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36:
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390:. The first regulation of the harvesting of Mexican vanilla appears in 1743, when the mayor of Papantla attempted to use a law for personal profit on the vanilla harvest. A second law regulating was promulgated in 1767, after Totonac vanilla growers in Colipa complained about thieves stealing immature vanilla pods. During Humboldt's travels in Mexico, most European imports of vanilla conveyed through the port of
330:
386:, and most Mexican vanilla was produced by Totonacs. Their association with agriculture of vanilla pre-dates the arrival of Columbus in the New World. While vanilla was long significant to Totonac culture, its importance as an export good did not emerge until the early-eighteenth century, when they traded with other Totonacs and with people in northern
976:
Ellison N. : « Cambio ecológico y percepción ambiental en la región totonaca de
Huehuetla ». Actes du colloque international «Territoires et Migrations » (Zacatecas, Mexique), Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico. Version publiée dans la revue électronique Nuevo Mundo, Mundos
421:
and avocados. Men hunted and fished shark, turtle, deer, armadillo, opossums, and frogs. Women raised turkeys and dogs. Peasants as well as nobles ate corn porridge in the morning. Lunch was the main meal of the day and consisted of manioc, bean stew or even a rich meat sauce for the nobles. Fish and
656:
The traditional religion was described in the early 1960s by the French ethnographer, Alain Ichon. No other major essay on
Totonac religion has been found. Mother goddesses played a very important role in Totonac belief, since each person's soul is made by them. If a newly born child dies, its soul
442:
stated that, in all aspects of their appearance, the women were "quite elegant", women wore skirts (embroidered for the nobles) and a small triangular poncho covering the breasts. Noble women wore shell and jade necklaces and earrings and often tattooed their faces with red ink. Married women wore
969:
Ellison N. : « Les enjeux locaux de la ‘reconstitution des peuples indiens’ au
Mexique. Reconfiguration des rapports entre minorités et pouvoirs publics, le cas totonaque », in Cahiers des Amériques Latines, N°52, (Novembre-Décembre), 2006 ; pp.
507:
people, contributed significantly to the
Spanish conquest. Totonacapan became incorporated into the Spanish regime with comparatively little violence, but the region was ravaged by epidemic diseases during the 16th century. Today, approximately 90,000
478:
The region of
Totonacapan was subject to Aztec military incursions from the mid-15th century until the Spanish arrival. Despite the establishment of Aztec fortifications throughout the region, rebellion was endemic. Major Totonac centers were
665:. As to traditional curers, it is believed that they "are born during a storm, under the protection of thunder. They think that a lightning bolt strikes the house of a new-born baby ..., and makes it ... under its possession".
361:
in the north to
Cempoala in the south. Totonacapan was largely hot and humid. Along with the normal agricultural crops of maize, manioc, squash, beans, pumpkin and chili peppers, the region was noted for its production of
955:
LOZADA VÁZQUEZ, Luz María: El papel de
Progresa en la reproducción de las unidades domésticas campesinas : Estudio en una comunidad totonaca de Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico, Universidad nacional autónoma de México,
959:
LOZADA VÁZQUEZ, Luz María: « Chaleur et odeurs pour nos morts. La cuisine cérémonielle de la Fête des Morts dans une communauté Totonaque de Puebla, Mexique », in Food and
History 6 (2) 2008 :
447:
while peasant women wore their hair long. Likewise, the noble men dressed well, adorning themselves with multicolored cloaks, loin cloths, necklaces, arm bands, lip plugs and devices made of the prized
309:
word meaning "People of Hot Land". The translation for this word in the
Totonac Language, according to sources, is "toto-nacu" meaning "three hearts" signifying their three cities or cultural centers:
544:
families. There are several local varieties of
Totonac that are not mutually intelligible. The first grammatical and lexical descriptions of Totonac accessible to Europeans (now lost) were by Fray
937:
ELLISON, Nicolas: Semé sans compter. Appréhension de l'environnement et statut de l'économie en pays totonaque (Sierra de Puebla, Mexique). Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 2013.
966:
Ellison N.: « Au service des Saints : Cultiver la forêt, nourrir la terre, protéger la communauté » in Cahiers d’Anthropologie Sociale, N°3, 2007, pp. 81–96.
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Ellison N. : « Une écologie symbolique totonaque, le municipe de Huehuetla (Mexique) », Journal de la Société des Américanistes, pp. 35-62, Tome 90-2, 2004.
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Ellison, N : « Symbolisme sylvestre et rapports d’altérité dans une danse rituelle totonaque ». Annales de la Fondation Fyssen. n°22, 2007, pp. 83–97.
657:"does not go to the west, the place of the dead, but to the east with the Mothers". Ichon has also preserved for posterity an important myth regarding a maize deity, a
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The term "totonac" refers to the people living in Totonacapan. There is no agreement as to the origin of the term. Some authors have translated the term "totonac" as a
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366:. Even during the disastrous central Mexican famine of 1450-1454, the region remained a reliable agricultural center. At that time, many
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Altepet / Chuchutsipi: Cosmopolítica territorial totonaca-nahua y patrimonio biocultural en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla
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Altepet / Chuchutsipi: Cosmopolítica territorial totonaca-nahua y patrimonio biocultural en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla
337:, capital Totonac Nation, the first to establish a military alliance with the Castilian armies to attack the dominions of
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649:. However, their Christian practice is often mixed with vestiges of their traditional religion, a notable instance being
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Rain, Patricia; Lubinsky, Pesach (2011). "Vanilla Production in Mexico". In Odoux, Eric; Grisoni, Michel (eds.).
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with counterparts among most other cultures of the Gulf Coast and possibly also represented by the Classic
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Totonac women were expert weavers and embroiderers; they dressed grandly and braided their hair with
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Semé sans compter. Appréhension de l'environnement et statut de l'économie en pays totonaque
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feathers. Hair was kept long with a thick tuft of hair on the top tied up with a ribbon.
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seafood as well as game was eaten by both nobles and farmers. The agave provided liquor.
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Chaleur et odeurs pour nos morts. La cuisine cérémonielle de la Fête des Morts totonaque
998:
394:, and Totonacs in the Misantla region harvested about 700,000 vanilla beans per year.
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Les Totonaques aujourd’hui, entre crise du développement et nouvelles revendications
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Totonacs in the twentieth century led the peoples growing the highest quality
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503:. The Totonacs of Cempoala joined forces with Cortés, and along with the
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In the 15th century, the Aztecs labeled the region of the Totonac "
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875:. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 169, citing Ichon, p. 287
862:. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 162, citing Ichon, p. 209
849:. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 161, citing Inchon, p. 46
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Interdisciplinary bibliography of research on the Totonac culture
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Cambio ecológico y percepción ambiental en la región totonaca
871:
Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) :
858:
Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) :
845:
Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) :
371:
314:
2933:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1500:
370:
were forced to sell themselves or their family members as
944:” , Revista TRACE, 78, CEMCA, julio 2020, págs. 88-122,
757:
Sandstrom, Alan R., and E. Hugo García Valencia (Eds.).
904:
Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975
761:
Tucson: The University of Arizona Press (2005). p. 192
324:
2928:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
934:. México : Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 1973.
1165:
679:
333:
View of the main square of the ruins of the city of
804:Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London:
668:Other known deities include Chichiní (the sun) and
580:, and other towns along the Gulf Coast of Veracruz.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
483:, with an estimated population of 60,000 in 1519,
374:to the Totonac in exchange for subsistence maize.
2972:
1061:
916:H.R. Harvey and Isabel Kelly, "The Totonac," in
568:: spoken by some 80,000 speakers in El Escolín,
548:, who also wrote the first such descriptions of
281:. They are one of the possible builders of the
2908:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2893:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1486:
1047:
726:
759:Native Peoples of the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
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1479:
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826:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14794a.htm
632:and other communities outside the city of
2898:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
932:La religión de los totonacas de la sierra
690:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
491:(around 80,000). Cempoala was the first
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1502:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
773:"The Culture History of Mexican Vanilla"
344:
328:
166:
777:The Hispanic American Historical Review
520:The Totonac people traditionally speak
2973:
800:
798:
770:
321:. Evidence, however, is inconclusive.
1474:
1035:
886:"Totonac Religion | Encyclopedia.com"
628:: spoken by fewer than 500 people in
499:in his march to the Aztec capital of
289:, and further maintained quarters in
357:"; which then extended roughly from
161:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1926:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
918:Handbook of Middle American Indians
795:
559:The main varieties of Totonac are:
325:Geography and traditional lifestyle
13:
2918:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1897:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
698:Danza de los Voladores de Papantla
14:
2992:
1909:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1880:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
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409:meaning the Totonacs did not eat
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1902:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1875:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
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682:
168:
141:
34:
1885:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
977:Nuevos (CNRS/EHESS), 2003, n°3.
923:Isabel Kelly and Ángel Palerm,
878:
512:speakers reside in the region.
377:
45:needs additional citations for
865:
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839:
830:
818:
764:
751:
720:
645:Most present-day Totonacs are
1:
2829:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1890:Archaeological sites in Chile
896:
19:For the language family, see
2923:Mesoamerican writing systems
2880:
1919:Archaeological sites in Peru
1063:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
590:in Veracruz and Mecapalapa,
397:There is a total absence of
300:
7:
2819:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
993:Catholic encyclopedia entry
675:
640:
515:
425:
349:A ceramic Totonac statuette
263:indigenous people of Mexico
10:
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2845:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2748:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
909:I. Bernal and E. Dávalos,
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586:: spoken roughly between
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2957:Civilizations portal
1914:Cultural periods of Peru
1070:More than 100,000 people
713:
2851:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1697:Mesoamerican chronology
1186:20,000 – 100,000 people
824:Catholic Encyclopedia.
604:: spoken mostly in the
524:, which, together with
147:Totonacs of Papantla,
23:. For the culture, see
1554:Archaeological periods
1358:Less than 1,000 people
771:Bruman, Henry (1948).
606:Sierra Norte de Puebla
495:city state visited by
487:(around 120,000), and
350:
342:
2857:List of Conquistadors
2744:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2155:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1574:Caddoan Mississippian
1272:1,000 – 20,000 people
1022:Lozada Vazquez, L.M.:
911:Huastecos y Totonacos
602:South-Central Totonac
584:North-Central Totonac
440:Bernardino de Sahagún
348:
341:or Ēxcān Tlahtolōyān.
339:Aztec Triple Alliance
332:
216:Indigenous Religion,
2824:Francisco de Montejo
2752:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1865:Andean civilizations
1792:Shaft tomb tradition
1003:Ellison, N., 2020. “
940:Ellison, N., 2020. “
873:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan
860:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan
847:Tamoanchan, Tlalocan
610:Zapotitlán de Méndez
54:improve this article
2790:Manco Inca Yupanqui
2095:Manteño-Huancavilca
1564:Ancestral Puebloans
1016:Ellison, N. :
997:Ellison, N. :
596:Xicotepec de Juárez
417:, guavas, papayas,
137:
2913:Columbian exchange
2903:Portal:Mesoamerica
2055:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1870:Indigenous peoples
1609:Hopewell tradition
1536:Indigenous peoples
1010:Ellison N. :
902:James Olson, ed.
443:their hair in the
351:
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265:who reside in the
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2938:Pre-Columbian art
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2868:Francisco Pizarro
2834:Pedro de Alvarado
2150:Pucará de Tilcara
1468:
1467:
930:Ichon, A. :
925:The Tajín Totonac
744:978-1-4200-8337-8
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204:Totonac languages
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21:Totonac languages
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565:Papantla Totonac
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2378:Human Sacrifice
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1521:Genetic history
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737:. p. 336.
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546:Andrés de Olmos
530:language family
528:, form a small
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476:
474:Totonac culture
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806:Penguin Books
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2948:
2881:
2731:Moctezuma II
2688:Inca history
2613:Andean Music
2557:Architecture
2552:Architecture
2547:Architecture
2542:Architecture
2538:Architecture
2532:Gender Roles
2277:Tenochtitlan
2200:Timoto–Cuica
2195:Tierradentro
1980:Casma–Sechin
1826:
1712:Chalcatzingo
1430:Motozintleco
1203:Chontal Maya
1141:
1028:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
880:
872:
867:
859:
854:
846:
841:
832:
820:
787:February 19,
785:. Retrieved
783:(3): 360–376
780:
776:
766:
758:
753:
729:
722:
667:
659:culture hero
655:
651:la Costumbre
650:
644:
623:
601:
583:
563:
558:
538:Oto-Manguean
519:
501:Tenochtitlán
477:
459:
429:
396:
381:
378:Food culture
352:
304:
258:
256:
218:Christianity
132:Ethnic group
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
16:Ethnic group
2794:Túpac Amaru
2778:Manco Cápac
2727:Moctezuma I
2638:Agriculture
2633:Agriculture
2628:Agriculture
2619:Agriculture
2562:Road System
2451:Mathematics
2316:Muysc Cubun
2170:San Agustín
2120:Monte Verde
1797:Teotihuacan
1689:Mesoamerica
1584:Coles Creek
1569:Anishinaabe
1526:Archaeology
636:, Veracruz.
542:Uto-Aztecan
470:Totonacapan
355:Totonacapan
291:Teotihuacán
250:Totonacapan
2765:Tisquesusa
2739:Cuauhtémoc
2735:Cuitláhuac
2065:Lauricocha
2035:Gran Chaco
2025:Cupisnique
2010:Chinchorro
1985:Chachapoya
1975:Caral–Supe
1817:Tlaxcaltec
1807:Teuchitlán
1722:Chupícuaro
1649:Plum Bayou
1644:Plaquemine
1614:Marksville
1579:Chichimeca
1370:Chiricahua
1334:Qʼanjobʼal
1314:Mexicanero
897:References
836:Ichon 1973
814:0140441239
620:in Puebla.
598:in Puebla.
556:(Teenek).
493:indigenous
436:Franciscan
206:, Spanish
80:newspapers
2786:Atahualpa
2782:Pachacuti
2757:Nemequene
2623:Chinampas
2445:Astronomy
2434:Astronomy
2414:Mythology
2409:Mythology
2404:Mythology
2399:Mythology
2395:Mythology
2225:Wankarani
2215:Tuncahuán
2105:Marajoara
2060:Las Vegas
1946:Atacameño
1842:Xochipala
1782:Purépecha
1742:Epi-Olmec
1732:Cuicuilco
1674:Troyville
1664:St. Johns
1425:Mezcalero
1395:Kaqchikel
1385:Ixcatecos
1329:Pima Bajo
1243:Tojolabal
1127:Purépecha
1077:Chinantec
950:2007-2392
735:CRC Press
618:Huehuetla
588:Poza Rica
576:, Tajín,
505:Tlaxcalan
419:plantains
411:tortillas
301:Etymology
198:Languages
153:voladores
69:"Totonac"
2975:Category
2882:See also
2800:Conquest
2773:Zoratama
2440:Calendar
2429:Calendar
2424:Calendar
2420:Calendar
2389:Religion
2384:Religion
2373:Religion
2362:Religion
2358:Religion
2347:Numerals
2341:Numerals
2302:Language
2282:Multiple
2220:Valdivia
2205:Tiwanaku
2165:Saladoid
2160:Quimbaya
2050:Kuhikugu
2030:Diaguita
2020:Chorrera
1837:Veraguas
1832:Veracruz
1812:Tlatilco
1624:Mogollon
1531:Cultures
1509:Americas
1365:Awakatek
1339:Qʼeqchiʼ
1319:Ocuiltec
1309:Lacandon
1304:Jakaltek
1299:Guarijio
1253:Wixarika
1238:Tepehuán
1233:Popoluca
1213:Cuicatec
1137:Tlapanec
1132:Rarámuri
960:133-154.
676:See also
641:Religion
634:Misantla
630:Yecuatla
614:Coatepec
592:Pantepec
570:Papantla
516:Language
489:Cempoala
481:Papantla
432:feathers
426:Clothing
392:Veracruz
359:Papantla
335:Cempoala
311:Cempoala
287:El Tajín
285:city of
271:Veracruz
236:Language
211:Religion
183:Veracruz
155:" ritual
149:Veracruz
2981:Totonac
2769:Tundama
2698:Peoples
2683:History
2678:History
2673:History
2669:History
2663:Cuisine
2658:Cuisine
2653:Cuisine
2648:Cuisine
2644:Cuisine
2502:Warfare
2497:Warfare
2492:Warfare
2488:Warfare
2482:Society
2477:Economy
2466:Society
2461:Society
2457:Society
2327:Writing
2321:Quechua
2306:Nahuatl
2273:Capital
2210:Toyopán
2190:Tairona
2100:Mapuche
2015:Chiripa
1990:Chancay
1961:Cañaris
1936:Amotape
1931:El Abra
1847:Zapotec
1827:Totonac
1802:Tepanec
1787:Quelepa
1757:Mezcala
1747:Huastec
1717:Cholula
1707:Capacha
1702:Acolhua
1659:Sinagua
1634:Patayan
1604:Hohokam
1594:Fremont
1400:Kʼicheʼ
1375:Cochimí
1349:Tepehua
1344:Tacuate
1198:Chatino
1157:Zapotec
1152:Tzotzil
1147:Tzeltal
1142:Totonac
1102:Mazatec
1097:Mazahua
1087:Huastec
927:, 1952.
920:, 1969.
913:, 1953.
906:, 1992.
733:. USA:
730:Vanilla
578:Espinal
574:Cazones
554:Huastec
550:Nahuatl
526:Tepehua
522:Totonac
510:Totonac
464:History
456:Housing
450:quetzal
415:zapotes
403:metates
384:vanilla
307:Nahuatl
295:vanilla
279:Hidalgo
261:are an
259:Totonac
246:Country
240:Totonac
231:Totonac
193:411,266
136:Totonac
94:scholar
2712:Muisca
2707:Mayans
2702:Aztecs
2336:Script
2331:Script
2291:Bacatá
2262:Muisca
2145:Pucará
2140:Piaroa
2135:Paiján
2130:Omagua
2085:Lupaca
2080:Lokono
2045:Kalina
2040:Huetar
2000:Chavín
1995:Chango
1970:Nariño
1966:Capulí
1956:Calima
1951:Aymara
1941:Arawak
1822:Toltec
1772:Olmecs
1767:Nicoya
1762:Mixtec
1737:Diquis
1639:Picosa
1629:Oshara
1599:Glades
1589:Dorset
1440:Paipai
1415:Kumiai
1410:Kiliwa
1405:Kikapú
1380:Cucapá
1289:Chocho
1279:Akatek
1248:Triqui
1193:Amuzgo
1112:Mixtec
948:
812:
741:
708:Aktzin
670:Aktzin
616:, and
594:, and
485:Xalapa
438:friar
434:. The
399:comals
388:Oaxaca
372:slaves
368:Aztecs
364:cotton
277:, and
275:Puebla
267:states
228:People
187:Puebla
179:
176:Mexico
173:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2717:Incas
2608:Music
2603:Music
2598:Music
2594:Music
2527:Women
2522:Women
2517:Women
2513:Women
2471:Trade
2352:Quipu
2296:Cusco
2287:Hunza
2252:Aztec
2185:Taíno
2180:Sican
2175:Shuar
2125:Nazca
2115:Mollo
2110:Moche
2090:Luzia
2005:Chimú
1777:Pipil
1752:Izapa
1727:Coclé
1669:Thule
1559:Adena
1435:Opata
1420:Lipán
1263:Zoque
1258:Yaqui
1218:Huave
1122:Otomi
1117:Nahua
1082:Chʼol
956:2002.
714:Notes
534:Mayan
407:manos
319:Teayo
315:Tajin
101:JSTOR
87:books
2507:Army
2289:and
2267:Inca
2257:Maya
2235:Zenú
2230:Wari
2075:Lima
1450:Teko
1445:Seri
1390:Ixil
1324:Pame
1294:Chuj
1228:Mayo
1208:Cora
1107:Mixe
1092:Maya
946:ISSN
810:ISBN
789:2024
739:ISBN
552:and
472:and
405:and
317:and
257:The
73:news
2588:Art
2583:Art
2578:Art
2573:Art
2569:Art
1223:Mam
540:or
297:.
269:of
56:by
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970:5.
808:,
797:^
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