296:, BID is included under the category "Disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience". It is "characterised by an intense and persistent desire to become physically disabled in a significant way (e.g. major limb amputee, paraplegic, blind), with onset by early adolescence accompanied by persistent discomfort, or intense feelings of inappropriateness concerning current non-disabled body configuration. The desire to become physically disabled results in harmful consequences, as manifested by either the preoccupation with the desire (including time spent pretending to be disabled) significantly interfering with productivity, with leisure activities, or with social functioning (e.g. person is unwilling to have close relationships because it would make it difficult to pretend) or by attempts to actually become disabled have resulted in the person putting his or her health or life in significant jeopardy. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental,
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in which he surveyed fifty-two people with the condition, a quarter of whom had undergone an amputation. Based on that work, First coined the term "body integrity identity disorder" to express what he saw as more of an identity disorder than a paraphilia. After First's work, efforts to study BID as a
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To the extent that generalizations can be made, people with BID appear to start to wish for amputation when they are young, between eight and twelve years of age, and often knew a person with an amputated limb when they were children; however, people with BID tend to seek treatment only when they are
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or by interview with researchers that they have resorted to self-amputation of a "superfluous" limb by, for example, allowing a train to run over it or otherwise damaging it so severely that surgeons will have to amputate it. However, the medical literature records few cases of self-amputation apart
386:. This is influenced by personal decision and desire. According to ISH News, transable people go through the process by physically injuring themselves in a way that causes lifelong disabilities, satisfying their aspiration to be disabled. The transable person could want to become
268:. Family psychiatric history does not appear to be relevant, and there does not appear to be any strong correlation with the site of the limb or limbs that the person wishes they did not have, nor with any past trauma to the undesired limb.
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641:"Transabled women lost in translation? An introduction to: '"Extreme" transformations: (Re)Thinking solidarities among social movements through the case of voluntary disability acquisition'"
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422:. The condition received public attention in the late 1990s after Scottish surgeon Robert Smith amputated limbs of two otherwise healthy people who were desperate to have this done.
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response is significantly different above and below the line of desired amputation, and the line of desired amputation remains stable over time, with the desire often beginning in
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As of 2014 the cause was not clear and was a subject of ongoing research. However a small sample of people with body integrity dysphoria connected to their left leg have had
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Outcomes of treated and untreated BID are not known; there are numerous case reports that amputation permanently resolves the desire in affected individuals.
378:(which can also be referred to as being trans-able) is the term used to describe an able-bodied person's need to alter his or her body in order to develop a
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and other techniques. Research provisionally found that people with BID were more likely to want removal of a left limb than right, consistent with
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Prior to the release of the ICD-11, the diagnosis of BID as a mental disorder was controversial. There was debate about including it in the
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332:. It has been included in the ICD-11, which reached a stable version in June 2018, as 'Body integrity dysphoria' with code 6C21.
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First, MB; Fisher, CE (2012). "Body integrity identity disorder: the persistent desire to acquire a physical disability".
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De
Preester, H (May 2013). "Merleau-Ponty's sexual schema and the sexual component of body integrity identity disorder".
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880:"Apotemnophilia, body integrity identity disorder or xenomelia? Psychiatric and neurologic etiologies face each other"
617:
800:
Bou Khalil, R; Richa, S (December 2012). "Apotemnophilia or body integrity identity disorder: a case report review".
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Davis, Jenny L. (2012). "Narrative
Construction of a Ruptured Self: Stories of Transability on Transabled.org".
1144:"Becoming disabled by choice, not chance: 'Transabled' people feel like impostors in their fully working bodies"
284:. The amount of gray matter missing was correlated to the strength of the patients' desire to remove their leg.
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418:; namely, sexual arousal in response to a partner's amputation. Publications before 2004 were generally
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Apotemnophilia : information, questions, answers, and recommendations about self-demand amputation
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1253:"Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder"
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Lawrence, A. A. (2009). "Erotic target location errors: An underappreciated paraphilic dimension".
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of surgically amputating the undesired limb of a person with BID are difficult and controversial.
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Some become somewhat more comfortable with their own bodies by pretending they are amputees using
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Dua, A (February 2010). "Apotemnophilia: ethical considerations of amputating a healthy limb".
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much older. People with BID seem to be predominantly male, and while there is no evidence that
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BID is a rare, infrequently studied condition in which there is a mismatch between the mental
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Body
Integrity Identity Disorder: Psychological, Neurobiological, Ethical and Legal Aspects
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of a limb, usually a leg, or to become blind or deaf. The person sometimes has a sense of
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as primarily sexually oriented. In 1986 Money described a similar condition he called
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Apotemnophilia was first described in a 1977 article by psychologists Gregg Furth and
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or by blocking their vision or hearing. Some people with BID have reported to the
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Desire to have a sensory or physical disability, discomfort with being able-bodied
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is relevant, there does seem to be a correlation with BID and a person having a
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Davis, Jenny L. (1 June 2014). "Morality Work among the
Transabled".
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and resulting in harmful consequences. BID appears to be related to
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Mental disorder characterized by a desire to be physically disabled
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looked for possible causes in the brains of people with BID using
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1010:"The science and ethics of voluntary amputation | Mo Costandi"
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and the physical body, characterized by an intense desire for
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252:, who self-amputated one of his legs below the knee in 1968.
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connected with the desire for loss of a limb, movement, or
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1441:(Rev. (05/15/2002). ed.). Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks.
681:"Desiring disability: What does it mean to be transabled?"
454:. This work did not completely explain the condition, and
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that showed less gray matter in the right side of their
200:. People with this condition may refer to themselves as
931:"Body Image: Neural Basis of 'Negative' Phantom Limbs"
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Baril, Alexandre; Trevenen, Kathryn (14 April 2016).
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and other tools to help their dysphoria, by using a
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580:Brugger, P; Lenggenhager, B (December 2014).
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30:"Self-amputation" redirects here. See also
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344:for BID; there are reports of the use of
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177:characterized by a desire to have a
43:British Institute of Interior Design
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458:research has been ongoing as well.
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878:Sedda, A; Bottini, G (2014).
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306:Disease of the Nervous System
118:Knowing an amputee as a child
1486:. Pabst Science Publishers.
1111:10.1371/journal.pone.0034702
1008:Costandi, Mo (30 May 2012).
929:Longo, Matthew (June 2020).
724:10.1080/01639625.2014.855103
645:Medicine Anthropology Theory
598:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000151
586:Current Opinion in Neurology
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127:Cognitive behavioral therapy
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1549:Types of mental disorders
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1222:10.1007/s11019-011-9367-3
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483:Body dysmorphic disorder
478:Attraction to disability
342:evidence-based treatment
282:superior parietal lobule
147:Body integrity dysphoria
56:Body integrity dysphoria
1318:Journal of Sex Research
1053:10.1136/jme.2009.031070
153:), also referred to as
432:neurological condition
169:, and formerly called
679:Shad (11 June 2015).
498:Silver Spring monkeys
493:Disability pretenders
266:personality disorders
192:, beginning in early
1544:Causes of amputation
1176:. 16 December 2022.
658:10.17157/mat.3.1.388
1102:2012PLoSO...734702B
756:Levy, Neil (2007).
380:physical impairment
316:must be ruled out.
79:Clinical Psychology
1508:Complete Obsession
897:10.2147/NDT.S53385
402:or anything else.
312:." A diagnosis of
302:neurodevelopmental
208:Signs and symptoms
1516:episode on BIID (
1493:978-3-89967-592-4
1474:978-0-684-85395-6
1461:A Leg To Stand On
1414:10.1159/000330503
941:(11): 2191–2195.
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488:Body modification
427:clinical research
258:sexual preference
198:somatoparaphrenia
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1014:The Guardian
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504:Quid Pro Quo
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468:Abasiophilia
456:psychosexual
436:neuroimaging
424:
420:case studies
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376:Transability
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371:Transability
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340:There is no
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173:, is a rare
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114:Risk factors
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1408:(1): 3–14.
1047:(2): 75–8.
993:19 December
983:icd.who.int
890:: 1255–65.
858:29 December
764:. pp.
546:icd.who.int
310:Malingering
298:behavioural
194:adolescence
190:able-bodied
105:Usual onset
61:Other names
1539:Amputation
1533:Categories
1518:transcript
1184:19 January
1154:19 January
1024:13 January
651:(1): 136.
624:13 January
525:References
412:John Money
400:paraplegic
384:disability
262:paraphilia
241:wheelchair
237:prostheses
218:amputation
214:body image
202:transabled
186:disability
134:Medication
75:Psychiatry
18:Transabled
1393:145521213
1238:144072976
965:219544915
740:144412724
732:0163-9625
685:CBC Radio
363:Prognosis
336:Treatment
288:Diagnosis
278:MRI scans
222:paralysis
167:xenomelia
123:Treatment
70:Specialty
1459:(1998).
1430:19615762
1422:22123511
1346:10105602
1338:19308843
1292:Archived
1288:17528273
1280:16799838
1230:22139385
1178:Archived
1130:22514657
1089:PLOS ONE
1069:23988376
1061:20133399
1018:Archived
987:Archived
957:32516613
916:25045269
852:Archived
830:30991969
822:23089967
689:Archived
618:Archived
606:25333602
550:Archived
462:See also
183:physical
86:Symptoms
32:Autotomy
1513:Horizon
1174:YouTube
1121:3326051
1098:Bibcode
907:4094630
695:11 June
614:3335803
511:Armless
406:History
396:amputee
292:In the
179:sensory
1490:
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1445:
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556:6 July
440:damage
357:ethics
330:ICD-10
294:ICD-11
272:Causes
1426:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1381:JSTOR
1342:S2CID
1295:(PDF)
1284:S2CID
1256:(PDF)
1234:S2CID
1065:S2CID
961:S2CID
826:S2CID
736:S2CID
610:S2CID
518:Whole
392:blind
326:DSM-5
245:media
230:sense
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1488:ISBN
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1443:ISBN
1418:PMID
1334:PMID
1303:2019
1276:PMID
1226:PMID
1186:2023
1156:2023
1126:PMID
1057:PMID
1026:2018
995:2021
953:PMID
912:PMID
860:2021
818:PMID
770:ISBN
728:ISSN
697:2015
626:2018
602:PMID
558:2018
388:deaf
355:The
348:and
159:BIID
34:and
1410:doi
1373:doi
1326:doi
1268:doi
1218:doi
1116:PMC
1106:doi
1049:doi
943:doi
902:PMC
892:doi
810:doi
766:3–5
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