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1509:{\displaystyle =\underbrace {\frac {E_{\mathrm {sig} }^{2}+E_{\mathrm {LO} }^{2}}{2}} _{constant\;component}+\underbrace {{\frac {E_{\mathrm {sig} }^{2}}{2}}\cos(2\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }t+2\varphi )+{\frac {E_{\mathrm {LO} }^{2}}{2}}\cos(2\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }t)+E_{\mathrm {sig} }E_{\mathrm {LO} }\cos((\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }+\omega _{\mathrm {LO} })t+\varphi )} _{high\;frequency\;component}}
134:
2042:) and switching mixers. Diode mixers take advantage of the non-linearity of diode devices to produce the desired multiplication in the squared term. They are very inefficient as most of the power output is in other unwanted terms which need filtering out. Inexpensive AM radios still use diode mixers.
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2119:. These are used as electronic switches, to alternate the signal direction. They are controlled by the signal being mixed. They are especially popular with digitally controlled radios. Switching mixers pass more power and usually insert less distortion than Gilbert cell mixers.
327:. In many typical circuits, the single output signal actually contains multiple waveforms, namely those at the sum and difference of the two input frequencies and harmonic waveforms. The output signal may be obtained by removing the other signal components with a filter.í
266:, etc. Therefore, normal nonlinear amplifiers or just single diodes have been used as mixers, instead of a more complex multiplier. A multiplier usually has the advantage of rejecting – at least partly – undesired higher-order intermodulations and larger conversion gain.
322:
to modulate signal frequencies. A multiplicative mixer can be coupled with a filter to either up-convert or down-convert an input signal frequency, but they are more commonly used to down-convert to a lower frequency to allow for simpler filter designs, as done in
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would generate intermodulation (mixing) products. A multiplier (which is a nonlinear device) will generate ideally only the sum and difference frequencies, whereas an arbitrary nonlinear block will also generate signals at
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1824:) and constant components. In heterodyne detection, the high frequency components and usually the constant components are filtered out, leaving the intermediate (beat) frequency at
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2016:
318:
An ideal multiplicative mixer produces an output signal equal to the product of the two input signals. In communications, a multiplicative mixer is often used together with an
284:, giving out a composite signal that contains the frequency components of each of the source signals. The simplest additive mixers are resistor networks, and thus purely
768:
1686:{\displaystyle +\underbrace {E_{\mathrm {sig} }E_{\mathrm {LO} }\cos((\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }-\omega _{\mathrm {LO} })t+\varphi )} _{beat\;component}.}
639:{\displaystyle I\propto \left(E_{\mathrm {sig} }\cos(\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }t+\varphi )+E_{\mathrm {LO} }\cos(\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }t)\right)^{2}}
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164:, but they are very different types of circuits: additive mixers and multiplicative mixers. Additive mixers are also known as
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A simple three-channel passive additive mixer. More channels can be added by simply adding more input jacks and mix resistors.
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then the beat component is a recovered version of the original signal, with the amplitude equal to the product of
1877:. The amplitude of this last component is proportional to the amplitude of the signal radiation. With appropriate
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to add the currents of two or more signals together, and this terminology ("mixer") is only used in the realm of
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753:{\displaystyle ={\frac {E_{\mathrm {sig} }^{2}}{2}}\left(1+\cos(2\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }t+2\varphi )\right)}
69:
2018:; that is, the received signal is amplified by mixing with the local oscillator. This is the basis for a
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A "virtual ground" active additive mixer. The buffer amplifiers serve to reduce crosstalk and distortion.
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into one or two composite output signals. There are two basic circuits that both use the term
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850:{\displaystyle +{\frac {E_{\mathrm {LO} }^{2}}{2}}(1+\cos(2\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }t))}
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226:, then the output of the mixer will contain two new sinusoids that have the sum f
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to tight tolerances by the hundreds of thousands, making them relatively cheap.
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Multiplicative mixers have been implemented in many ways. The most popular are
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412:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {sig} }\cos(\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }t+\varphi )\,}
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2065:. They are designed for a wide variety of frequency ranges, and they are
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Multiplicative mixers multiply together two time-varying input signals
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Any nonlinear electronic block driven by two signals with frequencies f
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or even a double-balanced circuit. They are readily manufactured as
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are an arrangement of transistors that multiplies the two signals.
484:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {LO} }\cos(\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }t).\,}
1870:{\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {sig} }-\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }}
1817:{\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {sig} }+\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }}
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of the detector is proportional to the square of the amplitude:
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1049:{\displaystyle +E_{\mathrm {sig} }E_{\mathrm {LO} }\left}
210:(instant-by-instant). If the two input signals are both
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and that of the local oscillator can be represented as
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is a device that combines two or more electrical or
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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341:The received signal can be represented as
1729:{\displaystyle 2\omega _{\mathrm {sig} }}
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121:Learn how and when to remove this message
2045:Electronic mixers are usually made with
1944:{\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {sig} }}
1764:{\displaystyle 2\omega _{\mathrm {LO} }}
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1909:{\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {LO} }}
494:For simplicity, assume that the output
234:frequency and the difference frequency
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
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1979:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {sig} }}
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2011:{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {LO} }}
168:to distinguish from the related
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1698:The output has high frequency (
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16:For the kitchen utensil, see
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175:Simple additive mixers use
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2063:hybrid integrated circuits
2020:Direct conversion receiver
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325:superheterodyne receivers
187:are used to add together
2113:field-effect transistors
2081:satellite communications
2077:microwave communications
2075:are very widely used in
177:Kirchhoff's circuit laws
282:add two or more signals
2073:Double-balanced mixers
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332:Intermediate frequency
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170:digital adder circuits
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308:Multiplicative mixers
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2103:Gilbert cell mixers
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18:Mixer (appliance)
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2109:Switching mixers
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151:electronic mixer
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2132:Analog circuits
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312:Main article:
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276:Mixing console
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236:absolute value
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201:sound effects
199:signals, and
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111:December 2009
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72: –
71:
67:
66:Find sources:
60:
56:
52:
46:
45:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
2137:Audio mixing
2117:vacuum tubes
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2089:transmitters
2072:
2071:
2044:
2032:Gilbert cell
2029:
1916:is equal to
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185:audio mixers
174:
165:
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84:
77:
65:
49:Please help
37:
2047:transistors
216:frequencies
2126:Categories
320:oscillator
274:See also:
155:electronic
81:newspapers
1925:ω
1893:ω
1854:ω
1850:−
1833:ω
1801:ω
1780:ω
1748:ω
1710:ω
1633:⏟
1626:φ
1603:ω
1599:−
1582:ω
1572:
1431:⏟
1424:φ
1401:ω
1380:ω
1370:
1311:ω
1301:
1262:φ
1236:ω
1226:
1126:⏟
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1013:ω
1009:−
992:ω
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926:ω
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825:ω
815:
740:φ
714:ω
704:
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599:
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549:ω
542:
512:∝
458:ω
451:
403:φ
380:ω
373:
212:sinusoids
195:signals,
38:does not
2034:mixers,
191:such as
2049:and/or
292:employ
286:passive
158:signals
95:scholar
59:removed
44:sources
2095:, and
2051:diodes
294:active
183:where
97:
90:
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76:
68:
2036:diode
253:and f
222:and f
197:music
193:voice
162:mixer
102:JSTOR
88:books
1986:and
1771:and
300:for
262:-3·f
242:- f
74:news
42:any
40:cite
2115:or
2061:or
1884:If
1569:cos
1367:cos
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539:cos
448:cos
370:cos
258:2·f
246:|.
230:+ f
149:An
53:by
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