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strength, estimated at about 410 kA (kilo-Ampère), which is an order of magnitude stronger than a normal lightning (10 to 30 kilo-Ampère), generated an intense electromagnetic pulse. The red ring marks where the pulse hit the Earth's ionosphere. The duration of the "lightning" is about one millisecond, the "donut" has a diameter measured from the photo of approximately 360 km and a height above the ground of about 90/100 km. The distance for this type of photo must be between 100 and 600 km.
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charged leader then escapes upward from the cloud toward the ionosphere before it can discharge within the cloud. Gigantic jets reach higher altitudes than blue jets, terminating at 90 km. While they may appear to be visually similar to carrot-type sprites, gigantic jets differ in that they are not associated with cloud to ground lightning and propagate upward from the cloud at a slower rate.
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374:. Blue jets occur much less frequently than sprites. By 2007, fewer than a hundred images had been obtained. The majority of these images, which include the first color imagery, are associated with a single thunderstorm. These were taken in a series of 1994 aircraft flights to study sprites. More recently, the source and formation of blue jets has been observed from the
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Blue starters were discovered on video from a night time research flight around thunderstorms and appear to be "an upward moving luminous phenomenon closely related to blue jets." They appear to be shorter and brighter than blue jets, reaching altitudes of only up to 20 km. "Blue starters appear
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Although jets are considered to be a type of upper-atmospheric lightning, it has been found that they are components of tropospheric lightning and a type of cloud-to-air discharge that initiates within a thunderstorm and travels upwards. In contrast, other types of TLEs are not electrically connected
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to more than 2 seconds. The first video recording of a TLE was captured accidentally on July 6, 1989 when researcher R.C Franz left a camera running overnight to view the night sky. When reviewing the video taken, two finger-like vertical images appeared in two frames of the film. The next known
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systems. C-sprites (short for "columniform sprites") is the name given to vertical columns of red light. C-sprites exhibiting tendrils are sometimes called "carrot sprites". Other types of TLEs include sprite halos, ghosts, blue jets, gigantic jets, pixies, gnomes, trolls, blue starters, and ELVESs.
611:. This experimental campaign reported the main contributors to the greenish hue of a single event recorded in 2019 to be atomic iron and nickel, molecular nitrogen and ionic molecular oxygen. A weak -but certain- contribution of atomic oxygen, and atomic sodium and ionic silicon were also detected.
482:
On
October 16, 2019, pilot Chris Holmes captured a high-resolution video of a gigantic jet from 35,000 feet (10.6 km) above the Gulf of Mexico near the Yucatán Peninsula. From 35 miles (56 km), Holmes's video shows a blue streamer reach up from the top of a thunderstorm to the ionosphere,
257:
for stratospheric/mesospheric perturbations resulting from intense thunderstorm electrification. They normally are colored reddish-orange or greenish-blue, with hanging tendrils below and arcing branches above. They can also be preceded by a reddish halo, known as a sprite halo. They often occur in
619:
A gnome is a type of lightning that is a small, brief spike of light that points upward from a thunderstorm cloud's anvil top, caused as strong updrafts push moist air above the anvil. It lasts for only a few microseconds. It is about 200 meters wide, and is a maximum of 1 kilometer in height. Its
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TROLLs (transient red optical luminous lineaments) occur after strong sprites, and appear as red spots with faint tails, and on higher-speed cameras, appear as a rapid series of events, starting as a red glow that forms after a sprite tendril, that later produces a red streak downward from itself.
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The photo shows one of the ELVES (emission of light and very low frequency perturbations due to electromagnetic pulse sources). The shot was taken on March 27, 2023 at 21.43 UTC from
Possagno, TV, Italy. The lightning that triggered it was in Polverigi, AN, Italy, at a distance of 285 km. Its
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Ghosts (greenish optical emission from sprite tops) are faint, green glows that appear within the footprint of a red sprite, remaining after the red has dissipated, and fading away in milliseconds. Though possible examples of ghosts can be seen in historical images, ghosts were first noted as an
409:(110,000 mph; 180,000 km/h) at a speed similar to typical lightning, increased to 160 and 270 km/s (360,000–600,000 mph; 580,000–970,000 km/h), but then split in two and sped upward with speeds of at least 2,000 km/s (4,500,000 mph; 7,200,000 km/h) to the
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Where blue jets are believed to initiate between the upper positive charge region and a negative screening layer directly above this region, gigantic jets appear to initiate as an intracloud flash between the middle negative and upper positive charge regions in the thundercloud. The negatively
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photographed a gigantic jet—double the height of those previously observed—reaching around 70 km (45 mi) into the atmosphere. The jet was located above a thunderstorm over an ocean, and lasted under a second. The jet was initially observed to be traveling up at around 50 km/s
707:
Giles, Rohini S.; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Bonfond, Bertrand; Gladstone, G. Randall; Kammer, Joshua A.; Hue, Vincent; Grodent, Denis C.; GĂ©rard, Jean-Claude; Versteeg, Maarten H.; Wong, Michael H.; Bolton, Scott J. (2020-10-26). "Possible
Transient Luminous Events observed in Jupiter's upper
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network fills the negative charge region before the negative end fills the positive charge region, and the positive leader subsequently exits the cloud and propagates upward. It was previously believed that blue jets were not directly related to lightning flashes, and that the presence of
587:. A series of unusual, white luminous events atop the thunderstorm were observed over a 20-minute period, lasting for an average of 16 milliseconds each. They were later dubbed 'pixies'. These pixies are less than 100 meters across, and are not related to lightning.
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until the first direct visual evidence was documented in 1989. Several years later, the optical signatures of these events were named 'sprites' by researchers to avoid inadvertently implying physical properties that were, at the time, still unknown. The terms
921:"Dr. Davis Sentman of the University of Alaska, one of the few scientists studying these luminous, ghostlike phenomena , named the eerie flashes of colored lights after Shakespeare's mischievous spirits of the air — Ariel in
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Blue jets are believed to be initiated as "normal" lightning discharges between the upper positive charge region in a thundercloud and a negative "screening layer" present above this charge region. The positive end of the
1719:
Passas-Varo, MarĂa; Van der Velde, Oscar; Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J.; GĂłmez-MartĂn, Juan Carlos; Sánchez, Justo; PĂ©rez-InvernĂłn, Francisco J.; Sánchez-RamĂrez, RubĂ©n; GarcĂa-Comas, Maya; MontanyĂ , Joan (2023-12-12).
486:
On
September 20, 2021, at 10:41 pm (02:41 UTC) facing NE from Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, photographer Frankie Lucena recorded a video of a gigantic jet plasma event which occurred over a thunderstorm in the area.
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predicted that electrical breakdown should occur in the atmosphere high above large thunderstorms. In ensuing decades, high altitude electrical discharges were reported by aircraft pilots and discounted by
262:'s surface. Sprites have been witnessed thousands of times. Sprites have been held responsible for otherwise unexplained accidents involving high-altitude vehicular operations above thunderstorms.
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Pixies were first observed during the STEPS program during the summer of 2000, a multi-organizational field program investigating the electrical characteristics over thunderstorms on the
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becoming red at the top. Only then does a brilliant white lightning leader crawl slowly from the top of the cloud, reaching about 10% of the height of the gigantic jet before fading.
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sources”) refers to a singular event which is commonly thought of as being plural. TLEs are secondary phenomena that occur in the upper atmosphere in association with underlying
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somehow led to their occurrence. They are also brighter than sprites and, as implied by their name, are blue in color. The color is believed to be due to a set of blue and near-
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systems, with the total number of recent recorded events (early 2009) estimated at many tens-of-thousands. The global rate of TLE occurrence has been estimated from satellite (
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On June 13, 2022, in northern Kansas, US, photographer Paul M. Smith captured several gigantic jet events over a thunderstorm. This is farthest north they have been recorded.
814:
1268:
Pasko, Victor P.; Stanley, Mark A.; Mathews, John D.; Inan, Umran S.; Wood, Troy G. (2002). "Electrical discharge from a thundercloud top to the lower ionosphere".
1900:
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Boccippio, D. J.; Williams, E. R.; Heckman, S. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Baker, I. T.; Boldi, R. (August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and
Positive Ground Strokes".
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Quote: "...Red sprites and blue jets are brief but powerful lightning-like flashes that appear at altitudes of 40–100 km (25–60 miles) above thunderstorms..."
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68:
are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal
1947:
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535:. Their color was unknown for some time, but is now known to be red. ELVES were first recorded on another shuttle mission, this time recorded off
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1813:
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84:), because the various types of electrical-discharge phenomena in the upper atmosphere lack several characteristics of the more familiar
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ELVES often appear as a dim, flattened, expanding glow around 400 km (250 mi) in diameter that lasts for, typically, just one
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17:
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The first spectroscopy study to analyze the dynamics and chemistry of ghosts was led by the
Atmospheric Electricity group of the
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On August 13, 2016, photographer Phebe Pan caught a clear wide-angle photo of a gigantic jet on a wide-angle lens while shooting
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Boggs, Levi D.; Liu, Ningyu; Riousset, Jeremy A.; Shi, Feng; Lazarus, Steven; Splitt, Michael; K. Rassoul, Hamid (2018-12-27).
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color is unknown as it has only been observed in black-and-white footage. Most sources unofficially refer to them as "Gnomes".
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was conducting the
Mesoscale Lightning Observation Experiment. On October 21, 1989 TLEs were recorded during orbits 44 and 45.
1940:
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Su, H. T.; Hsu, R. R.; Chen, A. B.; Wang, Y. C.; Hsiao, W. S.; Lai, W. C.; Lee, L. C.; Sato, M.; Fukunishi, H. (June 2003).
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to be blue jets that never quite make it," according to Dr. Victor P. Pasko, associate professor of electrical engineering.
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on August 12, 2010. "GJ event that was clearly recorded in eastern China (storm center located at 35.6°N,119.8°E, near the
1454:
761:
431:
On
November 10, 2012, the Chinese Science Bulletin reported a gigantic jet event observed over a thunderstorm in mainland
497:) captured a gigantic jet in high-resolution slow-motion video from Derby, in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia.
250:
1895:
1077:
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on
October 7, 1990. That ELVES was discovered in the Shuttle Video by the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE) team at
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On July 22, 2002, five gigantic jets between 60 and 70 kilometres (35 and 45 mi) in length were observed over the
839:
196:
gained popularity after a video clip was circulated following an aircraft research campaign to study sprites in 1994.
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due to electromagnetic pulse sources. This refers to the process by which the light is generated; the excitation of
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Homepage of the
Eurosprite campaign, itself part of the CAL (Coupled Atmospheric Layers) research group
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and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightning is believed to be electrically induced forms of luminous
2000:
1647:
428:. The jets lasted under a second, with shapes likened by the researchers to giant trees and carrots.
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967:"Full report on the uncontrolled free fall of a stratospheric balloon payload provoked by a Sprite"
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237:, giving rise to a quite varied range of visual shapes. They are triggered by the discharges of
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Lyons, Walter; Nelson, Thomas; Armstrong, Russell; Pasko, Victor; Stanley, Mark (2002-11-19).
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and Li Hualong captured the same jet from a more distant location in Jiahe, Hunan, China.
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with tropospheric lightning—despite being triggered by it. The two main types of jets are
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between the thundercloud and the ground. The phenomena were named after the mischievous
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1990:
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1134:
1023:"The Role of the Space Shuttle Videotapes in the Discovery of Sprites, Jets, and Elves"
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C. T. R. Wilson (1924) "The electric field of a thundercloud and some of its effects,"
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On March 28, 2017, photographer Jeff Miles captured four gigantic jets over Australia.
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High speed video (10,000 frame/s) taken by Hans Stenbaek-Nielsen, University of Alaska
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Fractal models of blue jets, blue starters show similarity, differences to red sprites
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Fractal Models of Blue Jets, Blue Starters Show Similarity, Differences to Red Sprites
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clusters, reaching 50 kilometres (31 mi) to 90 kilometres (56 mi) above the
2023:
1848:
Sprites and ELVES : Lightning's strange cousins flicker faster than light itself
1769:
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1496:
Phillips, T. (October 25, 2019). Close encounter with a gigantic jet. Retrieved from
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P1.39 The Discovery of Red Sprites as an Opportunity For Informal Science Education.
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2028:
1920:
1831: : Ionospheric Heating By the Electromagnetic Pulses from Lightning (A primer)
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March 2, 1999, University of Houston: UH Physicists Pursue Lightning-Like Mysteries
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ELVES, a primer: Ionospheric Heating By the Electromagnetic Pulses from Lightning
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NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Gigantic Jets Over Oklahoma (August 29, 2007)
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Representation of upper-atmospheric lightning and electrical-discharge phenomena
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https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2019/10/25/close-encounter-with-a-gigantic-jet/
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1217:"Progress in the Study of Transient Luminous and Atmospheric Events: A Review"
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Earle R. Williams (November 2001) "Sprites, elves, and glow discharge tubes,"
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Examples may be seen in the clip 'Blue Jets & Blue Starters – the video'
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reported ten or more gigantic jet events observed over a thunderstorm in
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143:
92:
1114:
790:"Space station detectors found the source of weird 'blue jet' lightning"
298:
1970:
1377:"Chinese Science Bulletin 2012, Vol. 57 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3"
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410:
363:
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1911:
http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914103454/http://elf.gi.alaska.edu/
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in Hawaii captured several gigantic jets as well as ionosphere-height
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Rare transient luminous events that occur over tops of thunder storms
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543:, AL led by the Principal Investigator, Otha H."Skeet" Vaughan, Jr.
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south. The storm center was located at 33°S, 60°W, near the city of
37:
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936:"Sprites and Elves in the Atmosphere | Penn State University"
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collisions (the electrons possibly having been energized by the
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pulse caused by a discharge from an underlying thunderstorm).
1808:
860:
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259:
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1722:"Spectroscopy of a mesospheric ghost reveals iron emissions"
268:
351:
215:
115:. Sprites are flashes of bright red light that occur above
494:
1820:
Ground and Balloon-Borne Observations of Sprites and Jets
1786:
1320:"Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere"
1091:"Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere"
31:
1896:
Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere.
1160:"Thunderstorm charge structures producing gigantic jets"
965:
STRATOCAT – Stratospheric balloons history and present.
1889:
Pictures and video of two separate gigantic jets above
1267:
147:
video recordings of a TLE were taken in 1989, when the
111:
There are several types of TLEs, the most common being
1698:"Red sprites and blue jets explained - New discovery!"
1215:
Surkov, Vadim V.; Hayakawa, Masashi (September 2020).
366:
video of a thunderstorm on the horizon taken from the
166:) observations to be several million events per year.
1789:"Upward Electrical Discharges From Thunderstorm Tops"
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where it then spread out in a bright burst of light.
362:. They were first recorded on October 21, 1989, on a
91:
Transient luminous events have also been observed in
1027:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
627:
1157:
1525:Super Rare Gigantic Jet 'Lightning' in Slow Motion
442:On February 2, 2014, the Oro Verde Observatory of
358:emission lines from neutral and ionized molecular
30:"ELVES" redirects here. For elves in general, see
784:
782:
324:are considered to be a weaker form of blue jets.
2201:
1016:
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919:(New York, New York: Random House, Inc., 2008):
1591:
1566:
1214:
948:Walter A. Lyons and Michey D. Schmidt (2003).
779:
550:for emissions of light and very Low frequency
142:TLEs generally last anywhere from less than a
1941:
1901:Huge Mystery Flashes Seen In Outer Atmosphere
1088:
1011:
993:, 'Blue Jets & Blue Starters – the video'
804:Proceedings of the Physical Society of London
762:"Juno Discovers Sprites and Elves on Jupiter"
471:On July 24, 2017, the Gemini Cloudcam at the
1842:". Space Physics Group, University of Otago.
609:Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA)
1955:
1864:Sprites, jets and TLE pictures and articles
1948:
1934:
1916:The Endless, Short film inspired by Sprite
810:(1) : 32D-37D. Available on-line at:
493:On 15 February 2024, photographer JJ Rao (
1851:". San Francisco. ScientificAmerican.com.
1763:
1745:
1400:
1191:
990:'Red Sprites & Blue Jets – the video'
838:(11) : 41–47. Available on-line at:
721:
404:On September 14, 2001, scientists at the
1874:Video Reveals 'Sprite' Lightning Secrets
1670:
1617:
1615:
1613:
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925:and Puck in "A Midsummer Night's Dream."
854:
710:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
509:
336:Gigantic jet as seen from the summit of
331:
209:
158:TLEs have been captured by a variety of
44:
36:
917:Out of the Blue: A History of Lightning
702:
700:
14:
2202:
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1021:Boeck, W. L.; et al. (May 1998).
596:exclusive phenomenon by storm chasers
1929:
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174:In the 1920s, the Scottish physicist
103:of lightning-producing water clouds.
2182:
1469:"Gigantic Jet Lightning Near Hawaii"
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905:
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796:
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24:
106:
25:
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955:. Retrieved on February 18, 2009.
292:A red sprite as seen from the ISS
2181:
2170:
2169:
1854:Barrington-Leigh, Christopher, "
1708:from the original on 2021-12-15.
1671:Phillips, Dr Tony (2020-05-31).
1375:Yang, Jing; Feng, Guili (2012).
644:
630:
390:
381:
297:
285:
276:
267:
1833:". Space Science Lab, Berkeley.
1712:
1585:
1560:
1516:
1502:
1479:from the original on 2021-12-15
1417:"Spaceweather.com Time Machine"
1208:
1151:
1082:
953:American Meteorological Society
399:
1857:VLF Research at Palmer Station
1673:"Introducing, the Green Ghost"
1455:"Gigantic jets over Australia"
685:Steve (atmospheric phenomenon)
500:
13:
1:
1876:, Livescience article, 2007.
1594:"Filippo Thiery on Instagram"
1592:Filippo Thiery (2023-04-04).
1569:"Valter Binotto on Instagram"
1567:Valter Binotto (2023-04-05).
1351:"Giant jets caught on camera"
1047:10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00025-X
883:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088
690:
541:Marshall Space Flight Center
327:
49:Discovery image of a TLE on
7:
2157:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
2055:Upper-atmospheric lightning
1921:Cloud Flashes | ZT Research
1696:Schyma, Hank (2019-05-25).
1556:The Free Dictionary – ELVES
623:
461:atop Shi Keng Kong peak in
376:International Space Station
62:Upper-atmospheric lightning
10:
2251:
1826:Barrington-Leigh, C. P., "
1747:10.1038/s41467-023-42892-1
1652:castle-kaneloon.tripod.com
1241:10.1007/s10712-020-09597-2
1184:10.1038/s41598-018-36309-z
575:They are similar to jets.
203:
199:
169:
97:Jupiter's upper atmosphere
29:
2165:
2129:
2108:
2082:
2047:
2016:
2009:
1963:
1624:"How Sprites Are Studied"
1510:"NASA Picture of the Day"
1402:10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3
614:
590:
578:
569:
527:100 km (62 mi)
479:during one thunderstorm.
229:which occur high above a
76:. The preferred usage is
1381:Chinese Science Bulletin
505:
225:Sprites are large-scale
78:transient luminous event
18:Transient luminous event
1957:Atmospheric electricity
1648:"Atmospheric-Phenomena"
1622:B. A., Earth Sciences.
812:University of SĂŁo Paulo
306:
2137:Georg Wilhelm Richmann
2116:Electrodynamic tethers
2001:Earth's magnetic field
516:
341:
245:, e.g., Shakespeare's
222:
58:
42:
2100:Equatorial electrojet
1996:Atmospheric chemistry
1726:Nature Communications
1221:Surveys in Geophysics
1065:May 11, 2008, at the
546:ELVES is a whimsical
513:
473:Mauna Kea Observatory
335:
227:electrical discharges
213:
130:electromagnetic pulse
128:perturbations due to
66:ionospheric lightning
48:
40:
2210:Electrical phenomena
1986:Atmospheric dynamics
740:10.1029/2020JE006659
523:. They occur in the
120:The acronym ELVES (“
2220:Terrestrial plasmas
1981:Atmospheric physics
1976:Atmospheric science
1738:2023NatCo..14.7810P
1441:"Sprites Lightning"
1393:2012ChSBu..57.4791Y
1282:2002Natur.416..152P
1233:2020SGeo...41.1101S
1176:2018NatSR...818085B
1115:10.1038/nature01759
1107:2003Natur.423..974S
1039:1998JASTP..60..669B
915:of: John Friedman,
875:1995Sci...269.1088B
869:(5227): 1088–1091.
766:Sky & Telescope
732:2020JGRE..12506659G
670:Schumann resonances
406:Arecibo Observatory
2024:Radio atmospherics
1991:Atmospheric dynamo
1839:Darwin Sprites '97
1164:Scientific Reports
817:2014-03-10 at the
675:Sprite (lightning)
652:Spaceflight portal
517:
463:Guangdong province
370:as it passed over
342:
239:positive lightning
223:
206:Sprite (lightning)
126:very low frequency
59:
43:
2197:
2196:
2078:
2077:
2048:Optical emissions
2017:ELF/VLF emissions
1845:Gibbs, W. Wayt, "
1276:(6877): 152–154.
1101:(6943): 974–976.
847:May 27, 2012, at
558:molecules due to
160:optical recording
122:emission of light
99:, high above the
16:(Redirected from
2242:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2121:Magnetotellurics
2090:Solar irradiance
2014:
2013:
2010:Electromagnetism
1950:
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1927:
1926:
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1353:. Archived from
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1325:. Archived from
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2230:Weather hazards
2200:
2199:
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2142:Egon Schweidler
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2065:St. Elmo's fire
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107:Characteristics
93:far-ultraviolet
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1803:External links
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792:. 2021-01-21.
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391:Gigantic jets
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368:Space Shuttle
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2147:Nikola Tesla
2109:Applications
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1729:
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1691:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
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1576:. Retrieved
1572:
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1540:
1530:, retrieved
1528:, 2024-02-17
1524:
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1481:. Retrieved
1472:
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1449:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
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1387:(36): 4791.
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1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1314:
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1269:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1224:
1220:
1210:
1170:(1): 18085.
1167:
1163:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1098:
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770:. Retrieved
768:. 2020-10-28
765:
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713:
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602:Paul M Smith
594:
582:
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518:
495:Nature by JJ
492:
489:
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437:Huanghai Sea
430:
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400:Observations
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235:cumulonimbus
231:thunderstorm
224:
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134:thunderstorm
110:
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86:tropospheric
81:
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65:
61:
60:
53:by the NASA
1732:(1): 7810.
1473:youtube.com
923:The Tempest
598:Hank Schyma
585:High Plains
521:millisecond
501:Other types
356:ultraviolet
187:red sprites
144:millisecond
88:lightning.
2204:Categories
1971:Geophysics
1682:2020-07-10
1657:2020-07-10
1633:2020-07-10
1603:2023-04-05
1578:2023-04-05
1532:2024-02-26
1483:2021-12-13
1426:2016-08-16
1361:2008-06-02
1336:2007-04-21
1254:2022-06-03
1144:2022-06-03
772:2020-10-29
723:2010.13740
691:References
525:ionosphere
448:Entre RĂos
411:ionosphere
364:monochrome
233:cloud, or
218:seen from
164:FORMOSAT-2
95:images of
2215:Lightning
2095:Lightning
2029:Whistlers
1756:2041-1723
1628:ThoughtCo
1598:Instagram
1573:Instagram
1249:219157013
1123:1476-4687
1060:Blue jets
748:225075904
604:in 2019.
444:Argentina
372:Australia
340:, Hawaii.
338:Mauna Kea
328:Blue jets
314:blue jets
255:backronym
193:blue jets
137:lightning
70:lightning
2176:Category
1891:Oklahoma
1774:38086836
1765:10716262
1706:Archived
1477:Archived
1298:11894087
1202:30591709
1131:12827198
1063:Archived
913:page 128
891:17755531
845:Archived
815:Archived
624:See also
560:electron
556:nitrogen
360:nitrogen
151:mission
101:altitude
2188:Commons
2083:Sources
2060:Sprites
1964:General
1734:Bibcode
1702:YouTube
1389:Bibcode
1306:1933570
1278:Bibcode
1229:Bibcode
1193:6308230
1172:Bibcode
1139:4401869
1103:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
899:8840716
871:Bibcode
863:Science
728:Bibcode
548:acronym
452:Rosario
220:Antibes
200:Sprites
170:History
113:sprites
51:Jupiter
2130:People
2034:Chorus
1772:
1762:
1754:
1304:
1296:
1270:Nature
1247:
1200:
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1137:
1129:
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1095:Nature
897:
889:
746:
660:Aurora
615:Gnomes
591:Ghosts
579:Pixies
570:Trolls
426:Nature
422:Taiwan
347:leader
243:sprite
153:STS-34
74:plasma
57:probe.
1829:ELVES
1792:(PDF)
1330:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1302:S2CID
1245:S2CID
1135:S2CID
911:From
895:S2CID
744:S2CID
718:arXiv
531:over
506:Elves
433:China
420:from
260:Earth
247:Ariel
117:storm
2039:Hiss
1770:PMID
1752:ISSN
1294:PMID
1198:PMID
1127:PMID
1119:ISSN
887:PMID
600:and
439:)".
352:hail
316:and
307:Jets
251:Puck
216:Rome
190:and
124:and
64:and
55:Juno
1760:PMC
1742:doi
1397:doi
1286:doi
1274:416
1237:doi
1188:PMC
1180:doi
1111:doi
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1043:doi
879:doi
867:269
736:doi
714:125
249:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
