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1498:
210:. When a keratitis is unresponsive to treatment and associated with strong ocular pain, topical anesthetic abuse should be considered, and a history of psychiatric disorders and other substance abuse have been implicated as important factors in the diagnosis. Because of the potential for abuse, clinicians have been warned about the possibility of theft and advised against prescribing topical anesthetics for therapeutic purposes.
157:
Remove small foreign objects from the uppermost layer of the cornea or conjunctiva. The deeper and the larger a foreign object which should be removed lies within the cornea and the more complicated it is to remove it, the more drops of topical anesthetic are necessary prior to the removal of the
197:
When used excessively, topical anesthetics can cause severe and irreversible damage to corneal tissues and even loss of the eye. The abuse of topical anesthetics often creates challenges for correct diagnosis in that it is a relatively uncommon entity that may initially present as a chronic
1392:
184:
Topical anesthetics are now commonly used in the temporary relief of premature ejaculation when applied to the glans (head) of the penis. Benzocaine or lidocaine are typically used for this purpose as they are available as
170:
due to the entry of the needle into the soft tissues of the oral cavity. Dental anesthetic gels are sometimes flavored to make usage more tolerable for patients, especially in pediatric dentistry.
1438:
1428:
1239:
1443:
1473:
207:
217:
caused by the irritation of the nerves within the cornea and/or conjunctiva, try to illegally obtain oxybuprocaine or other eye anesthetics (for example by
154:
eye anesthetic, sometimes without. The use of a topical anesthetic might impede the reliability of the
Schirmer's test and should be avoided if possible.).
1458:
374:"Effectiveness and Tolerability of a New Formulation of a Topical Anesthetic in Reduction of Pain and Parents' Satisfaction in Pediatric Dentistry"
290:). Even very small amounts of an anticonvulsant and/or an antidepressant can almost completely stop eye pain and does not damage the eye at all.
1120:
1423:
436:
Pharmakakis NM, Katsimpris JM, Melachrinou MP, Koliopoulos JX (2002). "Corneal complications following abuse of topical anesthetics".
1468:
1075:
991:
372:
Ferrazzano, Gianmaria
Fabrizio; Di Fabio, Giuseppe; Gatto, Roberto; Caruso, Sara; Botticelli, Gianluca; Caruso, Silvia (2023-02-24).
519:
Chern KC, Meisler DM, Wilhelmus KR, Jones DB, Stern GA, Lowder CY (January 1996). "Corneal anesthetic abuse and
Candida keratitis".
820:
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240:) and use the substance to numb their eye pain, often ending up with irreversible corneal damage or even destruction (which is a
1371:
1433:
324:
747:
484:
Varga JH, Rubinfeld RS, Wolf TC, et al. (July 1997). "Topical anesthetic abuse ring keratitis: report of four cases".
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1274:
1039:
857:
1351:
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Chen HT, Chen KH, Hsu WM (July 2004). "Toxic keratopathy associated with abuse of low-dose anesthetic: a case report".
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52:. Topical anesthetics are available in creams, ointments, aerosols, sprays, lotions, and jellies. Examples include
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Rosenwasser GO, Holland S, Pflugfelder SC, et al. (August 1990). "Topical anesthetic abuse".
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1315:
1305:
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825:
245:
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Sun MH, Huang SC, Chen TL, Tsai RJ (June 2000). "Topical ocular anesthetic abuse: case report".
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Ardjomand N, Faschinger C, Haller-Schober EM, Scarpatetti M, Faulborn J (November 2002). "".
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that is used to numb the surface of a body part. They can be used to numb any area of the
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caused by conditions such as sunburn or other minor burns, insect bites or stings,
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166:, topical anesthetics are used to numb oral tissue before administering a dental
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foreign object to numb the surface of the eye with enough intensity and duration.
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Some patients who have eye pain, which is often considerably strong
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151:
49:
128:
41:
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American
Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
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1515:
Principles of Office
Anesthesia: Part II. Topical Anesthesia
721:
Principles of Office
Anesthesia: Part II. Topical Anesthesia
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and causes more pain). Often, such patients finally require
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97:
93:
1393:
Helsinki
Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
1240:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
518:
1444:
192:
37:
1474:
European
Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
251:
In case of prolonged or chronic eye pain, especially
1459:
Australian and New
Zealand College of Anaesthetists
483:
755:
1521:
689:
647:
645:
643:
641:
150:(The Schirmer's test is sometimes used with a
741:
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1121:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
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638:
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554:
552:
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1424:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
748:
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424:
360:Local Anesthesia for the Dental Hygienist,
1469:International Anesthesia Research Society
1076:ASA physical status classification system
407:
389:
821:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
547:
92:Topical anesthetics are used to relieve
1454:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
479:
477:
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1522:
685:
683:
193:Abuse when used for ocular pain relief
1434:American Society of Anesthesiologists
729:
1439:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
512:
472:
1464:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
1372:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
1275:Postoperative residual curarization
680:
595:
13:
1352:Operating department practitioners
616:10.1097/01.ico.0000114127.63670.06
14:
1546:
1362:Certified anesthesia technologist
1270:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
785:Procedural sedation and analgesia
714:
1496:
1487:
1486:
903:Transverse abdominis plane block
498:10.1097/00003226-199707000-00009
255:, it is highly advisable to use
236:or by trying to order it via an
115:Topical anesthetics are used in
112:, and minor cuts and scratches.
1497:
1403:History of neuraxial anesthesia
1357:Certified anesthesia technician
1179:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
1040:Blood–gas partition coefficient
873:Intravenous regional anesthesia
173:Some topical anesthetics (e.g.
1449:Royal College of Anaesthetists
1408:History of tracheal intubation
1055:Minimum alveolar concentration
992:Anesthesia provision in the US
365:
353:
317:
1:
1398:History of general anesthesia
910:Total intravenous anaesthesia
858:Inferior alveolar nerve block
804:Continuous wound infiltration
666:10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32458-2
533:10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30735-5
141:contact/applanation tonometry
127:(the outermost layers of the
961:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
28:as well as the front of the
7:
1296:Critical emergency medicine
293:
123:to numb the surface of the
10:
1551:
1342:Anesthesiologist assistant
1204:Relative analgesia machine
450:10.1177/112067210201200505
362:Logothetis, Elsevier, 2012
271:and in more serious cases
84:(also named amethocaine).
1482:
1416:
1380:
1329:
1283:
1250:Local anesthetic toxicity
1217:
1149:
1068:
1032:
979:
918:
767:
573:10.1007/s00347-002-0623-z
1265:Postanesthetic shivering
1131:Neuromuscular monitoring
1022:Rapid sequence induction
951:Inhalational anesthetics
391:10.3390/children10030444
310:
285:tricyclic antidepressant
87:
1316:Oral sedation dentistry
1306:Intensive care medicine
1260:Perioperative mortality
1116:Guedel's classification
863:Intercostal nerve block
259:acting substances like
246:corneal transplantation
1367:Anaesthetic technician
1255:Malignant hyperthermia
204:acanthamoeba keratitis
187:over-the-counter drugs
1189:Laryngeal mask airway
1033:Scientific principles
1002:Dogliotti's principle
878:Occipital nerve block
843:Brachial plexus block
234:medical prescriptions
1235:Drug-induced amnesia
1230:Anesthesia awareness
1164:Anesthetic vaporizer
1141:Thyromental distance
1045:Concentration effect
919:Pharmacologic agents
888:Pudendal nerve block
253:neuropathic eye pain
208:infectious keratitis
80:(proparacaine), and
32:, the inside of the
1159:Anaesthetic machine
1017:Tracheal intubation
1007:Intravenous therapy
946:General anesthetics
898:Sciatic nerve block
853:Femoral nerve block
848:Fascia iliaca block
826:Epidural anesthesia
792:Twilight anesthesia
177:) are also used in
1245:Emergence delirium
1225:Allergic reactions
1101:Entropy monitoring
883:Paracervical block
868:Interpleural block
831:Spinal anaesthesia
816:Neuraxial blockade
325:"Healthopedia.com"
202:, masquerading as
18:topical anesthetic
1530:Local anesthetics
1510:
1509:
1347:Nurse anesthetist
1174:Bronchial blocker
1169:Arterial catheter
1060:Second gas effect
987:Airway management
956:Local anesthetics
893:Retrobulbar block
1542:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1337:Anesthesiologist
1126:Mallampati score
1086:Bispectral index
926:Anticholinergics
750:
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727:
726:
708:
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692:Chang Gung Med J
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327:. Archived from
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300:Local anesthesia
215:neuropathic pain
168:local anesthetic
22:local anesthetic
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941:Benzodiazepines
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261:anticonvulsants
238:online pharmacy
223:ophthalmologist
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148:Schirmer's test
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1106:Fick principle
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977:
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963:
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953:
948:
943:
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936:Butyrophenones
933:
928:
922:
920:
916:
915:
913:
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761:anesthesiology
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715:External links
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698:(6): 377–81.
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660:(8): 967–72.
659:
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654:Ophthalmology
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567:(11): 872–5.
566:
563:(in German).
562:
561:Ophthalmologe
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521:Ophthalmology
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349:DrLinhart.com
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331:on 2005-11-26
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288:amitriptyline
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279:(for example
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273:carbamazepine
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242:vicious cycle
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27:
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19:
1184:Gas cylinder
1069:Measurements
1012:Laryngoscopy
997:Bronchoscopy
808:
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691:
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610:(5): 527–9.
607:
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527:(1): 37–40.
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492:(4): 424–9.
489:
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444:(5): 373–8.
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333:. Retrieved
329:the original
319:
250:
212:
196:
183:
172:
161:
114:
110:poison sumac
91:
50:genital area
17:
15:
1388:ACE mixture
1330:Professions
1151:Instruments
1096:Capnography
1050:Fink effect
931:Antiemetics
838:Nerve block
227:optometrist
133:conjunctiva
1535:Anesthesia
1524:Categories
1136:Pain scale
980:Techniques
757:Anesthesia
384:(3): 444.
335:2006-03-30
269:gabapentin
265:pregabalin
146:Perform a
139:Perform a
106:poison oak
102:poison ivy
82:tetracaine
54:benzocaine
1311:Obstetric
1301:Geriatric
971:Sedatives
466:196168539
400:2227-9067
257:centrally
206:or other
200:keratitis
164:dentistry
121:optometry
74:pramoxine
66:lidocaine
62:dibucaine
1492:Category
1081:Baricity
780:Sedation
704:10958042
624:15220742
589:20724555
581:12430041
458:12474918
418:36980002
409:10047767
378:Children
294:See also
219:stealing
58:butamben
48:and the
1502:Outline
1381:History
966:Opioids
809:Topical
775:General
674:2402423
632:1836290
541:8628558
506:9220240
305:Topical
283:or the
231:forging
152:topical
98:itching
30:eyeball
702:
672:
630:
622:
604:Cornea
587:
579:
539:
504:
486:Cornea
464:
456:
416:
406:
398:
135:) to:
129:cornea
44:, the
42:throat
799:Local
768:Types
628:S2CID
585:S2CID
462:S2CID
311:Notes
281:SSRIs
275:) or
229:, by
88:Usage
20:is a
759:and
700:PMID
670:PMID
620:PMID
577:PMID
537:PMID
502:PMID
454:PMID
414:PMID
396:ISSN
131:and
119:and
96:and
94:pain
46:anus
34:nose
26:skin
662:doi
612:doi
569:doi
529:doi
525:103
494:doi
446:doi
404:PMC
386:doi
225:or
162:In
125:eye
40:or
38:ear
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640:^
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108:,
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36:,
16:A
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742:t
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