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47:
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401:. The first regulation of the harvesting of Mexican vanilla appears in 1743, when the mayor of Papantla attempted to use a law for personal profit on the vanilla harvest. A second law regulating was promulgated in 1767, after Totonac vanilla growers in Colipa complained about thieves stealing immature vanilla pods. During Humboldt's travels in Mexico, most European imports of vanilla conveyed through the port of
341:
397:, and most Mexican vanilla was produced by Totonacs. Their association with agriculture of vanilla pre-dates the arrival of Columbus in the New World. While vanilla was long significant to Totonac culture, its importance as an export good did not emerge until the early-eighteenth century, when they traded with other Totonacs and with people in northern
987:
Ellison N. : « Cambio ecológico y percepción ambiental en la región totonaca de
Huehuetla ». Actes du colloque international «Territoires et Migrations » (Zacatecas, Mexique), Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico. Version publiée dans la revue électronique Nuevo Mundo, Mundos
432:
and avocados. Men hunted and fished shark, turtle, deer, armadillo, opossums, and frogs. Women raised turkeys and dogs. Peasants as well as nobles ate corn porridge in the morning. Lunch was the main meal of the day and consisted of manioc, bean stew or even a rich meat sauce for the nobles. Fish and
667:
The traditional religion was described in the early 1960s by the French ethnographer, Alain Ichon. No other major essay on
Totonac religion has been found. Mother goddesses played a very important role in Totonac belief, since each person's soul is made by them. If a newly born child dies, its soul
453:
stated that, in all aspects of their appearance, the women were "quite elegant", women wore skirts (embroidered for the nobles) and a small triangular poncho covering the breasts. Noble women wore shell and jade necklaces and earrings and often tattooed their faces with red ink. Married women wore
980:
Ellison N. : « Les enjeux locaux de la ‘reconstitution des peuples indiens’ au
Mexique. Reconfiguration des rapports entre minorités et pouvoirs publics, le cas totonaque », in Cahiers des Amériques Latines, N°52, (Novembre-Décembre), 2006 ; pp.
518:
people, contributed significantly to the
Spanish conquest. Totonacapan became incorporated into the Spanish regime with comparatively little violence, but the region was ravaged by epidemic diseases during the 16th century. Today, approximately 90,000
489:
The region of
Totonacapan was subject to Aztec military incursions from the mid-15th century until the Spanish arrival. Despite the establishment of Aztec fortifications throughout the region, rebellion was endemic. Major Totonac centers were
676:. As to traditional curers, it is believed that they "are born during a storm, under the protection of thunder. They think that a lightning bolt strikes the house of a new-born baby ..., and makes it ... under its possession".
372:
in the north to
Cempoala in the south. Totonacapan was largely hot and humid. Along with the normal agricultural crops of maize, manioc, squash, beans, pumpkin and chili peppers, the region was noted for its production of
966:
LOZADA VÁZQUEZ, Luz María: El papel de
Progresa en la reproducción de las unidades domésticas campesinas : Estudio en una comunidad totonaca de Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico, Universidad nacional autónoma de México,
970:
LOZADA VÁZQUEZ, Luz María: « Chaleur et odeurs pour nos morts. La cuisine cérémonielle de la Fête des Morts dans une communauté Totonaque de Puebla, Mexique », in Food and
History 6 (2) 2008 :
458:
while peasant women wore their hair long. Likewise, the noble men dressed well, adorning themselves with multicolored cloaks, loin cloths, necklaces, arm bands, lip plugs and devices made of the prized
320:
word meaning "People of Hot Land". The translation for this word in the
Totonac Language, according to sources, is "toto-nacu" meaning "three hearts" signifying their three cities or cultural centers:
555:
families. There are several local varieties of
Totonac that are not mutually intelligible. The first grammatical and lexical descriptions of Totonac accessible to Europeans (now lost) were by Fray
948:
ELLISON, Nicolas: Semé sans compter. Appréhension de l'environnement et statut de l'économie en pays totonaque (Sierra de Puebla, Mexique). Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 2013.
977:
Ellison N.: « Au service des Saints : Cultiver la forêt, nourrir la terre, protéger la communauté » in Cahiers d’Anthropologie Sociale, N°3, 2007, pp. 81–96.
984:
Ellison N. : « Une écologie symbolique totonaque, le municipe de Huehuetla (Mexique) », Journal de la Société des Américanistes, pp. 35-62, Tome 90-2, 2004.
2943:
974:
Ellison, N : « Symbolisme sylvestre et rapports d’altérité dans une danse rituelle totonaque ». Annales de la Fondation Fyssen. n°22, 2007, pp. 83–97.
668:"does not go to the west, the place of the dead, but to the east with the Mothers". Ichon has also preserved for posterity an important myth regarding a maize deity, a
316:
The term "totonac" refers to the people living in Totonacapan. There is no agreement as to the origin of the term. Some authors have translated the term "totonac" as a
1531:
1064:
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664:, a survival of an old rite of sacrifice in which various seeds are mixed with earth and the blood of fowls and dispersed over the planting fields.
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377:. Even during the disastrous central Mexican famine of 1450-1454, the region remained a reliable agricultural center. At that time, many
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Altepet / Chuchutsipi: Cosmopolítica territorial totonaca-nahua y patrimonio biocultural en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla
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Altepet / Chuchutsipi: Cosmopolítica territorial totonaca-nahua y patrimonio biocultural en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla
348:, capital Totonac Nation, the first to establish a military alliance with the Castilian armies to attack the dominions of
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660:. However, their Christian practice is often mixed with vestiges of their traditional religion, a notable instance being
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424:; however, even though corn was grown it did not form a large part of their diet. The Totonacs ate fruit, most notably
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543:. This means that Totonacan languages are not related to other Native Mesoamerican languages such as those in the
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Rain, Patricia; Lubinsky, Pesach (2011). "Vanilla Production in Mexico". In Odoux, Eric; Grisoni, Michel (eds.).
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with counterparts among most other cultures of the Gulf Coast and possibly also represented by the Classic
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Totonac women were expert weavers and embroiderers; they dressed grandly and braided their hair with
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Semé sans compter. Appréhension de l'environnement et statut de l'économie en pays totonaque
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feathers. Hair was kept long with a thick tuft of hair on the top tied up with a ribbon.
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seafood as well as game was eaten by both nobles and farmers. The agave provided liquor.
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Chaleur et odeurs pour nos morts. La cuisine cérémonielle de la Fête des Morts totonaque
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405:, and Totonacs in the Misantla region harvested about 700,000 vanilla beans per year.
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Les Totonaques aujourd’hui, entre crise du développement et nouvelles revendications
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Totonacs in the twentieth century led the peoples growing the highest quality
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514:. The Totonacs of Cempoala joined forces with Cortés, and along with the
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In the 15th century, the Aztecs labeled the region of the Totonac "
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886:. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 169, citing Ichon, p. 287
873:. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 162, citing Ichon, p. 209
860:. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 161, citing Inchon, p. 46
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Interdisciplinary bibliography of research on the Totonac culture
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Cambio ecológico y percepción ambiental en la región totonaca
882:
Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) :
869:
Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) :
856:
Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) :
382:
325:
2944:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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were forced to sell themselves or their family members as
955:” , Revista TRACE, 78, CEMCA, julio 2020, págs. 88-122,
768:
Sandstrom, Alan R., and E. Hugo García Valencia (Eds.).
915:
Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975
772:
Tucson: The University of Arizona Press (2005). p. 192
335:
2939:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
945:. México : Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1973.
1176:
690:
344:
View of the main square of the ruins of the city of
815:Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London:
679:Other known deities include Chichiní (the sun) and
591:, and other towns along the Gulf Coast of Veracruz.
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
494:, with an estimated population of 60,000 in 1519,
385:to the Totonac in exchange for subsistence maize.
2983:
1072:
927:H.R. Harvey and Isabel Kelly, "The Totonac," in
579:: spoken by some 80,000 speakers in El Escolín,
559:, who also wrote the first such descriptions of
292:. They are one of the possible builders of the
2919:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2904:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1497:
1058:
737:
770:Native Peoples of the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
1504:
1490:
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1051:
837:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14794a.htm
643:and other communities outside the city of
2909:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
943:La religión de los totonacas de la sierra
701:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
502:(around 80,000). Cempoala was the first
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1513:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
784:"The Culture History of Mexican Vanilla"
355:
339:
177:
788:The Hispanic American Historical Review
531:The Totonac people traditionally speak
14:
2984:
811:
809:
781:
332:. Evidence, however, is inconclusive.
1485:
1046:
897:"Totonac Religion | Encyclopedia.com"
639:: spoken by fewer than 500 people in
510:in his march to the Aztec capital of
300:, and further maintained quarters in
368:"; which then extended roughly from
172:Regions with significant populations
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
1937:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
929:Handbook of Middle American Indians
806:
570:The main varieties of Totonac are:
336:Geography and traditional lifestyle
24:
2929:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1908:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
709:Danza de los Voladores de Papantla
25:
3003:
1920:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1891:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
992:
420:meaning the Totonacs did not eat
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1913:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1886:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1179:
693:
179:
152:
45:
1896:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
988:Nuevos (CNRS/EHESS), 2003, n°3.
934:Isabel Kelly and Ángel Palerm,
889:
523:speakers reside in the region.
388:
56:needs additional citations for
876:
863:
850:
841:
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762:
731:
656:Most present-day Totonacs are
13:
1:
2840:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1901:Archaeological sites in Chile
907:
30:For the language family, see
2934:Mesoamerican writing systems
2891:
1930:Archaeological sites in Peru
1074:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
601:in Veracruz and Mecapalapa,
408:There is a total absence of
311:
7:
2830:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1004:Catholic encyclopedia entry
686:
651:
526:
436:
360:A ceramic Totonac statuette
274:indigenous people of Mexico
10:
3008:
2856:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2759:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
920:I. Bernal and E. Dávalos,
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597:: spoken roughly between
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2968:Civilizations portal
1925:Cultural periods of Peru
1081:More than 100,000 people
724:
2862:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1708:Mesoamerican chronology
1197:20,000 – 100,000 people
835:Catholic Encyclopedia.
615:: spoken mostly in the
535:, which, together with
158:Totonacs of Papantla,
34:. For the culture, see
1565:Archaeological periods
1369:Less than 1,000 people
782:Bruman, Henry (1948).
617:Sierra Norte de Puebla
506:city state visited by
498:(around 120,000), and
361:
353:
2868:List of Conquistadors
2755:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2166:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1585:Caddoan Mississippian
1283:1,000 – 20,000 people
1033:Lozada Vazquez, L.M.:
922:Huastecos y Totonacos
613:South-Central Totonac
595:North-Central Totonac
451:Bernardino de Sahagún
359:
352:or Ēxcān Tlahtolōyān.
350:Aztec Triple Alliance
343:
227:Indigenous Religion,
2835:Francisco de Montejo
2763:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1876:Andean civilizations
1803:Shaft tomb tradition
1014:Ellison, N., 2020. “
951:Ellison, N., 2020. “
884:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan
871:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan
858:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan
621:Zapotitlán de Méndez
65:improve this article
2801:Manco Inca Yupanqui
2106:Manteño-Huancavilca
1575:Ancestral Puebloans
1027:Ellison, N. :
1008:Ellison, N. :
607:Xicotepec de Juárez
428:, guavas, papayas,
148:
2924:Columbian exchange
2914:Portal:Mesoamerica
2066:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1881:Indigenous peoples
1620:Hopewell tradition
1547:Indigenous peoples
1021:Ellison N. :
913:James Olson, ed.
454:their hair in the
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276:who reside in the
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2845:Pedro de Alvarado
2161:Pucará de Tilcara
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941:Ichon, A. :
936:The Tajín Totonac
755:978-1-4200-8337-8
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82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2959:
2892:
2742:Moctezuma II
2699:Inca history
2624:Andean Music
2568:Architecture
2563:Architecture
2558:Architecture
2553:Architecture
2549:Architecture
2543:Gender Roles
2288:Tenochtitlan
2211:Timoto–Cuica
2206:Tierradentro
1991:Casma–Sechin
1837:
1723:Chalcatzingo
1441:Motozintleco
1214:Chontal Maya
1152:
1039:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
891:
883:
878:
870:
865:
857:
852:
843:
831:
798:February 19,
796:. Retrieved
794:(3): 360–376
791:
787:
777:
769:
764:
740:
733:
678:
670:culture hero
666:
662:la Costumbre
661:
655:
634:
612:
594:
574:
569:
549:Oto-Manguean
530:
512:Tenochtitlán
488:
470:
440:
407:
392:
389:Food culture
363:
315:
269:
267:
229:Christianity
143:Ethnic group
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
27:Ethnic group
2805:Túpac Amaru
2789:Manco Cápac
2738:Moctezuma I
2649:Agriculture
2644:Agriculture
2639:Agriculture
2630:Agriculture
2573:Road System
2462:Mathematics
2327:Muysc Cubun
2181:San Agustín
2131:Monte Verde
1808:Teotihuacan
1700:Mesoamerica
1595:Coles Creek
1580:Anishinaabe
1537:Archaeology
647:, Veracruz.
553:Uto-Aztecan
481:Totonacapan
366:Totonacapan
302:Teotihuacán
261:Totonacapan
2776:Tisquesusa
2750:Cuauhtémoc
2746:Cuitláhuac
2076:Lauricocha
2046:Gran Chaco
2036:Cupisnique
2021:Chinchorro
1996:Chachapoya
1986:Caral–Supe
1828:Tlaxcaltec
1818:Teuchitlán
1733:Chupícuaro
1660:Plum Bayou
1655:Plaquemine
1625:Marksville
1590:Chichimeca
1381:Chiricahua
1345:Qʼanjobʼal
1325:Mexicanero
908:References
847:Ichon 1973
825:0140441239
631:in Puebla.
609:in Puebla.
567:(Teenek).
504:indigenous
447:Franciscan
217:, Spanish
91:newspapers
2797:Atahualpa
2793:Pachacuti
2768:Nemequene
2634:Chinampas
2456:Astronomy
2445:Astronomy
2425:Mythology
2420:Mythology
2415:Mythology
2410:Mythology
2406:Mythology
2236:Wankarani
2226:Tuncahuán
2116:Marajoara
2071:Las Vegas
1957:Atacameño
1853:Xochipala
1793:Purépecha
1753:Epi-Olmec
1743:Cuicuilco
1685:Troyville
1675:St. Johns
1436:Mezcalero
1406:Kaqchikel
1396:Ixcatecos
1340:Pima Bajo
1254:Tojolabal
1138:Purépecha
1088:Chinantec
961:2007-2392
746:CRC Press
629:Huehuetla
599:Poza Rica
587:, Tajín,
516:Tlaxcalan
430:plantains
422:tortillas
312:Etymology
209:Languages
164:voladores
80:"Totonac"
2986:Category
2893:See also
2811:Conquest
2784:Zoratama
2451:Calendar
2440:Calendar
2435:Calendar
2431:Calendar
2400:Religion
2395:Religion
2384:Religion
2373:Religion
2369:Religion
2358:Numerals
2352:Numerals
2313:Language
2293:Multiple
2231:Valdivia
2216:Tiwanaku
2176:Saladoid
2171:Quimbaya
2061:Kuhikugu
2041:Diaguita
2031:Chorrera
1848:Veraguas
1843:Veracruz
1823:Tlatilco
1635:Mogollon
1542:Cultures
1520:Americas
1376:Awakatek
1350:Qʼeqchiʼ
1330:Ocuiltec
1320:Lacandon
1315:Jakaltek
1310:Guarijio
1264:Wixarika
1249:Tepehuán
1244:Popoluca
1224:Cuicatec
1148:Tlapanec
1143:Rarámuri
971:133-154.
687:See also
652:Religion
645:Misantla
641:Yecuatla
625:Coatepec
603:Pantepec
581:Papantla
527:Language
500:Cempoala
492:Papantla
443:feathers
437:Clothing
403:Veracruz
370:Papantla
346:Cempoala
322:Cempoala
298:El Tajín
296:city of
282:Veracruz
247:Language
222:Religion
194:Veracruz
166:" ritual
160:Veracruz
18:Totonacs
2992:Totonac
2780:Tundama
2709:Peoples
2694:History
2689:History
2684:History
2680:History
2674:Cuisine
2669:Cuisine
2664:Cuisine
2659:Cuisine
2655:Cuisine
2513:Warfare
2508:Warfare
2503:Warfare
2499:Warfare
2493:Society
2488:Economy
2477:Society
2472:Society
2468:Society
2338:Writing
2332:Quechua
2317:Nahuatl
2284:Capital
2221:Toyopán
2201:Tairona
2111:Mapuche
2026:Chiripa
2001:Chancay
1972:Cañaris
1947:Amotape
1942:El Abra
1858:Zapotec
1838:Totonac
1813:Tepanec
1798:Quelepa
1768:Mezcala
1758:Huastec
1728:Cholula
1718:Capacha
1713:Acolhua
1670:Sinagua
1645:Patayan
1615:Hohokam
1605:Fremont
1411:Kʼicheʼ
1386:Cochimí
1360:Tepehua
1355:Tacuate
1209:Chatino
1168:Zapotec
1163:Tzotzil
1158:Tzeltal
1153:Totonac
1113:Mazatec
1108:Mazahua
1098:Huastec
938:, 1952.
931:, 1969.
924:, 1953.
917:, 1992.
744:. USA:
741:Vanilla
589:Espinal
585:Cazones
565:Huastec
561:Nahuatl
537:Tepehua
533:Totonac
521:Totonac
475:History
467:Housing
461:quetzal
426:zapotes
414:metates
395:vanilla
318:Nahuatl
306:vanilla
290:Hidalgo
272:are an
270:Totonac
257:Country
251:Totonac
242:Totonac
204:411,266
147:Totonac
105:scholar
2723:Muisca
2718:Mayans
2713:Aztecs
2347:Script
2342:Script
2302:Bacatá
2273:Muisca
2156:Pucará
2151:Piaroa
2146:Paiján
2141:Omagua
2096:Lupaca
2091:Lokono
2056:Kalina
2051:Huetar
2011:Chavín
2006:Chango
1981:Nariño
1977:Capulí
1967:Calima
1962:Aymara
1952:Arawak
1833:Toltec
1783:Olmecs
1778:Nicoya
1773:Mixtec
1748:Diquis
1650:Picosa
1640:Oshara
1610:Glades
1600:Dorset
1451:Paipai
1426:Kumiai
1421:Kiliwa
1416:Kikapú
1391:Cucapá
1300:Chocho
1290:Akatek
1259:Triqui
1204:Amuzgo
1123:Mixtec
959:
823:
752:
719:Aktzin
681:Aktzin
627:, and
605:, and
496:Xalapa
449:friar
445:. The
410:comals
399:Oaxaca
383:slaves
379:Aztecs
375:cotton
288:, and
286:Puebla
278:states
239:People
198:Puebla
190:
187:Mexico
184:
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2728:Incas
2619:Music
2614:Music
2609:Music
2605:Music
2538:Women
2533:Women
2528:Women
2524:Women
2482:Trade
2363:Quipu
2307:Cusco
2298:Hunza
2263:Aztec
2196:Taíno
2191:Sican
2186:Shuar
2136:Nazca
2126:Mollo
2121:Moche
2101:Luzia
2016:Chimú
1788:Pipil
1763:Izapa
1738:Coclé
1680:Thule
1570:Adena
1446:Opata
1431:Lipán
1274:Zoque
1269:Yaqui
1229:Huave
1133:Otomi
1128:Nahua
1093:Chʼol
967:2002.
725:Notes
545:Mayan
418:manos
330:Teayo
326:Tajin
112:JSTOR
98:books
2518:Army
2300:and
2278:Inca
2268:Maya
2246:Zenú
2241:Wari
2086:Lima
1461:Teko
1456:Seri
1401:Ixil
1335:Pame
1305:Chuj
1239:Mayo
1219:Cora
1118:Mixe
1103:Maya
957:ISSN
821:ISBN
800:2024
750:ISBN
563:and
483:and
416:and
328:and
268:The
84:news
2599:Art
2594:Art
2589:Art
2584:Art
2580:Art
1234:Mam
551:or
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280:of
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