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Topcon

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In September 1970, Topcon established Topcon Instrument Corporation of America which is currently Topcon Medical Systems, Inc., a developer and supplier of diagnostic equipment for the ophthalmic community. In April 2018, Topcon established a medical software division, Topcon Healthcare Solutions,
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to convert the factory for production of civil products. By the end of the year, the factory reopened to manufacture binoculars and surveying instruments. They established Yamagata Kikai Kyogo Kabushikikaisha (currently Topcon Yamagata Co., Ltd.) in 1946 in Yamagata-shi,
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With the introduction of a series of positioning products, Topcon Laser Systems grew, and consolidated the survey instruments, GPS products and construction positioning products divisions in July 2001. Topcon Positioning Systems was formed.
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July 2001—Established Topcon America Corporation in New Jersey, U.S.A., as a holding company. Reorganized the subsidiaries in the United States dividing them into the ophthalmic and medical instrument business and the positioning business.
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July 2005—Reorganized sales subsidiaries in Europe and newly established two firms in the European market - one overseeing eye care business and the other overseeing positioning business - with Topcon Europe B.V. as the holding company.
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TOPCON - Topcon continues to solve societal challenges in healthcare, agriculture, and infrastructure with our leading-edge digital transformation solutions to help people around the world live better lives.
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September 1994—Established Topcon Laser Systems, Inc. (currently Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc.) in California, U.S.A., acquired Advanced Grade Technology, advanced into machine control business.
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October 2009—Established Topcon 3D Inspection Laboratories, Inc., a 3D inspection technology development/design company, in Canada. Entry into the 3D measurement and high-end print board fields.
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June 2009—Acquired shares of Italian wireless communications manufacturer DESTURA s.r.l. to strengthen operations in mobile communications, machine controls, and agricultural IT market segments.
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April 2007—In order to build a global group and quick business expansion, Topcon adopted three business structures, Positioning Business Unit, Eye Care Business Unit and Finetech Business Unit.
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March 2010—Acquired InlandGEO Holding S.L., the largest dealer in Spain, to enhance sales channels for precision agricultural systems in the European, Middle-Eastern, and African markets.
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July 2010—Reorganized sales subsidiary in Singapore, established Topcon Singapore Holdings Pte. Ltd. as a holding company. Established new Positioning and Eye Care sales companies.
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February 2008—Conducted a takeover bid for shares of Sokkia Co., Ltd. and made it a subsidiary to enhance competitiveness of the positioning business in the global market.
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July 2010—Expanded Chinese subsidiary and established Topcon (Beijing) Opto-Electronics Development Corporation as a manufacturing base in the emerging Chinese market.
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Topcon ophthalmic (eye) machines are widely used in many health centers in Western Europe, and are often interconnected to their surrounding IT systems through the
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August 2010—Established Topcon Medical Laser Systems, Inc. by acquiring retina and glaucoma business of OptiMedica (U.S.A) and entered therapeutic laser market.
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April 2018—Established Topcon Healthcare Solutions, Inc. a medical software company based in Oakland, New Jersey. Their primary focus is the eye-care industry.
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Topcon Positioning Systems Inc., provides positioning technology for surveyors, civil engineers, construction contractors, equipment owners and operators.
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started; „IC“ means „Integrated Circuit“, used for aperture control. The company continued to innovate until leaving that line of business in 1981. The
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October 1994—Delivered a nationwide GPS continuous observation system to Geographical Survey Institute, Ministry of Construction, Japanese Government.
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July 2008—Established in Turin (Italy) TIERRA SPA, a joint venture with Divitech spa entering in the Telematic and Remote Diagnostic market segments.
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May 2007—Business rights for mobile control (navigation systems, ITS and others) transferred to U.S. subsidiary from Javad Navigation Systems, Inc.
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August 2006—Acquired ANKA Systems, Inc., in the United States for full-fledged entry into the ophthalmic network business in the United States.
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July 2000—Acquired Javad Positioning Systems Inc. in the United States and started selling precision GPS receivers and related system products.
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April 1986—Established Topcon Optical (H.K.) Ltd. in Hong Kong. September 1986, listed on First Sections of Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges.
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January 2011—Established Topcon Positioning Middle East and Africa FZE to expand Positioning Business in Middle Eastern and African market.
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July 2021—Topcon Corporation acquired VISIA Imaging S.r.l, an ophthalmic device manufacturer headquartered in suburban Florence, Italy.
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October 1969—Established Tokyo Kogaku Seiki Kabushikikaisha (currently OPTONEXUS Co., Ltd.) in Tamura-gun, Fukushima Prefecture.
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January 1975—Established Topcon Sokki Co., Ltd. (currently Topcon Sales corporation), a surveying instrument sales company.
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In August 2000, Topcon acquired JPS Inc., of San Jose, California, a provider of precision GPS and GPS/GLONASS products.
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July 2005—Transferred from part of the Hoya Corporation Vision Care Company's ophthalmic instruments segment in Japan.
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of 1963, the company pioneered full-aperture, through-the-lens metering. Round about 1973 the production of the SLR
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October 1978—Started selling a refractometer RM-100 incorporating near-infrared beam and a television system.
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September 1970—Established Topcon Instrument Corporation of America (currently Topcon Medical Systems, Inc.)
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July 2002—Liquidated Topcon Singapore Pte. Ltd. and established Topcon South Asia Pte. Ltd. in Singapore.
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Topcon Corporation acquired Advanced Grade Technology in 1995 and became known as Topcon Laser Systems.
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April 1970—Established Topcon Europe N.V.(currently Topcon Europe B.V.) in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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toshiba.co.jp 31 August 2015, Regarding the Sale of Certain Shares Held by Toshiba and a Subsidiary
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October 2006—Acquired KEE Technologies Pty Ltd., in Australia for entry into field of agriculture.
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In April 1933, TOPCON built their head offices and main factory at 180, Shimura-motohasunuma-cho,
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and an Ophthalmic and Medical Instruments business. In May of 1949, they listed their stock on
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December 1976—Established Topcon Medical Japan Co., Ltd., a medical instrument sales company.
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February 2004—Established Topcon (Beijing) Opto-Electronics Corporation in Beijing, China.
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came out in 1951. The Topcon 35A was unveiled in 1953. In 1960 the company produced a 6x9
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imported the camera line into the US, with the RE-Super being rebranded as the Super-D.
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April 1978—Started selling an electric distance meter DM-C1 adopting a near-infrared.
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November 2014—Acquired Wachendorff Elektronik GmbH and Wachendorff Electronics Inc.
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Inc., a developer of eyecare software and provider of related healthcare services.
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of the surveying instruments division of K. Hattori & Co., Ltd. (now known as
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Inside GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems Engineering, Policy, and Design
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Inside GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems Engineering, Policy, and Design
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March 1960—Became an affiliate of Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. (currently
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tested cameras from several Japanese and German manufacturers (including the
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In August 1945, TOPCON temporalily closed their factories after the end of
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camera, the Topcon R, with semi-auto lens and an interchangeable finder.
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Usage demonstration of a Topcon GR-3 global navigation satellite system
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kleinbildkamera.ch, 1963: Topcon RE Super, retrieved 25. Oktober 2020
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US$ 101.13 million (JPY 14.82 billion) (2022)
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Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
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December 1991—Built an engineering center in corporate premises.
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March 1979—Established Topcon Singapore Pte. Ltd. in Singapore.
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TOPCON has operated since 2003 started operations from their
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April 1989—Changed its corporate name to TOPCON CORPORATION.
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lens; civilian models became available with Topcon lenses.
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May 1963—Released the first single-lens reflex camera with
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office, with an office in Technology Park Adelaide at
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TOPCON was established in September 1932 based the
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is a Japanese manufacturer of optical equipment for
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Japan Electronic Industries Development Association
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The Primoflex I 492: 1118: 1116: 680:April 1991—Entry into electron beam business. 486: 268: 1434: 1360: 1316:"Topcon acquires Wachendorff Electronik GmbH" 848: 606:, but soon gained the authorization from the 2400:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange 1113: 55:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1441: 1427: 1188:"Topcon Medical Systems buys Anka Systems" 16:Japanese manufacturer of optical equipment 2410:Electronics companies established in 1932 618:In December 1947, TOPCON started selling 236:Learn how and when to remove this message 218:Learn how and when to remove this message 152:Learn how and when to remove this message 1212: 1134: 2405:Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo 2367: 1240:"Topcon purchases interest in Destura" 414:215.625 billion) (FY 2022) (2022) 179:contains content that is written like 1422: 1049:global.topcon.com, Annual Report 2015 866: 793:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 514: 163: 90:adding citations to reliable sources 61: 20: 1058:, (PDF), retrieved 25 October 2020. 13: 945:and surveying prism made by Sokkia 14: 2431: 2314:Electronic Industries Association 2091:Shindengen Electric Manufacturing 1343:(PDF), retrieved 25 October 2020. 775:, beginning with a 6×4.5 cm 36:This article has multiple issues. 2347: 2346: 1405: 1391: 1377: 934: 922: 910: 892: 519: 427: 426: 399: 398: 254: 168: 66: 25: 1354:"Topcon acquires VISIA Imaging" 1346: 1334: 1308: 1283: 1258: 1232: 1206: 1180: 1075:(in Japanese). October 22, 2021 845:and representatives in Sydney. 828: 624:Tokyo and Osaka Stock Exchanges 473:Footnotes / references 77:needs additional citations for 44:or discuss these issues on the 2385:Health care companies of Japan 2380:Photography companies of Japan 2375:Electronics companies of Japan 1213:Cameron, Alan (May 31, 2020). 1154: 1135:Cameron, Alan (May 31, 2020). 1128: 1087: 1061: 1042: 1017: 981: 959: 534:format but may read better as 1: 1450:Electronics industry in Japan 2415:1932 establishments in Japan 647:(TTL), the TOPCON RE Super. 7: 2395:Navigation system companies 1291:"Topcon acquires InlandGEO" 1266:"Topcon acquires InlandGEO" 493: 326:; 92 years ago 10: 2436: 1215:"Javad Ashjaee, 1949-2020" 1137:"Javad Ashjaee, 1949-2020" 882: 849:Topcon Positioning Systems 766: 577:Seiko Holdinge Corporation 510: 2342: 2306: 2241: 1463: 1456: 1367:retrieved 25 Oktober 2020 1270:www.gim-international.com 1054:October 28, 2020, at the 953: 645:through the lens metering 587:used mainly by the Army. 487: 471: 457: 445: 435: 418: 410:2022) ( 394: 373: 351: 339: 317: 307: 289: 276: 269: 262: 253: 917:A Topcon ACP 8 projector 629:1957—released its first 597: 566: 494:Kabushiki-gaisha Topukon 1882:Nidec Copal Corporation 812:Charles Beseler Company 785:twin-lens reflex camera 779:model, Lord in 1937. A 543:converting this article 347:, Tokyo 174-8580, Japan 795:. It initially used a 771:Tokyo Kogaku produced 1860:Mobile Communications 200:neutral point of view 1939:Integra Home Theater 1840:Murata Manufacturing 969:. Topcon Corporation 802:With the 35 mm 343:75-1, Hasunuma-cho, 324:(September 1932 86:improve this article 1983:Renesas Electronics 1835:Mitsubishi Electric 1818:Micron Memory Japan 1654:Hamamatsu Photonics 1627:Business Innovation 1322:. November 21, 2014 1192:Ophthalmology Times 994:Nikkei Asian Review 967:"Corporate Profile" 817:In about 1965, the 638:Toshiba Corporation 613:Yamagata Prefecture 437:Number of employees 381:Measuring equipment 250: 192:promotional content 2390:Lens manufacturers 1399:Electronics portal 1356:. August 18, 2021. 1069:"History - TOPCON" 791:on order from the 631:single-lens reflex 545:, if appropriate. 482:Topcon Corporation 249:Topcon Corporation 248: 194:and inappropriate 2362: 2361: 2302: 2301: 2138:Sumitomo Electric 2074:Seiko Instruments 1889:Nihon Dempa Kogyo 1701:Ikegami Tsushinki 1194:. October 4, 2006 1025:"Company Profile" 989:"Company Profile" 867:Topcon Healthcare 564: 563: 479: 478: 386:Medical equipment 369: 246: 245: 238: 228: 227: 220: 162: 161: 154: 136: 59: 2427: 2350: 2349: 2334:Yagi–Uda antenna 2123:Stanley Electric 2025:Sanwa Electronic 1904:Nippon Chemi-Con 1476:Alaxala Networks 1461: 1460: 1443: 1436: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1413:Companies portal 1410: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1065: 1059: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1005:on March 6, 2016 985: 979: 978: 976: 974: 963: 938: 926: 914: 896: 559: 556: 550: 541:You can help by 523: 522: 515: 498: 496: 490: 489: 467: 466: 464:Official website 441:5543 (2023) 430: 429: 402: 401: 359: 334: 332: 327: 272: 271: 258: 251: 247: 241: 234: 223: 216: 212: 209: 203: 181:an advertisement 172: 171: 164: 157: 150: 146: 143: 137: 135: 94: 70: 62: 51: 29: 28: 21: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2420:Japanese brands 2365: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2338: 2298: 2237: 2168:TOA Corporation 1659:Hirose Electric 1452: 1447: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1320:OEM Off-Highway 1314: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1244:Equipment World 1238: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1056:Wayback Machine 1047: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1006: 987: 986: 982: 972: 970: 965: 964: 960: 956: 951: 950: 949: 946: 939: 930: 927: 918: 915: 906: 897: 885: 869: 851: 843:South Australia 831: 804:Topcon RE Super 769: 600: 569: 560: 554: 551: 540: 524: 520: 513: 484: 475: 462: 461: 438: 423: 406:1.471 billion ( 390: 358: 354: 330: 328: 325: 294: 265: 242: 231: 230: 229: 224: 213: 207: 204: 185: 173: 169: 158: 147: 141: 138: 95: 93: 83: 71: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2433: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2173:Tokyo Electron 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2128:Star Micronics 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2059: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1948: 1946:Orion Electric 1943: 1942: 1941: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1823:MinebeaMitsumi 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773:Konica Minolta 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1508:Audio-Technica 1505: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1431: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1402: 1388: 1372: 1371: 1359: 1345: 1333: 1307: 1295:World Highways 1282: 1257: 1246:. June 4, 2009 1231: 1205: 1179: 1168:. June 1, 2020 1153: 1127: 1112: 1086: 1060: 1041: 1016: 1001:Archived from 980: 957: 955: 952: 948: 947: 940: 933: 931: 928: 921: 919: 916: 909: 907: 904:retinal camera 898: 891: 888: 887: 886: 884: 881: 868: 865: 850: 847: 830: 827: 768: 765: 608:Tokyo Governor 599: 596: 568: 565: 562: 561: 527: 525: 518: 512: 509: 477: 476: 469: 468: 459: 455: 454: 449: 443: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432: 424: 419: 416: 415: 396: 392: 391: 389: 388: 383: 377: 375: 371: 370: 355: 352: 349: 348: 341: 337: 336: 319: 315: 314: 309: 305: 304: 295: 290: 287: 286: 278: 274: 273: 266: 263: 260: 259: 244: 243: 226: 225: 196:external links 176: 174: 167: 160: 159: 142:September 2015 74: 72: 65: 60: 34: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2432: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2294:Okaya Optical 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798:Mabuchi Motor 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1711:Japan Display 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1617:Fuji Electric 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1538:Citizen Watch 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1349: 1342: 1337: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1101:(in Japanese) 1100: 1096: 1090: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 984: 968: 962: 958: 944: 937: 932: 925: 920: 913: 908: 905: 902: 899:A Topcon non- 895: 890: 889: 880: 878: 873: 864: 860: 857: 854: 846: 844: 840: 836: 826: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777:medium format 774: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 703: 700: 697: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 625: 621: 616: 614: 609: 605: 595: 593: 588: 586: 585:sniper scopes 582: 581:Japanese Army 578: 574: 558: 555:November 2012 549:is available. 548: 544: 538: 537: 533: 528:This article 526: 517: 516: 508: 506: 502: 501:ophthalmology 495: 483: 474: 470: 465: 460: 456: 453: 450: 448: 444: 440: 434: 425: 422: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 393: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 376: 372: 367: 363: 356: 350: 346: 342: 338: 323: 320: 316: 313: 310: 306: 303: 299: 296: 293: 288: 285: 282: 279: 275: 267: 261: 257: 252: 240: 237: 222: 219: 211: 201: 197: 193: 189: 183: 182: 177:This article 175: 166: 165: 156: 153: 145: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: –  102: 98: 97:Find sources: 91: 87: 81: 80: 75:This article 73: 69: 64: 63: 58: 56: 49: 48: 43: 42: 37: 32: 23: 22: 19: 2351: 2177: 2067:Orient Watch 1914:NKK Switches 1513:Bandai Namco 1385:Japan portal 1362: 1348: 1336: 1324:. 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