& bands
826:Frequencies
609:Raster scan
549:Chrominance
539:Black level
534:front porch
272:Earth bulge
50:transposer.
1000:Categories
878:Distortion
811:Transposer
746:Dummy load
702:Amplifiers
669:Modulation
559:Colorburst
530:Back porch
193:PIN diodes
137:amplifiers
82:television
66:wavelength
29:translator
25:transposer
985:Sparklies
970:Dot crawl
963:Artifacts
903:Path loss
898:Null fill
873:Beam tilt
614:Safe area
206:satellite
161:IF stages
129:(IF → RF)
116:Modulator
70:frequency
37:receivers
975:Ghosting
736:Diplexer
604:Overscan
569:Color TV
462:System F
458:System E
454:819-line
448:System N
444:System L
440:System K
436:System I
432:System H
428:System G
424:System D
420:System C
416:System B
412:625-line
406:System M
402:525-line
397:455-line
392:441-line
386:System A
382:405-line
377:375-line
372:343-line
367:180-line
289:R.Busi:
241:See also
86:FM radio
927:Testing
509:PALplus
359:Systems
174:antenna
100:Audio (
484:NTSC-J
123:stages
112:stages
110:buffer
650:NICAM
638:Sound
523:Video
514:SECAM
504:PAL-S
499:PAL-M
127:Mixer
913:Skew
594:Luma
532:and
479:NTSC
228:ATSC
224:NTSC
212:and
210:TVRO
151:and
84:and
23:, a
855:VHF
850:UHF
494:PAL
214:RRO
149:AGC
88:).
78:UHF
48:or
27:or
19:In
1002::
460:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
134:RF
121:IF
106:VF
102:AF
74:MW
62:RF
44:,
714:/
464:)
456:(
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414:(
408:)
404:(
388:)
384:(
340:e
333:t
326:v
155:)
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