546:
provide control. The ARES module will be 8.5 ft (2.6 m) wide, 30 ft (9.1 m) long with the outboard wing panels stowed, and 42 ft (13 m) long unfolded. 7.5 ft (2.3 m)-diameter fans will be enclosed in ducts that are initially planned to be 8.5 ft in diameter, which may be increased in length to 3.05 m (10.0 ft). Optimum speed will be 130–150 knots (150–170 mph; 240–280 km/h), with a maximum speed of 200 knots (230 mph; 370 km/h), faster than a helicopter with a sling-load. A similar class of helicopter would require a 30.5 m (100 ft)-wide landing zone, double that of ARES, making 10 times more landing locations usable; the ARES would however be less fuel-efficient than a helicopter while hovering. The Army, Marine Corps, and
Special Operations forces have shown interest in ARES demonstrations. DARPA and the contractors shall identify a transition partner if tests are successful. Lockheed expected flight testing of the ARES module in June 2016, but that was delayed until late 2017 because "some developmental items required some additional testing;" the drive train borrows gears from the
542:
dropped and the program adapted to use the unmanned VTOL flight module delivery system as the Aerial
Reconfigurable Embedded System (ARES). The pod-carrying facility will have assistance loading cargo and be able to unload autonomously. Remote control is possible, but it will have the ability to fly itself, enabling battlefield supply missions carrying cargo or personnel without risking pilots. Lockheed claims their craft can be configured for several missions including reconnaissance, medical evacuation, and strike. It is to carry a detachable payload module such as a cargo pod, casualty evacuation module, light vehicle, or even a small boat. The front section of the flight vehicle has management system computers that are controlled by a ground control station to plot its flight path.
231:
would, at a minimum, demonstrate the ability to build a ground vehicle that was capable of configuring into a VTOL air vehicle that provided sufficient flight performance and range, while carrying a payload that was representative of four troops with gear. Key performance parameters were specified to show specific operational utility. The program was divided into two separate tasks; Task A would develop and integrate a full vehicle and Task B would develop individual critical technologies components for the full vehicle.
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for units that don't have helicopters for those missions. It was to be powered by twin tilting ducted fans and have its own power system, fuel, digital flight controls, and remote command-and-control interfaces. The flight module would have different detachable mission modules for specific purposes
206:
The objective of the
Transformer (TX) program was to demonstrate a four-person vehicle that provided enhanced logistics and mobility though hybrid flyable/roadable capabilities. This presented an unprecedented capability to avoid traditional and asymmetrical threats while avoiding road obstructions.
488:
points to chart a flight path. The fans rotate 90 degrees on the turret from their stowed positions just in front of and behind the cab to their in-flight positions on both sides of it. Control of takeoff, landing, and flight is controlled by the computer, although soldiers onboard would be able to
545:
Work on Phase III began in
January 2014; Lockheed is to develop the flight control software, and Piasecki will build the flight module and systems. The fans are driven via two turboshafts housed in the center section. The constant-speed, variable-pitch fans and movable vanes in the duct exhausts
483:
fans and folding wings fixed to a turret above the cab to provide lift and thrust during flight. A key component is computerized flight. Because it will be used by soldiers rather than trained pilots, vehicle operation will be mostly automated. One idea is to have a computer screen to simply plot
541:
were selected for their design that combined a manned vehicle with an unmanned detachable ducted fan-powered flight module, which could operate by itself. A 2013 DARPA program review found limited interest in the flying car concept among the military services, leading to the ground vehicle being
230:
The primary focus of the TX program was the development and demonstration of an integrated suite of critical technologies to enable dual-mode transportation, VTOL capability, efficient flight performance, and a combat range comparable to present day rotorcraft. It was envisioned that the program
554:
helicopter engines each generating 989 hp. While it is planned to fly at 170 knots (200 mph; 310 km/h) with a ceiling of 20,000 ft (6,100 m) and a mission radius of 175 mi (282 km), the production variant is planned to be able to cruise at 250 knots (290 mph;
55:) in 2009 for a terrain-independent transportation system centered on a ground vehicle that could be configured into a VTOL air vehicle and carry four troops. ARES' primary function was the same as TX, to use flight to avoid ground-based transportation threats like ambushes and
454:
The 7,000 lb
Lockheed vehicle had two turboshaft engines in a 41 ft wing with tilting 8.5 ft ducted fans, giving a flight speed of 130 kt, while a Pratt & Whitney EnduroCore heavy-fuel rotary engine powers the four electric wheel motors for
474:
was silent about their involvement details, but confirmed they were still in the competition. At the time of expo, neither company had prototype vehicles, but had designs and scale models of their concept vehicles. Previously, both passed DARPA's preliminary
65:
450:
HTS900 turboshaft engine to power four electric wheel motors or the 56-inch ducted fan, and spin up the 50-foot rotor. Ground speed was up to 80 mph; flight speed range was 50 to 155 kt; maximum altitude was 10,000 ft.
283:
Its VTOL capability gave it the ability to avoid threats and obstacles. The TX was required to have a range of 250 nmi (460 km) on a single tank of fuel which may be attained through flight, land, or a combination of both.
501:
The winning team from Phase II will produce a
Prototype Vehicle (PV) with limited features, ready to fly in mid-2015. DARPA aims for a full-featured Field Vehicle (FV) to cost around $ 1 million, compared to $ 400,000 for a
768:
262:
which are vulnerable to shore defenses and limited by their low speeds. Special ops would like to send vehicles unmanned to resupply special operators and then allow them to use that vehicle.
522:
AVX Aircraft
Company proposed a concept with coaxial rotors. Ducted fans were intended as propulsion in air as well as on ground.<hugojavierduranmiranda=autogenerated1>Quick, Darren.
550:
helicopter, but the proprotors, ducts, and other parts are all unique and brand new. The demonstrator has a maximum takeoff weight of 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) and is powered by two
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493:. The lift fans of Lockheed's vehicle provide hover while AAI's did not. AAI's vehicle could be made lighter, which gave greater ability to up-armor.
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The first phase consisted of trade studies to evaluate future technologies as well as conceptual design of both a prototype and a production vehicle.
1186:
304:. The vehicle will be a hybrid of a light combat vehicle and an attack helicopter with a crew of three to four people, and be developed by 2030.
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https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=9b745d803c1d206f16fd6f64542eadd6&tab=core&tabmode=list&print_preview=1
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The vehicle was to be lightly armored, required only to handle small arms fire. Its VTOL capability gave it the ability to avoid threats.
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had stated an interest in the vehicle. Marines may have used the
Transformer as a tool for the Enhanced Company Operations concept.
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17:
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alter their course or perform an emergency landing. The automated flight technology will be similar to the kind used by the
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TX would enable enhanced company operations of future missions with applicable use in strike and raid, intervention,
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946:"Terrafugia, Aurora Flight Sciences, Metis Design take wing in $ 65M DARPA program to design Flying Humvee"
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The
Marines would use the vehicle for amphibious assault and potentially eliminate the need for
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71:
In May 2019, DARPA cancelled the ARES research effort due to significant cost growth and delays.
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369:(Vehicle Technology Directorate) was contracted to conduct rotor analysis. Other partners were
200:
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Russia will develop a hybrid vehicle that combines features of armoured vehicle and helicopter
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No more than 2 contracts were to be awarded in the $ 65m Phase I. In
September however only
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DARPA is building an autonomous vertical takeoff transport for troops, cars, and more
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ARES Aims to Provide More Front-line Units with Mission-tailored VTOL Capabilities
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The 7,500 lb AAI vehicle was proposed to be equipped with a 1,200 shp
68:. Up to 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) of payload would be carried by a module.
1337:
1327:
1301:
443:
In 2011, AAI and Lockheed were chosen to proceed with Phase II of the project.
212:
431:
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne received a US$ 1 million contract to develop a
361:
slowed rotor technology, and incorporated deployable surfaces technology from
47:
flight module that can transport various payloads. The concept started as the
1516:
1427:
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1332:
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1173:
1019:
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224:
113:
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1049:"Armada International - Compendium - Special Operations Equipment - 6-2010"
755:
479:, which involved computer modeling. Lockheed's vehicle relied on two huge
208:
1501:
1080:
Lockheed Martin to build Transformer TX—Autonomous flying payload carrier
556:
480:
390:
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410:
362:
1266:
447:
640:"Transformer (TX) Vertical Takeoff and Landing Roadable Air Vehicle"
1479:
1474:
526:
270:
1104:
Lockheed Martin's Transformer TX in Phase 3 of Development Process
514:
1256:
828:"Flying car company tagged for Transformer tactical vehicle team"
802:"DARPA selects AAI, Lockheed Martin for Transformer (TX) program"
378:
61:
428:
and its partners were also connected to Phase 1 of the program.
1032:"AVX flying-car concept – the Vertical Takeoff and Landing SUV"
547:
503:
357:'s proposal was selected, for $ 3m. This proposal built on the
931:
646:
463:
196:
27:
606:
DARPA cancels ARES cargo drone project with Lockheed Martin
44:
342:, but shrouded rotor concepts might have been considered.
223:(VTOL) capability with a minimum combat range of 250
1548:
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
998:"Concept Gets a Lift from the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter"
904:"The U.S. Military wants a battlefield-ready flying car"
300:
Russia will develop a vehicle similar to the TX for the
782:"Pentagon Chooses Two Companies to Build Flying Humvee"
1063:
1061:
594:
DARPA Is Developing 'Transformers'-Style Flying Drones
219:, and logistical supply. The TX vehicles were to have
1226:
1154:
DARPA Do-It-All Drone Among New VTOLs Nearing Flight
555:
460 km/h) with a mission radius similar to the
1128:
Lockheed/Piasecki move beyond flying cars with ARES
1058:
962:"Terrafugia to contribute DARPA flying car program"
752:
DARPA, US Marines team on proper flying car project
680:
New DARPA project focuses on future vehicles, armor
338:DARPA was at first not interested in traditional
1514:
845:"Darpa Moves a step Closer to Its Flying Humvee"
842:
704:
470:spoke openly about their status on the project.
1141:"Janes | Latest defence and security news"
969:, 30 November 2010. Accessed: 16 December 2010.
935:, 12 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 November 2010.
833:, 18 December 2010. Accessed: 27 December 2010.
987:, 20 October 2010. Accessed: 31 December 2010.
951:, 2 December 2010. Accessed: 16 December 2010.
877:, 29 October 2010. Accessed: 31 December 2010.
814:, 13 October 2010. Accessed: 31 December 2010.
789:, 27 August 2010. Retrieved: 21 December 2010.
741:, 3 December 2010. Accessed: 31 December 2010.
692:, 6 December 2010. Accessed: 31 December 2010.
497:Phase III — Manufacture of the prototype.
377:, sister companies of AAI and subsidiaries of
1212:
1016:"Transformer - Coming to a Theater Near You?"
435:called Enduro Core to power the Transformer.
1192:Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System (ARES)
911:, 15 July 2010. Retrieved: 26 November 2010.
893:, 22 July 2010. Retrieved: 26 November 2010.
836:
759:, 14 April 2010. Accessed: 31 December 2010.
700:
698:
1022:24 October 2011. Accessed: 5 November 2011.
1005:, 10 August 2012. Accessed: 11 August 2012.
888:"Textron pursues 'flying Humvee' programme"
880:
797:
795:
1219:
1205:
1176:as it is a work of the United States Army.
921:"DARPA kicks off Transformer (TX) program"
870:"The unexpected rebirth of the Flying Car"
1116:Lockheed Martin Showcases Transformer UAS
1039:, 19 July 2010. Accessed: 11 August 2012.
695:
1068:Lockheed/Piasecki Team Tackles Cargo UAV
972:
864:
862:
792:
707:"DARPA works to develop a flying Humvee"
513:
506:and $ 4 million for a light helicopter.
269:
26:
914:
822:
820:
584:- Darpa press release, 11 February 2014
295:
14:
1533:Proposed aircraft of the United States
1515:
1156:- Breakingdefense.com, 17 October 2016
990:
843:Spencer Ackerman (29 September 2010).
729:Transformer: If Humvees could only fly
705:James K. Sanborn (20 September 2010).
675:
673:
671:
525:Logi and Trek offered the Tyrannos, a
367:United States Army Research Laboratory
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37:Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System
1168:This article incorporates work from
1130:- Flightglobal.com, 25 February 2014
1070:- Aviationweek.com, 24 February 2014
938:
896:
817:
771:- Armyrecognition.com, 2 August 2013
509:
1118:- Aviationtoday.com, 13 August 2013
980:"Darpa's flying Humvee goes Diesel"
721:
668:
417:are also connected to the project.
24:
1008:
615:
326:AAI/Textron's Transformer proposal
25:
1559:
1353:Scaled Composites Model 367 BiPod
1262:Autogiro Company of America AC-35
1180:
1094:- Extremetech.com, 21 August 2013
1055:, 2010. Accessed: 11 August 2012.
375:Textron Marine & Land Systems
74:
596:- Mashable.com, 12 February 2014
320:
211:, insurgency/counterinsurgency,
106:
43:) was a concept for an unmanned
1147:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1106:- UASvision.com, 22 August 2013
1097:
1085:
1073:
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709:. Army Times Publishing Company
649:. 12 April 2010. Archived from
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599:
587:
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399:Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne
307:
13:
1:
562:
136:>8.5 ft (260 cm)
221:Vertical Takeoff and Landing
128:>30 ft (910 cm)
7:
234:
165:1,000 lb (450 kg)
144:>9 ft (270 cm)
10:
1564:
1297:Skroback Roadable Airplane
1162:
1082:- Phys.org, 20 August 2013
807:November 21, 2010, at the
395:Carnegie Mellon University
227:on a single tank of fuel.
60:including cargo delivery,
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1405:
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734:December 7, 2010, at the
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177:250 NM (460 km)
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102:Place of origin
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84:
1448:Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk
191:, was a 5-year, 3-phase
18:Transformer (flying car)
302:Russian Airborne Troops
86:DARPA TX (Transformer)
537:In 2012, Lockheed and
519:
439:Phase II — Design
403:Aurora Flight Sciences
275:
201:United States military
195:effort coordinated by
32:
1443:Terrafugia Transition
1397:Piasecki VZ-8 Airgeep
517:
273:
162:Payload capacity
30:
1490:Personal air vehicle
1485:Light-sport aircraft
1230:or roadable aircraft
1053:Armada International
902:Weinberger, Sharon.
847:. Condé Nast Digital
780:Weinberger, Sharon.
610:Flight International
340:rotary-wing aircraft
296:Foreign developments
1418:Klein Vision AirCar
1392:Curtiss-Wright VZ-7
978:Ackerman, Spencer.
656:on 24 December 2010
260:amphibious vehicles
31:DARPA ARES scenarii
1423:Moller M400 Skycar
1348:Samson Switchblade
1307:Waterman Arrowbile
1172:, which is in the
944:Huang, Gregory T.
926:2010-11-22 at the
685:2011-01-07 at the
580:2014-02-22 at the
533:Transition to ARES
520:
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217:medical evacuation
33:
1523:Roadable aircraft
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1509:
1461:
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1366:
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1343:Plane Driven PD-1
1292:Fulton Airphibian
1287:Curtiss Autoplane
1282:Convair Model 118
1277:Convair Model 116
1187:Darpa TX homepage
1014:Warwick, Graham.
908:Popular Mechanics
786:Popular Mechanics
539:Piasecki Aircraft
510:Previous concepts
491:F-35 Lightning II
426:Piasecki Aircraft
420:In October 2010,
387:Piasecki Aircraft
331:
330:
193:roadable aircraft
181:
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96:Roadable aircraft
79:Roadable aircraft
16:(Redirected from
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886:Skinner, Tony.
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812:Defense Update
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612:. 10 May 2019.
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557:V-22 Osprey
518:AVX concept
481:turbo-shaft
308:Development
189:Transformer
171:Operational
53:Transformer
1517:Categories
1371:Integrated
1236:Detachable
563:References
411:Terrafugia
363:Terrafugia
334:Conception
1413:Aeromobil
1267:AVE Mizar
660:13 August
529:vehicle.
448:Honeywell
245:Air Force
1480:Jet pack
1475:Hovercar
1453:Xplorair
1380:Historic
1245:Historic
924:Archived
891:Shephard
805:Archived
732:Archived
683:Archived
578:Archived
527:tilt-fan
279:Mobility
235:Function
199:for the
185:DARPA TX
1466:Related
1257:Aerocar
1163:Sources
949:Xconomy
407:ThinGap
379:Textron
346:Phase I
241:Marines
62:CASEVAC
1468:topics
1406:Modern
1316:Modern
1036:GizMag
966:GizMag
548:CH-53E
504:Humvee
466:2012,
365:. The
266:Design
141:Height
125:Length
111:
64:, and
1238:wings
1051:p10,
984:Wired
932:DARPA
654:(PDF)
647:DARPA
643:(PDF)
464:AUVSI
197:DARPA
187:, or
173:range
133:Width
1495:list
1373:lift
853:2010
739:KRQE
715:2010
662:2010
413:and
373:and
251:and
239:The
183:The
149:Crew
92:Type
57:IEDs
45:VTOL
41:ARES
35:The
486:GPS
462:At
355:AAI
66:ISR
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