68:
482:, the radio message postponing the rebellion was not received due to equipment failure. As a result, several hundred Japanese attackers, armed mostly with shovels and clubs, and a small number of swords or rifles, were decimated by machine gun fire from ambush positions, both inside and outside the CCP headquarters. The rebellion on the airfield was thwarted before it started. Out of three rebel attacks, only the attack aimed to take control of
503:
238:
138:
27:
312:) was reported 13 August 1945, when a train, filled with civilian Japanese refugees, was stopped at an elevated track near the tunnel entrance, and the Japanese women were gang-raped by the locals after the train security guards were killed. The train was unintentionally stopped by Chinese guerrilla forces attempting to intercept the preceding evacuation train of the family of the last Chinese Emperor (
567:
About 3,000 Japanese men and women were put into old warehouses, packed 5 persons per square metre (one person per 2.2 sq ft). Many became hysterical due to the lack of oxygen, but anyone climbing through a window was shot. Soon, the flooring had turned into a pool of blood, and people died on their
571:
After 5 days of confinement, the survivors were let to walk out, only to be beaten to death by the Ri Koko detachment guards. The CCP also carried out rapid interrogations and subsequent torture. The people deemed related to the rebellion were shot. Also, many of the
Japanese women were raped
474:
was received by the CCP office in
Tonghua, regarding the planned rebellion in a refugee camp. A wave of arrests, interrogation with torture, and executions followed immediately. In particular, all of the Japanese arrested on 10 January were immediately shot. The Ri Koko detachment acted upon this
370:
The gang rapes reportedly happened even in broad daylight on the streets, and at least one Soviet officer was shot dead while trying to stop his fellow soldiers. Japanese refugees responded mainly by shaving the women's heads bald, applying dirt and grease to their skin, and wearing storage bags
408:
In early
November 1945, all property owned by those of Japanese ancestry was confiscated and all Japanese males aged 15 to 60 were forced to join labor teams. From 17 November, CCP forces were arbitrarily raiding Japanese homes in search of weapons and drafting those they came across into labor
366:
Tensions heightened in late August 1945 when groups of Soviet soldiers repeatedly raided
Tonghua Girl's High School, raping, abducting, and killing both students and teachers. At least one shootout with a teacher possessing a concealed pistol was also reported, leading to additional raids.
563:
By the morning of 3 February 1946, all
Japanese males aged 16 or older and suspected females, frequently wearing only pajamas, were chained and forced to march 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) in −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. Any who fell from exhaustion or wounds were shot dead.
320:. The incident involved children being killed by being thrown from windows, over 100 Japanese women committing suicide by jumping from a nearby cliff, and a mob shooting anyone who tried to escape. The rest of passengers were rescued when a battalion of the
404:
On 22 September 1945, the CCP-affiliated forces evicted
Kuomintang forces from Tonghua. By 2 November, the CCP positions in the city had consolidated enough that a red flag was raised over the city headquarters.
452:
By 10 January, the
Tonghua branch of the "Japanese People's Liberation Army" was disbanded with 140 Japanese arrested, amid persistent rumors concerning a wide scale rebellion by the Kwantung Army.
412:
From 10 December, some of the former
Japanese soldiers were recruited into the CCP's newly created aircraft squadron to help the Chinese master the captured Japanese airplanes. It was the part of
805:
782:
695:
478:
At midnight on 3 February, the
Japanese rebellion started according to the agreement with the Kuomintang. Although it was initially planned to be assisted by Kuomintang forces in
339:, the local refugee camp was filled by 17,000 Japanese locals and over 100,000 Japanese civilians fleeing from various regions of China. The city was initially surrendered to the
672:
891:
831:
823:
713:
651:
302:
464:
449:, a Japanese spokesperson in the Tonghua refugee camp, was requested by CCP to give out Japanese armament caches. He was later arrested on 15 January.
942:
721:
586:
439:
575:
455:
On 21 January, further arrests and detentions of
Japanese occurred in the aftermath of the murders of a high-ranking Japanese civilian leaders.
604:
Kuomintang captured Tonghua in late 1946 and held a memorial service to the victims of the rebellion. The city was retaken by the CCP in 1947.
97:
374:
In September 1946, a general withdrawal of the Soviet occupation forces was in progress. As the CCP sought to control the region to undermine
633:
489:
The Public Security building was soon surrounded by CCP reinforcements and shelled. The Japanese rebels, lacking heavy weapons, surrendered.
348:
568:
feet – the corpses could not fall because of extreme crowding. About 2,000 civilians who did not fit into the warehouses were shot nearby.
382:
by March 1946. One of the organizations helping the CCP to dismantle existing civilian infrastructure (both the residual Japanese and
1036:
1031:
585:, a Kuomintang-appointed governor of the region, was publicly flogged to death by the CCP together with the Japanese rebellion leaders.
1011:
387:
922:
429:
1026:
986:
618:
344:
976:
903:
839:
813:
790:
767:
748:
729:
703:
680:
550:
524:
285:
259:
199:
181:
119:
54:
40:
532:
267:
163:
90:
1006:
1001:
996:
613:
981:
873:
528:
263:
148:
325:
307:
301:, being the local transport hub, had a large influx of refugees in 1945. The first instance of violence (a
991:
409:
teams, regardless of gender or age. Forced eviction of Japanese people from their dwellings also began.
966:
1021:
883:
401:. That detachment was known for particularly poor discipline when compared to the regular CCP units.
80:
948:
513:
248:
84:
76:
971:
591:
517:
469:
444:
352:
252:
159:
1016:
398:
321:
101:
355:(CCP) in Soviet-dominated areas was forbidden, the Northeastern Democratic United Army was a
324:, alerted by the sole girl to escape, arrived the next morning. Many of the survivors of the
46:
596:, the nominal Japanese leader in Tonghua, died on 15 March 1946 in prison due to pneumonia.
659:
623:
435:
On 23 December, an event publicizing collaboration between CCP and the Japanese was held.
155:
8:
919:
628:
580:
425:
392:
378:
positions, mass killings were underway, with approximately 70,000 people killed across
336:
397:
detachment, staffed mostly by ethnic Koreans, many of whom were former members of the
899:
869:
835:
809:
786:
763:
744:
725:
699:
676:
360:
932:
926:
895:
865:
638:
483:
317:
424:. Large-scale collaboration of Japanese units with CCP in the aftermath of the
413:
960:
938:
421:
420:
still being in control of the city with the help of the former personnel of
220:
of rebelling Japanese soldiers that occurred on 3 February 1946 in southern
217:
417:
383:
375:
379:
502:
237:
166:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
479:
367:
Participation of the male teachers in the rapes was also reported.
340:
329:
298:
221:
332:
refugee camp, later falling victim to the Tonghua incident.
313:
486:
apartments in the Public Security building succeeded.
958:
89:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
634:Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
349:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
531:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
430:47th division of the Imperial Japanese Army
266:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
851:山田一郎 (10 June 1953). 田村吉雄 (ed.). "通化幾山河".
741:通化事件―共産軍による日本人虐殺事件はあったのか? いま日中双方の証言で明らかにする
416:intended to transmit a false image of the
551:Learn how and when to remove this message
458:
428:was not uncommon, most notably among the
286:Learn how and when to remove this message
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
959:
463:On 2 February 1946, a phone call from
619:Allied war crimes during World War II
599:
529:adding citations to reliable sources
496:
328:would become the inhabitants of the
264:adding citations to reliable sources
231:
131:
61:
20:
345:Northeastern Democratic United Army
13:
1037:Aftermath of World War II in Japan
1032:Aftermath of World War II in China
14:
1048:
913:
36:This article has multiple issues.
1012:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
882:
614:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
501:
343:but nominally controlled by the
236:
136:
66:
25:
644:
44:or discuss these issues on the
859:
850:
822:
799:
776:
757:
738:
712:
689:
666:
650:
1:
347:. Although, according to the
227:
1027:February 1946 events in Asia
987:Massacres committed by China
492:
7:
949:中国空軍創設につくした日本人教官元空軍司令官が回想する
607:
371:instead of normal clothes.
162:the claims made and adding
10:
1053:
933:山下好之氏 第4回 8.通化から牡丹江・桂木斯へ撤退
572:and/or committed suicide.
16:1946 mass killing in China
475:with particular cruelty.
860:古川万太郎 (24 August 1984).
826:追悼録編纂会 (1 August 1974).
758:佐藤和明 (3 February 1998).
692:通化事件―"関東軍の反乱"と参謀・藤田実彦の最期
351:, Soviet support of the
75:This article includes a
1007:Battles involving China
1002:Battles involving Japan
997:Battles involving Korea
359:affiliate of the CCP's
353:Chinese Communist Party
104:more precise citations.
862:凍てつく大地の歌: 人民解放軍日本人兵士たち
739:佐藤和明 (25 April 1993).
690:松原一枝 (8 August 2003).
459:The Japanese rebellion
399:Imperial Japanese Army
322:Imperial Japanese Army
982:Collective punishment
977:Japan–Korea relations
925:23 March 2016 at the
718:通化事件―無条件降伏下、武装蜂起した日本人
667:松原一枝 (1 March 1982).
624:Nikolayevsk incident
525:improve this section
260:improve this section
800:北野憲二 (1 May 1992).
777:北野憲二 (1 May 1992).
669:電灯が三回点滅した―通化事件と藤田大佐
654:(15 October 1972).
438:On 5 January 1946,
326:Shosankoku incident
303:Shosankoku incident
992:Massacres in China
935:OralHistoryProject
629:Gegenmiao massacre
426:surrender of Japan
337:surrender of Japan
147:possibly contains
77:list of references
967:Chinese Civil War
600:Subsequent events
561:
560:
553:
484:Empress Wanrong's
361:Eighth Route Army
296:
295:
288:
210:
209:
202:
192:
191:
184:
149:original research
130:
129:
122:
59:
1044:
1022:History of Jilin
909:
879:
856:
845:
819:
796:
773:
754:
735:
716:(20 July 1989).
709:
686:
663:
595:
584:
556:
549:
545:
542:
536:
505:
497:
473:
465:Mitsushige Maeda
448:
396:
316:), most notably
311:
291:
284:
280:
277:
271:
240:
232:
214:Tonghua incident
205:
198:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
164:inline citations
140:
139:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
100:this article by
91:inline citations
70:
69:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
957:
956:
927:Wayback Machine
916:
906:
876:
853:秘録大東亜戦史 満洲篇 (下)
842:
816:
793:
770:
751:
732:
706:
683:
647:
639:Tongzhou mutiny
610:
602:
589:
587:Tanehiko Fujita
578:
557:
546:
540:
537:
522:
506:
495:
467:
461:
442:
440:Tanehiko Fujita
390:
318:Empress Wanrong
305:
292:
281:
275:
272:
257:
241:
230:
206:
195:
194:
193:
188:
177:
171:
168:
153:
141:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
95:
81:related reading
71:
67:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
972:Occupied Japan
969:
953:
952:
946:
936:
930:
915:
914:External links
912:
911:
910:
904:
880:
874:
857:
855:. 富士書苑: 9～74頁.
848:
846:
840:
820:
814:
797:
791:
774:
768:
755:
749:
736:
730:
710:
704:
687:
681:
664:
646:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
609:
606:
601:
598:
576:Sun Keng-hsiao
559:
558:
509:
507:
500:
494:
491:
460:
457:
414:ruse de guerre
335:Following the
294:
293:
244:
242:
235:
229:
226:
208:
207:
190:
189:
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
85:external links
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:1946 in China
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
955:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
921:
920:紙田治一 遺稿【通化事件】
918:
917:
907:
905:4-10-126311-6
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
841:4-404-01910-6
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:4-404-01910-6
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
792:4-404-01910-6
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
769:4-7948-0386-9
765:
761:
760:少年は見た―通化事件の真実
756:
752:
750:4-7948-0174-2
746:
742:
737:
733:
731:4-7948-0038-X
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:4-8050-0420-7
701:
697:
693:
688:
684:
682:4-900225-09-6
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
605:
597:
593:
588:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
555:
552:
544:
534:
530:
526:
520:
519:
515:
510:This section
508:
504:
499:
498:
490:
487:
485:
481:
476:
471:
466:
456:
453:
450:
446:
441:
436:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:Kwantung Army
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:
400:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
304:
300:
290:
287:
279:
269:
265:
261:
255:
254:
250:
245:This section
243:
239:
234:
233:
225:
223:
219:
215:
204:
201:
186:
183:
175:
165:
161:
157:
151:
150:
145:This article
143:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
103:
99:
93:
92:
86:
82:
78:
73:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
954:
887:
861:
852:
827:
801:
778:
759:
740:
717:
691:
668:
655:
645:Bibliography
603:
574:
570:
566:
562:
547:
538:
523:Please help
511:
488:
477:
462:
454:
451:
437:
434:
411:
407:
403:
373:
369:
365:
356:
334:
297:
282:
273:
258:Please help
246:
218:mass killing
213:
211:
196:
178:
169:
146:
116:
107:
96:Please help
88:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
939:中共空軍創設秘話その3
590: [
579: [
541:August 2023
468: [
443: [
391: [
306: [
276:August 2023
102:introducing
961:Categories
945:2005-11-08
929:医師・紙田治一の記録
875:4385349142
802:満州国皇帝の通化落ち
779:満州国皇帝の通化落ち
418:Kuomintang
386:) was the
384:Kuomintang
376:Kuomintang
228:Background
172:March 2020
156:improve it
41:improve it
888:流転の王妃の昭和史
512:does not
493:Aftermath
380:Manchuria
247:does not
224:, China.
160:verifying
110:July 2016
47:talk page
923:Archived
886:(1992).
834:追悼録編纂会.
608:See also
480:Shenyang
357:de facto
341:Red Army
762:. 新評論.
743:. 新評論.
656:藤田大佐の最後
533:removed
518:sources
388:Ri Koko
330:Tonghua
299:Tonghua
268:removed
253:sources
154:Please
98:improve
951:『人民中国』
902:
872:
838:
812:
806:新人物往来社
789:
783:新人物往来社
766:
747:
728:
702:
696:チクマ秀版社
679:
216:was a
941:軍事評論家
884:愛新覚羅浩
673:エイジ出版
594:]
583:]
472:]
447:]
395:]
310:]
222:Jilin
83:, or
900:ISBN
892:新潮文庫
870:ISBN
836:ISBN
832:大村卓一
828:大村卓一
824:大村卓一
810:ISBN
787:ISBN
764:ISBN
745:ISBN
726:ISBN
714:佐藤和明
700:ISBN
677:ISBN
660:文藝春秋
652:松原一枝
516:any
514:cite
314:Puyi
251:any
249:cite
212:The
943:佐藤守
896:新潮社
894:〉.
890:. 〈
866:三省堂
722:新評論
527:by
262:by
158:by
963::
898:.
868:.
864:.
830:.
808:.
804:.
785:.
781:.
724:.
720:.
698:.
694:.
675:.
671:.
658:.
592:ja
581:ja
470:ja
445:ja
432:.
393:ja
363:.
308:ja
87:,
79:,
50:.
908:.
878:.
844:.
818:.
795:.
772:.
753:.
734:.
708:.
685:.
662:.
554:)
548:(
543:)
539:(
535:.
521:.
289:)
283:(
278:)
274:(
270:.
256:.
203:)
197:(
185:)
179:(
174:)
170:(
152:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
94:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
