495:. Predictably, the high demand for crab resulted in a gradual but incremental decline in the Birgus population across North Vanuatu, and led to a visible depletion of this creature's numbers in the Torres group. Consequently, various concerned individuals and groups successfully pressured the local provincial government of SanMa (the province in which Luganville is located) to declare a temporary ban on the sale, purchase or consumption of crab in that province. This ban first took effect in the first semestre of 2004 and is intended to be lifted sometime in early 2008. In the meantime, exports of crab from the Banks and Torres Islands (i.e.
406:, which pressed the Torres inhabitants to concentrate in coastal settlements more accessible and controllable by missionaries. Around this time, a Torres islander, known today by his Christianised name of Adams Tuwia, was transferred to the Mission's headquarters on Norfolk Island, where he eventually became ordained a priest. However, the first Melanesian ever to be ordained as a Christian priest was George Sarawia, from the neighbouring Banks Islands. Because the Anglicans had set up their regional centre of operations in the
619:; hence, the use of headdresses is considered to be an extremely delicate operation, during which the possibility of spiritual pollution has to be closely monitored and controlled. It is partly for this reason that the headdresses are always destroyed immediately at the end of the ceremony. Notwithstanding the continuity of certain core customary practices, many important and profound changes have transformed the lives and worldviews of these people as a result of more than a century of contacts and interpenetration by the
978:
447:), at some time in the early 1930s the total population of the Torres group numbered no more than 56 persons. Hence, the subsequent recovery of the indigenous population of these islands, along with the continuity of linguistic and cultural values that they still exhibit, can be described as nothing less than remarkable. Despite the fact that they belonged to a broader regional complex of human and material exchanges that extended well into present-day
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judged to be too abhorrent for the sensitivity of the
Mission's leadership. More importantly, during this time - between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth - the population of the Torres Islands suffered catastrophic decline as a combined result of the various epidemic diseases that were introduced by Europeans and the accelerated out-migration provoked by
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church, colonial administrators and traders, and, most recently, the postcolonial influence of the nation-state and the international world market - whose greatest direct manifestation is in the form of cash, independent travellers, sailing ships and luxury cruise liners which visit this island group
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The islanders divide themselves ethnically into essentially two groups, matching their linguistic division. The cultural differences existing within the Torres Is., at least in the perception of the islanders, essentially match language boundaries: that is, two groups are recognised — the 'people of
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The first permanent mission station and church-house of the Torres
Islands was originally established by Durrad on the south coast of Tegua, but was eventually moved to Vipaka, on the southwest side of Lo, following an apparent rumour of incestuous behaviour by the high chief of Tegua, whose sin was
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The meagre archaeological data suggests that the Torres
Islands were first populated around 3200 years ago. There is abundant archaeological and oral-history evidence that, before European contact, the pattern of settlements in the Torres Islands was quite different from pattern prevalent in the
316:). However, after the name “Torres” began appearing on maps, that name eventually stuck, and the islands have now been widely known by that name for almost two hundred years. Today, even the inhabitants of the islands use that name, and only the oldest among them recall the Lo-Toga name
175:. These islands are less rugged than the other islands of Vanuatu that lie further to the south. Contrary to popular belief, only a few stretches of the Torres Islands' coastlines are graced with white sand beaches; in reality, their shores are mostly made of rocky coral uplift.
519:. Hiw is spoken by the population (about 280 people) of the sole island of Hiw. Lo-Toga is spoken on the southern parts of the Torres, essentially on the islands of Lo and Toga (about 580 people); it consists of two very close dialect varieties,
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Notwithstanding the existence of a mission in the Torres
Islands in the late nineteenth century, a non-local missionary only came to reside in those islands for an extended period in the first decade of the 20th century. This was the Rev.
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Hiw' vs the 'people of Toga'; however, a secondary, less essential division is drawn between the two populations of Lo and Toga. The islanders were first described in very general - and not always accurate - ethnographic terms by
399:’) were located on higher ground, away from the shore, and were inhabited by fewer people. Thus, the islands were probably dotted with small clearings, in the middle of which were a handful of households and public spaces.
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As of mid-2004, the Torres
Islands had a total population of approximately 950 people, dispersed across at least ten settlements of various sizes, all located on or near coastal areas. The names of these settlements are:
231:. Lungharegi is the administrative centre for the Torres Islands, but its governance role is minimal. It has a community phone and medical clinic, but no bank or police station, and only two sparsely stocked stores.
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activities that their ancestors did. In addition, key aspects of their ancestral knowledge and ritual cycles are still generally extant. These are dominated by two male-centred institutions, known as the
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as the language of choice for translating and transmitting
Christian teachings across the whole region comprising the Banks, Torres and Temotu island groups. As a result, according to local accounts, the
803:—— (2015), Pitrou, Perig; Olivier, Guilhem (eds.), "Concealment, revelation and cosmological dualism: visibility, materiality and the spiritscape of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu",
603:(generative potency or power) and, more specifically, to the relationship between the living and the dead. The most impressive and visible aspect of the activities of the initiates of the
243:, who had briefly visited the islands of North and Central Vanuatu in April, May and June 1606, as part of a Spanish expedition across the Pacific, from South America to
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continued to be taught in the Torres mission school until the early 1970s, and it is still possible to find elder Torres
Islanders who can speak and understand Mota.
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Although several
European explorers reached the islands in the 19th century, in the early 1880s the islanders were quickly drawn into the sphere of influence of the
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at the beginning of the twentieth century (fragments of Durrad's notes were eventually published in the 1940s), and have been the bailiwick of the anthropologist
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Long before
Europeans arrived, the indigenous inhabitants and neighbors of these islands had called them by various other names, the most important of which, in
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is the name given to a smaller group of men who have been initiated into specific types of ritual knowledge that are directly relevant to the manipulation of
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82:, the country’s northernmost island group. The chain of islands that make up this micro-archipelago straddles the broader cultural boundary between Island
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is sometimes used as a cover term for the two dialects). There is no mutual intelligibility between Hiw and Lo-Toga, but many Hiw speakers are bilingual.
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family. As is the case for most unwritten languages of
Vanuatu, no detailed description has ever been published yet on them. In 2004 the linguist
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227:(on Toga). A small airstrip on Linua, opened in 1983, provides the only regular transportation link between the Torres Islands and the rest of
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320:. They now designate their group of islands as ‘Torres’, and in general are indifferent to (or unaware of) the origin story of the name.
483:) is one of its most famous species. However, since the opening of the airstrip at Linua these animals became the single most important
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in the Torres group. To date, the sale of Birgus has been directly governed by the fluctuating demand of the tourist market in faraway
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constitutes the local complex of status-alteration rituals by which men are able to acquire greater status and power, while the
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171:. The island chain stretches across 42 kilometres (26 miles). The highest point of the chain is only 200 metres (656 feet)
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The name “Torres” was bestowed on the islands by European cartographers, in remembrance of the sixteenth-century navigator
259:. Ironically, Torres never saw, or even heard about, the Torres Islands. However, his commander, the Portuguese captain
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coastal villages of today. It appears that, back then, most villages and extended family areas (called nakamals, or ‘
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Mondragon, Carlos (2004), "Of winds, worms and mana: the traditional calendar of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu",
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undertook the first descriptive study of these two languages, which is currently in progress.
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Carlos Mondragón's webpage with data and images of the Torres Islands, and useful links
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Two closely related yet distinct languages are spoken in the Torres group:
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International Herald Tribune article on sea level rise debate
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are the manufacture and use of ritual headdresses known as
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For the island group between Australia and New Guinea, see
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Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories
106:. To the west, beneath the ocean surface, is the deep
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Representative English language publications include
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Like the rest of the country, the islands are in the
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in 1906, and were subsequently incorporated into the
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Detailed list and map of the north Vanuatu languages
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and, to a lesser degree, the provincial township of
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745:"The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea"
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790:, London: British Museum Press, pp. 262–,
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860:Tourism in the Torres Islands, including map
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865:The traditional calendar of the islanders
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722:Learn how and when to remove this message
382:Learn how and when to remove this message
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98:of the Solomon Islands, to its south is
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16:Island chain in Torba Province, Vanuatu
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473:Vanuatu rain forests
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261:Fernandes de Queirós
747:. Project Gutenberg
461:Republic of Vanuatu
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62:The Torres Islands.
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429:Walter John Durrad
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341:This section
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219:(on Lo), and
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104:Banks Islands
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74:chain in the
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1593:Rowa Islands
1218:Malokilikili
880:(in Spanish)
832:
821:
804:
787:
772:
768:
761:
749:. Retrieved
738:
718:
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654:Please help
649:verification
646:
616:
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588:
582:
576:
565:
563:since 1999.
557:W. J. Durrad
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533:
528:
524:
520:
514:
508:
506:
481:Birgus latro
480:
477:coconut crab
470:
457:New Hebrides
437:Blackbirding
433:
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396:
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378:
369:
354:Please help
342:
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187:for short),
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181:Yögevigemëne
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86:and several
67:
65:
25:
1608:Ureparapara
1371:Iriwiti Lep
1233:Maltinerava
1188:Dany Island
527:(note that
372:August 2020
189:Tinemēvönyö
47: /
1637:Categories
1613:Vanua Lava
1341:Erueti Lep
1306:Ekapum Lep
682:newspapers
628:References
493:Luganville
445:Vanua Lava
257:New Guinea
213:Telakwlakw
209:Lungharegi
199:(on Hiw),
1618:Vot Tande
1568:Mota Lava
1480:Erromango
1441:Tongariki
1356:Fatumiala
1238:Malvapevu
1228:Malparavu
1145:Pentecost
1037:Leumanang
813:905887073
712:June 2014
605:lēh-temēt
597:lēh-temēt
589:lēh-temēt
503:Languages
489:Port Vila
485:cash crop
463:in 1980.
343:does not
253:Australia
84:Melanesia
1548:Merelava
1470:Aneityum
1453:(Étarik)
1223:Malotina
1047:Malakula
927:province
621:Anglican
185:Yögemëne
35:166°37′E
1588:Ravenga
1366:Iririki
1336:Eretoka
1296:Buninga
1278:Urelapa
1243:Malwepe
1208:Lataroa
1183:Bokissa
1178:Asuleka
994:Malampa
943:Malampa
923:Vanuatu
919:Islands
769:Oceania
696:scholar
572:fishing
550:Culture
540:Oceanic
516:Lo-Toga
467:Ecology
455:of the
414:in the
364:removed
349:sources
324:History
301:Mwotlap
289:Lo-Toga
229:Vanuatu
197:Yakwane
80:Vanuatu
70:are an
32:13°15′S
1573:Nawila
1558:Metoma
1528:Kwakéa
1490:Inyeug
1485:Futuna
1446:Tongoa
1436:Tefala
1421:Namuka
1406:Mataso
1401:Makura
1396:Lelepa
1376:Kakula
1331:Eratap
1326:Erakor
1273:Tutuba
1263:Tangoa
1203:Lataro
1127:Penama
1097:Uripiv
1087:Uluveo
1082:Tomman
1057:Norsup
1042:Lopevi
1017:Atchin
1007:Ambrym
1002:Akhamb
948:Penama
839:
811:
801:; and
794:
751:7 June
698:
691:
684:
677:
669:
591:. The
287:(>
278:, was
221:Likwal
217:Rinuhe
165:, and
134:Metoma
72:island
1598:Tegua
1578:Ngwel
1553:Merig
1538:Linua
1533:Leneu
1510:Torba
1495:Tanna
1475:Aniwa
1462:Tafea
1426:Nguna
1391:Lamen
1386:Laika
1381:Kuwae
1361:Ifira
1351:Falea
1346:Ewose
1301:Efate
1288:Shefa
1268:Thion
1258:Sakao
1253:Ratua
1248:Mavia
1173:Araki
1155:Sanma
1140:Maewo
1135:Ambae
1112:Vulaï
1077:Sowan
1072:Sakao
1062:Paama
1032:Khoti
1022:Avock
1012:Arseo
968:Torba
963:Tafea
958:Shefa
953:Sanma
703:JSTOR
689:books
617:temēt
613:temēt
609:temēt
593:hukwe
578:hukwe
416:Banks
397:gemël
280:*Vava
225:Litew
205:Lateu
201:Lotew
152:Linua
146:Ngwel
140:Tegua
1603:Toga
1563:Mota
1518:Gaua
1431:Pele
1416:Moso
1411:Mele
1316:Emao
1311:Emae
1213:Malo
1168:Aore
1163:Aese
1117:Wala
1107:Varo
1067:Rano
1027:Awei
837:ISBN
809:OCLC
792:ISBN
753:2014
675:news
601:mana
584:suqe
529:Toga
525:Toga
523:and
513:and
441:Sola
412:Mota
347:any
345:cite
318:Vave
309:Avap
292:Vave
235:Name
223:and
215:and
195:and
193:Yawe
183:(or
168:Toga
114:and
66:The
1523:Hiw
1451:Wot
1321:Epi
1102:Vao
1092:Uri
925:by
921:of
777:doi
658:by
510:Hiw
358:by
271:.
207:),
163:Loh
161:or
129:Hiu
127:or
124:Hiw
1639::
1583:Ra
1543:Lo
784:;
773:74
771:,
521:Lo
307:)
305:a-
299:,
211:,
191:,
158:Lo
155:,
143:,
137:,
118:.
911:e
904:t
897:v
846:.
816:.
779::
755:.
725:)
719:(
714:)
710:(
700:·
693:·
686:·
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652:.
479:(
443:(
385:)
379:(
374:)
370:(
366:.
352:.
23:.
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